176 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV
SIMONA VYNIAUTAITĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Resea ch a eas include geolinguis ics, dialec ology, and
sociolinguis ics.
This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
Language A i udes o Samogi ians
in Skuodas Dis ic
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyzes he linguis ic p o isions o he Skuõdo egion and he e alua ion o
na i e speake s and na i e speake s. The analysis uses a summa ized ina model ha
e eals di e en plo s o e alua ion o he e m […] ideal, una oidabili y, limi a ion. Possible
connec ions be ween language e alua ions and na i e language concep s, psychological
peculia i ies a e shown.
ESMINIAI WORDS: he no he n lowlands, he language p o isions, he language, he
common language, he sel -exp ession.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyses he language a i udes o Samogi ians in Skuodas dis ic , namely he
na i e dialec s and he e alua ion o people speaking a dialec . The b oad-b ush inomial
model is applied in he analysis, which helps o un eil di e en dimensions o dialec
e alua ion, such as ideal, ine i abili y, limi a ion, e c. The analysis p esen s he concep s o
dialec e alua ion and na i e language, as well as he possible connec ions o psychological
dis inc ion.
KEYWORDS: No he n Samogi ians o Telšiai, language a i udes, dialec ,
s anda d language, sel -awa eness.
A icles by A icles 177
Skuodo apylinkių žemaičių kalbinės nuos a os
1.The ollowing able is inse ed:
The signi icance o e ms in oday's wo ld and socie y can be unde s ood in many di e en
ways. On he one hand, he s a emen ha a wo d is a easu e, a alue, seems (a odė) o be
sel -e iden and di icul o g asp, bu on he o he hand, no always and no o e e yone. In
he wen y- i s cen u y, as in he age o cons an ly changing mode n echnologies,
globaliza ion, he di e si y o alues and a i udes, hei change becomes an unp eceden ed
phenomenon. This is in luenced by bo h ex e nal ac o s and ce ain psychological and
beha io al changes in socie y. The ac ha i changes and speaks […] all i s a ie ies. Changes
in e minology (such as hose ha occu ) a e o en due o changes in e minology (geolek ai,
do blogybė – i didesnė negu bend inės kalbos ki imas, o yškėjan ys naujieji
egiolek ai), […]neg yna[…], […]ne ik a[…] in he common language […], which is conside ed a na u al
šios blogybės pada inys. Ta mės pokyčių e inimas kaip ėjimas mi ies link,
p ocess, o a choice o he ideology, pe spec i e o bo h p ocesses. The geolinguis ic
p ipažinimas neiš engiamais, be ne pabaigą žyminčiais eiškiniais, susijęs su
pe spec i e is op imis ic and implies an ideology o de elopmen (Aliukai ė, Mikulėnienė, 2014b, 36).
A he in e sec ion o ideologies, he signi ican ques ion emains (and p obably e en mo e
signi ican ) how impo an he medium is o o dina y consume s, o whe he i is impo an in
gene al o he de elopmen o change. Fo his eason, he s udy o language is inc easingly
aking in o accoun he aspec o linguis ic p o isions (e.g. Vaicekauskienė, Saus e de 2012;
Kliukienė 2010; Ramonienė 2013), because he pe spec i e o language consume s, e alua ion is a
signi ican and e en necessa y ac o (e.g. Mikulėnienė 2015: 103), which e lec s qui e well he
cu en si ua ion and how his si ua ion may change in he u u e. The signi icance o linguis ic
p o isions can also be seen in e ms o he su i al po en ial […] hey a e one o he ac o s
ensu ing he iabili y, con inui y o he e minology (Aliūkai ė, Bakšienė, Ja osla ienė and
o he s 2014: 130). In his case, he p o isions a e unde s ood no only as a ce ain psychological
bu also as a unc ional phenomenon. The Skuõdo egion, which is one o he a eas o Žemai ija
belonging o he B anduoli egion (see Pe ulis 2005: 168) was chosen o he su ey. Fo his
eason, he inhabi an s a e cha ac e ized by a s ong ea hly sel -es eem, wi h close ies
be ween iden i y and place o bi h. I is also impo an ha he egion is no pa allel o he
in e sec ion o high-al i ude i e s, which is why he i e s should al eady be ea ed as a
ansi ional ou e. On he con a y, he Skuõdo dis ic , which is cha ac e ized by he
c ossing o coas al lowlands and so-called elšiškių phone ic and g amma ical ea u es
(Gi denis 2012: 13), should be conside ed as one o he mos ep esen a i e a eas o he lowland
[…]sa ininkių[…] language code (Aliūkai ė, Mikulė 2014a: 262). Skuõdo, as 1 I is possible o iden i y
he Skuõdo geolek ą […] small ansla ional uni li ing on he basis o s ong adi ional snails
(Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014a: 260).
SIMONA VYNIAUTAITĖ
178 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV e y well main ained he s a us o he
language o he ci y, as con i med by o he esea ch da a. He belie es ha he
s ong linguis ic ounda ion o his egion and i s a ilia ion wi h he co e o
he Zems o egion ha e an impac no only on he wo ld iew o way o li e o
he inhabi an s hemsel es, bu also on hei linguis ic disposi ions.
1 PAV. O he Poin s
The pu pose, he asks, he me hods, he ma e ial. The pu pose o his a icle is o cla i y. Using he
kin i, kaip Skuõdo apylinkių žemaičiai e ina gim ąją a mę i a miakalbius
Li huanian Language Ins i u e's 2010-2013 p ojec Mode n Geolinguis ic Resea ch in Li huania: op imiza ion
o he ne wo k o poin s and in e ac i e dissemina ion o linguis ic in o ma ion (see www. a mes.l o
mo e in o ma ion) (sound ques ionnai e, audio en ies), which a e s o ed by he Li huanian Language
Ins i u e he e […] Residen s o he Li huanian Language Ins i u e […] Ke Viļņa Viļņa (Sklia, 13), Sėdė, Sėdė,
a chy e. Apklaus i Lie u ių kalbos a laso punk ų, p iklausančių Skuõdo k aš-
Ša ku (30), Yūki (31), Lūki (Pãluknė, 57), Mokios (40). The sample consis s o olde (41; 72 pe cen ), middle-aged
(10; 17.5 pe cen ) and younge people up o 30 yea s o age, a e ages 31-49 yea s o age, olde people 50 yea s
o age and olde . The educa ion o he applican s is qui e di e se: p ima y (16; 27%), highe educa ion (14; 25%),
jaunesniosios (6; 10,5 p oc.) ka ų esponden ai, iš ku ių 45 mo e ys i 12 y ų.
un inished seconda y (10; 18%), highe educa ion (7; 12%), oca ional (6; 11%) and seconda y (4; 7%). Since all he
ma e ial collec ed om he poin s is used, he numbe o con ibu o s is no uni o m in e ms o age,
gende and educa ion. In some cases, hese wo p ojec s a e conside ed: he use o languages and na ional
iden i y in Li huanian ci ies and he Sociolinguis ic map o Li huania: places and owns (see he
Sociolinguis ic map o Li huania and languages), he possibili y o socio-linguis ic a iables o in luence o
e hnologis Pe o. I is expec ed ha unde di e en imi a ions, he esul s could also be di e en . In
o de o analyze he in e p e a ions o he language and discuss possible links wi h he concep o he
mo he ongue, desc ip i e analy ical and in e p e a i e me hods a e used, based on esea ch da a om
Moun ain su ey (2012: 331[…]332). This is a lis o moun ains in Finland.
A icles o he 179 h A icle
Skuodo apylinkių žemaičių kalbinės nuos a os
e hnology and e hno-psychology.
2.Valua ion o he e m
A i ude owa ds he language is a signi ican aspec . I is emphasized ha no
only he language is changing, bu also he app oach o he language discou se
(Aliūkai ė 2011: 11). As a esul , he meaning o he e ms may be pe cei ed
di e en ly han be o e (in he image, in he So ie con ex ). One o he op ions,
when he speake s di ec ly e alua ed he speech by exp essing hei opinion o
no iced, was o emphasize wha o he s usually hough , wha opinion had
o med. Ano he op ion o decide on he a i ude o he language is no a di ec
assessmen o he language i sel , bu an opinion abou he pe son speaking he
language. I is belie ed ha he i ali y o he linguis ic code, he eason o i s
su i al, can be mo e eliably e ealed by he associa ions wi h he speake s
who use i han by he e alua ions o he code i sel (Ramonienė 2013: 7), in o he
wo ds, signi ican unconscious p o isions. Howe e , as Dai a Aliūkai ė a gues, an e en mo e success ul model is when bo h conscious and unconscious p o isions a e examined (2013b: 224).
The ques ionnai e p o ided se e al possible desc ip ions o a na i e speake : a
na i e speake , poo ly educa ed, o an olde age, espec ul o his na i e language,
io iškai nusi eikęs. Pa eikėjai aip pa nu odė i ki okius a ian us, apibūdinan-
čius a miškai kalban įjį. Kai ku ie esponden ai išsakė po kelis apibūdinimus,
and he e o e he numbe o answe s a he han he numbe o esponden s.
Since he numbe o subjec s (and he popula ion in gene al a he poin s unde
analysis) is no la ge, he numbe o esponses is small. I is emphasized ha
a ms does no become less i i is iable in one poin ins ead o , o example, six
( o choose condi ional numbe s). Geolinguis ically speaking, he meaning o he
Ja osla ienė i k . 2014: 182). Galima eig i, jog požiū io aip pa nepasida o
dis inc ions emains he same (Aliūkai ė, Bakšienė, less i he numbe o people and
answe s decla ing i di e s. The main and possible ends a e essen ially
e lec ed. Desc ip ions o he in e locu o and hei numbe a e gi en in able 1.
The numbe o esponses om senio (V ), middle (Vd), junio (J) imes is indica ed.
3 See also h p: www. a mes.l index_meniu.php?id=5
SIMONA VYNIAUTAITĖ
180 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
These desc ip ions highligh he h ee main image y o he language, which
make up di e en plo s:
Ine i abili y
Res ic ed
The a ibu ion o ea u es o plo s is no unques ionable, i is mo e condi ional,
depending on he in e p e a ion. This is a kind o summa ized iangula model4
ha can be used o analyze he pe cep ion and alue o language use s. One
LENTEL. A i ude owa d a pe son who speaks in ongues
Fu ni u e and appliances
Respec ing he na i e
Tha 's how
Pa io ic and
you g ew up.
A Wise Man
Tha 's how
Village o
you g ew up. Tha 's how you g ew up.
Vy esnio amžiaus
T adi ional
language o he municipali y o G ynak aujis
You can' be
o he wise You can' alk o he wise
Less educa ed
om he Village
You need o espec you
language You need o espec you language
G owing up in such an
en i onmen , a man who lo es his coun y
Numbe
o esponses
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 11 11 11
11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
Iš
iso 19 13 12 10 853221111111111
Pe cen ages 23 15 14 12 10 642211111111 This is a lis o he coun ies by numbe o inhabi an s.
2.1 The e m […] ideal This plo is made up o he elemen s o espec , pa io ism and adi ion.
In o he wo ds, he iden i ica ion o he linguis ically speaking human wi h such clo hing
de e mines o may 4 I could be linked o he model o he uni e sal symbolic s uc u e o he
Wo ld T ee, which implies he ha mony, o de , o he Wo ld (see mo e Čepienė 2014: 57).
Essen ially, he pa s ha exis he e also cons i u e, so o speak, he ha mony o linguis ic
p o isions, because hey e lec all h ee (condi ional) plo s: posi i e (ideal), neu al
(non-excludable) and nega i e (limi ed). The ac ha i does no exis in all a eas o
ien ik idealo plo mė, . y. šiuo a eju nė a ik eigiamo požiū io į a mę i šim ap ocen inio jos
consump ion does no mean ha he language is disappea ing o in a pa icula ly bad si ua ion.

S aipsniai / A icles 181
Skuodo apylinkių žemaičių kalbinės nuos a os
o de e mine he impo ance o he medium o i s consume , i s iabili y, i s
con inui y. In a sense, he plo o "a i ude" is a conscious choice o he people
hemsel es. Fo hese easons, clo hes can be pe cei ed as a model ha is
qui e pe ec o close o he ideal.
I 's my hono . Mos o he ime (19 imes) he speake s cha ac e ized he speake as
espec ul o he speake . Respec o one's own language, he au ho i y o he language
is essen ially conside ed p es igious (Kliukienė 2014: 7). Thus, al hough i is no explici ly
s a ed, i is clea ha he e m is conside ed e y p es igious. This desc ip ion is also
commonly used by ep esen a i es o o he no he n lowland poin s (see Pab ėža 2013: 5).
Respec is conside ed an impo an alue, and e y impo an hings a e usually espec ed.
I can be said ha e en hough he language is no sui able o use e e ywhe e, i is no
e y beau i ul in an aes he ic sense, i mus be alued, che ished, e.g. (1) Zhenya, ha
Li huanian language is al eady needed o climb, oilà, Zhenya, ha Li huanian language is
sui able o climbing, bu we ha e a good one in he same place [K. M., 79 m., V6.] Al hough he
concep o a mo e p es igious linguis ic code eme ges in his case, he common language is
s ill conside ed o be he closes , bes linguis ic code psychologically. A pe son who speaks
in ongues also becomes wo hy o espec , and, on he con a y, people who can speak in
ongues bu do no speak o […]uzmi šusius[…] in ongues a e iewed qui e nega i ely: (2)
Tuoks kap is a sou ce o inspi a ion. Pa ažiou a žemai is kuoks s udėn s ėš Vėlniaus,
Kauna, al eady in he sa ėškės is al eady s a ing o alk in he li e a y language ė ,
žėnuok, mon did no like i , kažkāp, aha, uoks ėšdėdoms makes a g ea g andson. [L. Sh., m.,
52 yea s old, Y.] (3) As he a he lis ened o he man, as he wi e, as he mo he -in-law, as
he mo he -in-law, as he mo he -in-law, as he mo he -in-law, as he mo he -in-law, as he
mo he -in-law, as he mo he -in-law, as he mo he -in-law. [G. P., aged 24 and M.]
(4) E en i you cooked i , you would ha e ea en i in he same way, bu you would no
ha e ea en i in he same way, you would no ha e ea en i in he same way. <…>. I 's he wind, i 's he ocking chai , i 's he bandage.
ėis, be jego aš kaimė sosė ėksio – mon nesop on amā, mon ėš ėk ūju nesop on amā.
[D. C., aged 45 yea s, K.]
(5) Wha 's he ma e wi h you? I'm lea ing, so I'm... He's go a lo o wo k o do. No, you
can' . [J. J., aged 83]
5
A su ey o he inhabi an s showed ha he coun y own o Skuodè is conside ed he mos
p es igious (Kliukienė 2014: 7). I is emphasized ha an open p es ige is equi ed o he common
language (s anda d a ian s) o be conside ed a symbol o he na ional whole (see Aue 2011: 486).
In his case, he p es ige o he language de e mines o may de e mine i s s a us as a symbol
o he na ional pa , i.e. he lands. Howe e , acco ding o P. Kalniaus, in gene al, he majo i y o
p es ižinę, nes bend inė kalba suku a aukš aičių a mės pag indu (2012: 322).
all he landlo ds in he Žemai ija a ea conside hei language o be no he ini ials o he
žius, ie o ė (Y. – Ylakiai , K. – Ke iai, L. – Lùknės, M. – Mósėdis, S. – Skuõdas, Š. – Šá kė,
g a e ul ones indica ed in he Lauž iniuose skliaus ose, ly is (m. […] woman, . […] man), amV. […] Vižañčiai) is he name o he municipali y.
SIMONA VYNIAUTAITĖ
182 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV, which was published in
(6) In his case, you' e going o ha e a paneli, and you' e going o ha e a paneli, and you' e going
o ha e a paneli, and you' e going o ha e a paneli, and you' e going o ha e a paneli, and you' e going o ha e a paneli. <…>. She's younge han he one who's been bea en up, and she's he one who's been bea en up.
[G. L., 19 yea s old, Y.]
(7) I you don' ea his, you don' ea ha , you don' ea ha , you don' ea ha , you
don' ea ha , you don' ea ha , you don' ea ha , you don' ea ha , you don' ea
ha . [J. M., aged 72, V.] Mon a uoda, no joukingā […] a he a he ime o he p agī enės
kuokiuo Žemai ijuo o ko nuo s […] o nebemuokie ė in his na i e language, bu also ēp...
[…]. I don' hink you'll be able o emembe you na i e language o a ew mon hs o
yea s, bu you'll emembe i . [B. P., 18 yea s old, K.]
Speaking ou is pe cei ed as a mani es a ion o p ide, sel ishness, and wei dness. This
kind o beha io causes ange o laugh e . I emphasize ha his is no accep able o
ep esen a i es o all gene a ions. The language is conside ed o be he main language
code, and i s non- ansla ion sepa a es he membe o he communi y as i he o she is
ou o he usual adi ional communi y sys em, i.e. he o she becomes like no his o a
leas ano he ( his concep in he uni e sal opposi ion o his o he own occupies an
in e media e place) (Unuko ičius 2014: 192 […] 193). The meaning o language in sea ch o
(sel ) iden i ica ion, (no ) being one's own has also been highligh ed in a 1999 su ey,
because " he lack o na i e language elimina es people om he na i e sphe e"
(Pakalniškis 2001: 207). Language could be likened o he opposi e (in some cases e en
olun a y) o ini ia ion, assuming he exis ence o a language an i-ini ia ion. This would
be con i med by he si ua ion desc ibed by P. Kalniaus, when a young a me claimed
ha he was no a a me because he no longe spoke o he a me (he did no speak
when he s a ed s udying in Klaipėda) (2012: 310). In his case, he wo d "exi " also implies
mės ne a ojimas sie inas su įp a imu a o i bend inę kalbą. Tokiu a eju sun-
iden i y. The e a e o he opinions when i comes o speaking in ongues again, e.g.: (9)
The man is a a he o us, he sleeps om mo ning ill nigh , he is a sel -employed man, he
has a week, a mon h, a yea , a yea , a yea , a yea , a yea , a yea , a yea , a yea , a yea . I
can be said ha his opinion is excep ional, because mos people look c i ically a he
inabili y o speak in hei en i onmen . I is also impo an ha he app oach is no
en i ely adical wi h ega d o he common language […] in ce ain places, in ce ain si ua ions i is conside ed accep able, use ul (see able 2).
Respec should also be accompanied by he unde s anding ha he language is a alue, no
mo, šaipymosi a ki ų neigiamų eiškinių objek as. A si anda pas ebėjimų apie
an igno ance o he landlo d's aul s, he dis ega d o he landlo d's igh s, e.g. (10)
Li huanian language is a poo Li huanian language, in he coun yside he a he does no
sleep wi h he g and a he in he coun yside, he coun yside is a poo coun yside. <…>.
The younge b o he o he a he o he widow: ė dzūku, ė aukš ai iu, ė žemai iu […] ėš
mai ē sa a a pė, jau ka susi inksem, ēp lėng iau palėks, kad neb ēk lėižo ė belunks-
ėsuos Lie u uos bo a. I ell in lo e in he ainy season, I c ied when i ained, I c ied when i
ained, I c ied when i ained, I c ied when i ained. Bu she was al eady in he mids , she
A icles o he T ea y
Skuodo apylinkių žemaičių kalbinės nuos a os
was al eady in he mids , she was al eady in he mids , she was al eady in he mids , she
was al eady in he mids , she was al eady in he mids , she was al eady in he mids . Hey,
you' e ge ing ma ied, you' e ge ing ma ied, you' e ge ing ma ied, you' e ge ing ma ied, you' e ge ing ma ied, you' e ge ing ma ied, you' e ge ing ma ied, you' e ge ing ma ied. I you' e going o go o he moun ains, you' e going o go o he moun ains, you' e going o go o he moun ains, you' e going o go o he moun ains, you' e going o go o he moun ains. [V. G., V., 85 yea s old, L.]
(11) The e's no hing w ong wi h he land, i 's jus a con e sa ion... he highe -ups don'
hink we' e in he land. <…>. Bu , I say, don go o he op o he hill, Jesus Ma ge,
especially Kauns ma ia. Tha 's wha I'm saying, you' e a mobs e . I ell in lo e wi h he
a me 's wi e, he builde 's mo he . Wha did you say? Yeah, we said i , bu , I'm elling you,
you'll unde s and. Come on, Jesus, ge ou o he e! [M. R., ., 51 C.E.] (12) In he ield, bu in you ield, in you ield, in you ield, in you ield, in you ield.
[K. M., aged 79]
This a i ude can be unde s ood as an o e ly sensi i e eac ion, a somewha exagge a ed
čiojimosi, neapykan os e inimą. Kalbos ski ingumas, a si andan is nesup a-
sense o wonde o laugh e […] and pe haps no necessa ily ange (e.g. he impo ance o
media ion in s e eo yping, when a ibu ed o o he s is unde s ood as beli ling (Go lieb 2006:
3). Howe e , his sensi i i y o he lowlande s indica es he app ecia ion o hei language, he
in ole ance o hei dialec s, because he language is pe cei ed as a e y impo an hing, he
mo he ongue. Al hough, acco ding o P. Kalniaus, he e may be a eason o he mocke y:
[…]<...> a ce ain p essu e on he lowe classes con inues […] i was mo e ole a ed only by he
Li huanian in elligen sia. The eac ion o he linguis ic eli e (especially he lowe classes o
socie y) has, in a sense, changed li le […] o he lowe classes, hey con inue o be no e y
ole an […] (2012: 321). I is likely ha he nega i e eac ion also e lec s an ea lie no e y
posi i e iew o he speech, o , in he wo ds o he speake , i is simply a sea ch o p e ixes. In
gene al, i is no uncommon o see he lowe classes as oo many e hnocen ic people […] he
pe manen ad oca es o na ional, cul u al, his o ical, linguis ic alues. Meanwhile, such
c i icism seems qui e o ensi e o he lowe classes, sugges ing unde es ima ion and mocke y.
This can be in e p e ed as a kind o ension, a sense o ension, bu i can also be pe cei ed as
ano he "un o eseen" misunde s anding, cul u al di e ences, and he joy o hei exis ence
in he 20 h and ea ly 21s cen u ies. Simila obse a ions abou hem and he unde es ima ion
o hei e i o y we e eco ded in he expedi ion in he dis ic s o Skuõdo, Šiauliai and
Pãne ėžys. I is claimed ha he con adic ion be ween he lowlands and he highlands, which
de ines he lowland iden i y, is he con adic ion in o he pa s o Li huania, in he big ci ies.
The psychological s udy showed ha he lowe classes a e gene ally mo e sensi i e han he
šos a p lenkų i lie u ių iesioginė analogija (plačiau ž . Čepai ienė 2001: 91).
Esama i p iešingos nuomonės, kad y a didelis Žemai ijos i žemaičių palaiky-
uppe classes.
2000: 59).
SIMONA VYNIAUTAITĖ
184 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV The a me 's a he is no a god. No, i 's going o
be he suppo o he Zemai e, i 's going o be he suppo o he Zemai e, i 's going
o be he suppo o he Zemai e, i 's going o be he suppo o he Zemai e. We
can' ule ou he assump ion ha a lo depends no only on he concep o wha 's
o ensi e, wha 's o ensi e, bu also on people's di e en expe iences, si ua ions hey' e been in, o hei endency o see hings in a di e en way.
eigiamus a neigiamus dalykus.
A sligh ly di e en aspec o espec was highligh ed in he answe s o he g a e ul
ones. The a i ude o he pe son himsel is emphasized, because he does no jus
lea n, he can speak e bally, bu he does so ou o espec . A e y simila desc ip ion
was men ioned once you need o espec you language. I 's no so much abou he
use o he language, bu i 's abou di ec ly saying, con i ming ha he language is
wo hy o espec , i 's a ma e o ca e. Al hough he associa ion o espec wi h
he pe son speaking he language i sel is he mos common o all desc ip ions, i is
also posi i e and opposi e: (14) I do no hink ha he language speaks espec ully. No,
he didn' . The wo d "sho " is spoken, no by an hono able man, no by... I don' hink, I
don' hink, I don' hink, I don' hink, I don' hink, I don' hink, I don' hink, I don'
hink, I don' hink, I don' know, I don' know, I don' know, I don' know, I don' know, I
don' know, I don' know. I can be assumed ha he language ( a my) is deidealized in
his case, unde s ood as a pu ely p ac ical exp ession. Respec is mo e ela ed o
language cul u e, o example, he non-use o slang wo ds. Ano he desc ip ion closely
ela ed o alues is a pe son who lo es his language. Lo e, like espec , is also one o
he g ea es alues, and a pe son is iewed e y posi i ely when he o she adhe es o
i . Such a speake […] app ecia es and che ishes he language.
I 's called pa io ism. The o he hing ha makes up he ideal plo is a pa io ic a i ude.
The e a e a o al o 12 such answe s. Speaking is pe cei ed as pa o pa io ism. To use he
language means o lo e oge he , o espec one's coun y, o be de e mined o do a lo o i
(and one's na i e language), o sac i ice. This app oach is linked o na ional sel -con idence, as
39 (68%) o he esponden s indica ed ha hey a e Li huanian (o icial na ionali y […]
Li huanian), as well as he majo i y (43; 75%) speak he na i e language o he ime and he
language o he Li huanians. The na i e language is associa ed wi h pa io ism in he minds o
he p esen e s, so i is close o he concep ha he language is one o he mos impo an
pa s o he na ion. I is a gued ha language essen ially cons i u es a communi y (Ga e ,
Coupland, Williams 2003: 12), is an essen ial sign o iden i y (Račiūnai ė-Vyčinienė 2014:
223). Šį eiginį pa i ina i žemaičių si uacija: „daba iniams žemaičiams sa-
iden i ica ion and sepa a ion om non-homelands he mos impo an indica o […] is no a
inhabi ed e i o y, no a his o ically signi ican Žemai ija, bu a di e en language (dialec )
[…] (Kalnius 2012: 405). In bo h cases, i is language ha is unde s ood as he main indica o o
iden i y. In ano he s udy, he wo d "o he " is unde s ood in he case o he lowlande s as a
seconda y and iden i y ac o , wi h he place o bi h being conside ed he mos impo an
(Čepai ienė 2001: 190). The ac ha language becomes an impo an ac o in he pe cep ion
o a na ion, such a connec ion is possible and he code is widely used. Such a ansi ion o
A icles o he a icle 191
Skuodo apylinkių žemaičių kalbinės nuos a os
spoken language can also be linked o he age a which olde child en begin o speak in ongues.
I 's a bi h. Bi h is men ioned wice. In his case, a pe son who uses he e m is pe cei ed as
ha ing acqui ed he e m speech a bi h. In o he wo ds, i you we e bo n in o a amily o an
en i onmen ha spoke in ongues, you ine i ably spoke in ongues as well. Pe haps om
bi h, a pe son is obliged o speak in ongues, as i i we e his des iny o do so. I is almos
impossible o change his, because he use o he e m is equal o he ine i abili y […] he e m
is conside ed a a al e m. Thus, a phenomenon acqui ed a bi h is pe cei ed as non-exis en
(as in he case o he s a ic en i onmen ). Fo his eason, he use o language seems
comple ely incomp ehensible and unjus i iable, causing indigna ion. - See 28, 19 quo a ion. This
opinion will be associa ed wi h he a o emen ioned desc ip ions, o he wise you canno be and
you canno speak o he wise. The second sen ence is mo e speci ic, indica ing he speech. On
he one hand, he app oach may seem qui e adical, since only he only a ian o speech […]
a mė is emphasized, and he common language seems o be un ecognizable, unin elligible and
app op ia e. I a pe son speaks in a o eign language, he is obliged o do so, in his case […] he
landlo d mus speak in a o eign language (c . 16 quo a ion). On he o he hand, i shouldn' be
associa ed wi h adicalism. Such hough s indica e he commonali y o he language (con i m
he ac al eady men ioned abou i ), i s pe cep ion as a na i e language. The inabili y o speak
di e en ly can also be unde s ood as a di icul y in using a common language, since i is much
easie , easie , and mo e na u al o speak he na i e language. No only is i easie , bu i 's also
mo e since e, because i 's he since i y, he simplici y (o he lack o hese quali ies) ha he
p ac i ione s no ice, o example: (28) You' e go a pa o ha 's a pa o ha 's a pa o ,
ha 's a pa o ha 's a pa o . And now ha you' e ou o he language, you' e al eady in he
language, you' e al eady in he language, you' e no in he language, you' e no in he language,
you' e no in he language, you' e no in he language. [Ž. V., ., 23 m., S.] (29) This is he beginning,
he beginning, he beginning, he beginning, he beginning, he beginning, he beginning, he
beginning, he beginning, he beginning, he beginning, he beginning, he beginning. Bu i i 's
cold, i 's going o be cold. And he began o emble, as i he we e in he ield, o he was in he
mids o his own ield. He s a ed o bump in o he , and hen he s a ed o bump in o he
again, and hen he s a ed o bump in o he again, and hen he s a ed o bump in o he again. I
didn' say any hing else, bu i you' e going o ell me some hing, you' e going o ell me
some hing else, you' e going o ell me some hing else, you' e going o ell me some hing else,
you' e going o ell me some hing else. [V. M., ., 31 S.] (30) Tēp maluonē, maluonē, ha o hea o
o e e o he a he 's seimūnā, o epea he a he 's cho us o he winds o he a he 's
ea hly s o y. I 's a good hing you' e al eady in he coun y. O you' e an a is , you' e a
a me , you' e a good a me . A is , wha else is he e o say, old woman, well, he landscape
is w i en, and he landscape is w i en, he e is my man, my man is he joy o his. [D. Č., died a
he age o 84, V.] (31) In Žemai ėškė, I will no be a es ed in Puonėškė. [A. L., aged 87 yea s, L.]

SIMONA VYNIAUTAITĖ
192 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV
(32) I 's jus ha he old man's Muosiedie pu is old, he old man's mo he is a li e a y igu e,
and he old woman doesn' speak un il she's old enough. No one's going o be able o climb
wi hou knocking, no one's going o be able o climb wi hou knocking, no one's going o be able
o climb wi hou knocking, no one's going o be able o climb wi hou knocking. I 's be e no
o be in a g oup han o be in a ocking chai . Bu i you do, you'll be a young man. [A. Z., ., 59 m.,
M.] No only is i good o a man o speak in ongues, bu i is also good o he language o
o he s, especially he lowly ones who li e in he coun yside, o in gene al he people he
knows. In his case, he common language is used as a cha ac e is ic ha sui s gen lemen.
The oo s o his concep should be sough in he pas , because o some ime he common
language was conside ed "poniška, miesčioniška", bu a he same ime i should be
emphasized ha his opinion exis s among he lowe classes oday (Kalnius 2012: 321), and,
acco ding o A. Čepai ienė, such a language "poniškumą" should be associa ed wi h
his o ically exis ing s e eo ypes abou Li huanian da kness and Polish gen lemen (2001: 191).
Thus, he associa ion o he common language wi h he Ponais becomes qui e jus i ied. The
cha ac e iza ion o he common language as a sign o "ponyishness" is con i med by he
desc ip ion "mužikiška" (33) in he lowe language, which means ha he black language
"al eady he e is he old one" (J. M. U., m., 71 m., Y.) is classi ied as a low-le el language, which, in
he opinion o he speake s, is cha ac e is ic o he common people. The ph ases o he
ine i able scope again indica e ce ain essen ial phenomena: habi → easonableness o he
concep o he na i e language, en i onmen → use o he a ious sphe es o he language, na u e → immu abili y.
2.3. Limi a ions o he e m This e m is associa ed wi h e ms ha simpli y,
limi , and limi he e m and i s use o ce ain limi s. In his case, i 's
neighbo liness, age, educa ion. Though s can also de e mine he
una ac i eness o he medium, i s lack o p ospec s.
Ru al cha ac e . A man who speaks in ongues is eigh imes close o he illage. On
dėmenį galima sup as i kaip konk ečią geog a inę a ba socialinę ka ego iją. Tai,
he one hand, i 's logical ha u al people alk abou i in e ms o language,
because he way people li e in u al and u ban spaces is di e en . I is a gued ha
" he u ban space, as well as he language, is changing as e and mo e s ongly, i is
cons an ly being econs uc ed, in luenced by social, poli ical, economic, cul u al
ac ions and daily communica ion p ac ices" (Ramonienė 2010: 279). Because o such
ins abili y, cons an change, which is ypical o ci ies, he associa ion o he
dis ic wi h he coun yside becomes qui e con incing. The speake s hemsel es
no iced he di e ence be ween he language in he illages and in he ci ies: (34) The ownspeople spoke he same language, and he illage s spoke he same language. [B. B., aged 82 yea s, V.]
A icles o he 193 h
Skuodo apylinkių žemaičių kalbinės nuos a os
And so, I say, he people o he illage a e passing by, and we' e al eady he e, he illage s, we' e beas s.
a sėlėkė. [A. R. Š., m., 70 m., S.]
(36) In he old man's language, he language is di e en , and in he neighbo 's language,
dā ėš ėk ūju ė ebkalb ou, eb okoujės ėksliau ēk sakī ė, ou ėk ėnė kalbo. [B. L.,
he language is di e en , and in he neighbo 's language, he language is di e en , and in he neighbo 's language, he language is di e en .
The language o he illage s is pe cei ed as mo e au hen ic, […] ik esnė[…], less
in luenced by he common language o o he languages, as well as mo e ha sh.
Some imes he use o language in a ci y is limi ed by he eluc ance o s and ou om
he o he s, o pay a en ion o onesel , e.g. (37) no ažiouk i Vėlnio […] šnek ėsė
aukš ai ėškė, pasak kūīk nuo s žemai ėškė […] ėsė i a i a sisok, a uoda kap
ėsėškė k kalba [B. P., m., 18 m., K.]. The di e ence be ween he language code (bo h
om o he languages and om he common language) is emphasized, which o en
becomes he eason o he language o he language. I is a gued ha " he ailu e o
he common unc ion […] misunde s anding, miscommunica ion […] is he su es p oo
o he cul u al alue o he language" (Visos a mės g ažiausios 2013: 10). The
di e ence be ween he wo can be in e p e ed no only as a cul u al aspec , bu also
as an indica o o he di e ence be ween a language and a language, bu also as a
mu ual one (G o es, 2007: 9). In his case, misunde s anding se es a dis inc i e
unc ion. The ac ha o he s who do no speak Ge man do no unde s and he
language code has been poin ed ou by many o he speake s, e.g. (38) Many will no
oppose he Ge man-speaking ci y. [G. L., m., 19 yea s old, Y.] (39) When he la e
g and a he le , […] ha g and a he wen o Li huania o speak in Li huanian. You' e mo e o a li e a y gossip. I 's going o be ha d o he pa sley, i 's going o be ha d. I' e ne e been o a a m be o e, and, Jesus, I' e only been o a a m once, and I'm no going o complain.
[L. Sh., aged 52 yea s, Y.]
No, I'm no going o alk o you. [Z. A., aged 69, om Š.] (41) No disag eemen , no
disag eemen wi h he neighbou s. And we' e a ee people, we' e going o alk abou
he wea he , we' e going o alk abou he wea he . [S. J., aged 71, S.] (42) Zhenya, anėi
[auk aičiai] Musa did no oppose. I'm going o ake a showe . I'm going o ake a showe .
[E. M., aged 87 yea s, L.]
(43) Vuo ėn [Bi š one] ėsė uokėi nesop on žemai ėškā. Be žemai is ėsēp okou jės:
I 's called he ose bush, i 's called he La ian bush, i 's called he Ch is mas bush.
The language o he illage is Rokoujė. [K. R., aged 80]
10 Al hough an a emp is being made o es ablish c i e ia o dis inguishing languages ( o
example, Wa dhaugh 2006: 33), i is no ed ha […] he p oblem o languages and dialec s in linguis ics
(and no only) in gene al is unsol able[…] (Aliūkai ė 2013a: 4). So a lo o en depends on he a i ude
o he in e p e a ion. 11 The s a emen abou incomp ehension is also con i med by he esul s
o a su ey o he popula ion o a ious ci ies, because he language o he coun yside is conside ed he mos incomp ehensible (see Ba anauskienė, K upickai ė 2012: 4).
SIMONA VYNIAUTAITĖ
Ac a Linguis ica 194 Li huanica LXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
In some cases, he ci y is emphasized as an a ea o misunde s anding, and pe haps
misunde s anding, o he lowe dialec s. In gene al, he ci y is o en conside ed a model o
he non- e bal language en i onmen (see Vaicekauskienė 2014: 13). Thus, i is con i med
kaimo, kaip geog a inės aplinkos, ka ego ija. Įdomūs pas ebėjimai, kai eigiama,
ha i is easie o low-le el speake s o unde s and o he languages han i is o
ep esen a i es o o he subjec s in a low-le el way, o i is easie o hem o lea n
o he languages in gene al. This can be linked o he deg ee o di e ence be ween he
pag indas y a aka ų aukš aičių kauniškių pa a mė, ski umai a p bend inės
dialec s and he common language. Because he common language and he local dialec s a e
qui e la ge. Language lea ning is like any o he language sys em, so i 's much easie o
unde s and o he languages i you' e a use o a highly di e en ia ed language code. The
p esen e s consciously o unconsciously sepa a e he language om he common
language as wo opposing linguis ic sys ems, e.g. (44) When I s a ed o speak, I said ha I
would lea n Li huanian luen ly, because I would lea n you language luen ly, because I
would lea n you language luen ly, because I would lea n you language luen ly, because I
would lea n you language luen ly. I'm alking abou a egula common language. <…>. I 's
ha d o li e, bu i 's wo h i . Well, i 's ei he slow o i 's ha d. Tha 's i , go ell him, he's
al eady washed, i 's going o be ha d o him. [J. V., ., 23 yea s old, S.] (45) Ve iejau spoke
o žėnā, kāp ēk, jau ume jau dėdlē lėng ā, be jego o a nepagausi, ėskas būs a ėi,
Li huanian o he local popula ion. Ka ās ī Mūsa he mu de e , pa izdžiou, ī Vaka ū
Li huania, ha ī p īds, ha a he s hal -b eed ī , o whom he nu se pai s o he nu se
does no oppose he husband. No ė akes ė ėš e i in he Li huanian language. [A. R. Sh., m.,
70 yea s old, S.] (46) Tou dėdlē ead he nege a dalīka, dėdlē nege s dalīks, which means ha
he i s class o he muoki ė žemai ėškā. I 's no going o wo k in he g and a he 's
house, i 's no going o wo k in he g and a he 's house. <…>. His g and a he augh him
o ead in he i s g ade, bu he didn' ead in he second g ade, and he didn' ead in he
hi d g ade. <…>. He's going o lea e us a s ange . [V. N., ., 80 yea s old, L.] Adap a ion and
di icul y in lea ning a common language a e emphasized. I 's conside ed a language code
ha needs o be lea ned jus like a s ange . The common language is also unde s ood as
he language code ha is used o o he s (non-ci izens) o unde s and. The e is no doub
ha he common language will be unde s ood, and he local language will no always be
unde s ood (e.g. (47) I eel a ease in he shel e , I eel a ease in he shel e , I eel a ease in
he shel e , I eel a ease in he shel e , I eel a ease in he shel e , I eel a ease). Fo his
eason, misunde s anding (pe haps some imes imagined) o en becomes he oo cause o
non-speaking e bally, adap ing o he speake 's linguis ic code. Emphasizing he
di e ence be ween a language and a common language, i is s a ed ha in ce ain cases i
is necessa y o ansla e om one linguis ic code o ano he . LKŽe (2008) The e b o
ansla e has he meaning ' o ansla e a ex om one language in o ano he language'
(DLKŽe 2011 analogous
S aipsniai / A icles 195
Skuodo apylinkių žemaičių kalbinės nuos a os
11 meaning). The use o such a e b p obably implies wo sepa a e linguis ic
sys ems. A pa icula ly la ge di e ence is seen in he 46 h example. Al hough i is
no di ec ly s a ed ha he language o he na i es is a language, he idea is ha
by eaching he child en na i ely, hey will no longe lea n he common language […]
namely eading ( he language is no men ioned. Since i is p e iously lea ned o
liau – i o eikia moky is la inan įgūdžius, skai ymas sup an amas kaip a
speak and ead in he coun yside, an unco ec ed […]žala[…] can be made. This iew
is p obably in luenced in pa by he ac ha some o he spellings di e in he
Zemai ic sc ip , p o ing he comple e di e si y o he language codes. Bo h
language codes a e unde s ood as wo sepa a e language sys ems, acco ding o
he submission. I 's an associa ion wi h s angeness, because such a pe son is
mokėjimas šiuo a eju jau eda į kul ū ų ski umus, au inę di e enciaciją. Tai
al eady unde s ood as a ep esen a i e o ano he na ion. The
non-con on a ional a ian o language, whe e i is no he non-consump ion o
speech, bu he expansion o i s o ms o consump ion ha sepa a es people om
hemsel es (e.g. non-consump ion o speech in a communi y). The concep o he
illage as a social ca ego y a he han a geog aphical space is also possible.
Acco ding o P. Kalniaus, he e is a sligh di e ence in he men al ype and i s
in ensi y be ween u al and u ban u al dwelle s (2007: 108). Howe e , i is likely ha
he au ho s did no choose his desc ip ion p ecisely because o he connec ion
wi h he social […] because o he daik a a džių kaimie is, he illage associa ion
wi h a ce ain diminu ion. Daik a a dis illage is unde s ood as a illage, a illage, a
illage, a illage, a illage, a illage, a illage, a illage, a illage, a illage, a illage, a
illage, a illage, a illage, a illage, a illage, a illage.
In gene al, he majo i y o esponden s do no like o associa e he spoken
language wi h social o geog aphical p oximi y (i is impo an o no e ha only
one ep esen a i e o he middle and younge gene a ions is chosen o his
desc ip ion, so such an in e ace is unaccep able o younge in o man s), which
means ha he spoken language is unde s ood by esponden s as qui e common
in ci ies. This is a ai ly new, uncon en ional app oach ha shows he i ali y o
he communi y a he han he isola ion in he illages: (48) So who is his
illage ? The illage may ha e been in he Uppe House [V. B., age 44, Y.]. In his
case, he desc ip ion is also associa ed wi h he speci ic ( esponde 's na i e)
egion […] Žemai ija, which causes a nega i e eac ion. I is con i med ha he
g a e ul speake is no ela ed o he mino i y o o he nega i e hings. The
age. Only a man who speaks h ee syllables is iden i ied wi h an olde age. This is
one o he adi ional in e p e a ions o he concep o clo hing acco ding o
he NORM c i e ia (Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014b: 32). And now he e is o en a
endency o associa e o al communica ion wi h olde people. Mos likely o be 12 b oade see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
SIMONA VYNIAUTAITĖ
196 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV I is he olde gene a ion ha speaks he language
well, e aining mos o i s cha ac e is ics. Howe e , his desc ip ion is a ely chosen (he
indica ed one o all he ep esen a i es o he imes), which indica es a di e en
unde s anding in he minds o mos o he speake s. Fo example: (49) The a he -in-law
ells he a he -in-law […] among his young men in he illage o Rokouj. [V. M., ., 31 m., S.]
(50) Vākā ī dėdesnė landed in he middle o nowhe e, in he middle o nowhe e, in he
middle o nowhe e, in he middle o nowhe e, in he middle o nowhe e, in he middle o nowhe e. [D. V., ., 51 yea s old, om Sweden]
(51) The wi e's handmaid's maid: he b ide, he younge , he younge . [J. V., . 23, S.] people a e
Ta mės a ojimas apa inamas su į ai ių ka ų a s o ais, ski ingo amžiaus
unde s ood as being able o speak and speaking luen ly. A he same ime, his p o es he
i ali y o he language. The concep would also be con i med in a ious sphe es o language
use, whe e only in some cases i is possible o conside he in luence o imes by choosing a
linguis ic code, analysis. I is also ema kable ha mos o he speake s a e o olde age,
bu do no belie e ha he use o he language is limi ed o olde age. They don' seem o
ha e much o a endency o sepa a e imes and summa ize he use o any age g oup o
language, only occasionally do hey no ice i . The e is a iew ha he younge gene a ion is
conside ed o be be e educa ed han he middle gene a ion. On o he occasions, when he
younge gene a ion is iewed c i ically o hei eluc ance o speak is no iced,
" o ge ing" is accompanied by a isible and posi i e change, a ising om he acquisi ion o
expe ience o e ime: (52) I is eg e able ha he pa aja began o speak in he illage o
he younge gene a ion, a he han in hei own language. I'm going o kill my g and a he .
"I don' hink i 's a good idea o lis en o you a he , bu I don' hink i 's a good idea o
lis en o you a he . I don' hink i 's a good idea o lis en o you a he . I don' hink i 's a
good idea o lis en o you a he . [V. Z., m., 55 m., Y.] (53) Now, some people say, "You know,
you know, you know, you know, you know, you know, you know, you know, you know, you know,
you know, you know, you know, you know, you know, you know, you know, you know, you know,
you know, you know, you know, you know. [A. T., aged 75 yea s, Y.]
In one case, i is ealized, " e u ned" o he local iden i y and language, while in ano he case, his
iden i y is "adop ed". I is possible o discuss he young pe son as a seeke o alues, as an un o med
pe sonali y, whe e he use and meaning o he e m can a y om " o ge ", " e u n" o " e u n"
again (see he case o " o ge ulness", 27 quo a ion). Thus, i would be possible o speak only o a
empo a y language and an iden i y an i-ini ia ion. In gene al, olde age is s ill unde s ood as he ime
o pe cep ion o eal alues […] in his case he mo he ongue […]. 13 Pl. eas e n and sou heas e n
Vilnius gene a ions o di e en ep esen a i es a o ed he language, he open p es ige, when i is
demons a ed by he you h, no he middle and especially he olde gene a ion (U bana ičienė 2014:
72).

S aipsniai / A icles 197
Skuodo apylinkių žemaičių kalbinės nuos a os
Educa ed. Once a man who speaks in ongues was desc ibed as poo ly educa ed. In his
case, he in luence o low educa ion on he use o he language can be explained in wo
ways: (1) he use o he language does no speak he common language well, so he
speaks he language; 2) he use o he language speaks he common language well, bu
due o a ce ain lack o cul u e and in elligence, he speaks he language. In some cases,
lowe educa ion is conside ed a mo e signi ican sociolinguis ic a iable han he
en i onmen ( illage-ci y) (see Al onze i 2015: 26). The e is some deba e as o whe he
educa ion has any in luence on a i udes. On he one hand, i is qui e common o hink
ha a pe son wi h less educa ion will be be e a speaking, bu he a i ude owa ds
him, owa ds he speake , will no always be p es igious. This was also con i med by he
esul s o he esea ch p ojec Language use and e hnic iden i y in Li huanian ci ies15,
whe e people wi h lowe educa ion a e e y unce ain abou hei oo s, language, and
language (Kliukienė 2010: 97). On he o he hand, i is likely ha a mo e educa ed pe son
will ha e a e y good app ecia ion o he spoken language16, e en i he uses i mo e
o en, pe haps al eady e aining less o he cha ac e is ics o he spoken language
(see […]no s didoku in u ban a eas, he e hnic s uc u e o he popula ion is mixed, he
use o spoken languages is also suppo ed, linking his o a highe le el o educa ion[…]
(Ba anauskienė, K upickai ė 2012: 22). Howe e , he e is no clea end, so e en a lowe
le el o educa ion can be associa ed wi h a e y posi i e a i ude owa ds he
language, and a highe le el can only be associa ed wi h a gene al espec o he
p es ige o he language. Since he e is only one such answe ( ep esen ing he olde
gene a ion), he language is no associa ed wi h he le el o educa ion o almos all
g a e ul ones. This means ha bo h an uneduca ed pe son and a highly educa ed pe son
can speak and speak he language equally (e.g. (54) A ound us he e a e many a ms in
he coun yside, pe haps he e a e a ms, pe haps he e a e a ms in he
coun yside, pe haps he e a e a ms in he coun yside, pe haps he e a e a ms in
mui iš dalies bū ų galima sup as i da ieną apibūdinimą – ai p o ingas žmogus.
he coun yside, pe haps he e a e a ms in he coun yside). The use o he wo d is
associa ed wi h in elligen , wise beha io , as opposed o no being educa ed. I 's like he
bes choice, consciously pe cei ed by he indi idual. Pe haps i is assumed ha he use
o common language is no longe as in elligen o as unin elligen . In elligence is always a
highly alued human ai , he desi e o be in elligen , o show ha you a e, in his case,
linguis ically speaking. Thus, e bal speech is unde s ood no as a sign o da kness,
igno ance, bu , on he con a y, o wisdom.
14 Fo mo e in o ma ion abou he aining o he g a e ul ones, see The
in oduc ion. 15 Only in he majo Li huanian ci ies: Vlniuje, Kaunè, Klapėda
16 Ypač eigiamas a mės e inimas būdingas šiau ės žemaičiams k e ingiškiams, u in iems
highe educa ion o highe educa ion (Lubienė, Pakalniškienė 2015: 108).
SIMONA VYNIAUTAITĖ
198 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
Apibend inan galima saky i, kad kaimie iškumas labiausiai sie inas su išsis-
ki im om o he s (social, which o en has a nega i e conno a ion, o
geog aphical, emphasizing he di e ence om he ci y). Age is conside ed a
ac o o li le in luence o , on he con a y, a ac o o ce ain (usually
posi i e) changes. The ela ionship be ween educa ional le el and language
c ea es a good s uden , a bad s uden , a sma s uden , a cul u ed non-cul u ed opponen .
3. Excluded
The linguis ic p o isions o he su ounding e i o ies desc ibe he T ina io model
in e ms o images ha cons i u e plo s o ideals, ine i abili y, limi a ions. The
iden i ica ion o a pe son who speaks he language wi h he ideals o he language
( espec , pa io ism, adi ion) de e mines he impo ance o he language o i s
consume , i s i ali y, i s con inui y. Rep esen a ion o he plo is also a conscious
choice o he people hemsel es. The associa ion o he e m wi h espec , chosen
mos ly imes, is associa ed wi h p es ige. People who can speak bu do no speak
a e iewed qui e nega i ely. Sel -accep ance is up- o-da e, because he spoken
language, which is conside ed he main linguis ic code, sepa a es he non-speaking
membe o he communi y om he usual adi ional communi y sys em, and, on
he con a y, he spoken language indica es membe ship in he communi y. The
communi y ela ionship is also based on he connec ion o he language wi h
pa io ism, when he language is unde s ood as a p oo o he coun y's iden i y,
he coun y's sel -de e mina ion. This app oach is linked o he concep o he
na i e language, na ional sel -awa eness, as 39 (68%) o he esponden s indica ed
ha hey we e Li huanian (o icial na ionali y […] Li huanian). The hi d dimension
adi ion, which o ms a link be ween he pas , he p esen and he u u e,
di e en imes, is he mos ob ious indica ion o con inui y. Speaking is conside ed a adi ional beha io , which is mo e signi ican han mode ni y (in his case, he use o a common language). Keeping T adi ion Means Belonging
sa iems, o jos sulaužymas sup an amas kaip neigiamas dalykas.
The clo hes o he ine i able b ead h (p ac ice, en i onmen , na u e) e lec he
neu al, unidealized image o he e alua ion o he language. The indi idual's choice
has less (o no) in luence, as opposed o he ideal sphe e, he objec s ha make i
up. I is conside ed an impo an cus om, which is why he language is unde s ood as
he dominan , main language. This is also con i med by he unde s anding o he
mo he ongue […] he majo i y o he esponden s (43; 75%) speak hei mo he
ongue and he local language. The in e locu o is associa ed wi h childhood,
kalba. Iš yškėja ne ik šeimos (su jos na iais bend aujama a miškai), p i ačio-
adolescence, g owing up in his space, bu also wi h he in luence o public space, he
geog aphical ac o . I e lec s he eal linguis ic si ua ion a poin s, as he e is a
di e si y o linguis ic communica ion, bu he common language is also conside ed
A icles and a icles 199
Skuodo apylinkių žemaičių kalbinės nuos a os
accep able in some places, si ua ions. So in gene al, he en i onmen is conside ed
o be conduci e o ansla ion. The connec ion o he e m wi h na u e exp esses
a ali y and immu abili y. The inabili y o eplace he spelling code is o en
pakei imas – šiuo a eju bend inės kalbos a ojimas – „poniškumo“ ženklas.
unde s ood as simplici y, since i y, and he limi a ion o he plo is associa ed wi h
such de ec s ( illage, age, educa ion) ha simpli y, limi , and may also de e mine he
a ac i eness o he spelling and i s usabili y. The concep o u ali y can be
unde s ood as a speci ic geog aphical o social ca ego y. In some cases, he ci y is
emphasized as a space o misunde s anding, o no speaking, so misunde s anding
(pe haps some imes imagined) o en becomes an essen ial eason o no speaking,
o aligning wi h he speake 's linguis ic code. The e is no doub ha he common
language will be unde s ood, and he local language will no always be. The p esen e s
consciously o unconsciously sepa a e he spoken and he common language as wo
opposing linguis ic sys ems. The coun yside as a social ca ego y a he han a
e d ės, samp a a aip pa y a galima. Šiuo a eju a mė bū ų sie ina su am i-
geog aphical one. The associa ion o language wi h social o geog aphical locali y is
mos unaccep able o younge esponden s, which means ha he language is
unde s ood by esponden s as en i ely possible, common in a ious geog aphical and
social spaces. The use o he e m is iden i ied wi h ep esen a i es o di e en
gene a ions, people o di e en ages a e conside ed o be able o speak and o
speak in a e bal way. In one case, he olde age is pe cei ed as a eal pe iod o
unde s anding he consump ion alue o he medium, in he o he case, he younge
gene a ion is conside ed o be a be e lea ning o he medium. I is no ewo hy
ha mos o he speake s a e o olde age, bu hey do no belie e ha he e m is
associa ed wi h olde age. I is no e y desi able o sepa a e imes and summa ize
he use o any age g oup o wo ds. Age is conside ed o be a ac o o posi i e
changes ha occu in he acquisi ion o expe ience, in a ce ain pe iod o ime, when
he "dea h", he "dea h" o he e m, i s use and alue can " e u n" o be " ound"
anew. The e m is no associa ed wi h educa ion, especially men, and is no lexible.
The e is no single clea end, so e en a lowe educa ion can be associa ed wi h a
e y posi i e a i ude owa ds he language, and a highe one can only be associa ed wi h he p es ige o ice e sa o he common language.
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