S aipsniai / A icles 301
ARNOLDAS PIROČKINAS
Resea ch a eas: he cu en Li huanian language, he
de elopmen o he common Li huanian language, he his o y o Li le Li huania.
Aldous Pupkis, o me P esiden o he Eu opean Commission
LITUVIAN LANGUAGE Jewish language
F om 1968 o 1988 M.
Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 2016, page 496
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
When we hink back o he pas , we o en ha e o admi ha no only dis an
bu also ai ly ecen e en s and people a e emembe ed in a ague and
inaccu a e way, imbued wi h all so s o la e in e p e a ions. Fo una ely,
he e a e wi nesses who ha e su i ed he e en s and who a e willing o sha e
hei bi e expe ience hones ly and objec i ely wi h he public. Then he
descendan s can o m a close pic u e and e alua ion o he eal e en s and
cha ac e s. In his espec , he new book by Aldo Pupki Li huanian Language
Con lic 1968-1988 is pa icula ly aluable. The i le o he book poses a ce ain
assump ion ha he monog aph will co e he s a e o he Li huanian language
in all hose wen y yea s, he whole con lic . In ac , Aldonas Pupkis did no se
himsel such a ask: […]The aim o he monog aph […] is o desc ibe he collec i e
Li huanian language p o ec ion, s anda diza ion and educa ion cen e
(1968-1988) ela ed o he ac i i ies o he language sec ions and he Republican
Commission, o e alua e i om a hema ic and ideological poin o iew[…] (p.
11)1. So, in e alua ing his wo k, le 's no lose sigh o he au ho 's limi ed goal,
which is a la ge, pe haps e en an essen ial pa o he de elopmen o he
Li huanian language in hose wo decades, bu wha does no lea e any hing ou .
No one could ha e been mo e success ul in illumina ing he s a e o he
Li huanian language (language o he common language) in he selec ed aspec
and e o s o imp o e i du ing he indica ed pe iod han Aldonas Pupkis. He
was in he cen e o he con e sa ion, o in he middle o i . In addi ion o him,
we could build a bene doc ou o he many pa icipan s in he conspi acy. Joną
Zem aldą Balke ičius (1923-2000) who se ed as ice-dean o he acul y om 1964 o 1975 and as dean o he Facul y o Philology o Vilnius Uni e si y om 1979 o 1985. The wo speake s di e ed g ea ly in he na u e o hei wo k, bu om my poin o iew, he pages o he book in ques ion a e indica ed he e and in he quo a ion ma ks below.
ARNOLDAS PIROČKINAS
302 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI hey can be conside ed as he leade s o
he language con lic in ques ion and he ini ia o s o many o i s e en s. The
di e ence in hei ac i i ies I would en u e o compa e wi h he 14 h-cen u y
ea y alliance o he b o he s Algi das and Kęs u is in he igh agains he
O de o he C oss. Aldonas Pupkis, like Kęs u is, sa in he balcony e e y day
wi h a swo d in his hand, aking ca e o he o ganiza ional a ai s o he
ba le ield, and J. Balke ičius, like Algi das, in e ened when i was necessa y o
o e come pa icula ly di icul di icul ies. He e he was helped by his unique
abili y o inspi e en husiasm and suppo om o he s - a quali y called cha isma.
kalbos on o adams eiksmingai alkino Vik o as Alekna, Vy au as Amb a-
The wo mos inno a i e and in en i e Li huanian a is s a e An anas Balašai is,
Vy au as Būda, Aleksas Gi denis, Jonas Klima ičius, P anas Kniūkš a, An anė
Kučinskai ė, Vi as Labu is, Vi alija Maciejauskienė, Jonas Palionis, Šona
Paulauskienė, Juozas Pikčilingis, Albe as Rosinas, B onys Sa ukynas, Boni acas
S undžis, Jonas, Ulgas Van ydas, Aleksand as, Vencku ė, Vy au as Vi kauskas,
Tomasas Zinke ičius, Jonas, Regina Ži gulis, Kazima Župe ka and he es o hem
a e also included. Thei alk and con ibu ion we e no in ended o be o he
same scale and na u e, bu he e is a sui able place o hem and o hose no men ioned he e in he monog aph.
A la ge g oup o ac i is s who ac ed as a line o b anches o he ee allowed he
wo leade s o he conspi acy o endu e he unexpec ed s ong winds o he
s o m, inspi ing con idence and de e mina ion, and some imes pe haps cau ion.
Unde he Bolshe ik egime, he las ea u e o he language manage s was
pa icula ly co ec . E en when, in 1956, Niki a Kh ushche o icially condemned
Joseph S alin's sa apic sys em, he abili y o ensla ed peoples in he So ie Union
o de elop hei na ional cul u es and languages independen ly emained a he
es ic ed and unequal. In ime, e en mo e sub ly, hey began o use Lenin's
language e en mo e s ongly. I you wan o lea n mo e abou he me hods and
changes o his b eak h ough, you can ead Zigmunds Zinkiewicz's book The
His o y o he Li huanian Language, published in 1994. The VI. Li huanian is spoken in
mode n imes. The Li huanian na ion and i s language ha e expe ienced opp ession
se e al imes o e he cen u ies, bu wha i had o expe ience in he 1940s and
1950s is incompa able. Especially pain ul we e he yea s 1940[…]1941 and 1944[…]1953 when he bloodies bacchanalia o he S alinis egime was ea ed.
I is su p ising ha e en unde such ha sh condi ions, he cul u e o ca ing o he
Li huanian communi y language has no comple ely disappea ed. Al hough hey ha e
g ea ly weakened, e o s ha e con inued o p o ec he language om unwan ed
ou side in luence. We could say ha in Bolshe ik-con olled Li huania, he adi ion
o he "bou geois" Li huanian common language was con inued wi hou any
e olu iona y changes. When he coun y ound i sel in he So ie Union in 1940,
p obably no a single Li huanian, mo e knowledgeable abou he le eling o peoples i
p omo ed, had o hink ha Moscow's cons uc ions we e going o " e o m" he
Li huanian language, especially i s spelling, acco ding o an example o a magazine published in Moscow in 1938.
Aldonas Pupkis. Lie u ių kalbos sąjūdis 1968–1988 m.
Re iews o Re iews 303 and he ma king o sho o es, will b eak he li e al
ansla ions o Russian e ms. E en ually, umo s began o sp ead ha Cy illic
would be in oduced: a ban on he w i ing o he La in alphabe was epea ed.
Luckily, i wasn' all ha . Why is ha ? We'll ind a ew easons, bu we won'
alk abou hem he e. Su ice i o say ha he "dic a o ship o he
p ole a ia " le a ce ain space o he ee use o he Li huanian language.
You ied o ake ad an age o he na ionally ma u e o ces ha g ew up in
independen Li huania be ween 1918 and 1940.
In he i s So ie yea s, he closu e o he en i e bou geois pe iodical and he
akcines“ o ganizacijas, liko gy uo i Gim oji kalba i Lie u ių kalbos d augija.
magazine was no easy: in he second hal o 1940 i o mally wen ou acco ding
o he plan i e issues, bu wi h wo sub-loca ions, he newspape s 6 […]8 (76[…]78)
and 9 […]10 (79[…]80). In he i s hal o he yea , only one junkie was issued, he
Junkie No. 1 and No. 3 (81-1983). Bo h he magazine and he company mo ed o Vilnius
in hose yea s. Much less, in he Gim oja dialec and in some newspape s belonging
o he Communis Pa y, he e was e en ano he a icle calling o ca e ul pu i y
o language, egula ansla ion o Russian e ms in o Li huanian. F om he e y
beginning, in July and July, he e we e oices in he p ess o he e olu iona y
oices o w i ing ha he ime had come o o e h ow he w i ing union o Jonah
Jablonski. Fo example, he well-known and ac i e pedagogue An anas Busilas
has ened o p opose o he new au ho i ies ha he e o med spelling, in ended
o daily use, should no unnecessa ily be bu dened wi h he ma king o he
quan i y (especially he leng h) o he owels, ha he pa allelisms y and i, ū and u
and k should be abolished and ha he modi ica ions o he owels should no be
[can? A. P.] This a icle was commen ed on qui e a o ably by he edi o ial boa d
(Pe as Jonikas, An anas Salys and P anas Ska džius) in hei "Apž algoje"3. This
a o may ha e been educed by he un o ge able eg e o P an Ska djoe o e
An ano Sme ona's liquida ed […]b ūkšniuo osios[…] w i ing p ojec in 1934. This
was a signal o s a a discussion on he w i ing ques ion. Soon appea ed in
a icles and dia ies4.
Al hough no e y in ensi e, he a en ion o he cul u e o he language has no
comple ely disappea ed5. A i s glance, i may seem ha he o de is imposed (in ac , A.
Busilas. W i ing e o m is a opical issue. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3 Bo n in a language, 1940, c . 6[…]8(76[…]78), p. 109[…]110. 4 See also This is Adele Ubeikai ė.
Li huanian dialec . 1930–1943. The li e a y ci cle. Vilnius, 1990. This Regula ion shall en e in o
1893, 1894, 1926, 1934. 1937, 1942.
5
o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
1754, 2158.
ARNOLDAS PIROČKINAS
304 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI pacinis egime) did no in end o supp ess o
comple ely supp ess e o s o p omo e he Li huanian language. He does no
know how hings would ha e u ned ou in he long un du ing hose h ee and a hal
yea s when Li huania was "libe a ed" om he y anny o he "dic a o ship o
he p ole a ia ". A he end o Decembe 1944, Li huania e-en e ed he Moscow
Ghe o. This ime, howe e , he si ua ion was e y di e en om he 1940s, when
he coun y had los many o i s inhabi an s. T emo s, e acua ions, mig a ions and
dea hs we e g ea ly exace ba ed by he in elligen g oup. The ex en o he loss is
illus a ed by he numbe o lec u e s a Vilnius Uni e si y, which was
ai (31 %), 34 jaunesniojo pe sonalo na iai (22 %), 32 ūkio i adminis acijos
e-es ablished a he end o he summe o 1944: 24 p o esso s and assis an
p o esso s and abou 600 s uden s (31%) a ha ime. O e ime, hese
pe cen ages inc eased, bu i ook se e al yea s o a new shi o eme ge in e ms o capaci y o olde specialis s.
The Li huanian language g oup los pa icula ly he ac i i ies and highly quali ied
wo ke s o An ano Salio, P ano Ska džis, Pe o Joniko, Leona do Damb iūno, Pe o
Bū ėno, Jono Ma in Lau inaičius. In he summe o 1944, when i became clea ha
Li huania would again be conque ed by enge ul Moscow, many s ong Li huanian
language eache s who had p e iously wo ked success ully in gymnasiums mo ed
o Ge many. The e is only one Li huanian language au ho i y le in Li huania,
Juozas Balčikonis. He was soon ecognized by he So ie go e nmen : in 1946 he was
elec ed a membe o he Academy o Sciences, and in 1946 he was awa ded he i le
o p o esso . Appoin ed di ec o o he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, he was
esponsible o he edi ing and wo k o he academic dic iona y o Li huanian
language a he Li huanian language depa men o Vilnius Uni e si y: om 1944 o
1950 he was i s head. I is no possible o e alua e J. Balčikonio's con ibu ion o he
Li huanian language o hose yea s in one o mo e sen ences. I is no su p ising
ha Li huanian language specialis s who g adua ed om Vilnius Uni e si y in
1944-1960 a e he mos inspi ed and s eng hened dedica ion o hei special y. We
p obably won' be sa is ied by saying ha du ing he yea s when he headed he ins i u e and he Li huanian language depa men , he sea ched and ound good assis an s, wo king linguis s.
One o he i s o be in i ed o he Li huanian language depa men was
Juozas Senkus (1907-1970) in 1944 and Jonas K uopas (1908-1975) in 1945. In 1951, when
he ideological gua ds o ced hem o lea e he ca hed al, mos likely due o he
e o s o he di ec o J. Balchikon, hey se led in he Li huanian Language
Ins i u e. In 1949, Kazys Ul ydas (1910 - 1996) s a ed wo king as a lec u e a he
depa men . And J. Balčikonis in i ed him o he Li huanian language ins i u e. All
h ee had comple ed hei unde g adua e s udies be o e he 1940s and had
al eady had expe ience eaching in uni e si ies. Howe e , he also ea ly d ew
a en ion o pos g adua e o non-g adua e speake s o he Uni e si y. In 1947,
Julia Zukauskai ė (1906-2002) was admi ed o he ca hed al, ha ing ecei ed he
diploma in 1946. While s ill s udying, Zigmas Zinke ičius s a ed he his o y o he Six h Vilnius Uni e si y. 1940–1979. Vilnius: Science, 1979, p. 46. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e .
Aldonas Pupkis. Lie u ių kalbos sąjūdis 1968–1988 m.
Re iews 305 o wo k in a labo a o y depa men […] a clea commi men o emain
in he depa men . In 1950 he became a lec u e . A e g adua ing om uni e si y
in 1948, Jonas Palionis was ini ially admi ed o a h ee-yea pos g adua e cou se,
which made i possible o him o acqui e he deg ee o candida e o sciences (now
doc o o sciences). I should be assumed ha J. Balčikonis was he head o he
Li huanian language ins i u e o you h and wo k. Comple ing he cad es o bo h
ins i u ions has always been e y di icul . In he i s decade a e he wa , he
a mosphe e o he b u al egime was pa icula ly opp essi e. Li huanian language
specialis s, among o he s, also opposed he poli icized Nikolaus Ma o (Nikolaj
Jako le ič Ma , 1864-1934) "new educa ion", which was no e i ed in 1944 du ing
ka ego iškai neigęs kaip bu žuazinį mokslą is o inę lyginamąją kalbo y ą. Po
he yea s o Hi le 's occupa ion, b oke up he Li huanian language socie y and he
Gim oji language. Ce ainly because o he hos ili y o he Li huanian Communis
Pa y and he au ho i ies inspi ed by i .
Howe e , we would be w ong o say ha he cul u e o he Li huanian language
be o e 1968 would ha e been blindly supp essed. This was also he case be o e and
a e he ejec ion o Ne o's pseudo- heo ies in he 1950s. This is easy o see by
looking a he con empo a y bibliog aphy o Li huanian language8. In wo chap e s o
he publica ion […] […]Rašyba. T ansc ip ion (pp. 132-137) and Speech cul u e (pp. 138-142)
we e included in he published w i ings on he no maliza ion o he Li huanian
language om 1944 o 1960. In ac , he e a e mo e o hem: he p oblems o language
cul u e a e ouched upon in one o he o he sec ions o he a icle. Howe e , hey
a e ela i ely ew in numbe . Abou he speech a icles a e published no only by he
p o essional newspape s Li e a u e and A o he Teache 's Council, bu also by he
pa y o gan T u h. E en i s esponsible edi o , ecalling ha he had once w i en in
he Gim oja dialec , published in his newspape in 1957 his essay "Some Speake s
Wi hou Lis ening", signed by he pseudonym A. Žė ai is.
These publica ions show ha he need o ake ca e o he language cul u e, nu u ed un il 1940,
was so impe a i e ha e en he pa y p ess had o sa is y i wi h one a icle a e ano he .
Tha need was suppo ed by mo e ac ions. Fo example, in 1948 an exhibi ion o 20,000 copies o
he Li huanian language spelling dic iona y made he cul u e o he language ele an . The
Li huanian language a ha ime was s abilized by he wo olumes published in 1957 and 1959 by
Jono Jablonski's Rink iniai aš ai9 and in each olume by hei edi o Jono Palioni's in oduc o y
a icles (I ome 7 Toji šiu pulinga a mos e a e y ex ensi ely e ealed in he book: Zigmas
Zinke ičius. The his o y o Li huanian language. 6. Li huanian is spoken in mode n imes. Vilnius:
Publishing house o Science and Encyclopedias, 1994, p. 44 and 76.
8 Li huanian dialec . 1944–1960. Vilnius: Publishing house o newspape s and magazines, 1963. 9
Jonah om Jablonezh. Selec ed le e s 12. Vilnius: S a e publishing house o poli ical and
scien i ic li e a u e, 1957-1959.

ARNOLDAS PIROČKINAS
306 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
[…]J. and Jablonski and his Li huanian language ex books, olume II […]J. Jablonski
dialec is spoken by he Taisymai people. This publica ion, which wen in o mass
ci cula ion (each olume in 10,000 copies), undoub edly had a g ea impac on he
u he no maliza ion o he Li huanian common language: i ga e answe s o
all kinds o ques ions and encou aged he gene al public o alue hei na i e
language. The need o ake ca e o i was pa icula ly popula ized by Kazio
Ul ydo (p obably no wi hou he encou agemen o J. Jablonski's Rink ische w i ings) who began o egula ly b oadcas adio p og ams in ou language, las ing un il 1984.
I is no su p ising ha Li huanian speake s and o he che ishe s o he na i e
language we e encou aged o de elop mo e ac i ely he ac i i ies o he
language cul u e o Li huanian emig an s who se led in Ge many and he USA,
o example. Fo example, in Wes e n Ge many, P . Ska džius, S . Ba zdukas, J. M.
Lau inai is, Izabelė Ma use ičiū ė and he w i e Juozas Balčiūnas, known by he
nickname Juozas Š ais as, al eady on 1946-11-06 in he camp o Rebdo (Wes e n
Ge many) announced ha hey wan ed o e i e he an i-wa Li huanian
language socie y. On Feb ua y 2, 1947, he i s mee ing o he Socie y was held,
a ended by h ee o he se en een membe s who had exp essed hei desi e o
be membe s. Wi h he depa u e o mos o he membe s o he USA, he
ac i i ies o he Socie y in Wes e n Ge many ceased in 1949. On Sep embe 16,
1950, he ounding mee ing o he Socie y was held in Chicago, wi h he
pa icipa ion o nine een in i ed membe s. Un il 1956, he elec ed boa d was headed by P. Jonik, hen he was eplaced by T e sky Aleksand Dundulis. Wi hin a ew yea s, he numbe o membe s had g own o 102.
Two subjec s s and ou in he ac i i ies o he Chicago b anch: he Li huanian
language hou s b oadcas in he Chicago Li huanian adio p og ams om 1952 o
1955 and he e i ed Gim osios kalbos edi ion in 1958. The ini ia i e o he
Sėkminga čikagiškių Li huanians p obably eached poo people who we e
in e es ed in Li huanian language cul u e in Li huania. And his could no help bu
encou age hei de e mina ion o o e come all obs acles and suspicions o
na ionalism and o in oduce a conscious app oach o hei mo he ongue in o socie y.
Language cul u e sp ead in Li huania a e S alin's dea h, he condi ions we e
somewha eased, because he poli ical and ideological egime was so ened. None
o ou his o ians seems o ha e paid any a en ion o he ac ha he
en ijaus Be ijos inicia y ą espublikose s ip in i nacionalinius kad us. P aė-
p e ende o become he i s sec e a y, Lajos, was sho nine mon hs a e
S alin's dea h, bu his ini ia i e o his was no e oked: many o he Moscow
cad es sen o Li huania le ou coun y. Howe e , he local ac o s who ook
hei place looked a he Li huanian language much mo e a o ably han he
newcome s om A changelsk, No osibi sk o Moscow i sel . Le us bea in mind
ha he elemen s o na ional cul u e we e ea ed qui e di e en ly in all
epublics. In some epublics i was qui e simple and common, in o he epublics i
was o bidden. E en in he h ee Bal ic epublics, whe e na ional languages had
he la ges space, he e we e di e ences. Fo example, he Es onian Language Socie y also wo ked con inuously in Es onia and was allowed
Aldonas Pupkis. Lie u ių kalbos sąjūdis 1968–1988 m.
Re iews o 307 o he jou nal. Meanwhile, he Li huanians ha e a oided e i ing
he Li huanian Language Socie y and i s o icial body, he O iginal Language, in
any way. I ook se en o eigh yea s a e 1968 o Li huanian language
en husias s o succeed in publishing a jou nal unde a di e en name.
Aldo Pupki's book Li huanian Language Con lic 1968-1988 gi es a numbe o ac s
ha illumina e he s a e o he Li huanian language be o e he beginning o his
con lic . Howe e , he main ocus is, as men ioned, on he collec i e p o ec ion
o he Li huanian language. In his e iew and p esen a ion o eade s o his
book, we ha e examined in g ea e de ail he s a e o a ai s be o e 1968 in
o de o make i clea unde wha di icul condi ions he leade s o he union
we e able o de elop i . So we ask ha his pa o he w i ing be ea ed no as
a c i ique o he book, bu as a kind o supplemen o i . In gene al, such s udies
as A. Pupkio's book should no claim o be abou his and ha . Le us be con en
and ejoice in wha he au ho o he book was able o con ey o he eade .
The book e eals how, a e no ecei ing he app o al o he au ho i ies o
c ea e he Li huanian Language Socie y, he ac i e linguis s o Vilnius Uni e si y
and he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, suppo ed by he p esiden o he
Academy o Sciences Juozas Ma ulius, w i e s An anas Venclo as and Kos o
Ko sako, ook he ini ia i e o ci cum en he ban. The idea was o c ea e a
sec ion o Li huanian language a he Li huanian Monumen s P o ec ion and
Landscape Socie y, whose cen e council chai man was Vy au as Jakelai is. The
ec o o Vilnius Uni e si y, Jonas Kubilius, con ibu ed e ec i ely o he
implemen a ion o his idea. On Decembe 11, 1967, in he Ac Hall o Vilnius
Uni e si y, he ounding mee ing o he Li huanian Language Sec ion o he Vilnius
Ci y B anch o he Socie y ook place. The ac ha abou 400 people a ended
shows how ele an his e en was. The book lis s o e 30 no able ci y
in elligences (see p. To his should be added 13 elec ed membe s o he sec ion
council. I should be conside ed as a ce ain a emp o "legalize" he es ablished
sec ion in he eyes o he pa y ha Klemens Baga auskas, he head o he edi o ial depa men o he Communis magazine, was also elec ed o he council.
On he same day, a e he mee ing, a council mee ing ook place, in which
da y a jos ado ybė – pi mininkas Jonas Balke ičius, pa aduo ojas Vy au as
Amb aza and sec e a y Lilija Kudi kienė we e p esen . The council hen o med
eigh mo e commi ees, each wi h he ask o o ganizing sec ion wo k in speci ic
a eas. Fo example, he public language had o be aken ca e o by he Ad e ising
and In o ma ion Commission, he p ess language by he P ess Commission. The
special commission handled he consul a ion poin . A pa icula ly signi ican
measu e o he ac i i ies o he sec ion was he egula Li huanian Mondays
ha began wi h he dec ee adop ed a ha ime. They a e ex ensi ely desc ibed
in he book (p. 39-42). They we e held se en o nine imes a yea in Vilnius
Uni e si y's Colonnade Hall (now he Small Hall). The au ho o he book assessed hem as ollows: This is a uly unique phenomenon in he p ac ice o he Li huanian language and in he his o y o cul u e in gene al, i does no ake away
ARNOLDAS PIROČKINAS
308 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI wo decades o ac i i y and inished he
wo k only be o e he g ea u ning poin s in he his o y o he na ion" (p. 40).
The wo k ca ied ou by he sec ion is e iewed in he second chap e
[…]Ac i i ies o he Li huanian language sec ion in Vilnius[…] (p. 36[…]108). Eigh
councils changed du ing he li e ime. Each o hei e ms o o ice was
in e up ed by wo yea s. The council headed by J. Balke ičius was eplaced on
Decembe 15, 1969 by he second council chai ed by Zigmo Zinke ičius. The hi d
council was headed by Juozas Pikčilingis, he ou h council was chai ed by Jonas
Palionis om 1974-12-02, he i h council was chai ed by Vy au as Būda om
1976-11-01, i was eplaced in 1976-10-09 by he council headed by B onio Sa ukyno.
1980-12-03 The council was simul aneously led by Juozas Pikčilingis. The las council was elec ed on 13 Decembe 1984 and was chai ed by Regina
I 's called Vencku .
The managemen o he sec ion changed. They we e chai ed by people wi h qui e
di e en iews and cha ac e s. So now i sounds e y s ange ha some o ou
"libe al" spokesmen a e alking abou he hen dic a o ial, Bolshe ik egime in he
cul u e o he Li huanian language. The e was such a mass, such a b illian cul u al
eeling o language, ha no pa y o go e nmen could ha e been able o induce by
i s decep i e in en ions. Al hough he sec ion was no an independen o ganiza ion,
he managemen o he Monumen s P o ec ion and Landscape Socie y allowed i o
wo k, in Vilnius i was no allowed a all. A. Pupkis ga e a e y a o able assessmen
o he condi ion o he sec ion: "To he c edi o he leade s o he F iendship, i
mus be said ha du ing all he wo decades o communica ion he e we e no
s onge a emp s o s op o egula e he ac i i ies o he sec ion, o impose on
he sec ion unaccep able o ms o wo k, o in e e e in i s in e nal a ai s. T ue,
i was necessa y o obey he gene al ideological p o isions o he socie y, o
expe ience a ce ain p essu e om he ins i u ions supe ising he ac i i ies o
he socie y, bu he e ha e been no majo es ic ions o objec ions om he
pa o he socie y. The ac i i ies o he sec ion we e la gely dependen on he a i ude o he managemen o he cha i able socie y and he eal assis ance o he a ious sec ions o he ba .
And hose sec ions we e ac ually di e se, and b oad, and signi ican . Wi hou
exagge a ion, i can be said ha acco ding o hei in en ions, scope and
nep ilygo iki 1940 m. nep iklausomoje Lie u oje puoselė os Lie u ių kalbos
mass, hey a e he ac i i ies o he socie y. Compa ed wi h he wo k o
hose wo decades o he Li huanian language sec ion, he con ibu ion o he
cu en Li huanian language socie y o he cul u e o ou daily language seems e y, e y modes .
Unlike ou days, he e we e no "in elligen " oices, noises o doub s abou he
signi icance o he cul u e o he Li huanian common language. A. Pupkis, gene ally
es ained by hose who mean he opposi e o his iews, once again did no
hesi a e and a leas in he o ewo d d ew he a en ion o eade s o he
s a emen s denying he cu en adi ional Li huanian language sys em: […]The
La ianiza ion and de elopmen o he public language in he cu en neolibe al di ec ion
Aldonas Pupkis. Lie u ių kalbos sąjūdis 1968–1988 m.
Re iews o 309 sociolinguis s and his o ians conside i o be a "di ec
in e e ence in e e yday li e, bu a pe secu ion o a membe o socie y, a di ec
iola ion o human igh s, an exp ession o communis s uggle and o he e ils,
hus ying o gene ally supp ess he ac i i ies o all membe s o he Anuome
language sec ion" (see Raila, Subačius, 2012). This is he desc ip ion o he ideas
se ou in he a icle by E. Railos and P. Subačiaus "Visažinan is i isa aisan is
aisy ojas" (New Ligh house-Aidai, 2012, No. 3, p. 153-163) ha a e cha ac e is ic
o he en i e on agains language manipula ion. These ideas lead o a unny
anecdo al answe o he ques ion o wha dis inguishes genius om igno ance.
Howe e , he e a e limi s o genius, and he e a e limi s o igno ance. Al hough
he analogy is no p oo , i would be co ec he e. Language s anda diza ion is
ela ed o he es ablishmen o a ic ules. The di e ence he e is ha
language is an ex emely complex phenomenon compa ed o a ic. The e o e, i
is much mo e di icul and p oblema ic o egula e language, bu egula ing i , like
egula ing a ic, is ine i able i we wan i o unc ion e ec i ely. Du ing
hose wo decades, he ex ensi e cul u al consciousness o he Li huanian
language is e iewed in se en la ge chap e s o he book. They a e supplemen ed
by he depa men s o he Minis y: […]Ins i u ion[…] (p. 9-12),
[…]Apibend inamosios no es[…] (p. 450 […] 455), […]Addi ions[…] (p. 456[…]457),
[…]Šal iniai[…] (p. 458), […]Li e a u e[…] (p. 459[…]474), English e iew […]Li huanian language mo emen 1968 in […]1988[…] (p. 475[…]
481) and he […]Asmenų odyklė[…] (p. 482 […] 494).
I is simply no possible o p esen he con en s o he se en majo
chap e s in he e iew a icle, as hey a e packed wi h all so s o
high-quali y da a. So wha do we do?
Since ecen ideologies o language ha e eme ged ha y o po ay he
hen-eme ging cul u al sense o language as being imposed on a na ion " om
abo e" o " om he coun y", we will gi e ac s ha e u e his e sion and
e eal i as a b oad, mass phenomenon. Fo example, in he second chap e
"Ac i i ies o he Li huanian Language Sec ion in Vilnius" he e is a pos "Da bas
spaudoje" (p. 83-100), in which A. Pupkis e iews he e o s o he membe s o
ias in o macijos p iemones – spaudą, adiją bei ele iziją. Tuo a ž ilgiu ypač
he sec ion o amilia ize he public wi h i s ac i i ies h ough he a ious
b oadcas s o he E ening News. The book s a es ha by 1988, he magazine had
published nea ly 150 a icles on he p ac ice o language, and wi h all he
in o ma ion abou he mee ings, sec ions, and summa ies o he language ha
g ew ou o hem, he o al would be o e 500. This subsec ion desc ibes as many
as 35 newspape s and magazines ha con ain, hough no in abundance, ma e ial
on he Li huanian language. Among hem, he o ice o he go e nmen , he
Cou , and he body o he commune, he commune's cou , a e he mos
impo an . These newspape s we e no consis en and igo ous ad oca es o
language p ese a ion. Ne e heless, a icles on Li huanian-language opics published in equen ly ga e some cou age o o he newspape s and magazines mo e o less ac i ely
ARNOLDAS PIROČKINAS
Ac a Linguis ica 316 Li huanica LXXVI is he i s o i s kind in he Eu opean Union.
The i le o A. Pupki's bookle is much b oade han his s a ed goal o desc ibing
he pe iod be ween 1968 and 1988 o he p o ec ion o he Li huanian language by
he collec i e. And he ac ha he essence o he union and he pa y line, as
well as o he a eas (such as he de elopmen o language cul u e as a subjec o
eaching in Li huanian uni e si ies, he analysis o all publica ions dedica ed o
language cul u e) emained unexplo ed, should no o end he au ho . Wha he
doesn' do, he ge s he ull igh o do by hose who da e o denounce he s udio's
au ho s. The alue o each book is inc eased no only by he abundance o ac s,
bu also by he hough s, impulses, and impulses a oused in he eade . A. Pupkio's
wo k explici ly encou ages a de ailed o e iew o he s a e o he Li huanian
language in o he pe iods, such as 1918-1940 and a e 1990, when independence was
egained. I would be pa icula ly ele an , in he nea u u e, o objec i ely link
he illumina ed space wi h he ends ha ha e begun o sp ead in Li huania in
he 21s cen u y, p omo ed by he magazine Naujasis židinys-Aidai sambū io.
While w i ing he monog aph, A. Pupkis clea ly el hese endencies, bu
delibe a ely did no a gue abou hem. He was sa is ied wi h only a small no e in
he o ewo d: "I did no in end o discuss in his book he claims o oday's
neo-libe al sociolinguis s and his o ians abou alleged linguis ic human igh s
iola ions in he ac i i ies o language sec ions, abou he use o police language
ools in e e yday li e, abou he a emp o a i icially c ea e an au ho i a ian
language educa ion mechanism and o de end agains he sins o genuine o alleged linguis ic ac i i ies".
I mysel , who a ha ime s ood qui e aloo om he Li huanian-language
coali ion o ganiza ions ha had exis ed o wo decades, oday ully suppo
he au ho 's decision o hold his signi ican e en . I would say ha he cu en
opponen s o ha ime would only be e alua ed by he Li huanian saying:
whoe e smells himsel , smells he o he . The nex dic a o ship in he his o y o
he Li huanian language is ha dly a ace like he neolibe als who a e now
expanding, blind o he p opaga o s o Wes e n linguis ic endencies.
The e iew and p esen a ion o Aldo Pupki's book o eade s would like o end,
albei no en i ely o iginal, wi h he ph ase: 1968-1988 was a e y signi ican s age
in he common Li huanian language, wo hy o u he s udy, and he book
Li huanian Language Union 1968-1988 is wo hy o ha union.
Deli e ed on 20 Ap il 2017
ARNOLDAS PIROČKINAS
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.