134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Scien i ic esea ch a eas: lexicology and lexicog aphy.
O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils
In he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, his is he case.
In he case o Li huania:
BALTA IR JUODA
Colou s and Shades o Pe als in Mode n
Li huanian P ose: Black and Whi e
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The subjec o he a icle is […] 61 Con empo a y Li huanian p ose in he au ho 's 98 wo ks
he e a e mo e han 300 colloca ions in which he p ose w i e s di ec ly o indi ec ly
compa e and me apho ically alk abou he whi e and black colo o he pe als o lowe ing
plan s and he shades o hese colo s. The aim o he s udy is o ind ou how ou au ho s
con ey he colo s whi e and black, o desc ibe he s uc u e and seman ics o colo
exp ession; o de e mine which p o o ypical whi e ue deno a ions a e compa ed o whi e
plan lowe s; o in es iga e wi h wha a ibu es o eali y he au ho s o he selec ed
colloca ions compa e he whi e and black c owns o plan s, wha compa isons wi h hese
oses a e mos equen and closes o s e eo ypes in he ma e ial s udied. The ma e ial
s udied shows ha when naming he colo o he lea es, he au ho s mos o en use he
adjec i es whi e, -a and black, -a, and somewha less o en he colo is used in adjec i es. The
whi e colo is used in p ose wo ks as well as in p ose essays and p ose abs ac s. The e ha e
been cases whe e ach oma ic colou s ha e been named h ough a speci ic objec , a
p o o ype o he holde o he co esponding colou ; These colo s a e o en compa ed and
used in me apho s and compa isons. ESMINIAL WORDS: seman ics, colloca ion, colo , whi e, black, and a is ic s yle.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The objec o he a icle is mo e han 300 colloca ions ound in 98 wo ks o 61 mode n Li huanian
p ose au ho s. These colloca ions a e used by he p ose w i e s o con ey di ec ly o by
compa isons o me apho s he whi e o black colou o lowe ing plan s and he shades o hese
colou s. The aim o he esea ch is o de e mine wha lexemes he no a a a e compa ed wi h
A icles by A icles 135
Vainiklapių spal os i a spal iai šiuolaikinėje lie u ių p ozoje:
bal a i juoda
analysed au ho s use o con ey black and whi e colou s o pe als; o desc ibe he s uc u e
and seman ics o colou exp ession; o de e mine wha p o o ypically whi e eali y de-
whi e lowe s; I 's a ques ion o wha is he mos common colo , and how o en is i used in a
au ho s o chosen colloca ions compa e whi e and black pe als, which compa isons wi h
s e eo ypical way? The esea ch indica es ha when desc ibing he colou o pe als, he
au ho s use he adjec i es whi e and black (Li h. bal as, -a; juodas, -a; eminine and masculine
o m), less equen ly he colou is desc ibed by using he p onominal o m o adjec i es. Ve bs
and nominal abs ac s a e also used o indica e whi e colou . The e a e cases when ach oma ic
colo s a e con eyed h ough a conc e e objec , a ce ain colo p o o ype; he colou s a e o en
desc ibed by employing me apho s and a ious compa isons. KEYWORDS: seman ics, colloca ion,
colou , whi e, black, belles-le es s yle. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
INVADES The eclipse is an imp essi e na u al phenomenon. Many o us (especially
designe s) a e ascina ed by he shapes, colo s, and smells o he lowe s ha
bloom and bloom, so i 's no wonde ha his landscape has a "b igh c ea i e
low" ha la e becomes he ex o he wo k (Daujo y ė 1999: 55). In p ose
ex s, his phenomenon o na u e is mos o en used o con ey he mood o he
wo k, o desc ibe he place o ime o he ac ion. When eading he p ose ex s
o con empo a y Li huanian au ho s, wo endencies a e obse ed: some
au ho s indica e he colou o he oses e y speci ically, as i based on i s
imp essions o s e eo ypical images o med in he pas , while o he s look e y
ca e ully a he oses o he plan […] obse e and desc ibe he mos sub le
bumps and p o uding c owns, e lec ing he colou o he middle o he oses.
Sel -exp ession as a phenomenon e y o en s ongly a ec s no only he w i e , he cha ac e
he c ea es, bu also he eade emo ionally. No only he shape o he lowe s, bu also hei
colo , which helps o con ey eelings, moods, and so on. As we know, abou 80-90% o in o ma ion
abou he ex e nal wo ld is ob ained by sigh (Lapė, Na ikas 2003: 72). The su ounding objec s can
also be desc ibed wi hou he use o colo s ( he concep o o m, ex u e, ligh and da kness) and
1 This is a pu ely ch onological choice. The a icles on con empo a y Li huanian li e a u e a e
conside ed wo ks w i en and published a e Li huania egained i s independence in 1990. Based
on he colloca ions accumula ed by he au ho o he a icle, i was ound ha he ange o
colo s o he lowe s in selec ed p ose ex s can be exp essed in 19 adjec i es: oli e, -ė, whi e, -a,
whi ish, -a, balsam, -a, yellow, -a, yellow, -a, black, -a, lily, -a, blue, -a, yellow, -a, o ange, -a, -a,
kas, -a, pu pu inis, -ė, audonas, -a, aus as, -a, ožinis, -ė, udas, -a, iole inis, -ė, žyd as, -a.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Howe e , colou g ea ly expands he spec um o desc ip ions o hings (Jonai is, 2009: 136). Colo
is an inhe en quali y ha belongs o he same hing as i s essence. In o ma ion abou he
p ope ies o such hings is acqui ed h ough senses. Colo pe cep ion ecep o s a e usually
pe cei ed in he same way by e e yone, so adjec i es ha indica e colo a e speci ic o he
class o inhe en absolu e adjec i es (physicians, physicis s, ma hema icians, chemis s,
physiologis s, biologis s, psychologis s, e hnologis s, e c.). F om a linguis ic poin o iew, colo
čiau ž . Teko ienė 1990: 98, 119).
Spal as į ai iais aspek ais y inėja į ai ių mokslo šakų specialis ai: dailė y-
has been analyzed by many Li huanian linguis s. We will men ion only a ew o hem he e. I ena
And iukai ienė desc ibed he concep and names o colo s in Li huanian language; s udied he
image o colou in he Li huanian olk songs o An ano Juška (And iukai ienė 1996: 162[…]166; 1997:
173[…]179). G ažina As amskai ė s udied he seman ic s uc u e o Li huanian whi e and Ge man
weiss (As amskai ė 1976: 715), desc ibed he op ical and seconda y meanings o Li huanian black
and Ge man black (As amskai ė 1977: 716; 1988: 411). This esea che desc ibed he names o
animal hai in Li huanian and Ge man (As amskai ė 1992: 2533) and Jolan a Vibu y ė deal wi h he
p oblem o de ining animal hai colo in he Li huanian language dic iona y (Vibu y ė 2003: 119135).
Saulu ė Juzelėnienė analyzed wha conno a ional meanings a e cha ac e is ic o he meanings o
colo s in adjec i es in Li huanian poe y o he 20 h cen u y (Juzelėnienė 2001). Rasuolė
Vlada skienė desc ibed he g een meanings o he adjec i e in compound e ms, discussed he
e lec ion o he e nacula meanings o his adjec i e (Vlada skienė 2014: 38). Aloyzas Guda ičius
analyzed he concep o g een (Guda ičius 2009 105[…]114), and his s uden Toma Jokubai ienė […]
he concep s o black and whi e in Li huanian and English (Jokubai ienė 2009). Rū a Kazlauskai ė,
desc ibing he depic ions o a ious plan s (aguonas, yšnios, sun lowe s) in Li huanian poe y,
also analyzed he colo s o he pe als o hese plan s (Kazlauskai ė 2010a: 5370; 2011: 440455; 2014:
86107); desc ibed he names o he colou s in he Li huanian ansla ions o one o Janio
Aku a e io's no es (Kazlauskai ė 2010b: 128141). This esea che , oge he wi h Egle
Ramanauskienė, analysed new colou names in publicis publica ions om he poin o iew o
linguis ic p agma ics (Kazlauskai ė, Ramanauskienė 2011: 176[…]201)3. Fo eign esea che s pay a lo
o a en ion o colo pe cep ion and concep ualiza ion in hei esea ch. The an h opologis s
B en Be lin and Paul Kay ha e made he dis inc ion and ca ego iza ion o owels depending on
he language o he senso y sys em (Heide 1971, 1972). This a icle p o ides an e en b oade
o e iew o he esea ch on colo wo ds, lexicon, seman ics, and so on. Among he mos ecen
wo ks, i is necessa y o men ion a la ge collec i e s udy o linguis s, an h opologis s and
psychologis s dedica ed o he ca ego iza ion o colo (Ha din, Ma i 2002). The s udy o colo
ekspe imen us i y ė, kaip žmonės su okia pag indines (židinio) spal as (Be -
lin, Kay 1969). Eleano os Rosch da bų ikslas – nus a y i, a pag indinių spal-
pe cep ion and i s ela ionship o he human body is he subjec o a new book, The Collec i e
Colo s o he Russian Language, published in 2005 by Vasile ich Kuzne so and Mishchenko. The
pu pose o his a icle is o cla i y how he au ho s o selec ed colloca ions con ey he whi e
u ių i užsienio y ėjų publikacijų apž alga (Kazlauskai ė, Ramanauskienė 2011: 178–179).
S aipsniai / A icles 137
Vainiklapių spal os i a spal iai šiuolaikinėje lie u ių p ozoje:
bal a i juoda
and black colou s o oses in hei wo ks. Resea ch objec i es: o desc ibe he s uc u e and
seman ics o ach oma ic colou names; o de e mine which p o o ypical whi e ue deno a ions
a e compa ed o whi e plan lowe s; The s udy looked a he cha ac e is ics o whi e and black
lowe pe als in selec ed colloca ions, which a e he mos common (p o o ypical) and
ealizuojamas kalboje. La ių kalbos spal ų pa adinimus išsamiai iš y ė Ani a
s e eo ypical compa isons in he collec ed ma e ial. The choice o esea ch me hods was
de e mined by he speci ics o he analyzed subs ance. In o de o desc ibe he colo scheme and
seman ics as comp ehensi ely and complexly as possible, a ious in e disciplina y me hods a e
used in he s udy: seman ic, s ylis ic and cogni i e analysis, desc ip i e and p agma ic
in e p e a ion me hods. The ma e ial o his s udy was collec ed om la e 20 h and 21s
cen u y Li huanian au ho s' p ose ex s, no els, sho s o ies, no els, sho s o ies and simila
wo ks om a gen e poin o iew. Indi idual sen ences o hei agmen s a e analyzed in he
a icle […] i.e. selec ed colloca ions6. The ma e ial o he s udy […] was selec ed om 98 wo ks
by 61 p ose w i e s om mo e han 300 colloca ions in which he au ho s speak di ec ly o by
means o compa isons and me apho s abou he colou o he whi e and black c owns and he
shades o hese colou s7. 4 Colo is no a ma e ial bu a mani es a ion o shining ligh . This has
been known since he se en een h cen u y, when Isaac New on b oke a whi e beam o ligh in o a
spec um o colo s called he ligh dispe sion. I is es ima ed ha he human eye can dis inguish
be ween 7 and 10 million colo s.
2009: 8).
5
In linguis ics, a s e eo ype is unde s ood as a subjec i ely de e mined ep esen a ion o a
phenomenon o hing, comp ising he a ibu es and e alua ions a ibu ed o i , which is ac ually
he esul o a eal in e p e a ion unc ioning in he consciousness o he linguis ic communi y. Fo
mo e on he concep o s e eo ype, see. Guda ičius 2000: 59 […] 64. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
Coloca ion is de ined as he habi ual use o one wo d o ano he in con ex , he use o ce ain
lexemes oge he , he associa ion o usual wo ds in speech wi h o he sen ence wo ds (see
Ma cinke ičienė 2010: 70 […] 91). 7 Con empo a y Li huanian language ex s (h p: eks ynas. du.l ) can
also be ound in ine li e a y ex s; They accoun o 11.6% o all he ma e ial p esen ed he e ( his
igu e includes e nacula wo ks), bu he e is oo li le ma e ial p esen ed in he ex alone o
colou esea ch. In o de o de e mine he colou o he pe als o a pa icula plan , i is some imes
no su icien o p o ide only one line o conco dance (300 cha ac e s) in he ex . The s udy o
colo scheme and seman ics o en equi es a much b oade ange o b igh (colo -by-colo ), snow,
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
138 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXVI
1. BALTI, BALKŠVI, BALSVI VAINIKLAPIAI
Lie u ių kalbos aiškinamieji žodynai pa eikia nuo 4 iki 9 būd a džio bal as,
-a eikšmių. Viena iš pag indinių šio žodžio eikšmių siejama su spal a – ‘ i-
and milk colo s (BZ). Whi e […] ach oma ic colo (i.e. colo less colo indica ing he ela ionship
be ween ligh and colo ). I is no coincidence ha he adjec i e whi e, he e ymology o which in
Li huanian and many o he languages is associa ed wi h ligh and ligh ning. In ea lie Indo-Eu opean
languages, his name did no e en indica e a speci ic colo , bu only mean ligh : lie. The ball, he la.
ba[…] s is based on he oo […]bh[…]-, s. i. bh[…] i […]š iečia[…] (F aenkel 1962: 32; Smoczyński 1981: 234;
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The au ho s o he esea ches men ioned abou 70 di e en plan gene a wi h whi e lowe s.
The ollowing species a e included in his ca ego y: Aedes aegyp i (E. c. 1599 - C. c. 1599), E. c.
hippopo amus (E. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.
c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. The ollowing species a e also included in he lis o
endange ed species: (A) Red-cockaded woodpecke (R. . 2001), Red-cockaded woodpecke (R. .
2008), Red-cockaded woodpecke (R. . 2011), Red-cockaded woodpecke (R. . 2013), Red-cockaded
woodpecke (R. . 2003), Red-cockaded woodpecke (R. . 2013). The ollowing species a e included in
he lis o endange ed species: he blue-bellied pa o (L. glicophylla), he blue-bellied pa o (L.
glicophylla), he blue-bellied pa o (L. glicophylla), he blue-bellied pa o (L. glicophylla), and he
blue-bellied pa o (L. glicophylla). The ollowing species a e included in he lis o endange ed
species: molluscs, cephalopods, echinode ms, echinode ms, echinode ms, echinode ms,
echinode ms, echinode ms, echinode ms, echinode ms, echinode ms, echinode ms and
echinode ms. In he con ex o he wo k, he uni y o speci ic ex s is no los , so he ma e ial
o his s udy was collec ed no om he ex , bu om a ew yea s o coun ing indi idual
wo ks and w i ing ou om hem much b oade colloca ions ela ed o colo scheme and
seman ics. 8 Ach oma ic colo s can be di ided in o i e main ones: black, da k g ay, ligh g ay, and
whi e. The e can be many di e en shades be ween hese colo s. The human eye can dis inguish
be ween abou 300 ch oma ic shades. 9 Only one sou ce abb e ia ion is indica ed in he clauses. A
ull lis o sou ces is p o ided a he end o he a icle.

S aipsniai / A icles 139
Vainiklapių spal os i a spal iai šiuolaikinėje lie u ių p ozoje:
bal a i juoda
(D. Kal. 2015: 96), he ginge b ead (E. Ku k. 2009: 79), he peas (D. Kal. 2008:
154).
The ollowing species a e included in his ca ego y: Aedes aegyp i (A.
aegyp i), Aedes aegyp i (A. aegyp i), Aegyp i (A. aegyp i), Aegyp i (A.
(B. Jon. 2009: 42), gal onijos (E. Lieg. 2013: 23), gubojos (U. Ba . 2016:
26), g azdikai (D. Op. 2016: 168), hiacin ai (D. Kaj. 2007: 114), ju gi-
nai (A. Zu . 2010: 78), ka deliai (E. Lieg. 2004: 8), k okai (D. Op. 2015:
aegyp i), Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i,
Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i,
Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i, Aegyp i.
(H. Gud. 2013: 229) This is no he i s ime ha his has happened.
The ollowing species a e included in he lis o endange ed species: Azaleas
(V. palch. 2011: 51), Glossinia (J. I . 2000: 177), Kali (J. Ap. 2010: 182), Camellia (B. Jon.
2009: 10), Kli ia (B. Jon. 2009: 10), O chid (D. Kaj. 2007: 26). The mos popula whi e
lowe ing plan s in he Li huanian p ose collec ions a e oses (men ioned in
19 au ho s' ex s), lilies and lilies ( hey a e men ioned in 12 au ho s' ex s),
whi e doubloons (11), ines (9), che ies and pomeg ana es (8), plums and
jasmine (5).
The whi e colo scheme is qui e a ied in he selec ed loca ions. Mos o en, he
colo whi e is men ioned di ec ly in he adjec i e whi e, in a ious humo ous
simple o ms (152 imes) o in he adjec i es adjec i e o m whi e (41 imes). The
p onoun o m is usually used o name he colo s o lilies and lilies, as opposed o
he less commonly men ioned whi e acacia, ba kuna, i y, lime, amune, and ose. In
ac , in such cases i is some imes di icul o dis inguish when he au ho s wan
o emphasize a plan species (whi e lily (Lilium candidum), whi e lily (T i olium
epens), whi e lily (Melilo us albus) wi h an adjec i e, and when hey a e simply
alking abou he colo o he lowe s. In o de o enhance he whi eness o he
c owns, he c ea o s o he selec ed colloca ions used he highes deg ee o
whi eness, he highes in ensi y o his colo .
džius: balčiausias, bal ų balčiausias (R. G an. 1998: 119), au ologinius junginius
bal as bal as (H. Čig. 2007: 66), p iesagų edinius bal u ėlis (L. Če n. 2011: 166)
i pan. Taip pažymimas didžiausias ypa ybės laipsnis, be o, okiais a ejais bū-
d a džio bal as seman inėje s uk ū oje iš yškėja i e inamoji sema (plg. Ju-
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
140 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXVI
Ra ely (in 10 au ho s' ex s) is he colo o he w ea hs a ibu ed o whi e:
"Whi e was he high-pi ched sound" (J. Skab. 2000: 224); […]...> nowhe e in
Eu ope has he seen such whi e-blooded chickens[…] (R. G an. 2013: 155)10 and so
on. The adjec i e wi h he p e ix […][no elės žydi] […] […] wi h b igh whi e
ings[…] (B. Jon. 2007: 103) is used less o en o desc ibe he colo . "A plo o
dog-legged skins, beau i ul whi es, no descended om he hea and dus " (V. Žil.
2013: 133)11.
The au ho s who named he colo s also use su name abs ac s: 1) Whi e:
[…]Jo sode augo he mos beau i ul oses o all kinds and all colo s: snow
whi e, milk whi e, golden whi e […]...[…] (K. Kas. 2007: 10); "The whi eness o he
sky has al eady mel ed, and only a ew places ha e been co e ed by he g een
g ass" (A. Zu . 2010: 314).
2) Whi e: […]The smell o iole s and whi e jus bu ns he hea […] (J.
Skab. 2000: 191); "The black wa e s e lec ed hei [ hei ] whi eness"
(Ma hew 22:37-39) The apos le Paul w o e: "Le us no become ego is ical, s i ing up compe i ion wi h one ano he ".
3) Whi e: "The whi e o he Highlands has collapsed […]...[…]" (A. Zu . 2010: 74). The
colou is also ma ked by he de e mina i e dualis ic whi eness: […]<...> he
whi eness o he head o Lelija[…] (O. Jau . 2005: 70); "Whi e ees g ow gen ly
nea he s ones o he sh ubbe y... " (J. Skab, 2004: 183).
In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned, he e a e also a numbe o o he
ypes o colo -coding, such as he
colo -coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-c-
oding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding-coding.
The wo d "whi e" desc ibes he deg ee o ligh , no he colo o he whi e,
bu he colo o he pu ple: "The s eam o ag ances o he balsam lows
s aigh in o me" (J. Skab. 2000: 114); "Full o he heads o he amous
whis ling oses"... (J. Skab. 2014: 234); […]...[…] The bald axilla y ings a e c acked
in he neck[…] (R. Flick 196 2015:).
The in ensi y o he ligh one is also indica ed by he du ian whi eness […] i
is said o be he whi e shade o he hai y c owns (J. Skab. 2014: 214). The mos
šaus a spal io i elebo ų žiedai, ku ių spal ą nusaky i padeda būd a dis žals as
10 Čia i oliau eks e a i inkamiems eiginiams ilius uo i pa eikiama ik po ieną a kelis ipiš-
beau i ul examples.
11 The p e ix is a ely used o e e only o ach oma ic colou s, bu he e m is pa icula ly o en
used o e e o ch oma ic colou s. 12 I is conside ed o be he new name o Joli as Skablauskai ė,
since i is no eco ded in any Li huanian dic iona y.
A icles by A icles 141
Vainiklapių spal os i a spal iai šiuolaikinėje lie u ių p ozoje:
bal a i juoda
and he noun abs ac whi eness: […]<...> g een whi eness o he lowe s o
Hellebo us nige […][…] (B. Jon. 2009: 42).
In e es ingly, he shade o whi e ca na ions is no accompanied by adjec i es
such as "whi e", "whi e", "whi e", "whi e" o "whi e" in he ex s s udied ( he
au ho s o he ex s s udied ne e used any o hese adjec i es).
We can also look a he whi e colo scheme in e ms o congeni al and s ylis ic
aspec s. Resea che s ha e de ined he s ages o he e olu ion o colo names.
Fi s o all, he colo is desc ibed by e e ing o he well-known na u al eali y
[…] ecognized by he language communi y as he p opaga o o p o o ype o
ha colo (see Kazlauskai ė 2011: 179). Fo Li huanians, he p o o ype o whi e is
snow (Guda ičius 2000: 61). This is con i med by he abundance o examples ound in
he o namen al li e a u e […] whe e whi e lowe pe als a e e y o en
compa ed o snow, and he blooming i sel […] o snow: […]Ch ysan hemums a e
whi e as snow […]...[…] (R. She . 2006: 67); […][…] In he days o he blossoming o he
obelisk, i seemed o he child ha whi e lowe s like he i s snow co e ed he
whole wo ld[…] (L. Gu . 2013: 461); […][…] e e yone hen had o u n o he ings o
he snow-capped […][…][…] (A. Zu . 2010: 310); […] In he e ening, a sleepy sheikh came
o he slum. The wind go e en s onge . The lowe bouque , he snow lea , he
lowe bouque , he lowe bouque , he lowe bouque , he lowe bouque , he
lowe bouque , he lowe bouque , he lowe bouque . Snow-whi e
mush ooms13 (N. Vai k. 2013: 251). Ob iously, compa isons a e pa icula ly help ul in
desc ibing he whi eness o lowe s14. In Li huanian olklo e, snow, chalk, mud,
mud, milk, linen, and o he objec s ep esen he whi e colo (Paulauskas 1987: 177). In addi ion o hese quali ies, he whi e lowe s o plan s a e also unde s ood o be b igh , pu e, and pu e.
(See also Kazlauskai ė 2011: 450). In hese colloca ions, he au ho s compa e
he whi e lea es o plan s wi h hese whi e (o glowing) a ibu es o eali y:
1) Bui ies daik ais (muilo a pieno pu omis, a a, es u ine suknele, įka-
pėmis, a ške, g ie inėle i k .): „<...> Obelys i yšnios bola o lyg
child en's mu ila ed heads (E. Ign. 2000: 95); […] […] [soap bubble] simila o soap
bubble […] pu e and whi e […] (U. Ba . 2016: 26); The hillside was co e ed wi h
whi e lowe s, which seemed o be d ipping wi h milk.
pu omis“ (J. Skab. 2000: 114); „<…> obelis p ažydo lyg a os kalnas“
13 Lie u ių poe iniame pasaulė aizdyje aip pa įp asčiausia bal ų yšnios žiedlapių – sniego pa-
alelė. Tokia sąsaja mo y uo a, nes žiedlapiai i sniegas u i daugiausia bend ų a ibu ų: ‘bal as’,
‘k in an is / dengian is’, ‘pu us / minkš as’, ‘nea spa us empe a ū os pokyčiams’ (Kazlauskai ė
2011: 449).
The s udy o colou names has shown ha in di e en languages, colou is i s desc ibed by
compa ing i o objec s ha a e cha ac e ised by ha colou , and hen abs ac colou names
eme ge.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In
he au umn, K isiaus plan ed a ine wi h lowe s as a b ide. […]...> in he
da k he [ he ho n o he g ass] somehow gi es me he imp ession o
being a child's os e a he […] (D. Cal. 2008: 154); […][…] whi e like he
umpe s o he angels […][…] (J. I . 2000: 177); […]...> a whi e- lowe ed obelisk, whi e as a a skė […]...[…] (R. Ma . 2013: 260); […]... was i gels a g ie inėle applie i ees [cas ane s]
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
2) The s a s in he sky: "The nigh ingales we e like li le s a s, bu hey
s ill glow whi e unde you ee " (B. Jon. 2007: 104); […] uncoun able is no
coun ed as he numbe o whi e [dobiliukų] ings in he sky (R. G an. 2006:
90).
3) Whi e bi ds (bay, gulls, ish), whi e-hai ed animals: […]When he
magnolia blooms, i seems ha he e a e many whi e bay ees […]...[…]
(D. Kal. 2008: 61); The whi eness o he camels, he g ace ul necks o he
pigeons... (B. Jon. 2009: 10); […][…] as he ish abso bs he g een whi eness
o he lowe s o Hellebo us nige […][…] (B. Jon. 2009: 42). And o me, he's
like a whi e-blooded abbi .
(K. Kas. 2010: 10) Wha is he pu pose o his a icle?
4) Whi e human skin: […]Lily g own in he windows, he same colo as he
unbu ned skin […]...[…] (J. Skab. 2014: 158). In he same way, he whi e symbols
o eali y a e compa ed o he whi e symbols o plan s.
žiedais:
1) A pale human ace, whi e ee , hands, inge s, ches s, ee h, e c.: […]...> he ee o he sa y
c owned nex o he whi e as a juozapina lily in a woman's ace[…] (D. Kal. 2015: 38); […][…] a um wo
o he mos beau i ul lilies o he alley […] (D. Vai k. 2006: 190); […]...kissing he whi e as he lo us has
jus sp ead i s Ku o ee […] (J. I . 2000: 120); […]The inge s o he [c usade ] a e shaped like he
inge s o a [whi e] goose[…] (B. Pūk. 2003: 291); […][…] he ee h say he cake o he jasmine
pomeg ana e […][…] (J. I . 2000: 490)15. 2) Yellow hai : […]G ilda was an old woman […] small, wi h a cu ly
back and a whi e head […] a y um pokalnu ė[…] (I. Za . 2016: 17); […]...> 15 As he examples show, ou
p ose o en associa es women and gi ls wi h whi e lowe ing plan s. Simila image y exis s in
Li huanian poe y […] o example, a lowe ing che y ee is depic ed as a gi l (see Kazlauskai ė
2011: 449). 16 In hese con ex s, he adjec i e whi e e e s, no o he pu e colo , bu o he
deg ee o whi eness, he shade (p. As-
amskai ė 1976: 10).
A icles by A icles 149
Vainiklapių spal os i a spal iai šiuolaikinėje lie u ių p ozoje:
bal a i juoda
R. Jon. 2010 – Joni Rasa. Ž aigždė asis A kliukas i Meškiukas Panda. Vilnius.
B. Jon. Wha a e you doing? 2007 […] Jonuškai ė Bi u ė (Jonuškai ė Bi u ė) was bo n
in he illage o Bi u ė. I 's a piece o cake. The ci y o Vilnius. B. Jon. Wha a e you
doing? 2009 […] Jonuškai ė Bi u ė (Jonuškai ė Bi u ė) was bo n in he illage o
Bi u ė. The ango o he Bal ic locks. The ci y o Vilnius. B. Jon. Wha a e you
doing? 2011 […] Jonuškai ė Bi u ė (Jonuškai ė Bi u ė) was bo n in he illage o
Bi u ė. Gi e me you wo d. The ci y o Vilnius. M. Jon. Wha a e you doing? 2010 […]
Jonu is Ma ius. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . Slibin Ju gis and o he
s o ies. The ci y o Vilnius. D. Kaj. Wha a e you doing? 2007 […] Donald he canoeis .
The Kazakh. The ci y o Vilnius. D. Cal. Wha a e you doing? 2008 […] Kalinauskai ė
Danu ė (Kalinauskai ė Danu ė) was bo n in he illage o Danu ė. You ne e know.
The ci y o Vilnius. D. Cal. Wha a e you doing? 2015 […] Kalinauskai ė Danu ė
(Kalinauskai ė Danu ė) was bo n in he illage o Danu ė. The house o he
Ske s eys. The ci y o Vilnius. K. Wha ? 2005 […] Kaspa a ičius Kęs u is. He is a
membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . The his o y o he K alos. The ci y o Vilnius.
K. Wha ? 2007 […] Kaspa a ičius Kęs u is. He was bo n in Kaspa a ičius Kęs u is.
Flo en ine ga dene . The ci y o Vilnius. K. Wha ? 2010 […] Kaspa a ičius Kęs u is.
He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . I 's a small win e . The ci y o Vilnius.
This is A. Ka . 2015 […] Ka aliauskai ė Ak ilė. […] Ka aliauskai ė Ak ilė. […]
Ka aliauskai ė Ak ilė. […] Ka aliauskai ė Ak ilė. […] Ka aliauskai ė Ak ilė. […]
Ka aliauskai ė Ak ilė. […] Ka aliauskai ė Ak ilė. […] Ka aliauskai ė Ak ilė was bo n in
he illage o Ak ilė, in he no he n pa o he coun y. Two li es in one summe . The ci y o Vilnius. This is N. Kep. 2015 […] Kepenienė Nijolė (English p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is a Swedish ac ess. Sa e me om Vilnius II, 2005. This is J. K al. 2002 […] King o he Jungle. The dea h o he dynas y. The ci y o Vilnius. This is S. K uop. 2007 […] K uopis Sigi as. […] K uopis Sigi as was bo n in he illage o K uopis. The gi l om Miglė. The ci y o Vilnius. This is J. Kunč. 2006 […] Kuncin Ju gis. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . The nigh o he whi e sun. The ci y o Vilnius. This is E. Ku k. 2009 […] Elena om Ku klie ė. She's he one who's in cha ge o he nu se y. The s o y o he Wild Tod. The ci y o Vilnius. This is V. Lands. 2007 […] Landsbe gis Vy au as V. B iedis Eugenijus. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . The ci y o Vilnius. This is E. Lieg. Emilia was laid o es in 2004. I 's called Rudy. The ci y o Vilnius. This is E. Lieg. Emilia was laid o es in 2007. Dad is back. The ci y o Vilnius. This is E. Lieg. Emilia was laid o es in 2013. You mo he old you. The ci y o Vilnius. This is M. Luž. 2006 […] Lužy ė Ma ga i a. […] Lužy ė Ma ga i a was bo n in he illage o Lužy ė. The e you go. I 's he b icks.
R. Ma . 2013 […] Ma ai y ė Rū a. This is he i s ime I' e seen he in public.
D eaming abou he snow. The ci y o Vilnius. I'm he mayo . 2004 […] Mayo o he
Ci y o Iccho. The s a ion is in he middle. The ci y o Vilnius. This is M. Mik. 2016 […]
Mikėnai ė Monika. […] This is he i s ime I' e seen he in public. Behind he walls.
I 's like a phoenix ou o ashes. The ci y o Vilnius. D. Op. 2015 […] The song o he Opal.
An expe imen o li e by. The ci y o Vilnius. D. Op. 2016 […] The song o he Opal. One
mo e ime, Richie. The ci y o Vilnius. This is V. Palč. 2011 […] Viole a om
Palčinskai ė. Music o he oll. The ci y o Vilnius. A. Bee and spi i s 2001 […]
An anas he B ewe A wol on a bicycle. The U ena. I 's called B. Pūk. 2003 […] Pūkele ičiū ė Bi u ė (Pukele ičiū ė Bi u ė) was bo n in he illage o Bi u ė. Eigh o hem. Page nine. The ci y o Vilnius. This is V. Rač. 2001 […] Račickas Vy au as. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . The New Ad en u es o Zuiko, o T ue Joy.
The ci y o Vilnius.
This is V. Rač. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Zuka is s ill ali e. The ci y o Vilnius.

AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
150 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
U. Rad. 2013 – Radze ičiū ė Undinė. Žu ys i d akonai. Vilnius.
A. Rus. 2016 […] Ruseckai ė Aldona. She is a membe o he Russian Academy o
Sciences. I 's a shell. The ci y o Vilnius. K. Sab. Wha a e you doing? K is ina
Sabaliauskai ė was bo n in 2008. This is Sil a e um. The ci y o Vilnius. K. Sab.
Wha a e you doing? 2011 […] Sabaliauskai ė K is ina. She is a membe o he
J. Skab. 2000 – Skablauskai ė Joli a. T ečiasis ūks an me is. Vilnius.
J. Skab. 2004 – Skablauskai ė Joli a. Sep yniadangė e d ė. Vilnius.
J. Skab. 2014 – Skablauskai ė Joli a. Žiežulės. Vilnius.
Russian Academy o Sciences. This is Sil a e um II. The ci y o Vilnius. K. Sab.
Wha a e you doing? 2012 Sabaliauskai ė K is ina. She is a membe o he
Russian Academy o Sciences. Daniel Dalba and o he s o ies. The ci y o
Vilnius. This is R. Skuč. 2016 […] Skučai ė Ramu ė (English p onuncia ion
(help·in o)) is a Swedish ac ess. Then ake wha belongs o you. The ci y o
Vilnius. This is M. S i b. 2011 […] S i by ė-Valaikienė Ma a. This is he i s ime
I' e been o his place. The whi e abbi . The Kaunas. This is R. She . 2001 […]
She ely ė Rena a. She is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. And
she didn' ell me. The ci y o Vilnius. This is R. She . 2006 […] She ely ė Rena a.
She is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. The embalme . The ci y
o Vilnius. This is R. She . 2008 […] She ely ė Rena a. She is a membe o he
Russian Academy o Sciences. The child en o he blue whale. The ci y o
Vilnius. This is R. She . 2010 […] She ely ė Rena a. She is a membe o he
Russian Academy o Sciences. He ode a ho se. Vilnius, 2010. This is R. She . 2013 […] She ely ė Rena a. She is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. The name is in he da k. The ci y o Vilnius. A. Tap. Wha a e you doing? 2013 […] Tapinas And ius. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . The hou o he wol . The ci y o Vilnius. V. la e La e in Vilnius in 2006. Whe e summe las s o e e . The ci y o Vilnius. This is G. Vil. 2016 […] Viliūnė Gina. She is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. The mis ess o he Empe o . The ci y o Vilnius. I. Za . Wha a e you doing? 2016 […] Za ambai ė Ignė (English p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is a Russian ac ess. I 's called a sc ewd i e . The ci y o Vilnius. This is A. Zu . 2010 […] Zu ba Algiman as. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . I 's called K isius. The ci y o Vilnius. This is A. Jag. 2013 Agnė Žag akaly ė (English p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is a Swedish ac ess. Daugh e o Eigulio: case F 117. The ci y o Vilnius. This is V. Žil. 2013 […] Žilinskai ė Vy au ė (Jilinskai ė Vy au ė) was bo n and aised in Žilinskai ė, Li huania. No ha bu e ly. The ci y o Vilnius.
LEXICOGRAPHY The ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
The Li huanian language dic iona y o he BŽ […] Associa ion, which is being p epa ed,
ed. college: Danu ė Liu ke ičienė (edi o ), Ge ūda Nak inienė, Ri u ė Pe okienė,
Do ilė S e ikienė, Klemen ina Vosyly ė, Jolan a Zaba skai ė. Vilnius: Ins i u e o he
Li huanian Language, 20132017. Access o he In e ne : h p: www.bkz.lki.l .
The dic iona y o iconog aphy o he Ch is ian Chu ch, sud. This is Dalia
Ramonienė. Vilnius: Published by he Academy o Fine A s, 1997.
SRŽ […] Dic iona y o symbolic meanings, om he sou h. This is Lioness Lapinskienė. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Vosyly ė Klemen ina 2014: Palyginimų žodynas. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
S aipsniai / A icles 151
Vainiklapių spal os i a spal iai šiuolaikinėje lie u ių p ozoje:
bal a i juoda
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AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
152 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
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Colou s and Shades o Pe als in Mode n
Li huanian P ose: Black and Whi e
SUMMARY
The a icle analyses mo e han 300 colloca ions ound in 98 wo ks o 61 mode n Li h-
In p ose au ho s, hese colloca ions a e used by he au ho s o con ey he whi e o black
colou o he pe als o lowe ing plan s and he shades o hese colou s. The au ho s o he
analysis men ioned in hei ex s app oxima ely 70 whi e lowe ing plan s, hese a e: ees,
bushes, ui ees, be y sc ubs, weeds, o es , meadow, ield, ga den, indoo , and g ea e
o he plan s. In he analysed colloca ions only 4 black lowe ing plan s (lilies, oses, ulips
celandine. Resea ch ma e ial indica es ha when con eying he colou o ach oma ic pe als
au ho s usually use he adjec i es whi e (Li h. bal as, -a; juodas, -a; eminine and masculine
o m; 152 colloca ions) and black (Li h. juodas, -a; eminine and masculine o m; 10 colloca ions).
Less equen ly he colou o pe als is desc ibed by using p onominal o m o adjec i es ( he
whi e (Li h. bal asis, -oji; eminine, masculine o m) used 41 imes; he black (Li h. juodasis, -oji;
eminine, masculine o m) used 9 imes. The use o he p onoun o m o adjec i es is
de e mined by he con ex o he s o y: he whi e usually ma ks he so s o plan s ha
eally exis (e.g. he whi e clo e , he whi e lily, e c.) and he black is usually used when imagina y
so s o kinds o plan s a e desc ibed in he wo k.
The highes in ensi y o whi e colo is emphasized by using he supe la i e o m o adjec i es,
i.e., he whi es (Li h. bal iaus, bal ų balčiausias), au ological colloca ions whi e whi e (Li h.
bal as bal as), de i a i es o med wi h su ixes snow-whi e (Li h. bal u ėlis), e c. Ve bs showing
whi e, was showing whi e, shine whi e, shone whi e, will shine whi e (Li h. The wo d "whi e" is also
used o indica e whi e colo in p ose wo ks. Some au ho s use he ad e b whi ely (Li h. bal ai) o
indica e he colou o pe als in hei ex s. To indica e his colou he p ose w i e s also use
nominal abs ac s whi eness (Li h. bal umas, bal uma, bal ybė). The e a e cases when
ach oma ic colo s a e con eyed h ough a conc e e objec , a ce ain colo p o o ype. The
colou whi e and i s shades a e qui e equen ly desc ibed by using a ious compa isons. Usually,
plan s ha ha e whi e pe als a e compa ed o he closes objec s o he pe son's
su oundings: snow, soap bubbles o milk oam, co on, wedding d ess, sh oud,
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXVI some ood i ems, whi e bi ds. I can be said ha compa isons
as hese ha e become s e eo ypes: whi e as snow/pape /milk/ oam/cu d/swan); black as nigh .
The analogous p o o ypically whi e eali y deno a es (pale ace, ee , hands, inge s, ee h,
b eas s, whi e hai , swans, pape , snow, e c.) a e compa ed o whi e pe als o plan s. I was
no iced ha emale au ho s mo e ho oughly and mo e c ea i ely con ey o he eade s he
colo s and shades o he blooms. Male au ho s usually indica e he p ecise colou o he bloom
bu a ely men ion sub le shades o colou o he blooms. Mo e poe ically and in de ail male
au ho s desc ibe only mo e well-known whi e lowe ing booms (apple ee, che y h ee, lily,
e c.). These di e ences a e de e mined no only by he speci ici y o gende bu also by he
indi idual quali ies o he w i e . Analysed colloca ions show ha he au ho s use mo e a ied
li e a y de ices o desc ibe na u ally g owing and blooming plan s (che y ees, apple ees,
mock o anges, adjec i es whi e and black).
e c.). The colou o picked lowe s is usually indica ed in a e y speci ic way, i.e., by using
Į eik a 2017 m. bi želio 9 d.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.