A icles o he 89 h
VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include lexicog aphy, lexicology, and
e hnolinguis ics.
ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA
The Sla onic Ins i u e o he Polish Academy o
Sciences conduc s scien i ic esea ch in he ields o
lexicog aphy, lexicology, e hnolinguis ics, and he his o y o Polish language.
The wo-language ocabula y
The cul u al ex s
(See also he box "Wha
Does he Bible Really Teach?")
T ansla ional Dic iona ies as Tex s o Cul u e
(On he Example o he Nine een h-Cen u y
Dic iona ies by Re . An anas Juška)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle ocuses on he lexemes o An ano Juškos' bilingual dic iona y o Li huanian
and Polish languages, which e lec he concep ualiza ion o he human being when
desc ibing his physical appea ance, psyche, emo ions, social si ua ion, belie and i uals.
The ques ion o equi alence is aised, ying o see he simila i ies and di e ences
be ween he wo cul u es. The a icle analyzes linguis ic ma e ial selec ed om he
dic iona ies o A. Juškos Li huanian-Polish and Polish-Polish languages. The au ho aises
he main ques ion o whe he i is possible o ead in o ma ion abou people om
19 h-cen u y Li huanian bilingual dic iona ies, which a e unde s ood as ex s o mul ilingual cul u e.
The ollowing is a lis o wo ds: An anas Juška, e nacula ocabula y, 19 h
cen u y, cul u al ex s, e hnolinguis ics.
90 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXVI
VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ, ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle is he a emp o analyze linguis ic ma e ial, exce p ed om he
lexicog aphical legacy o Re . This is An anas Juška. This idea i s well in o he pa adigm o
e hnolinguis ic esea ch. The au ho s ask hemsel es a undamen al ques ion, whe he
in o ma ion abou a human being can be " ead ou " o he nine een h-cen u y ansla ional
dic iona ies, when hey a e app oached as ex s o cul u e o mul ilingual communi y in
Li huania.
An ennas and dic iona ies, 19 h cen u y, ex o cul u e, and e hnolinguis ics.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Fi s o all, i is necessa y o de ine how he e m "cul u e" will be used in he
eks as. Šiuolaikinėje humani a inėje li e a ū oje ši są oka aikoma apibūdinan
į ai ius žmogaus kul ū inės eiklos kū inius, i ne ik žodinius pasakymus, be
a icle, as well as, in he b oad semio ic sense, "people", a ising om he sequence
o signs o di e en kinds (Ba miński, Nieb zegowska-Ba mińska 2009: 72). The
s udy is based on bilingual ocabula y, i.e. ocabula y ales, he mos impo an
s uc u al basis o which is he compa ison and e alua ion o language sys ems,
and hei linguis ic sou ce is a ious cul u al clus e s. This de ini ion o cul u al
ocabula y i s he ocabula ies o he 19 h-cen u y p ies An ano Juška, whose
sys ema ic da a occupy an impo an place in cogni i e e hnological esea ch,
because esea che s a e conce ned wi h e ealing he eali ies and e alua ion o
eali ies h ough language da a. Al hough he ex s o A. Juškos a e s ill no
p ope ly app ecia ed by schola s, hey a e an impo an pa o he cul u al
he i age o Li huanians and Poles, gi en he compa ison o wo (o mo e)
di e en languages. The esea ch on bilingual ocabula y is u he enhanced by
he ac ha i has a so-called seman ic me al: meanings a e desc ibed by
pe iphe als, colloca ions, synonyms a e p o ided. Thus, he ask o he s udy is
o mula ed […] o indica e he di e ences and simila i ies in how wo peoples, wi h
hei own na a i e o he pas , pe cei e and e alua e he wo ld, […] al hough
di icul , bu achie able, only in coope a ion wi h Li huanian and Polish
esea che s, who belie e ha bilingual ocabula y, despi e he p agma ic aspec ,
p o ides e hnolinguis ic in o ma ion abou he essence o collec i e subjec i i y.
In his a icle, a en ion is d awn o he lexemes o he Li huanian and Polish
bilingual ocabula y o A. Juškos, h ough which he concep ualiza ion o he
human being is shown, when his physical appea ance, psyche, emo ions, social
si ua ion, belie and i ual pe o mance a e desc ibed. The aim o he s udy is o
A icles by A icles 91
D ikalbiai žodynai kaip kul ū os eks ai
(XIX a. kun. An ano Juškos žodynų pag indu)
de e mine whe he he Li huanian and Polish sayings p esen ed in bilingual
dic iona ies, which a e assigned o a ce ain seman ic g oup, a e cha ac e ized by
a comple e equi alence o meanings, an app oxima e equi alence, o whe he a ce ain asymme y o seman ic lexicon o he wo compa a i e languages occu s.
Wi h speci ic examples om he equi alen s p o ided in A. Juškos's ocabula y,
i is in ended o show whe he he ep esen a ion o man in Li huanian and
Polish languages is symme ical and uni o m in de ail, o whe he ce ain
seman ic, s ylis ic o e en p agma ic di e ences ela ed o man appea .
The ca ego izing names o he ZMOG (based on he pu pose o he a icle in he
o m o nouns and adjec i es) a e di ided in o ce ain seman ic g oups. The
bilingual Li huanian-Polish wo ds in he Li huanian-Polish ocabula y co espond
o he Polish equi alen wo ds, as well as synonyms. The au ho o en used a
desc ip i e ansla ion, ansla ed he co espondences o he Li huanian
language, based on seman ic connec ions, possible colloca ions o
meaning-con aining commen s, which a e p o ided in b acke s nex o he
equi alen o he main noun.
Pa yzdžiui, ikalbio A. Juškos la ių–lie u ių–lenkų kalbų žodyno la ių
Rena a Mise iča-T illiča (2012; 2013: 162[…]171) has desc ibed in de ail he me hods
o ansla ing language equi alen s in o Polish. I should be emphasized ha he
wo ds o A. Juška a e no only e nacula wo ds, bu also e nacula
explana o y wo ds, which a e o immense impo ance o e hnologis s seeking
o s udy he ca ego iza ion o he wo ld o wo peoples li ing in he same
e i o y, based on he compa ison o wo languages. "Language dic iona ies
compiled by bilingual people a e no only aluable collec ions o ma e ial o
sys ema ic esea ch, bu also e eal he in luence o bilingualism on he
language sys em, whe e he au ho 's bilingualism is implici in he cul u e o wo peoples" (Sawaniewska-Mochowa 2014: 131).
The scien i ic s udy begins by choosing he me hodology and he co esponding
concep s, based on he Polish and Li huanian dic iona ies o A. Juškos. The objec
o he s udy is he lexical legacy, apa om he published pa , which has
su i ed in a ious manusc ip edi ions, which ha e been illed in and co ec ed by
o he au ho s. The e o e, he ma e ial is c i ically e alua ed. I is necessa y o
ake in o accoun he lexical and seman ic aspec s o he s o ies, which we e
changed by la e edi o s. The ma e ial was chosen p ecisely because he
co espondences mus be gi en in bo h he Li huanian and he Polish pa s o he
ocabula y. Le s say ha bilingual wo ds o m a speci ic ype o ex s. The
ques ion hen a ises as o wha in o ma ion can be gleaned om such a his o ical
dic iona y ex i i is aken and unde s ood as a whole and ea ed as a wo k o a
ce ain kind and as a cul u al monumen o a mul ilingual communi y, and no
me ely as a se o basic and co esponding ansla ed wo ds c ea ed o he
pu poses o uni o m use, o example, only o he pe iod o language lea ning.
92 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ, ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA
The s a emen ha "wo d is a ype o ex " implies, acco ding o e hnologis
Wojciech Chlebdos, se e al main heses: (1) since he dic iona y is a ype o ex , i
is also a saying; Because ocabula y is conside ed a p o e b, i 's pa o he
communal discou se o a pa icula place and ime. This means ha he dic iona y
has i s own add essee, i s own add essee, a ce ain eali y o which he saying
ela es. The wo d is a ex , so i is also an in e p e i e na a i e o a ce ain
eali y (as well as a language) (Chlebda 2010: 202). Then he ques ion a ises, who is he
subjec o he na a i e o he bilingual 19 h-cen u y Li huanian dic iona y, when
Li huania, like Poland, was uled by he Tsa s a ha ime? Tokyo-s yle ocabula y
is cha ac e ized by he subjec i i y o a ious e ms. Fi s o all, i e lec s he
pe spec i e o collec i e subjec i i y, which is he linguis ic-cul u al communi y,
consis ing o smalle communi ies, such as egional, en i onmen al o eligious
communi ies (Chlebda 2010: 202). slow-mo ing cohesion. F om an e hnolinguis ic poin
Kalbėdami apie A. Juškos d ikalbius žodynus, susidu iame su d iejų su-
bjek y ių kalbinių kolek y ų – lie u ių i lenkų – i d iejų subjek y ių pasau-
o iew, i is in e es ing o examine whe he he isions ha ell abou he
exis ence o he men al (called "men al maps" in psycholinguis ic e minology)
communi ies o he Li huanian popula ion a ha ime a e symme ical. A e he e
wo di e en in e p e a ions o eali y ha a e con eyed in di e en lexical and
s ylis ic o ms, s e eo ypes and cul u al images? Bu no only he collec i e,
because he subjec i i y o he wo d is also de e mined by he c ea o o he
wo d […] he lexicog aphe , in o he wo ds, he au ho o a ex o a s o y ha is
in ended o a speci ic pu pose o he add essee, execu ed a a ce ain ime and
place. This is how he cons uc s he ocabula y, on which he mac o s uc u e, he
choice o o he language equi alen s and he in oduc ion o addi ional
explana ions, con ex s o g amma ical in o ma ion depends. The e hnologis mus
ealize ha in addi ion o collec i e imagina ion, he dic iona y also exp esses
indi idual imagina ion, which is p o ided by he au ho himsel , whe he h ough he
choice o one o ano he lexeme. A lexicog aphe is always aced wi h an in ini e
numbe o decisions o make, bo h in selec ing he ma e ial and in a anging i ,
because i is impossible o c ea e a dic iona y whose mac o-s uc u e
encompasses all he possible names ha exis in he language. Usually, when
compiling a ocabula y co pus, an e o is made o p o ide a se o wo ds ha
e lec s he concep o he wo ld o he linguis ic cul u al communi y.
A. Juška was p ecisely he kind o au ho who ambi iously sough o con ey in his
dic iona ies he wo ld iew o he ime. As a bilingual lexicog aphe , he was no
only awa e o he a ious mani es a ions o Li huanian and Polish exis ence a
he in e sec ion o wo languages and cul u es, obse e and ch onicle , bu in
many cases, acco ding o W. Chlebdos, he in e p e e o he eali y o he ime
assessed eali y objec i ely, p esen ing many eali ies. This is done in an
A icles o he 93 d
D ikalbiai žodynai kaip kul ū os eks ai
(XIX a. kun. An ano Juškos žodynų pag indu)
easy- o-unde s and way, e ealing he essence o he subjec , a oiding
schola ship and encyclopedici y (Chlebda 1993: 205; Sawaniewska-Mochowa 2014: 135).
He no only wan ed o egis e he weal h o Li huanian li ing languages, bu also
had a good command o he egional a ian o Polish (speci ic sociolec ) spoken by
he small Ba a ians o he Kaunas Go e no a e (Sawaniewska-Mochowa 2002).
Acco ding o Baudouin de Cou enay, A. Juška was he bes connoisseu o
Li huanian li e o ha pe iod (de Cou enay 1880: 2). T ansla ion dic iona ies
compiled by bilingual people a e aluable no only as a collec ion o ma e ials o
galimybę a skleis i biling izmo į aką kalbos sis emai, kai au o iaus d ikalbys ė
sys ema ic esea ch, bu also as a sou ce o in o ma ion on he implici cul u e
o wo peoples (Sa any ska-Moshowa, 2014). A. Juška's bilingual ocabula y is
in aluable o bilingual sys ems as a subjec i e na a i e ha ca ego izes e e yday li e a he ime when i is used.
d i ski ingos šnẽkamosios kalbos, nepa eik os kalbos no mų, y imų šal inis
e noling is ams.
Compa ing he Li huanian i le wo ds o A. Juška's dic iona ies wi h hei Polish
coun e pa s, he simila i y o some lexical seman ic g oups is no iced, he
yzdžiui, žodžiai, ku iais apibūdinamas žmogus, jo eikla i k . Tokie d ikalbių
coun e pa s o he Polish-Li huanian and Li huanian-Li huanian wo ds o he
use s de e mine he cul u al in e e ence o he bilingual popula ion, he
commonali y and consciousness o he naming o he a ibu es o a ious
sphe es, depending on he linguis ic si ua ion, he choice o he Polish o Li huanian name (Mochowa 2014).
This Regula ion shall en e
in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A. Juška w o e down e e y hing he could ge his hands on om he li ing language, wi hou
di iding he wo ds o he illage language in o selec ed and unselec ed ones. He did no a oid
ulga and ulga wo ds and ph ases, no conside ing hem inapp op ia e o he ocabula y and
gene ally no in ended o he eading public (Tolu ienė 1961: 151): lie. biks ashikis (biks ashish and
shik i) is equal o le. he exp essi e wo d "sh u do po ek" which has been added o he shi […]1
(L B2 I 15, L B II 26), he wo d " ajdający się do po ek" (J I 207); 1 The cou se is o he bikes, and
he bikes a e o he di y pan s (J I 207). 2 P inciples o p esen a ion o Słownik li ewskopolski
abb e ia ions: educed capi al le e s a e he L symbol mean ha he Polish language ma e ial
is aken om he co esponding Li huanian chap e s om A o Ż, numbe s I, II, III mean edi o ial
o de ; abb e ia ion d deno es a published o ansla ed pa o he dic iona y, LBug […] K. Būgos
edi o ial, A abic nume als deno es ca ds, a ached o a manusc ip , o pages.

94 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXVI
VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ, ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA
lie. buknósa (dū inys buka + nosis) ‘bukanosis’ = le. ęponos (L B I 37, L B II
60, J I 248): Tha is he books o e, which is he books o e. Acco ding o LKŽ,
eco ded in he dic iona y o Ju gio Šlapel; chal, b zuchala ‘człowiek wi h a la ge
lie. dublýs ‘didpil is’ = le. b zuchal (J I 357), lenkų a mėse a ojami b zu-
belly, a man, wi h a la ge belly, a (cen al and no he n Poland); Acco ding o
he LKZ, i is used in he cu en eas e n highland Pane ėžys council (Pane ėžys
pa ish), he a ian dblis is used in iški, Pociūnėli (Rad iliškio .) and Pak uojis; he
lie. Memeklis […] as in closed, mik ioja, mikčius[…] (LM d 30) // me meklis […] as in
closed, mik ioja, mikčius[…] (LM d 34) = le. occupying […] small-scale[…] ib. ; O he , o a
a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e : In he Polish language, such a pe son is
called a momo , zajęklak, zajękliwy. In Li huanian, i is used qui e widely: memeklis
[…] eas e n highland pane ėžys (ape Pane ėžį), eas e n highland u eniškių
(Duse os), me meklis […] wes e n Lukš aičių kauniškių (Ski snemunė, highlands); he
lie. The hand ha s umbles, s umbles; The pony ail, he pikchiu na: The cou se has
become all ha hand; he a ian uksl[…] = le. The e m used in he e minology is
zma szczocha (człowiek cały zma szczony) […]susi aukėlis (all-consuming man)[…]
(L R I 25). Names wi h he o m -ocha we e ypical o old Poland, bu un il now in
Polish dialec s hey a e p oduc i e as names o pe o me s o ac i i ies o
bea e s o quali ies, some imes exp essing a nega i e e lec ion o emo ions. In
he Li huanian language, ukšna, ukšla means ‘man who has u ned, u ned his
ace, u ned his ace; I 's spicy. Rukšn is common in wes e n highland Kauniškių
šnek os (Ma ijampolė, Vilka iškį, Ju ba ką) and sou he n highland (Aly ų) and ukšl
is used in lowland (k e ingiškių, a niškių, aseiniškių) šnek os; he lie. he ollowing
pa ag aph is added: LKJ is a s o e, o. he dial. I'm going o bed. The e m
' empo a y, empo a y, empo a y' is used in he ollowing con ex : Acco ding o
he LKZ, i was eco ded om Ku šėnai. In Li huanian dialec s, especially he
iesus, neapsikumpinęs, s ačias i lygus kaip ąs as ienmulinis, as š ý as (J). ~ le.
wes e n high-pi ched Kauniškių, he widesp ead a ian š y as, is included in he
dic iona y o Li huanian-Ge manic languages by F id ich Ku šaičius, whose da a
a e collec ed om he li ing and p in ed sou ces o he Li le Li huania.
Cha ac e is ic ea u es
Lie down. A man who is no poli e, who is no ude, who is no a man, who is no a man, who
is no a man, who is no a man, who is no a man, who is no a man, who is no a man, who is
no a man. The one who obs he eye, he opponen , he one who obs he eye (J I 7) = le.
he exp ession okodzio (dū inys d zeć + oko), d apieny ‘plėš us (L A II 8, L A III 4, J I 7). L. I inskis d apie[…]ny ansla es as plièszans, -nćzia (I) This is he i s ime I' e hea d o his.
A icles o he 95 h
D ikalbiai žodynai kaip kul ū os eks ai
(XIX a. kun. An ano Juškos žodynų pag indu)
54). I is used in Li huanian dialec s ( aka ų aukš aičių kauniškių, šiau ės žemaičių
k e ingiškių) and has en e ed he common language; he lie. Whoe e 's in he jumpe s
is in he jumpe s. a ached o he clo h ‘a ached as an e kė (L j I 5); In he pa
edi ed by Jono Jablonski, j[…]mpe kė, -kės (plg. o. Jung e chen) […]poniu ė (le.
panienka) […] (i is said paniekinamai): Tha woman is his (kelei ia) jumpe kė, i.e.
a ached o him as e kė in oxica ed (sc., in oxica ed) (J II 687). Jumpe ke gasužeis
walked (J II 687), plg. jumpé kis, -ė LKŻe is eco ded om he wo d A. Juškos. Da plg.
jùmp o a ‘panelė (plg. o. Jung au) also has a nega i e conno a ion: jump o a does
no pay o any wo k; I is eco ded in he ocabula y o he Li huanian and Ge manic
languages by Pilypo Ruig, in he P ussian Li huanian songs by Vilius Kal ai is (Kal ai is
1905: 123), in he Li auisches Lesebuch und Glossa (Schleiche 1857: 172), o en ound in
he songs w i en by A. Aškos, as well as in he collec ions o songs by Ludwig
Rus hausen (1935, 1937) and Leskien and Ka l B ugmann (B ugkien, 1882: 65).
Membe o he Cou o Jus ice o he Eu opean Union he lie. The neck is le. Dob u ki (L G
I 19), Ø ozkosznik (blessed) (L G II 34), dob y człowiek ( his equi alen is gi en by J.
Jablonski, and i is also no ed he e ha Juškos was blessed by ozkosznik, who is
de o ed o blessings) (J II 429). The plg. Swil, as in L. I inski's (I 460) dic iona y, means
"bea e ", "bea e ", ela ed o he goslus "bea e ", "bea e " and he aškažnas
"bea e , chee ul". A. Juška p obably wan ed o gi e his name ano he meaning ul
conno a ion one who gi es blessing o o he s. This wo d means good man, good man: You
will no become a bad pe son om a bad pe son (Valkininkai, Va ėnos .). L. I inski's
dob u ki is a pe sonal name, which ansla es as goodness, goodness (Giaŕnkŭ is, -ŭćzia I
46); The man who isi s (L M II 48 , L M d 45. L M II 48 , L M d 45). In Li huanian, i means a
lie. minkš pa is sakoma menkinamai apie ne ykusį, iš ižusį y ą, pažodžiui
eiškia ‘minkš as kiaušinis’ = le. eksp esy as miękojaj ‘człowiek uległy / nuo-
weak, humble, easily in luenced pe son; Please lie down. Minkšp ó is (L M II 49), also known
as minkšp is (L M d 45) = le. Swee po a oes he lie. I 's he che ies. The meaning o
his wo d is explained by A. Juška wi h an illus a i e example: Ku s kì šina, é zina o he
wi es, s ki šlys ~ le. he exp essi e ozjuszyciel […]sa is ied, dissa is ied[…] (Lk I 41, J III
129). Simila ly, F. Ku sai is explains in his dic iona y ki šin ojis: Ki šin ojis […] ku s ki šina
(K I 67). This name desc ibes a pe son who annoys, scolds, and scolds o he s. L. I insky's
adjec i e ozjuszony ansla es as "in oxica ed", "in oxica ed", "in oxica ed",
"in oxica ed" (I 456).
Wi hou con ex , i is di icul o ep oduce he exac meaning om he Polish
co espondence. The wo d ozjuszyciel is no used in ei he he cu en common
language o he e minology, bu such s uc u es, based on he his o ical
p oduc ion model o he Polish language wi h he o m -iciel -yciel, could ha e
exis ed in he hen-cen al. A. Juškos in he Polish wo d o dealing wi h nomen agen is meaning (plg.
96 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI, con aining he ollowing sec ions:
VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ, ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA
The e a e qui e a lo o examples o g abiciel, g yziciel, nagliciel, s aszyciel,
zwodziciel. I can also be ha A. Juška, seeking o ansla e symme y, c ea ed
he name o he pe o me o such an ac ion himsel om he pai s o ac ions o
e bs: ozjuszyć į . ozjuszać eik. ‘Pu ( o) o he emb ace, o be emb aced ( o
be emb aced) o o be emb aced. I 's ime o ac . ‘ o be ang y, o be ang y, o be
ang y a some hing o some eason.
O he , o a symme ical s uc u e: lie. The a ėkge is = he le. wa e hea e ,
d inking cup (L A II 106): Tén a ėlkge ej, usidá ę o he back, he back (J I 107);
Gi ŭklis ‘pijak (I 279) is eco ded in he I inski dic iona y.
The basis o he meaning o many o he wo ds men ioned is he nega i e
emo ional ela ionship o he speake wi h he subjec . I is his opinion abou he
alue o a pa icula pe son, and ha opinion is p esen ed no as a logical solu ion,
bu as he expe ience o eeling o he speake . These wo ds con ain a nega i e
e alua ion. Beha io , li es yle, and wo k. The nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he
nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he
nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he
nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale, he nigh ingale O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils "Walking, whispe ing, being in a s a e o shock" (J.I. 186). A. Juška also p o ides a synonym o blanke .
I is ob ious ha he Li huanian o m o he wo d desc ibes a pe son who sleeps,
ains a nigh , i.e. a nigh owl. Meanwhile, he Polish equi alen s mean in a gene al
sense […]slampinė oją, łazik, łazęga[…] om ac ion. łuc się […] o go somewhe e
wi hou a pu pose, o be unknown whe e, slampinė i, bas y is, anky is[…], om he
Lesse Sou h Polish e minology łuk […]man who likes o anky is[…], is also used in
he e minology as a igh wo d when e e ing o a icks e 's way, especially wi h
he meaning o woman; he lie. The boa man (L L II 4, L Bug Als) ~ le. The une al
k ó y zajmuje się pog zebem, u ządza pog zeb / as, ku is ūpinasi laido u ė-
di ec o , (Swil) s ops a en, miss, o ganizes une als. Simila ly, L. I inski's wo d
pog zebnik is ansla ed by Łjdowiec ‘who pu s he deceased, bŭdininkas (?) (I 296). I
seems ha A. Juška unde s ood he Polish equi alen o pog zebnik as a une al
a endan . In his sense, his name is used in Silesia and Kashubia. LKZ is also gi en he
meaning o a une al di ec o . He e is also he sen ence o A. Juškos: Laido u ininkai
e u ns om kapų, in which laido u ininkai mos likely also means ‘pa icipan s o
he une al; he lie. The pi a e. he bake who bakes and sells cakes (L p I 83);
Acco ding o SWil ‘ en, co pi ogi obi, p zedaje lub jadać je lubi is he one who makes
pyga us, sells hem o likes o ea hem, plg. lie. The bake is a pas y che . This name
has been eco ded
In John Hen y Kuncman's dic iona y ( he so-called K auzes dic iona y), F.
Ku šai is also included i in his dic iona y, and i is also men ioned in he
A icles o he 97 h
D ikalbiai žodynai kaip kul ū os eks ai
(XIX a. kun. An ano Juškos žodynų pag indu)
B e kūna Bible, used in he dic iona ies: eas e n highland pane ėžiškių
(G ūžiuose, Pas alio .) and sou he n lowland aseiniškių (Tau agė).
Social s a us (DICHOTOMINIS) o social s a us (DICHOTOMINIS) o a pe son o en i y
BENDRUOMEN'S DIVISION in o PONUS,
BAJORUS and VALSTIEČIUS) is he eby abolished and eplaced by he ollowing:
A e y la ge g oup o names in Li huanian is wi h he base wo d bajo as, e.g. lie.
bajó as, - ė (L B I 2, L B II 3, J I 183) ‘p i ileged landowne s, see also he a e age landlo d;
A man o p i ileged descen , he said, "I'm om Lauda, Ba a ia, and you' e om
Ca cassonne". The music is now Bajo u, i.e. i 's exclusi e. Jinai Bajo ė was bo n and
ma ied o Bajo ė (J I 183[…]184). The conno a ion o his wo d in 19 h-cen u y
Li huanian is neu al, posi i e. The e o e, i is possible o pu an equali y sign: = le. he
equi alen s o he language boja ‘bajo as, szlachcic ‘bajo as. In he manusc ip , A.
Juška was eco ded as a knigh (LB I 2) and a he o (LB II 3). Howe e , in he p in ed
e sion only szlachcic (J I 184); he lie. I'm no going o lie o you. […]da lub panna z odu
szlacheckiego, có ka szlachcica lady o lady om he Ba a ian amily, daugh e o a
Bajo an[…] (J I 183); he lie. he bayo kas = he le. 1. a diminu i e name meaning ‘(small)
syn szlachcica (small) bajo o sūnų); 2. "Poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo
poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo
poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo
poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo
poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo
poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo
poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo
poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo poo
poo 3. wi h a shade o yellow szlachcina (bajo ėlis) (L B III 4); in he p in ed e sion: syn
szlachcica; o a kind used in mo o ehicles O he ege ables p epa ed o p ese ed by inega o ace ic acid The second and hi d meanings o LKŽe a e no eco ded; he lie. Bajó edis ý a ádas bajó ų (J I 184) […]p zywódca boja ów (bajo ų adas)[…]~ wi h he ollowing ex : he dial. ma shal, commande o he ce emony; The highes F ench mili a y ank unde Napoleon I and Napoleon III. elde ly pe son; he eldes pa icipan in he wedding and so on. (Polish I 443) LK Ma shal has he s a us o a leading pe son: 1. ‘a pe son adminis e ing, leading in he eudal s a e appa a us;
bajo ų adas’; 2. ‘iškilmėms ado aujan is asmuo’; 3. ‘pi šlys’; 4. ‘ es u ių pul-
ko daly is’.
Ma shal (pl. ma shal o he middle ages) […] is a his o ical e m […]XV[…]XVIII cen u y […] he i s
minis e , s a e se an , 3 Liaudė […] he name o he his o ical egion, which is he Ba a ian
coun yside on he igh bank o he Ne a, mainly loca ed along he Pociun[…]Do nu a. The
Raseiniai Land Cou ac s, pu chase-sale and o he documen s o he end o he 16 h cen u y
p o ide a ai ly la ge amoun o da a abou he Li huanian Ba a ian (LE)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
4 He is "cowa dly, wi h a hai y bea d".
104 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXVI
VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ, ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA
I 's abou his o he physicali y, psyche and men ali y, exp essing o emo ions, ela ion o
o he s, p ac icing eligion and i uals.
Deli e ed on 4 Ap il 2017
VILIJA SAKALAUSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT[…]10308 Vilnius,
Li huania Municipali y [email p o ec ed] This is a lis o municipali ies in Li huania.
ZOFIA SAWANIEWSKA-MOCHOWA
Ins i u e o Sla ic S udies, Polish Academy o Sciences
J. Ba oszewicza g. 1B/17, 00-337 Wa szawa, Poland
Zo [email protected]