S aipsniai / A icles 75
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
The Uni e si y o Vilnius
Resea ch a eas: synch onous and diach onic
wo d-making, his o ical mo phology o Ge manic
languages, esea ch on he handw i ing o Bal ic bilingual wo ds.
D.O.L. Wo ds and ph ases
I'm using a iangle.
TERMINS AND DARYBINS This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ELEMENTŲ KLASIFIKACIJOS
Rega ding he Used Te minology and
Classi ica ion o Fo ma i e Elemen s in he
The heo y o wo d o ma ion
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Analyzing he 17 h-18 h cen u y manusc ip dic iona ies o bilingual Bal ic languages, we
encoun e ed no only he p oblem o in e p e ing he ypes o cons uc ion o Ge man
wo ds, bu also he p oblem o ca ego izing hem. I also s ands ou ha he app oach o
wo d-making esea che s o he wo ds o ea lie epochs a ies g ea ly, c ea ing
di e en e ms o explain mo e complex cases, hus e en complica ing he analysis o
diach onic phenomena. This a icle aims o d aw a en ion o he mo e opical p oblema ic
aspec s o he c ea ion o objec wo ds, o exp ess a c i ical iew o he accu acy o he
e ms used, o discuss he ypes o wo d making unde discussion, all illus a ed by
empi ical examples. The p oblem is o dis inguish be ween wo ypes o wo ds: some a e
complex wo ds wi h seman ically unexplained e bs, which canno be conside ed
synch onous, while o he s, due o he cha ac e is ics o e bs, occupy an in e media e
posi ion be ween e bs and e bs. ESMINIAI WORDS: wo ds made, de i a i es o a wo d,
de i a i es o a wo d, unique mo phemes, adjec i es.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Analysis o bilingual manusc ip dic iona ies o he Bal ic languages e eals a
classi ica ion p oblem o some wo d- o ma ion ypes o nominal compounds. The au ho also
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
Ac a Linguis ica LXXVI add esses he p oblem o di e en e minology used o desc ibe
simila e ms in synch onic wo d- o ma ion heo y, and di e en esea che s' posi ions on
he issues o diach ony. The e o e, i is di icul o in e p e he esul s o he analysis and
o de e mine which wo ds should be analyzed as o ma ions and which should emain ou side
he bounda ies o de i a ional analysis.
This a icle p o ides commen s and p oposals o he speci ica ion o he e ms and
discusses he de ini ion o di e en s a us o complex wo ds. The p oblem is exempli ied
by choosing wo ypes o complex wo ds: he i s ype co e s wo ds wi h seman ically and
demo i a ed cons i uen s, which a e synch onically no ega ded as compounds, while he
second ype includes he wo ds, which ake an in e media e posi ion be ween compounds
de i a i es.
KEYWORDS: wo d- o ma ion, nominal compounds, de i a i es,
pseudo-mo phemes, a ixed wo ds and ph ases.
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
The a icle discusses p oblema ic aspec s ha a e ele an o esea che s o
bo h synch onous and diach onic wo d o ma ion. When s udying scien i ic
li e a u e, one encoun e s, abo e all, excessi e e minology used o desc ibe
ce ain ypes o wo ds, which undoub edly makes he wo k o he wo d
esea che mo e di icul . On he o he hand, he lack o uni o mi y in he
sou ces o he de ini ion o phenomena does no allow a eliable in e p e a ion o
he esul s o he Ge man language su ey. The e a e imes when i is no easy o
decide whe he a wo d can s ill be analyzed e bally, o whe he i can be
conside ed a simple wo d. The a icle ocuses on wo ypes o complex wo ds: ones
ha do no ha e a su icien seman ic basis, and o he s ha ha e elemen s ha
occupy an in e media e posi ion in he wo d-making be ween he du ian wo ds and
he wo d-making o man s. In sol ing he ques ion o he in e p e a ion o he
wo d composi ion ep esen ing a complex s uc u e, he aim is o cla i y he
c i e ia o a mo e eliable assessmen o which Ge man nouns should be classi ied
as de i a i es o de i a i es and which wo ds should emain ou side he scope o
he wo d composi ion s udy. In o de o achie e his objec i e, he ollowing objec i es a e se :
1. P o ide insigh s in o he accu acy and p ecision o he e minology o
synonymy in he scien i ic li e a u e;
In o de o be e unde s and diach onici y, we need o unde s and he
complex s uc u e o wo ds and hei classi ica ion. A i s , he a icle
discusses he peculia i ies o wo ds wi h unique elemen s, and p esen s he
app oach o ep esen a i es o synch onous wo d making o hese wo ds
ha ep esen an unclea s anda d. A e e iewing he qui e di e se
A icles by A icles 77
Dėl žodžių da ybos eo ijoje a ojamų e minų i da ybinių
elemen ų klasi ikacijos
e minology used in he scien i ic li e a u e o desc ibe wo ds wi h his
s uc u e, i is desi able o make ce ain commen s and sugges ions on he
cla i ica ion o e ms.
The second pa o his a icle is de o ed o in e p e ing he de i a i es wi h
elemen s, also called a ixes in he science o wo d p oduc ion, which occupy an
in e media e posi ion be ween he de i a i es o he o iginal and he de i a i es
o he o iginal. Fo example, he bounda y be ween synch onici y and diach onici y
is highligh ed, i.e. i is speci ied when a wo d is s ill conside ed a de i a i e and when
i is al eady a de i a i e. The empi ical ma e ial o he s udy consis s o Ge man
XVII–XVIII a. žodynų: Cla is Ge manico – Li h ana ( ank aš inio XVII a. o-
wo ds collec ed om he ocabula y o hese Li huanian-Kie an languages
(www.cla is.de), he Lexicon Li huanicum ( he 17 h-cen u y ocabula y o
Li huanian-Kie an languages) (www.lex.de), he Ncas un B as mc ja Jna Langija
1685, he La ian-Vcisk dnca o su La ian g amma ( he 1685 h-cen u y
ocabula y o La ian-Kie an languages) (www.jnL) and he Lexicon
Ge manico-Li h anic and Li h anic-Ge manic B odm ( he 18 h-cen u y ocabula y o La ian languages).
1. DIRTY OR PAPRASTASIS? Wha is he meaning o he wo d "di "?
As Pe e O. Mülle no es, one o he p ocesses aking place in he his o ical
de elopmen o language is he o ma ion o unique mo phemes
(pseudomo phemes) om wo ds ha once exis ed and had hei own meaning
(Mülle 1993: 412). The e m "unico n mo pheme" e e s o a se o wo ds ha do
no exis as independen wo ds and a e no ound in o he dic iona ies, such as L22
Himbee n [Himbee en] […]a ie ė[…] ( he i s le e o he wo d Himsie is used wi h
he old Ge man wo d Himsie […]elnė[…] + Bee e […]enig[…]), L281 Maul[…]bee en
[bee enig[…]] […]kmeadow […] ( he Lex Mailds ein is spelled lo Mael […]kmeadow […] +
Bee e […]ga[…]), L58 […]B äugam […] - a a ia ion o he wo d S einbe g […] ( he i s
le e o he wo d S einbe g). Wo ds wi h simila meanings a e added up o a ew
decimals in he 17 h-18 h cen u y manusc ip dic iona ies (see Ja mala ičius 2014:
4849, 7576, 114115).
As men ioned, in he heo y o Ge man wo d o ma ion, he e m singula mo phemes is mos
commonly used o name hese indi idual elemen s, al hough, 1 Gi en he special s uc u e o
hese wo ds and he di e en app oach o hem in synch onous and diach onic aspec s, he
au ho a oids using he e m singula in he in oduc o y pa o he a icle.
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
Acco ding o he Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXVI by Elkė Donalies, e bs can also
be desc ibed in o he ways: as blocks, quasi o pseudomo phemes, as well as as
ple em2 (Donalies 2005: 41). Vince U bu is, seeing he s uc u al and seman ic
cha ac e is ics o hese wo ds, p oposes he concep o alleged s ones wi h a
esidual s one o desc ibe such "s ones" in he heo y o wo d making, poin ing
ou ha he la e is no a clea s anda d and because o he new s ones, so
wo ds wi h elemen s should emain ou side he scope o he s udy o wo d
making (U bu is 2009: 143 […] 144). A simila posi ion is held by P. O. Mülle , who a gues
ha he elemen s ound in some wo ds a e elics o he epochs o he ea ly
language, whose lexical meaning has al eady aded and can only be pa ly explained
e ymologically, so ha in e ms o he o ma ion o synch onous wo ds, he
de i a i es wi h hese mo phemes a e unde s ood as simple wo ds (Mülle 1993:
412). Rep esen a i es o ans o ma ional g amma e en, o example, classi y
du ian blackbe y […]ge uogė[…] as an unin elligible seman ic connec ion be ween
his wo d and i s adjec i es as a non-disc imina o y dic iona y, o. Himbee n,
ne ams, odėl, pasak jų, panašaus ipo dū iniai p iklausy ų diach oninei kalbos
eo ijai, o ne sinch oninės žodžių da ybos s ičiai (plg. Benczes 2006: 22). Re-
Maul=bee en, B äu igam, Bi ns ein would seem o be oo bold o be aken a ace
alue. I is also possible o explain why he wo ds men ioned should no be ea ed
as simple wo ds. Thus, he alleged de e mina i e du ies a e o. Flede maus and lie.
Today's na i e speake s o he language pe cei e a bu e ly as a "wings-bea ing
mole o some hing". Thus, i can be concluded ha he uniqueness o he wo d
elemen s o he a o emen ioned s uc u es, hei exis ence only in indi idual
examples and he abili y o explain hei meaning only e ymologically a e essen ial
ea u es ha allow hem o be dis inguished om o he lexical uni s included in
he wo d-making s udy.
Howe e , he ac s o he language o he ea lie pe iod can also be analyzed synch onously, so
he esea che should no o e look he ac ha he du ian dialec can s ill exis as an
independen wo d and can be explained bo h o mally and seman ically, e.g. In he Ge man lexicon,
a numbe o common wo ds can be ound, such as: Nach igal [Nach igall] ‘lakš ingala (Lexe :
dėmuo gal . . a. eiškė ‘singing, singing, and he e b galen ‘singing, singing) o L 264
Scho n=s ein [Scho ns ein] ‘kaminas (DWB can be ound a ew common wo ds, o example,
a ely used: daik a a dį Scho e(n), 2 Ge man nouns can also be ound in hese a ious elemen s
o he language, such as 70, Pseudople em, Himbee mo phem (Glück 2005). In English li e a u e, he
ollowing desc ip ions o wo ds wi h unmo i a ed e bs a e ound: c anbe y-wo ds o
c anbe y-compounds (e.g. Wälchli 2005: 100, 126, 147, 155), c anbe y mo phemes (Booij 2007: 30).
Ne e heless, in he heo y o wo d making, e ms c ea ed on he basis o a single unique
elemen o wo d should be a oided. This would make i possible o de ine each unique lexical uni in
i s own way, o example o. *Scho ns einmo phem, *Nach igalmo phem o lie. *shiknospa nio,
* i nago mo pheme and he like.
A icles o he 79 h
Dėl žodžių da ybos eo ijoje a ojamų e minų i da ybinių
elemen ų klasi ikacijos
meaning s anding ock, and he e b scho en meaning o ha e been o n ou , o
ha e been cu ou + S ein s one, e c.
Some schola s, such as Gee as Booij (2007: 30), also a ibu e de i a i es wi h he
i s su ix S ie i Schwiege , o example, o e bally unmo i a ed wo ds.
S ie a e […]pa ė is[…], S ie sohn […]posūnis[…], Schwiege el e n […]uoš iai[…]. This is
he i s ime ha his has happened. Ma ching he p e iously men ioned ypes o
wo ds does no seem o be en i ely he goal. I should be no ed ha he Ge man
elemen s S ie , Schwiege and Schwage a e also o en classi ied as a ixed (S epan
2009: 102) and con used (Fleische , Ba z 1995: 122), i.e. as o ma i e. The la e
s uc u al elemen s should be discussed mo e b oadly in o de o a oid con usion o
e ms. Con icks, like unique mo phemes, we e o med in he his o ical de elopmen o
he language om e e -independen lexemes, now ound only in ce ain wo ds. The
main di e ence be ween hem is ha he con ig, al hough no a p oduc i e elemen
o wo d making, exis s in wo d g oups. Meanwhile, unique mo phemes, such as :- Him,
Maul-, -gam, Bi n- [Be n-], a e ound only in some wo ds (Himbee e, Maulbee e,
B äu igam and Be ns ein). S ie e -Schweige is a e y good example o his, bu i 's
no possible wi h a unique elemen . Thus, al hough he unique elemen s o bilingual
wo ds and he a o emen ioned con ic ions a e cha ac e ized by a loss o
independen lexical meaning, he la e , howe e , do no dis inguish hemsel es by he
p oduc i i y o he c ea ion, bu pe o m he unc ion o he o man s o he
c ea ion o wo ds.
To summa ize wha has been said abou he wo-pa wo ds ha V. U bu is and
P. O. Mülle do no include in he sphe e o wo d-making esea ch, he la e iew
should be accep ed. Fi s o all, we mus no o ge ha he wo d o be
a ibu ed o a gi mus be no only o mally bu also seman ically g ounded,
he po en ial o he gi mus be conside ed. When alking abou compound
wo ds, i is impo an o no e ha he meaning o indi idual wo ds should no be
sepa a ed om he meaning o he whole. In his case, he connec ion be ween
he wo wo ds is blu ed, and one o hem is no e bally mo i a ed, so i is no
longe an aspec o he meaning o he wo ds o conside hem o be some hing
special o exclusi e, i.e. o duplica e he wo k ha would be done by
ep esen a i es o he e ymology o he wo ds. On he o he hand, by looking a
hese lexical uni s only o mally, he science o wo d o ma ion will no be able o ee i sel om he sphe e o mo phology, e en on he con a y, by concen a ing only on
The use o he wo d "S ie e " in he Ge man language is no en i ely accu a e, as he a ixed
wo ds a e pa icula ly p oduc i e, while he i s wo ds "S ie e " and "Schwiege " a e only
app op ia e in a small g oup o wo ds, i.e. hey a e no p oduc i e. 4 This will be discussed in mo e
de ail in he nex pa o his a icle.
5
In he Ge man language g amma , he new name S ie amilie (DUDEN 4 2005: 667) is ci ed in he 1999
publica ion Woche.

DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
80 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
he analysis o he s uc u e o he i ems, he e is a isk o con usion wi h he
excess, he c ea ion o e minology used in he g eek, which needs o be
explained in indi idual cases. This only complica es he s udy o he making o
diach onic wo ds. A e e iewing he cha ac e is ics o wo-wo d wo ds, one
o which is no e bally subs an ia ed, he mos app op ia e e m o desc ibe
i would be he e m "du ses wi h esidual s ones" p oposed by V. U bucius.
Howe e , bea ing in mind ha hese lexical uni s do no all wi hin he scope o
juolab nelaiky ini kompozi ais, inkamiausia juos bū ų į a dy i kompleksinės
he s udy o he cons uc ion o wo ds and he s uc u e o wo ds wi h a
cons uc ionally unmo i a ed s one o a cons uc ionally unmo i a ed complex s uc u e o wo ds.
2. D inking o D inking?
The wo d-making heo y is also widely discussed because o he in e media e
posi ion be ween he elemen s occupied by he du ian do s and he a ixes, also
called a ixes in he scien i ic li e a u e. Adjec i es a e hose elemen s o a
wo d's cons uc ion ha occupy an in e media e posi ion be ween he wo d
(leksemos) and he cons uc ion adjec i e. E. Donalies calls hese elemen s no
longe wo ds, bu s ill a ixes, and no es ha he o ma ion o a ixes om
sepa a e wo ds is a ypical phenomenon o he Ge man language. A simila posi ion,
ha wo d-making a ixes a ise om he de elopmen o he his o y o he
language o he du ian clo hs, is held by Dama ies Nübling (2010: 73). Howe e , his
phenomenon is no o eign o o he languages. V. U bu is has desc ibed in de ail he
o igin o he La ian p e ix -uzis, which has an abs ac ca ego ical meaning […] he
place o he subjec said in he main wo d[…], e.g. la. plūzis ‘peludė, sie ūzis ‘sū inė
o ūzis ‘ga e wi h oo a he op (U bu is 1993: 84 ). The a o emen ioned
wo d-making o m was o med om a ce ain middle Ge manic-language
land-language du s wi h he second dėmeniu -hūs (in Haus […]namas[…]) ype, e.g.
bakhūs (bakūzis) […]kepykla, obesys wi h duonkepe k osnimi[…], mün hūs
(mun hūzis) […]mone calcula o […] and so on. La e , as V. U bu is no es, he
negali bū i su okiamas kaip leksinis iene as, be ik kaip žodžių da ybos a ik-
o man -uzis, unlike -hūs, does no ha e a base wo d nex o i , i is al eady sas (U bu is 1993: 9295, 98).
Thus, a ixed wo ds ha ha e lexical meaning ( ue, mo e o less summa ized) a e
di e en om wo d-making a ixes, bu because o hei unc ion, limi ed
au onomy, hey a e simila o hese wo ds in conjunc ion. Fo mos wo d-making
esea che s, he naming o wo d elemen s occupiing an in e media e posi ion
be ween composi e elemen s and hei de i a i es as a ixes is he mos
accep able. Al hough in Ge manic li e a u e, as Julia S epan poin s ou , a ixed
may also be called o he wise, e.g. a ixed mo phemes, semi-a ixed, du ian a ixed,
A icles by A icles 81
Dėl žodžių da ybos eo ijoje a ojamų e minų i da ybinių
elemen ų klasi ikacijos
ela i e a ixed o a si a ixed (S epan 2009: 102). As P. O. Mülle a gues, keblum
also a ises due o he assignmen o a ixed wo ds o he ypes o wo d making,
because when s udying language in he diach onic aspec , i is no always easy o
a ibu e du s and edins (Mülle 1993: 410). A ixes a e usually di ided in o wo
g oups: 1) p e ixes ha pe o m he unc ion o p e ixes; 2) su ixes, pe o ming
he unc ion o p eposi ions and cha ac e is ic o mos o en a p eposi ion o
adjec i e.
Hans Al mann, e iewing he wo k o mode n Ge man, indica es he ollowing
su ixes: -gu , -k am, -k eise, -leu e, -ma e ial, - eich, - olk, -wel , -we k, -wesen,
-zeug. This is he i s ime I' e hea d o his. He classi ies p e ixes as ollows:
Al -, Ex-, Ko-, Maxi-, Mini-, Miss-, Mi -, Nich -, Vize- (Al mann 2011: 74[…]76). This lis
would be expanded o include hose elemen s o wo d o ma ion ha S epan
also in e p e s as a ixes, e.g. - au, -mu e , -nonne, -weib, G oß-, S ie -6
(S epan 2009: 101102).
Kilme a iksoids a e qui e close o he con iksa al eady men ioned in his a icle,
which W. Fleische is di ides in o wo species: o o eign o igin ( o. nich
heimische) and indigenous ( o. heimische) (Fleische 1995: 62). The i s g oup
includes he so-called neoclassical con essions, e.g. This Regula ion shall en e
in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The o he g oup includes he a o emen ioned
S ie i Schwiege . The main di e ence be ween na i e and non-na i e wo ds is
he e b p oduc i i y o he wo ds wi h hem: wi h non-na i e wo ds, especially
in mode n Ge man, he e a e many wo ds, while na i e (indigenous) wo ds a e
a e in he e b p oduc i i y (Elsen 2006: 138). Howe e , con ica ions should no be
con used wi h a ixes, as he la e a e s ill ound as independen wo ds,
whe eas con ica ions exis only in ce ain wo d g oups (Schu 2006: 259). T ue, wi h
S ie i Schwiege i is possible o make new wo ds, bu in ac in Ge man hese elemen s a e comple ely unp oduc i e om he poin o iew o wo d making.
In he 17 h- and 18 h-cen u y bilingual dic iona ies o he Bal ic languages, he lexical meaning o
niausiai ap inkami su iksoidai -we k, -wesen, -zeug, -gu bei p e iksoidas Haup -,
odėl juos eikė ų de aliau ap a i.
he wo d We k is […]place o p oduc ion[…] (in he sense o […]wo k, p oduc , e c. […] au . pas
Wesen), […]being, wo k […] (in he sense o Geschöp ), Zeug […] […]medziaga, ool […] (in he sense
o S o , Ge ä ), […] […] u […] (in he sense o Ve mögen), Haup […] Kop . As D. Nübling poin s
ou , i was al eady du ing he ea ly common Ge man (Vo neuhochdeu sch) pe iod ha he new
su ixes o he cons uc ion o he wo ks o a we e o med om We k, Wesen, Zeug and
Gu (Nübling 2010: 78). F ede ic Ha weg and Klaus Pė e is Wege a no e ha 6 This elemen
should be classi ied as indigenous ( om he o igin o one's own language) con ica ions, since
S ie -, unlike a ixidai, is no a p oduc i e o m o wo d o ma ion.
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
82 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI In he pe iod o he a o emen ioned
language, hese wo ds acqui e a de ined lexical meaning, sepa a ed om he
o iginal in he compounds, and become e y p oduc i e. The endency o
associa e such wo ds wi h he elemen We k has been pa icula ly p onounced
since he 16 h cen u y (Ha weg, Wege a 2005: 199), and o he schola s say e en
ea lie since he 14 h cen u y (Solling 2012: 45). D. Nübling poin s ou ha -we k
and -wesen a e usually abs ac in hei compound meanings, so hese su ixes
acqui e a common a is ic meaning o bo h: " he sum o wha is said in he i s
sen ence" o " he whole o wha belongs in he i s sen ence", e.g. The ishing
indus y, he li es ock indus y. The su ix -zeug is cha ac e is ic o he
collec i e […] iskas, which is used o wha is said in he i s sen ence[…]
meaning, e.g. The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he
in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. The
meaning o he su ix -gu can be di e en , no equal o he pa o he i s
owel language: in conjunc ion wi h he e b his elemen means […]wood
equi ed o he wo k p ocess o p ocessing[…], wi h he abs ac o he
objec wo ds i indica es complexes o imma e ial o igin (Fleische , Ba z 1995: […] 144, e.g. 143). Mahlgu […]malinys[…], Gedankengu […]min ys[…], also known as Mahlgu […]malinys[…].
Adjec i es -we k, -wesen, -zeug, -gu wi h he i s pa s o di e en languages
a e une enly p oduc i e. Acco ding o D. Nübling, all he elemen s lis ed can be
combined wi h he noun dėmeniu, bu he compound wi h he e b dėmeniu is mos
commonly ound in -zeug, while we k is much a e . A iksoidai -wesen and -gu a e
mos o en combined wi h objec -wo d s ems o de ine he p ope ies o
objec -wo d objec s (Nübling 2010: 79). Ludwig M. Eichinge , e iewing he nominal
wo d p oduc ion o he subjec ex s o he a o emen ioned pe iod, sugges s
ha om he 16 h cen u y onwa ds, he lexicon used loses his meaning and
acqui es ano he , ma king he "cen al posi ion" o "highes posi ion in he
sema Haup , eiškusi ‘kūno dalį – gal ą’ ( o. Kop ), is dažniau kaip pi masis
hie a chy", so his p e ix ul ills a unc ion cha ac e is ic o he lexicon.
(Eichinge 2002: 350) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
I should be no ed ha he e is no consensus among esea che s o synch onous
wo d o ma ion abou he s a us o he su ixes and p e ixes desc ibed. Jö gas
Meibaue is (2002: 30), Michaelis Lohdė (2006: 15, 112[…]113), W. Fleische is and I. Ba z
(1995: 145) a ibu e he elemen a y lexical meaning o he elemen s -we k, -wesen
and Haup žodži o he elemen a y a ixes, which ha e los hei o iginal meaning.
Meanwhile, he componen s -gu and -zeug a e conside ed by ecen esea che s
o be seconda y ga men s o he du ses (Fleische , Ba z 1995: 143[…]144).
Acco ding o Gisela Zi on, hey belong o he ca ego y o semi-su ixes o
a ixes (Zi on 2012: 131), while Johannes E ben mos o en pe cei es he e b
elemen s -we k and -wesen as su ixes (E ben 1975: 143), some imes calling hem
also e b p onouns o kuopinių daik a a džių (E ben 2001: 105).
A icles by A icles 83
Dėl žodžių da ybos eo ijoje a ojamų e minų i da ybinių
elemen ų klasi ikacijos
Thus, he opinions o schola s abou -we k, -wesen, -zeug, -gu and Haup s a us
a y g ea ly. In o de o assess whe he he elemen s discussed can be unde s ood
as objec i ely du ian pieces o as a ixed, a en ion should be paid no only o he
deg ee o abs ac ion o hei meanings and hei egis a ion in dic iona ies as a
sepa a e lemma, bu also o he posi ion in he du ian o hei amo phous
ansla ion. Fo example, in he 17 h-cen u y dic iona ies, "we ck" and "zeug" a e
p esen ed bo h as sepa a e wo ds and a e ound in he i s and second sen ences
o he du ses, e.g. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible
wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. I is
ue ha he e a e occasions when hese clo hes a e desc ibed in he sense o
making hem, e.g. : Cla is II-1162 Laubwe ck ‘Lapai, he e o e such a name should no
be classi ied as a dū īn. In he 17 h-18 h cen u y sou ces, he elemen "Gu Gu "
should also be conside ed, some imes also used in he sense o "goods, p ope y,
lobby, house o goodness" (see B 612 Gu , Gü e , Lex 44a Gü e ), e.g. Cla is II-1043
Kau =Gu […]Tawo as[…], B 795 Ki chen Gu […]Baznyczios Ge ybe[…]. I is loca ed
in he sou he n pa o he coun y. Ne e heless, he second owel -wesen, which
has aken on an abs ac meaning in he dū nis, is a ibu ed o he o man s o
he wo k al eady in he his o ical pe iod. Al hough he wo ds wi h his elemen in
he analyzed manusc ip dic iona ies, as a as hey we e able o eco d, a e no
ansla ed (p obably he au ho s o ha ime could no ind he igh wo d in he
Li huanian language. […] au . no e), e.g. Cla is II-868 Haußwesen ‘namų ūkis (au .
e imas), K iegs Wesen B 823 ‘ka yba (au . e imas), bu al eady om he DWG
gi en wo ds wi h -wesen explana ions seen in his hey also do no need o a ibu e
wo ds wi h he i s dėmeniu Haup -, los he o iginal meaning o ‘head and in
elemen o apibend in a eikšmė. Pa yzdžiui, žodis K iegswesen žodyne apibūdi-
namas, kaip ‘ka o padė is, ka iniai san ykiai’, Hauswesen – ‘nuosa ybė’. Dū i-
conjunc ion wi h he wo d-wo d such as s a bų asmenį and he essen ial hing o
hing, This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Wy esnie, he Wy aws.
To summa ize wha has been said abou he s uc u al elemen s men ioned, i
can be said ha ea lie epochal nouns wi h seconda y owels -we k, -zeug and
-gu , wi h he excep ion o a ew wo ds in which he lexical meaning o hese
elemen s is no longe clea ly exp essed, should be assigned o he dū ins. The
ac ha in he analysed 17 h- and 18 h-cen u y dic iona ies, he e bs wi h
hem a e ansla ed in o Li huanian wi hou de ia ing om he o iginal
language allows us o conclude ha a he ime he speake p esen ed he
men ioned elemen s 7 o he 17 h- and 18 h-cen u y examples o wo ds ansla ed in o Li huanian as o iginals.