98 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-8679-3253
Resea ch a eas: Li huanian e minology, his o y
o Li huanian medical e minology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A. The 19 h PAB. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
MEDICINOS TERMINŲ
In addi ion,
The Clause
On Polysemy o Medical Te ms o La e 19 h –
Ea ly 20 h Cen u y
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle discusses he mul i ace ed medical e ms used by Li huanian doc o s in he 19 h and
20 h cen u ies in popula ex s on medical and heal h issues. The e a e ew linguis ic e ms in he
medical e minology o he esea ch pe iod. Di e en meanings o such e ms a e e ealed in
he con ex o when he same e ms a e used in di e en con ex s. Mos o he e ms wi h
di e en medical (bo h main and seconda y) meanings we e aken by doc o s om he li ing
language by e minologizing he wo ds o ha language. Au ho ial plu ali y can be a ibu ed o
cases whe e he di e en medical meanings o a e m a e gi en o i by he doc o who has used
i in his o he ex . The e ms a e usually used in wo di e en medical meanings.
Discussing he e minology o he ea ly s ages o he o ma ion o medical e minology,
he a icle also p o ides an o e iew o he heo e ical insigh s in o he ques ion o
e minology. ESMINIAL WORDS: he plu al, he homonym, he plu al e m, he medical
e m, he e minology.
A icles o he 99 h
XIX a. pab. – XX a. p . medicinos e minų
daugia eikšmiškumo klausimu
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle discusses he polysemous medical e ms used by Li huanian doc o s in he 19 h
ex s on medical and heal hca e opics w i en in popula scien i ic s yle a he end o he
cen u y and he beginning o he 20 h cen u y. Such e ms a e no nume ous in he medical
e minology o he pe iod in ques ion. Di e en meanings o such e ms e eal in he con ex o
when compa ing he same e ms used in di e en con ex s. Mos o he e ms wi h di e en
medical (bo h p ima y and seconda y) meanings we e aken by doc o s om he o ma ion o
gene al language by ans o ming i s wo ds in o e ms. The so called au ho ’s polysemy in-
cludes such cases when a doc o (s) a ibu e(s) di e en medical meanings o he e m in
his/he / hei ex (s). Te ms a e usually used in wo di e en medical meanings.
In addi ion o he discussion on he polysemous e ms da ing back o he ini ial s age o
medical e minology, he a icle also e iews heo e ical insigh s on he opic o polysemy.
KEYWORDS: polysemy, homonymy, polysemous e m, medical e m,
e minology.
The amous Li huanian philosophe S asys Šalkauskas w o e in his wo k Te minology
Theo y and he Te minology o Li huanian Philosophy published in he jou nal Logos in
1925: "I a wo d acqui es a special signi icance in connec ion wi h a ce ain con ex , i
becomes he main condi ion o acqui ing a new special meaning. In his way, a
seman ic mani es a ion akes place, called polysemy. I is he "powe ha wo ds
ha e" o ake on di e en meanings acco ding o he di e en ways in which hey
a e used and o adhe e o hese meanings cons an ly in language" (Šalkauskis 1991: 44).
As is well known, one o he main equi emen s o he e m is accu acy, which is
ela ed o he singula i y, which is o en ea ed as he main p inciple o e minology
(see Lau én, Myking, Pich 1998: 246), […] implemen ed in a single concep .
kai į a dy i u i bū i a ojamas ienas e minas, p iešingu a eju oks e mi-
nas aiškin as kaip ūk inas, ne ikslus. Tačiau p ak ikoje šis eikala imas sunkiai
1 Logos […] is a jou nal o eligion, philosophy, compa a i e s udies and a . The public o ganiza ion
Logos has le . I publishes a icles on philosophy, heology, eligion, my hology, cul u al s udies,
ansla ions o classics o philosophy and li e a u e, ep oduc ions o wo ks o a . Li huanian and
o eign schola s and cle ics made up he jou nal's college. I was published by he publishing house o
he same name in 1921 (publishe and edi o P. Do yday is) and by he publishing house o he same name in 1939 (publishe and edi o P. Do yday is) (S ančienė, 2008: 573).
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
100 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
Daugia eikšmiškumas2 s a bus ne ik leksikologijos, be i e minologijos3
he ques ion. I s phenomenon has been conside ed mo e b oadly o mo e na owly
in a ious his o ical pe iods, beginning wi h an iqui y (see T eguo 2011: 179).
Opinions, o en con adic o y, he ci cums ances led o he ele ance o he mul i-pu pose esea ch (ž . This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
121).
A polysemy is a change in he seman ic bounda ies o a wo d, an expansion o
na owing o i s o iginal meaning (Ma kowi z, 1974, Volbeck, 2017, 75), in which
se e al concep s (especially o a single subjec a ea) a e named by he same
lexeme. G aphically, he plu ali y can be ep esen ed as ollows:
Daugia eikšmiškumas
The Tu inys o Raiška
A
x
B
And he mo e o en he e m is used, he g ea e he likelihood o inding new meanings o i ,
i.e., o inding a plu ali y o meanings. I is belie ed ha he plu al is mo e cha ac e is ic o a
simple mo phological and e b e b e b e b han a loanwo d o a less commonly used and
e bally complex e b (see Ma ko ic 2017: 75). I has been hough ha plu ali y complica es
he communica ion o specialis s and scien is s, because he e m lexicon, as men ioned, is
cha ac e ized by one-wo d ela ions: one sign […] one meaning (Kozhano , 2014), which is why
plu ali y has adi ionally been conside ed one o he main p oblems, sho comings o
e minology (G ansky, 1993: 99; Ki a, Rossenko, 2013: 116; Nash, 2013: 139). Howe e , in spi e o
his, plu alism exis s in e minology and, appa en ly, his seman ic phenomenon mus be
allowed, al hough, on he one hand, he e m as a zen ach, on he o he hand, he e ms, being
he wo ds o he li ing language, su e ed om all hose 2 plu alism, he o he seman ic
phenomenon […] homonymia (see mo e. Danilenko: 70; Supe anskaya and k . 1989: 45; P okho o a
klo p igim is lemia iena eikšmius ženklo i ženklinamojo dalyko san ykius,
1996: 8; Ta a yno 1996: 177; 287; Jakai ienė 2009: 101 […] 111) is no discussed in his a icle.
Lau én, Myking, Pich 1998: 244; Емельянова 2003: 390; Марузо 2004: 216; Ахманова 2005:
3 Robe S unjin, who s udied he cons uc ion o he Daugia eikšmius people's e minus (S unjin 2009:
68–92).
4 Polysemy is also called seman ic a ia ion (see Ta a ino 1996: 178; Kozhano 2014: 354). 5 The scheme
was d awn up by Ch is e Lau én, Johan Myking and He ibe Pich (see Lau én, Myking, Pich 1998:
244).
A icles by A icles 101
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he in luence o lexical-seman ic p ocesses in language (see Danilenko 1977: 65). In
eal, no ideal e minology, plu al e ms a e no e ained. Polysemy is no an
anomaly and a coincidence i pe o ms ce ain unc ions. I is ue ha o a long
ime i was belie ed ha he plu al lexical uni is non- e minal and canno ha e he
s a us o a e m (Kiselo a, Rosyano a 2013: 115). Simila ly […] is:
Daugia eikšmiškumas daugelio mokslininkų sup an amas i apib ėžiamas
• he abili y o a wo d o ha e se e al meanings (Danilenko 1977: 65);
• eiškinys, kai as pa s žodis u i kele ą a pusa yje susijusių eikšmių, pa-
p as ai a si andančių keičian is i plė ojan is pi minei o žodžio eikšmei
(Головин, Кобрин 1987: 48);
• he use o he same wo d in wo o mo e meanings (Supe anskaya e al.
1989: 42);
• phenomenon whe e a wo d o a combina ion o wo ds has se e al
meanings (Gai enis, Keinys 1990: 44);
• he abili y o a language uni o ha e mo e han one meaning (Emelyano a)
2003: 486);
• he abili y o a wo d o ha e di e en meanings (Ma uzo 2004: 216);
• o pa ies žodžio gebėjimas u ė i kele ą a pusa yje susijusių eikšmių, pa-
The wo d "p ide" is de i ed om he wo d "p ide" and is a de i a i e o he
wo d "p ide" (Akhmano a, 2005, p.
• he unc ioning o e ms in se e al e minological meanings in he same
ield (Ta a ino 2006: 177);
• eiškinys, kai e minas į a dija ski ingas ienos a kelių a imų s ičių są-
okas (Ходакова 2009: 121);
• he abili y o a single lexical uni o ha e mul iple meanings (Ch omá 2011: 46);
• phenomenon whe e a wo d has se e al in e ela ed meanings (Kisele a, •
Росянова 2013: 115);
he cha ac e is ic o a e m o ha e wo o mo e meanings (Nashiwangko 2013: 138).
The plu al o m o a wo d ( e m) usually has a p ima y meaning, om which addi ional meanings
eme ge (see Supe no a e al. 1989: 43). I is belie ed ha plu alism is de e mined by he lexibili y o
he s uc u e o he lexical uni , which helps i o acqui e new con en (see Danilenko 1977: 65). The
e m "mul i-pu pose" can be used o e e o a a ie y o hings, such as he use o he wo d
"mul i-pu pose" in a sen ence, he use o he wo d "mul i-pu pose" in a sen ence, he use o he
wo d "mul i-pu pose" in a sen ence, o he use o he wo d "mul i-pu pose" in a sen ence. An
a emp is made o look o mo e signi ican easons in he language economy […] linguis ic
elemen s a e used […]economically[…]: he minimum numbe o e minological uni s can con ey he
(термин-донор) (Бекишева, Грошева 2017: 43).
7 Da adinamos šalu inėmis eikšmėmis (Jakai ienė 2009: 89).
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
102 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
maximum numbe o meanings (see Gangemi and k . 2000: 285, 289; Kisele a, Rosyano a 2013: 116[…]117;
plg. The numbe o lexical uni s o nouns is he numbe o nouns (see Kisele a, Rosyano a 2013:
116[…]117). Quan i a i e and quali a i e e minological plu ali y a e dis inguished. The e m is used in
a a ie y o con ex s, such as he con ex o a gi en opic, he con ex o a pa icula opic, he
con ex o a pa icula opic, he con ex o a pa icula opic, he con ex o a pa icula opic,
gali as is i dėl ski ingos o pa ies eiškinio in e p e acijos ( adinamasis au o-
he con ex o a pa icula opic, and so on. Occasionally, he e m plu al is used as a synonym o
he e m singula . Howe e , acco ding o Vik o Ta a ino , he plu ali y is only one a ia ion o he
singula i y. The e minology in oduced in o scien i ic ci cula ion he concep s o ambisemia8 and
eu isemia9 as species concep s nei he 8 Ambisemia (ambisemia) […] one o he non-speci ic ypes o
he e m. The concep o ambigui y
Росянова 2013: 118).
In 1987 he was eplaced by V. Ta a ino . Ambisemia (La in ambi- ← g . άμφί aplink, abou + σήμα
ženklas) is a ea u e o he e m o unc ion in speech wi h a di e en seman ic scope, a
ea u e ha is de e mined by many ex alinguis ic ac o s ( he e m is used by di e en
schools, schola s, in di e en ields o scien i ic de elopmen ) (Ta a yno 2006: 14; pl.
Naši anko 2013: 141 […] 143). This phenomenon is also called concep ual plu alism (koncep ualna
многозначность) (Сакаева 2017: 114).
9 Eu ysemia (e isemia) […] is one o he o ms o he e m unequi ocali y. The e m began o be
used by V. Ta a ino in 1987. Eu isemija (g . ερς pla us + σήμα ženklas) is unde s ood as a special
e m o a ne wo k wi h an inde ini e numbe o deno a ions. Eu ysemia is usually common among people o he same age.

S aipsniai / A icles 103
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eikšmiškumas a ž ilgiu. Ambisemija sup an ama kaip u inio neapib ėž umas,
eu isemia […] as a p ope y o a e m is associa ed wi h an inde ini e numbe o deno a ions, and
polisemia […] as a p ope y o a e m is o ha e wo o mo e meanings e lec ing logical
connec ions o in e ela ed concep s. These concep s a e exp essed as ollows: monosemia […]
ambisemia […] polysemia […] eu isemia (Ta a ino 2006: 44). o look somewha di e en ly […] as in he
Taigi, ilgainiui po p ieš a ingų nuomonių ko os į daugia eikšmiškumą im a
phenomenon o […]dėsningą sys em o language, which e eals he seman ic mo emen o language,
he abili y o people o economically sys ema ize non- e bal a ional e ms is a equi emen (ž .
ik o ę (ž . Jakai ienė 2009: 87). Viena eikšmiškumas e minologijoje aip pa
imamas sup as i kiek lais iau – ik kaip endencija, pageidau ina ypa ybė a ba
139 Ou 2013; plg. Keinys 1982: 89 […] 90). Uniqueness is no a p ope y o he e m, bu only a
equi emen o i . Alexande Re o ma sky w i es ha he e m monosemism should be
unde s ood only wi hin he limi s o he e minological ield, i.e. a ce ain e minology (c .
Supe no a e al. 1989: 44, 47). Objec […] medical e ms wi h mo e han one meaning ound in he
popula ex s o Li huanian doc o s in he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies on medical and heal h issues10.
The selec ion o sou ces is guided by se e al p inciples. Fi s , books o a icles w i en by amous
Li huanian doc o s (An anas Vileišis, Kazijus G inius, S as Ma ulaičius, Juozo Bagdono, Kazimie as
Jokan as, Vinco Kudi kas, e c.) we e aken om newspape s, and ano he a icle om calenda s.
Second, he medical and heal h ex books ha he doc o s men ioned we e popula ly w i en and
in ended o he common people o ead. The wo ks o physician A. Vileis and K. G inius s and ou
o he abundance o ex s. In pa icula , A. Vileis published many popula books and a icles in
newspape s. K. G inius mainly w o e in his edi ed newspape S eika as. F om non-specialized
subjec s and asks. I is de ined o expe ience he plu ali y o he e ms o he o ma i e s age
o he o iginal Li huanian medical e minology. To his end, he 19 h- and 20 h-cen u y popula
ex s we e published; (2) iden i y he meanings o hose e ms and desc ibe hem in con ex ; 3) o
ind ou wha is cha ac e is ic o hese e ms and wha is he assump ion o hei o igin in
iodinių laik aščių, ku iuose bu o skelbiama gydy ojų medicinos s aipsnių, ga-
lima minė i Ūkininką, Va pą, Šal inį, Vilniaus žinias, A oją, Gydy oją, S eika ą.
medical e minology. scien i ic e ms and gene al echnical e ms. The composi ion o such e ms
allows he e m
mi okie užda iniai: 1) su ink i ne ieną eikšmę u inčius medicinos e minus
minui bū i begalinia eikšmiam (Татаринов 2006: 247). Šis eiškinys da adinamas plačia eikšmiš-
kumu (широкозначность) (Гончарук, Гущина 2009: 123).
10 Išsamesnę šio laiko a pio medicinos šal inių apž algą ž . Zemle ičiū ė 2009: 71–83.
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
104 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXIII
The me hodology. When alking abou he mos impo an medical e ms, he
me hods o desc ip ion, analysis (mos ly), in e p e a ion and compa ison a e used.
The la e applies by linking he meanings o medical e ms wi h he ixed meanings
o he academic Li huanian ocabula y (LKZ) and he medical ocabula y (MedZ),
looking a simila i ies and di e ences, as well as coincidences o di e ences. Much
a en ion is paid o he con ex o medical e ms […] illus a i e sen ences a e
p esen ed in he o iginal language, because only he con ex ully e eals he
con en o he e m (Z .: Goncha uk, Gušina 2009: 125; Ma ko ich 2017: 76; Volbe g 2017:
75; Sokolo , Ki illo a, 2017). The esea ch ma e ial is discussed as i in sepa a e
a icles, i.e. he e m is w i en in la ge hal -black le e s, he meanings and hei
discussion a e p o ided a e he abb e ia ion, he La in co espondences. Fo
isual pu poses, e ms and hei meanings a e gi en in he ables. Resea ch sou ces
mainly con ain wo-dimensional ( he e is one h ee-dimensional and one
ou -dimensional) names o body pa s and o gans, names o diseases, and
ienas ki as ki okias medicinos są okas į a dijan is pa adinimas.
Toliau ap a iamas pluoš as ne iena eikšme a o ų medicinos e minų, su-
collec ions om a ious popula ex s in he ield. They a e p esen ed in h ee
g oups acco ding o he numbe o meanings o he e ms.
O he medicinal p oduc s
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion
The bina y plu al o medical e ms. This is he mos abundan measu e used by
cinos e minų g upė – dažniausiai e minai eks uose as i pa a o i d iem ski -
ingomis medicininėmis eikšmėmis.
VEIDAS – „ eidas“ (lo . acies) i „sk uos as“ (lo . zygoma). Te minas ei-
Li huanian doc o s in he usual o ma ion (basic) and sc ew (subs an ial)
(subs an ial) meanings.
The main meaning o he o m was used exclusi ely by all he physicians o
he pe iod in ques ion: Adomas Ske e is (1890, 1931) , An anas Vileiš (1895, 1899,
1901, 1915 and 1924), Eliziejus D augelis (1911-1914), Jonas Basana ičius (1885,
1887), Jonas Šliupas (1885, 1914), Juozas Bagdonas (1890, 1892), Kazimie z
Jokan as (1912), Kazys G inius (1899, 1919 and 1921), Ma as Ma as A izonis
(19008), Pe as Ma as Ma ulai is (1911), S asys Kudulai is (1899189, 1899, 1902)
and Vincas Ma y ka we e he only physicians o use he o m.
1895):
A icles o he 105 h
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[...], when he opalescence appea s, he whole o his body is co e ed wi h spo s, which
some imes appea on his ace, sc a ching him, and hen e e yone can see wha has
happened o he man. On he hi d day, look, i s a s o u n b own, mos ly om he
ace and head, ini ially wi h ed spo s, spo s, some imes wi h spo s on he head. The
e m "skin" was used by physician J. Bagdonas (1890), S . Ma ulai is (1902). By he way,
he meaning o " ace" is usually used in he plu al: We eel swea only when, whe he
we a e wo king ha d o in ho wea he , we swea so much ha i comes ou o ou
nos ils ha i doesn' expec o come ou o ou nos ils and he e a e la ge
d ople s o wa e on ou nos ils ha s a pou ing down ou shoulde s, shoulde s
and hands. 1902 ZK 133 and
Tha 's how hey go in o he coun y. The aces a e ypical o he ela i es
1890 3 39
Te minas Reikšmės
o he illage s. Face o he ace o he cheek
PILVAS […] […]belly[…] (Lo . en e ) and […]sk andis[…] (Lo . gas e ) a e also
gydy ojų a o as „kūno dalies, ku ioje y a i škinimo o ganai“ (pag indine) i
used. The e m "abdomen" e e s o he wides pa o he diges i e
ac , he s omach. He was also a membe o he Boa d o T us ees o he
Ame ican Medical Associa ion (AMA) and se ed on he Boa d o T us ees o
he Ame ican Medical Associa ion (AMA) om 1891 o 1919 and again om 1910
o 1920 and again om 1910 o 1920.[1] He was also a membe o he Boa d o
T us ees o he Ame ican Medical Associa ion (AMA).[2]
Ligonį iszbe ia ne ik isz i szaus, be i bu noj, gomu yj, ge klėj, dagi, sako, pil e
i ža nose. U 1892 6/7 233
The smell o obacco s imula es he sense o smell and as e, which is e lec ed in
he mo emen , as i i we e sucking in i s own as e. LB 2 6 A. Vileis called he
s omach (1895, 1905, 1924) he s omach: The e o e, do no s a d inking and ea ing
oo many ho hings, because hey can damage he ee h and he s omach
(s omach). VZ 1905 289 ou
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
In Ac a Linguis ica Li uaniana, he au ho uses he wo d "gas oen e i is" in
a simila way.
pa adinimus: pil as (skil ys) NG 1924 85, pil as (sk andis) SG 1905 16, skil ys
(pil as) NG 1924 78, skil ys, a ba pil as NG 1924 78, sk andis (pil as) VŽ 1905
289 4, 1906 KU 55: This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o he Commission's p oposal.
The e o e, a oid d inking and ea ing oo much ho ood, which can damage you
ee h and s omach. VŽ 1905 289 4 The abdomen o he abdomen was also called by
o he doc o s […] K. G inius (1890), S . Ma ulai is
P. A ižonis (1896-1913), who was a membe o he
Some o he coke is: mou h, s emplē (s omach o s omach), s omach,
laibosios [...] źa nos and s o osios, which a e closed by he ga e o he
s omach. U.S.A. 39: T ea men o Colon and Colon Diseases U 4 o 1896 28
Te minas Reikšmės
belly belly
PILVELIS […] he en icle o he hea and he sc een o he hea . The
e m pel is e e s o he di e en sys ems o he hea and blood essels and
i škinimo – o ganai.
A. Vileišis e miną pil elis a ojo „ši dies skil elio“ eikšme:
In he blink o an eye, I signed bo h o hem. Closed he ca i ies o bo h he la ge and
pulmona y eins, opened he co e , he gulle a he en ance o he pel is (chambe ),
and he blood om he uppe chambe s lowed in o he abdomen. Bu she didn' mo e
o ano he second, as he s omach was al eady wi ching. In he la e 19 h cen u y, a
g oup o scien is s called he "Bac e iophilus" (Bac e iophilus) disco e ed ha he
1909–1911, 1915):
bac e ia ha en e he human s omach, o in es ine, when hey lea e he s omach
luid, cause nausea, omi ing, and dia hea. Limp Bizki (LIMP) is a bac e ium ha
en e s he in es inal ac om he small in es ine. In he ea ly 1900s, D . A. W. Willey
used wo synonyms o he diges i e ac : he diges i e ac o he diges i e
ac . - "G.
Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Wille-
A icles by A icle 113
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daugia eikšmiškumo klausimu
Te minas Reikšmės
y-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey-Willey."
4. Mul iple medical e ms. One e m was ound o be used in as many as ou
di e en languages in he ma e ial unde in es iga ion.
ingomis medicininėmis eikšmėmis.
GYDYKLA […] […]medicine, medicine[…] (La in: medicamen um), […]ku o as[…] (La in:
Ku o ), […]ligoninė[…] (La in: hospi al) and […]sana o ium[…] (La in: sana o ium). I
is also known as […]medicine[…]. The e m "hospi al" is used in he meanings o
"pha macy", " eso ", "hospi al" and "sana o ium". This e m shall be used
oge he wi h he common ea men e m. The he apeu ic name o he clinic
K. G inius (1910), A. Ske e is (1906), J. Šliūpas (1885) is he name o he pha macy:
He says ha doc o s should dis ibu e clinics o he sick acco ding o he numbe
o pa ien s and no he numbe o pa ien s, so ha […]ju eliams[…] would ha e enough o he ypical medicine o he li le ones. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
325
O en, i he e is a ha dening o he abdominal ca i y, i is necessa y o open
he abdominal ca i y o he hospi al [...]. S k 1910 11 and 5
The e m "cu e" was coined in a 1908 book by A. Vileš in a place wi h na u al
emedies and wo king clinics: one o he doc o s engaged in liuosa p ac ice in he
clinic ( eso ), o which he seams esses we e a ached, ha he
seams esses who came o his ci y o wo k and ook ca e o he seams ess's
clo hes, we e e y igh ly d essed in he same seams ess. 1908 VZ 96 ou
In he i s edi ion o he book Wha o Do o Be Heal hy and Li e Long (1895) by
A. Vileishis, he e m "hospi al" is changed: One pe son will no help he pa ien
and will no ake ca e o o he s om in ec ious diseases, as he ea men o
he pa ien in a sepa a e hospi al. The e m "na u al healing" was coined by S .
Ma ulai is in his 1913 a icle, "Clinic."

PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
114 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
Daugelis ligonių p ieš įs odami į gydyklą, jau bu o gydęsi b omu [...]. MG 1913
1 16.
The Russian e m wi h he main meaning o sana o ium (sana o ium) is
pa a ojęs S . Ma ulai is:
The doc o . Amman desc ibes [...] how he ea ed an epilep ic in he Zu ich
epilep ic clinic. The MG 1913 1 16
Te minas Reikšmės
hospi al
pha macy
ku o as
sana o ija
Finally, i is impo an o no e ha Li huanian doc o s, when w i ing abou medical
and heal h issues, sea ched o e ms p ima ily in e e yday language. This was he
main sou ce o he names o he wo ds o he medical concep s hey needed.
Mos o he wo ds in his language we e adap ed by doc o s o medical
e minology […] hey e minologized hose wo ds. Thus, i is sa e o say ha he
medical e minology o he pe iod unde conside a ion is he leas dis an om
he li ing language, and he e o e has inhe i ed all i s cha ac e is ics, as well as
i s plu ali y. Doc o s used he wo ds in he medical sense known o o dina y
people, because hese we e he main eade s o hei w i ings. They didn' w i e
o bo ow e ms i hey could ind hem in a li ing language. Thus, i a wo d is used
in humani y in mo e han one medicinal sense, i is also used in he w i ings o
physicians in he same sense. This is con i med by a compa ison o medical e ms
and hei meanings wi h he LKZ. You can see ha mos o he medicinal meanings
a e ixed in li ing language. The s udy con i ms he heo e ical s a emen ha
seman ic de i a ion […] he name o a common wo d […] was he mos accessible,
simple and con enien me hod (P okho o a 1996: 13[…]14) in he ini ial s age o he
o ma imosi e ape, nes nebu o didelio kalbinių p iemonių pasi inkimo specia-
lioms są okoms į a dy i. Šis būdas, kaip ma y i ap a us i iamąją medžiagą, aip
o ma ion o many e ms is also cha ac e is ic o he ini ial s age o he o ma ion o Li huanian medical e ms.
I should be no ed ha medical e ms ha name mo e han one hing, which
oką, pe žiū ė uose i iamojo laiko a pio eks uose nė a gausu. Tai pa i ina
esea che s ha e ound o be a mani es a ion o plu ali y, a e a e in medical
e minology (Sakae a, 2011; p. Sokolo a, Ki illo a, 2017; Bekishe a, he s age is no
Грошева 2017).
A icles by A icle 115
XIX a. pab. – XX a. p . medicinos e minų
daugia eikšmiškumo klausimu
APIBENDRINAMOSIOS IŠVADOS
Daugia eikšmiškumas p adiniam lie u ių medicinos e minijos o ma imosi
e y cha ac e is ic […] om a ai ly la ge numbe o sou ces (see 98 ex s o
a ious scope and di e en au ho s o doc o s o he 19 h cen u y […] 20 h
cen u y popula ex s in he ield o medicine and heal h) ound only ele en
e ms ha doc o s use in mo e han one medical sense. I was ound ha he
limi s o some medical e ms we e no e y s ic du ing he s udy pe iod.
Such e ms do no ha e he cha ac e is ics o basic scien i ic e ms, such as
accu acy, hey a e subjec o he laws o he li ing language, because hey a e
used by doc o s and pa ien s.
The di e en medical meanings o e ms a e ully e ealed only in he con ex o
when he same e ms a e used in di e en con ex s. Thus, i is possible o ag ee
wi h he s a emen ha con ex has g ea signi icance in ecognizing
mul i-pu pose e ms, because wi hou con ex i would be di icul o de e mine
wha meaning he e m is used in.
Acco ding o he LKZ, mos o he e ms used by doc o s in hei popula ex s,
he medical meanings known in li ing meanings, we e adop ed by doc o s om ha
kalboje.
Daugia eikšmiais medicinos e minais eina gy osios kalbos žodžiai, i omis
language. Thus, i can be a gued ha he e ms s udied we e no ye a om he
li ing language, and hei plu ali y was pleased wi h he p ocess o e minalizing he
wo ds o ha language, in o he wo ds, he plu ali y o medical e ms was pleased
wi h he plu ali y o he wo ds o he li ing language. On he o he hand, in medical
ex s, hey a e no longe wo ds o he li ing language, bu e ms. So, ollowing he
pa h o e minology, he e a e Vedic e minology wi h mul iple meanings, and one o
žėja. Tai paneigia eiginį, kad daugia eikšmiškumas e minologijoje y a papli ęs.
A lik as y imas paneigia eo inę įž algą, kad pap as os mo ologinės i da-
ybinės sanda os e minas linkęs į daugia eikšmiškumą. Didesnė dalis ap a ų
hem is […] compound e m. I has been obse ed ha in some cases he same e m
has been used by mo e han one physician wi h di e en medical meanings. I is
possible ha he au ho s o la e ex s, physicians, we e amilia wi h he wo ks
o hei colleagues and simply adop ed he e ms wi h he same meanings.
In e ms o quan i a i e plu ali y, he ex s examined a e domina ed by bina y
plu ali y, i.e. he e ms a e mos commonly used wi h wo di e en medical
meanings. The plu al o h ee and ou is no p esen .
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
116 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXIII
Kokybinio daugia eikšmiškumo a ž ilgiu būdingas idudalykinis daugia-
eikšmiškumas, . y. e minai ski ingomis medicininėmis eikšmėmis a ojami
and in he ield o he same subjec (medicine). The e a e mani es a ions o
au ho 's mul i ace edness. Howe e , he e a e cases whe e he use o e ms
in mo e han one meaning can be conside ed an indi idual o andom exp ession.
This is also e iden in cases whe e he medical meaning o he e ms is no
eco ded in he LCH, so i can be assumed ha he meaning o he e m will be
gi en o i by he doc o who has used i in his o he ex . Occu ing medical
e ms wi h mul iple meanings indica e ha a he ini ial s age o he o ma ion
o Li huanian medical e ms, some medical concep s had no ye se led and
c ys allized. I would be impossible o ag ee wi h he s a emen ha he plu al
e m is non- e minal. The e ms o he o ma i e s age o he o iginal
Li huanian medical e minology should be conside ed as e ms, because hey
clea ly name speci ic medical concep s.
Summa y
A – Auš a
A by A ois
BK […] Exchange calenda
BL […] Abou he bad disease o syphilis (F ench)
ChA – Apie chole ą i kaip nuo jos apsisaugo i
ChK […] Chole a and he igh agains i
[…] Jiowa is
Gd […] The guide
GK […] How li e mani es s i sel in he human body
KMŠK […] Chole a, plague, hea and bloody KU […] How
o su i e sp ing, summe , au umn and win e
LB […] Li huanian oice
LimpL – Limpamosios Ligos i Kaip nuo jų išsisaugo i
Ly L – Ly iškos Ligos i Kaip nuo jų apsisaugo i
MG […] Medicine and na u e
NG […] Gene al p ac i ione
PP […] Fi s aid in acciden s PM […] Ad ice o
women who wan o be heal hy
RČ […] Raupų čiepyjimas (Raupų čiepyjimas) also known as Raupų čiepyjimas o Raupų čiepyjimas
RP – Rūgš asai pienas p o . Mečniko ’o
[…] Wha can you do o make you home heal hy and long-li ed?
A icles by A icles 117
XIX a. pab. – XX a. p . medicinos e minų
daugia eikšmiškumo klausimu
S k […] Heal h
Shel e s […] Shel e s
[…] Fa me
V […] The ail
Vl […] Vil is is he name o he i e .
VŽ […] Vilnius news ŽK […] How he
human body is a anged ŽL […] Human
diseases
ŠALTINIAI
[A. S.] 1906: The unce ain y and he in ec ion. Li huanian a me 19, 253254. [A. V.]
1905: Abou he midwi e's g eenhouse and how o p o ec you sel om i . […]
Vilnius news 118, 4. [A. V.] 1905: Wha o Ea in he Win e ? […] Vilnius news 289,
3[…]4. [A. V.] 1909: How o P o ec You sel F om Being In ec ed by he E il Hea . […] Sou ce 10, 148 […] 151 […] Sou ce 10, 148 […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
[A. V.] 1909: Kaip gydy ies p akai a imu? – Šal inis 14, 212–215.
[A. V.] 1905: Kaip p i alo seni žmonės žiemą užlaiky i sa o s eika ą? – Vilniaus žinios
286, 3.
[A. V.] 1909: The mos common cause o dea h. […] Sou ce one, ou , se en [A. V.]
1905: The alue o sunligh o heal h. Vilnius knowledge 225, 4. [A. V.] 1915: Tha
league lo . azaena ae ido is called [...] (Ques ions and Answe s). […] Physician 1, 3.
[B.] 1896: Wha o do a e bu ning. […] The 17 h, he 13 h. [B.] 1896: How o ea pel ic
(pel ic) and in es inal diseases. […] The pe pe a o is 4, 28[…]30. [Bend ai is] 1895: Abou
he eeling o he hea . […] The pe pe a o is 21, 165 […] 167. [D.] 1896: How do you ge
a ound a se gean 's shed? I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no going o lie o you. [Doc o
A. V.] 1903: D . F . He was a membe o he Go e ning Body o Jeho ah's Wi nesses. This
is Esma ch. Fi s aid in an acciden , ansla ed by D . A. V. Tilžė.
[D . A. V.] 1909: How should a sick pe son be kep wa m, and wha should be done o
p e en he egg om ha ching heal hy? […] Sou ce 20, 308 […] 310, 21, 324 […] 325. This is no he case.
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
118 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
[D . A. V.] 1899: Pa a mės mo e ims, ku ios no i bu i s eikos, pagal Zielčaka pa ašė
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[D . A. Vileis] 1910: Abou chole a and he measu es o p e en i . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
19, 69.
D . A. Vileishis, 1910: On he b eeding o child en. […] Sou ce 48, 756; 49, 772. This is
no he case. [D . A. Vileis] 1912: Abou he lis ene . Acco ding o Mankauský. This
[D . A. Vileišis] 1910: Apie maudymąsi a lapame o e. – A ojas 33, 125–126.
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. D . A. Vileishis 1913: Educa ion and child en's educa ion a e digi ized in a ious coun ies. Sou ce is 46, 730.
[D . A. Vileis] 1915: Diph he ia. [D . A. Vileis] This is he i s ime I' e seen his. […]
Physician 3, 9[…]12. [D . A. Vileis] 1914: How should a sick pe son be ea ed, and wha
should be done o p e en he egg om becoming in ec ed? […] Physician 8, 29 […] 32.
[D . A. Vileis] 1910: How o Main ain Heal hy and Sick Eyes, The Seine. [D . A. Vileishis]
1909: How o Main ain Heal hy and Sick Eyes. […] Sou ce 39, [D . A. Vileis] 1918: Wha is
612–614; 46, 723–724; 49, 772–773.
in luence and how does i a ise? […] Pa en al gua dian 34, [D . A. Vileishis] 1912: Kokia
4–8.
mus be in cha ge o he ca e o sick child en. […] Sou ce 17, [D . A. Vileis] 1911: The
264–266.
igh agains leas ( lies), he sp eade s o in ec ious diseases. […] Sou ce 6, 62 […]
63. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
[D . A. Vileis] 1913: Wea he and clima e and hei impo ance o human heal h. A ois
105–107; 28, 109–110; 32, 125–126.
27, [D . A. Vileis] 1910: Plaučių džio a. He is a membe o he Russian Academy o
Sciences. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o
i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. D . A. Vileis, 1915: Rauples
o Raupai. […] Physician 2, 5[…]8. D . A. Vileishis, 1913: The Sibe ian plague (Ka bunkulas)
was he i s o be disco e ed. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [D . A. Vileis] 1911: Sko bu as. He was bo n in Moscow, Russia. Sou ce 30, 351 o 352; 31, 364 o 365. [D . A. Vileišis] 1908: Awa ded o a pe son o he i s aid o simple smallpox. […] Sou ce 45, 707[…]708 […] Sou ce 45, 707[…]708 […] […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
[D . A. Vileis] 1911: The wa e . […] Sou ce 39, 459 […] 461 […]
Sou ce 39, 459 […] […] Sou ce 39, 459 […] […] Sou ce 39, […] […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his in a while. [D . E. D augelis] 1918: The new league. […] Gua dian o he a he land 36, 13[…]14.

S aipsniai / A icles 119
XIX a. pab. – XX a. p . medicinos e minų
daugia eikšmiškumo klausimu
[D . F. Ma ulai is] 1911: Džio a. Alkoholis, Chicago, Ill.
[D . J. Basana iczius] 1898: Medega musu au iszkai ais inykys ai, published by D . J.
Basana iczius, is p in ed by […]Di os[…], Shenandoah. D . J. Basana ičius in 1913:
Follikulinas kaipo Pu aga y as (Nauji ais ai) (Follikulinas as a medicine man) was bo n
in he illage o Basana ičius, in he no h o he coun y. […] Medicine and na u e 2, 20[…]21.
[D . K. G inius] 1921: Žmonių ligos. – S eika a 1, 1–4; 2, 1–3.
[D . K. Jokan as] 1912: On he bu ial o he co pses. […] Sou ce 21, 328 […] 329 […] Wha is
he name o he sou ce? D . K. Jokan as 1912: How o eed child en om he age o
211–212.
[D . K. Jokan as] 1910: Kele as žodžių apie bak e ijas. – A ojas 15, 53–54; 25, 93–94.
h ee. […] Sou ce 14, [D . K. Jokan as] 1912: Dea h. […] This is he i s ime I' e seen
his. […] Sou ce 20, 312 […] 313 […] Wha is he name o he sou ce? [D . K. Jokan as]
1912: F eezing and hawing […] Sou ce 8, 116. This is he i s ime ha his has
happened. In 1897, he was diagnosed wi h dysen e y o bloody dia hea. […] The
Wi ness 9, 131. [D .] 1897: Rachi as o he English League. […] The a me 12, 183. [D . A.
Medinie is] 1905: On he cul i a ion o he kudiki. […] Vilnius news 19, 2[…]3. [D- as A.
Ske e is] 1910: Ka s ines (Sil ines, Ka s liges, also known as Typhus). […] Heal h 4,
1[…]8. [D . A. Ske che ] 1911: Kila (he nia ed disc). Heal h 11, 17. [D . A. Ske che ] 1912:
Cleanliness and heal h. […] Subsc ibe 5, 149 […] 150. [D . A. V.] 1909: Appa i ion and i s
aid. […] Fa me s 12, 9[…] 10. [d- as A. V.] 1904: Abou he malignan disease o syphilis
(F ench), acco ding o he shop o D . M. Člėno , compiled by D . A. V., Tilžė.
[D . A. V.] 1905: Abou chole a and how o p o ec you sel om i . […] Vilnius
news 77, 2[…]3. [D . A. V.] 1905: Abou he midwi e's g eenhouse and how o p o ec you sel om i . Knowledge o Vilnius
118, 4.
[D . A. V.] 1905: A eply o hose who, by le e s, asked he pa ien s o send medicines. –
Vilnius news 29, 3.
[D- as A. V.] 1907: Chole a i ko a su ja. – Vilniaus žinios 125, 2–3; 126, 2.
[D- as A. V.] 1907: Di e i as, Vilnius.
[D- as A. V.] 1907: D- as Bo . This is he i s ime I' e hea d o his. I 's he Ox.
Raupų čiepyjimas, ansla ed by D- as A. V. […] Vilnius news 133, 2.
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
120 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXIII
[D- as A. V.] 1907: I an Ta chano . He was bo n in Moscow, Russia. The milk o P o .
Mečniko was c ushed. Vilnius news 101, 2; 102, 2; 103, 2; 104, 2; 105, 2; 108, 2. This is no he
case. [D- as A. V.] 1902: How does li e mani es i sel in he human body? co ec ed by Lunke yčius
D- as A. V., Tilžė.
[D- as A. V.] 1906: Ligonių gydymas seno ėje. – Vilniaus žinios 281, 1–2.
[D- as A. V.] 1905: Meningi is ce eb ospinalis epidemica. – Vilniaus žinios 163, 3–4.
[D- as A. V.] 1905: Vaisių e enybė iš pusės hygijenos. – Vilniaus žinios 192, 4.
[D . A. V.] 1909: T ea men s o mosqui o bi es. Fa me s 12, 10. [D . A. Vileishis, D .
A. Vileishis] 1910: Consciousness, i s causes and means o wa ning. A icle 39, 149
and 150.
[D . A. Vileis, D . A. Vileis] 1918: Kokia mus be in cha ge o he ca e o he sick
child en. […] The gua dian o he a he land 21, 11; 26, 11[…]12. [D . A. Vileishis] 1912: On
he disease o smallpox. […] Sou ce 46, 727 […] 728. This is he i s ime ha his has
happened. [D . A. Vileis] 1914: Abou he disease called he second. […] Physician 11, 62
[…] 64. [D . A. Vileis] 1912: Abou he sneeze. Wha is i ? […] Sou ce 49, 776. This is he
i s ime I' e seen his. [D . A. Vileishis] 1918: Abou he pain in he lungs. […]
Gua dian o he Fa he land 7, 14 […] 15. [D . A. Vileis] 1908: Abou he loss o hai . […]
Vilnius news 8, 4. [D . A. Vileishis] 1908: Chole a. [D . A. Vileishis] This is he i s ime
2–3.
I' e seen his. […] Vilnius News 154, 2[…]3; 155, 2[…]3; 159, 2[…]3; 160, [D- as A. Vileis] 1907:
Tee h and hei hygiene. […] Vilnius news 217, 2. [D . A. Vileis] 1908: Jiowa, i s causes and expansion. Vilnius knowledge 96, 4;
97, 3–4.
[D- as A. Vileišis] 1918: Kaip gy en i, kad s eikam bū i. – Tė ynės sa gas 4, 14–15;
5, 15.
[D . A. Vileis] 1906: How o endu e sp ing, summe , au umn and win e , acco ding o D .
Med. L. Volbe g, compiled by D . A. Vileis, Vilnius. [D . A. Vileis] 1905: Wha o do o be
heal hy and li e a long li e, ansla ed om Polish by D . A. Vileis, Vilnius.
D . A. Vileišis 1915: Wha is in luence and how does i a ise? T ea men o in luenza. –
The doc o is six, wen y- wo, wen y- ou .
S aipsniai / A icles 121
XIX a. pab. – XX a. p . medicinos e minų
daugia eikšmiškumo klausimu
[D . A. Vileis] 1915: Lymphoma and How o Cope Wi h I , w i en by D . A. Vileis, Kaunas.
[D . A. Vileis] 1924: Family physician. A b ie desc ip ion o he simples diseases and hei
ea men , second e ised edi ion, Kaunas. [D . A. Vileis] 1908: Gene al p ac i ione : A
b ie desc ip ion o he wo s diseases and he wo s medicines in he igh agains
hem: D. 1. On human diseases and hei ea men , edi ed by D . A. Vileis, Seinai.
[D . A. Vileis] 1913: Wea he and clima e and hei impo ance o human heal h, Seine. [D .
A. Vileis] 1918: Rožė. He was bo n in he illage o Rožė. […] Gua dian o he a he land 10,
[D- as A. Vileišis] 1914: S eika os dalykai. Apie žmogaus džumą. – Šal inis 29, 435–437.
14. [D . A. Vileis] 1912: Cold ee […] he cause o a ious os bi e. Sou ce numbe one,
[D- as A. Vileišis] 1910: Tik ieji aupai ( auplės). – A ojas 12, 42–43.
[D- as E. D.] 1915: Užk ečiamosios ligos. – Vil is 70, 2–3.
ele en. [D . F. An aniukas] 1895: Wha o do o be heal hy and li e a long li e, ansla ed om Polish.
The language is spoken by F. An aniukas, Tilžė.
[D-Ras F. Ma ulai is] 1915: The League o Li hologis s and How o P o ec You sel F om
I , w i en by D-Ras F. Ma ulai is, second, e iewed and imp o ed by So Bos on, Mass.
[D- as K. G inius]1910: Rauplės (La in o Va iola e a) is a species o lowe ing plan in
he daisy amily. […] Heal h 8, 1[…]8. [D . K. G inius] 1911: On he disease o smallpox. Heal h
2, 15. [D . K. G inius] 1911: Abou he illage. […] Heal h 8, 1[…]5. [D . K. G inius] 1910: On he
subjec o mas u ba ion. Heal h 12, 16. [D . K. G inius] 1909: Diph he ia. [D . K. G inius]
This is he i s ime I' e seen his. […] Heal h 6, 1[…]8. [D . K. G inius] 1910: In luenza
(I mėdė, Kaulaligė) was bo n in he illage o In luenca. Heal h 11, 15. [D . K. G inius] 1910:
Kokliušas (Didys Kosulys, also known as Pe ussis o Tussis Con ulsi a). […] Heal h 7,
1[…]8.
D . K. G inius, 1910: "Epilepsy is a disease ha a ec s many people. Heal h
[D- as K. G inius] 1910: Reuma izmas. – S eika a 5, 1–8.
1, 18. [D . K. G inius] 1911: Syphilis is […]606[…]. Heal h 1, 18. [D . K. G inius] 1909:
Ska la ina was bo n. […] Heal h 4, 1[…]8. [D . K. G inius] 1909: Tymai (Jed a,
Blusinės; also known as Mo billi). […] Heal h 5, 1[…]8.
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
122 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanian People)
[D . K. G inius] 1911: T ipe is was bo n. Heal h 3, 17. [D . K. G inius] 1921: The disease o
he people, Kaunas. [D . K. G inius] 1920: Diseases o he people. Heal h 56, 14. [D . K.
Jokan ] 1910: Who needs he pi is? […] Sou ce 44, 694. This is he sou ce o he
in o ma ion. [D . P. A ižonis] 1920: The igh agains lympha ic diseases, Raseiniai. [D . P.
A ižonis] 1913: Blindness and achoma in Li huania. […] Li huanian na ion 2(2), 181[…]190. I
was bo n in B ooklyn, New Yo k, in he yea 1911. [D . S. Ma ulai is] 1913: Li huanian
[D- as P. A ižonis] 1907: Kele as žodžių apie šundak a ius. – Vilniaus žinios 185, 2–3.
[D -as P. A ižonis] 1911: Pasigelbėjimas nelaiminguose a si ikimuose. – Ūkiškasis ka-
e minology o ana omy, physiology, pa hology and chemis y. […] Medicine and na u e
2, 9[…]12. [D- as V. A.] 1901: Sho alk on lympha ic diseases and how o p o ec agains
hem, w i ing
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[D augai is] 1891: Apie auples. – Ukinįkas 2, 77–84.
[D . P. A ižonies] 1913: Blindness and achoma in Li huania: a pape ead in 1912 by he
Li huanian Academy o Sciences. in he assembly, p in ed om […]Li huanian na ion[…],
[D s. J. Bs.] 1883: Keli źodźei apie kole ą. – Ausz a 4, 110–113; 5, 138–143.
[G. K.] 1892: Kal unas (lo yniszkai Plica polonica). – Ukininkas 1, 18–21.
Vilnius. [Doc o K. J., D . K. J.] 1913: The leng h o man's age. Head o 16, 62, 158
173; 16, 63, 274–281.
[Doc o ] 1896: Sca le is he e. […] The a me 20, 153 […] 156. "Hygiene" is a e m
coined in he 1890s by H. I. The ea. […] The ail 1, 8[…]9. "Hygiene" is a e m coined in
he 1890s by H. This is III. The obacco. […] The ail is 3, 40 […] 41; 4, 60 […] 61; 8, 120. In 1895,
he published Alcoholism and Alcoholism. […] The ail o 9-10, 155[…]157. [J. S. Kůksz is]
1885: Hypnoscope. He was bo n in he Uni ed S a es. This Decision shall en e in o
o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [J. Slibin] 1892: Diph he ia, smauginyczia, kaklinė (La in o "diph he ia" o "diph he ia" in English). […] Uki-
nįkas 8, 293–297.
[J. Slibin] 1892: F ench o he Plague League (La in […] syphilis). […] Ukinįkas 6/7, [J.
230–237.
Szl.] 1885: Is i w ong o ouch obacco? […] Li huanian Bałsas 2, 6 and 7.
A icles o he 129 h
XIX a. pab. – XX a. p . medicinos e minų
daugia eikšmiškumo klausimu
Соколов М. М., Кириллова Татьяна Сергеевна 2017: Полисемия в
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ческий взгляд: материалы Международной научно-практической конферен-
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion
in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I can be downloaded om he In e ne a : h ps: www.elib a y. u o by downloading elib a y_32441316_75564706.pd .
Суперанская Александра Васильевна, Подольская Наталия Влади-
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кий словарь, Москва: Московский Лицей.
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[Re iewed by 2020-07-31]
Шетле Тайбат Владимировна 2009: Полисемия и омонимия в терминологии
(на примере англоязычных терминов банковского дела). – Известия высших учеб-
o es ablishmen s. The Pa loda egion. Humani a ian sciences 3(11), 104[…]111. This is
a lis o academic disciplines in he humani ies. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.

PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
130 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
On Polysemy o Medical Te ms o La e 19 h –
Ea ly 20 h Cen u y
Summa y
The a icle discusses he polysemous medical e ms used by Li huanian doc o s in medical and
heal hca e publica ions w i en in popula scien i ic s yle a he end o he 19 h cen u y and
he beginning o he 20 h cen u y.
I was ound ha polysemous e ms we e no e y common a he ini ial s age o he
o ma ion o Li huanian medical e minology […] ou o a a he la ge numbe o sou ces (98
medical publica ions o di e en scope and di e en au ho s/doc o s we e e iewed),
only ele en e ms used in mul iple meanings we e ound, e.g., eidas “ acies” and “zygo-
ma”, pil as “ en e ” and “gas e ”, pil elis “ en iculus” and “gas e ”, nosis “nasus” and
[…]na is[…], bloody dia hoea […]dysen he ia[…] and […]dia hoea c uen a[…], d ugs […]mala ia[…] and
[…] eb is in e mi ens[…], dyspnoea […] and […]as hma b onchiale[…], abale us […]pa asi us[…] and
[…]mic obium[…], seeds […] I was es ablished ha he bounda ies o ce ain medical e ms o he
pe iod unde ana lysis we e no e y s ic ly de ined. They ollowed he laws o gene al language,
as hey we e aken om i by doc o s hemsel es.
Di e en medical meanings o e ms ully e eal in he con ex only o when he same
e ms used in di e en con ex s a e compa ed.
The wo ds o gene al language aken by doc o s wi h di e en meanings associa ed wi h hem
a e used as polysemous medical e ms. Consequen ly, he e ms unde discussion had no ye
depa ed om gene al language, and hei polysemy o igina ed om i in he p ocess o
e minology, o , in o he wo ds, he polysemy o medical e ms de i ed om he polysemy o
gene al-language wo ds. On he o he hand, when used in medical ex s, hey a e no longe
gene al-language wo ds bu e ms. Hence, we can say ha polysemy educes as we mo e along
he oad o e minologiza ion. I denies he asse ion ha polysemy is widesp ead in
e minology.
The s udy ejec s he heo e ical insigh ha he e m o simple mo phology and
o ma ion is p one o polysemy. A g ea e pa o he medical e ms in ques ion a e
de i a i es, one o hem is a composi e e m.
I was obse ed ha in some cases se e al doc o s used he same e m in di e en wo ks
medical meanings. I is likely ha he au ho s/doc o s o la e ex s we e amilia wi h he
o hei colleagues and simply ook hose e ms wi h he meanings associa ed wi h hem.
The ex s unde analysis a e domina ed by bina y polysemy, i.e., he e ms a e usually
used in wo di e en medical meanings. Te ia y and qua e na y polysemy is no a
cha ac e is ic ea u e, hough isola ed cases o such polysemy we e ound as well.
S aipsniai / A icles 131
XIX a. pab. – XX a. p . medicinos e minų
daugia eikšmiškumo klausimu
The e ms a e used in di e en medical meanings in he domain o he same subjec .
(medicine)
Ce ain mani es a ions o he so-called au ho s polysemy we e iden i ied. The e a e cases
when he use o e ms in mul iple meanings may be conside ed an indi idual o andom
phenomenon. I is common in such cases when he medical meanings o e ms a e no
es ablished in he Li huanian academic dic iona y, and we can he e o e assume ha he
doc o using he e m in he ex assigned hose meanings o he e m a his o he
disc e ion.
Occasional use o medical e ms in se e al meanings shows ha a he ini ial s age o he
o ma ion o Li huanian medical e minology ce ain medical concep s we e no ye
es ablished and c ys allized.
The heo e ical assump ion ha polysemous e ms should no be conside ed e ms
canno be suppo ed. The medical e ms unde discussion should be conside ed e ms,
because hey clea ly indica e speci ic medical concep s.
Deli e ed on 7 Sep embe 2020
PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.