S aipsniai / A icles 351
INGĖ LUKŠAITĖ
Lie u os is o ijos ins i u as
Resea ch di ec ions o he science: His o y o
Li huanian cul u e, His o y o he Re o ma ion,
Mino (P ussian) Li huanian his o iog aphy and sou ces.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he case o he applica ion o :
The VIETNAM and
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
SENOSIOS Li huanian s o ies
TYRIM VERTIMUOSE Cu en ly, mo e and mo e wo ks o ancien Li huanian his o y
a e being ansla ed in o o eign languages: English, Ge man, e c. I aises
well- ounded ques ions abou how pe sonal and place names should be w i en in
ansla ions. The e's mo e han one way o look a i . One o hem was aised by
habil. d . Ha ald Bichlmeie e iews he ansla ion o he book by Inge Lukšai ė in o
Ge man (Bichlmeie 2020: 197[…]201). The au ho o he e iew akes a c i ical look a
he spelling p inciples o pe sonal names and place names es ablished in he e igo
and c i icizes he employees o he Leipzig Uni e si y Publishing House o hem. I
eel obliged o s a e ha hese p inciples we e es ablished by he au ho and ha
he publishing house coope a ed in hei implemen a ion, and I he e o e ake ull
esponsibili y. Acco ding o he au ho o he e iew, "in Ge man scien i ic
li e a u e, i s o all, pe sonal p onouns a e p o ided om he o m ha has
ac ually been ouched. In pa icula , his means ha i a Polish and a Li huanian
(e en i his pe sonal name is only polonized by an o icial) om he G and Duchy o
Li huania is men ioned in he sou ces only in he o m o he pe sonal name lenkiška
(i o la ynska), i mus be used in his o m and no in he o m o lie u iška (e en i
econs uc ed ou o good in en ions). ( he excep ion may be he Li huanian o m
o an in e na ionally known pe son, e.g. Ma ynas Maž ydas and o he s). This is
especially ue in cases whe e Li huanian o ms o pe sonal names a e no used in
he Ge man-speaking a ea: Radziwiłł(ł) is known, bu Rad ila? (Bichlmeie 2020: 198).
jo ecenzuojamoje knygoje laikomasi. Tačiau šal iniuose minimos dažniausiai
ne d i, o žymiai daugiau o mų. Moksliniuose eks uose, kaip i ecenzuo oje
The equi emen o use he o m o he pe sonal name men ioned in he sou ces is also jus i ied in he book, he i s ime i is men ioned i is w i en in all he languages o he sou ces. o Li huania
INGĖ LUKŠAITĖ
352 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he G and Duchy o Li huania, du ing he i s cen u ies o he s a e's exis ence,
he languages o he Neoli hic, Rusyn (Li huanian G and Duchy o Li huania's
no heas e n Sla s) we e used as he language o he cou cle k's o ice,
co espondence wi h neighbo ing s a es […] mos o en also he language o he
add esses: wi h he Ge man and Li onian S a es […] in La in and Ge man, wi h Poland
[…] in La in and Polish, wi h he To a ians […] in hei s. In he ea ly mode n pe iod, he
use o languages in w i ing became e en mo e complica ed: om he middle o he
16 h cen u y, he Polish language claimed he place o w i en language as he lingua
anca o all he e i o ies o he wo mul ilingual Republics. Since he six een h
cen u y, he Polish language has g adually aken he place o he Saki language: i has
been aken o e by he highes s a e o icials, he didikai; O e he cou se o
se e al cen u ies, some o he nobles became bilingual: Russian-speaking […]
Polish-speaking, Russian-speaking Uk ainian […] Polish, Li huanian […] Polish. In
Li huanian documen s o Mažosios (P ussian) he e we e w i en o ms o he
Ge man language. As a esul , Li huanian began o be w i en in Li huanian slowly, bu
in he G and Duchy o Li huania i was no w i en o adminis a i e, diploma ic,
poli ical documen s. So he da a i p o ided on pe sonal names and place names we e
unsys ema ic, o en spo adic. Despi e he s ic use o he Li huanian sc ip , i
began o p o ide us wi h da a on bo h place names and pe sonal names. The nex
ques ion is, do we know enough abou ha in o ma ion? The e is ano he sou ce
ha we should pay a en ion o o Li huanian-inhabi ed e i o ies and pe sons o
Li huanian o igin, denying i would be unhis o ical. This is he con inui y o he
p o e bial Li huanian language, he sus ainabili y o condi ional language o ms: we
ha e he su i ing in o ma ion o he p o e bial language in he Li huanian language
o bo h pe sonal names and place names. We ha e o look a hese o ms in he 21s
cen u y, especially now ha we' e a long way om ad anced onomas ics, we ha e
wa e ma k esea ch, we ha e collec ed in o ma ion, we ha e dic iona ies, and we' e
discussed language change. We mus ecognize he sou ce s a us o he Sakhi
language and ely on i when choosing Li huanian o ms o pe sonal and place names.
I is no jus a heo e ical econs uc ion o a sugges ion o his o ians. I is ue
ha he e is (and p e ails) a o mal iew in his o iog aphy ha i he o m o a
pe sonal name o a place name is no ound in w i en documen s, i means ha i
does no exis a all. Such an app oach is no his o ically eliable and easoned. Thus,
since he six een h cen u y, pe sonal names and place names ha e been men ioned in
hese w i en languages - Neoli hic, Russian, Polish, Ge man, Li huanian, and he
la e also in he p o e bial language. The e o e, in keeping wi h he o ms eco ded
in he sou ces o loyal y, we mus w i e a leas h ee o ou o ms o each
pe sonal name and place name. This p inciple is ollowed in he e iewed book, which
lis s all he i s - ime-men ioned o ms o pe sonal names (excep o unknown
spelling a ia ions) ha a e ound in he sou ces o he ime ( hose o Li huanian
Pas a s ymai apie ie o a džių i asmen a džių ašymą senosios
Lie u os is o ijos y imų e imuose
o igin a e also men ioned in he p o e bial language), hey a e epea edly lis ed in he
pe sonal name index. Howe e , each ime all he o ms a e w i en in a sen ence, his
coun ing des oys he smoo hness o he sen ence, so you ha e o choose one o
hem as he main one. Pe sonal names w i en in di e en w i ing languages ha e
di e en spelling o he oo and, o cou se, he ending. In he book, i is decided o
choose he one ha co esponds o he e hnic o igin o he pe son, i i is known.
Cu en ly, he e hnic o igin o some senio o icials and ela i es is al eady
discussed in he S a e o Li huania, so i is al eady possible o choose he o m o
hei pe sonal name acco ding o he o igin o he pe son. The au ho o he e iew
ag ees o use he o m o he Li huanian pe sonal names o Ma yno Maž ydo, he
au ho o he i s Li huanian book. He conside s he Li huanian o m o be a
econs uc ion. I ag ee wi h ha . The e a e wo su i ing handw i en au og aphs
in La in by Ma in Maž ydas, M. Mossuid, Ma inus Mossuid, ac os ics Ma inus
Mos idius, Ma inus Mas idius, many and a ied o ms a e ound in he i le pages o
his books, he main ones by M. Mossuidas Vai kunas, Ma inus Mos idius, Mosco idius
and o he s. The dedica ion o his pe son o he p epa a ion o books in he
Li huanian language goes hand in hand wi h he es imony o his na ional iden i y.
The e o e, he use o he Li huanian o m o such a pe sonal name is jus i ied.
Howe e , he e iewe disag ees ha he pe sonal names o Rad ila and Paliaus
Mėgo o (p ussian, 1564 ca echism in he p ussian language ansla ion by alkinko)
should be used. In he i s hal o he 17 h cen u y and he i s hal o he 17 h
cen u y, he e a e also se e al o ms o he pe sonal name Rad ila in he sou ces:
Neoli hic Radi ilus (Rad anas 1592: XVI 1 .), Polish […] Radziwiłł, w i ings o Bogusla
Rad il in La in, Ge man ex s […] Radzi il Radzi ill (Čapai ė 2020: 15, 20[…]23), Li huanian
[…] Radi ilas (Pociū ė 2004: 7). Resea ch in o he au og aphs o Ru a Čapai ė's
g ea -g andchild en e ealed ha mos o hem spoke se e al languages and we e
ained o w i e in mo e han one sc ip (Čapai ė 2019: 228[…] 230). In he middle o he
17 h cen u y, he mayo o Kėdainiai, S eponas Jaugelis Telega, in his Li huanian
dedica ion o Jonuš Rad ilai, w o e he Li huanian o m o he su name Radiwilus:
[…]Jonussie Radiwilay, Kunigaikss i, Pone...[…] (See also Pociu ė 2004: 7). The e is a o m
o he su name Rad ila, Rad ilas (Vanagas, Maciejauskienė, Razmukai ė 1989: 241249)
ha has su i ed o he p esen day. The Rad ils we e ep esen a i es o he
Li huanian b anch o he g ea amily, he e angelicals o he second hal o he 16 h
cen u y and he i s hal o he 17 h cen u y, who we e ega ded in he li e a u e
o he ime as de ende s o he Li huanian s a e, p o ec o s o i s in e es s,
p omo e s o loyal y o Li huania and i s his o ical adi ions. In he book unde
e iew, Venclo o Ag ippa's le e o Mikhail Rad ilas Rudaj is published, which clea ly
s a es ha Poland and Li huania ha e di e en in e es s, ha Poland seeks o
uni e Li huania, o Rad ilas Rad ilas is add essed as a de ense o he in e es s o
he s a e o Li huania (Lukšai ė, 5375 2017: […] 3). The e is no his o ical basis o conside ing Rad ila as a Polish in he i s hal o he 17 h and 16 h cen u ies. Based on all his in o ma ion, we can easonably choose he Li huanian o m o hei pe sonal names as he main one, i we ag ee ha he main o m o he pe sonal name is chosen aking in o accoun he e hnic o igin.
INGĖ LUKŠAITĖ
354 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The key is o choose he pe sonal name o Paul Mėgo o, he ansla o 's assis an
om Ge man in o P ussian. Only he pe sonal name o an unknown pe son w i en
in Ge man in a le e w i en in he name o Paull Mego has su i ed in he
sou ces. The au og aph is cu en ly unknown (Mažiulis 1981: 242). The e o e, i is
unclea whe he he pe son who w o e he le e accu a ely ga e he pe sonal
name o he P ussian ansla o . In he opinion o he e iewe , ei he he e is no
need o Li huani y he pe sonal name a all, o o p o ide he Ge man one, in his
opinion, he econs uc ed P ussian o m o he pe sonal name could be Paul[i]
Mego [i]. Since i can be doub ed whe he he only ime he Ge man pe sonal name
is men ioned is accu a ely w i en, and he P ussian language is he Bal ic language, he Li huanianized o m Vy au as Mažiulis is chosen o epea he pe sonal name
(July 1981: 241 o 249)
In he e iewed book, i was chosen o epea edly men ion a pe sonal name o
p o ide a o m o his e hnic o igin. The e o e, he book epea edly men ions Valo ič,
Chadke ič, Sapega, Eulašauski, Kęsgaila, Goš au as, Rad ila, Polish, Kiszka, Łaski,
K au mülle and o he s o Russian o igin. When he e hnici y is unclea , he La in
o m is chosen, i any. The si ua ion is simila wi h he spelling o place names. The
monog aph co e s a e y wide e i o y, in which he e we e Li huanian, Russian,
Ge man, Polish wo ds used in he sou ces. Some o hose e i o ies we e
e hnically mixed and changed hei poli ical a ilia ion o e he cen u ies. The
au ho o he e iew belie es ha he place names common in Ge man
his o iog aphy should be used. The e iewe 's p oposed p inciple would apply only o
hose place names ha a e widely used in he wo ks o his o ians, and hese a e
usually he names o majo policy cen e s, ci ies, o places o poli ical e en s. When
we en e he ounda ions o he chu ches o he Re o ma ion, small owns, illages,
mansions, and hamle s ha e o be indica ed as he eali ies o he mo emen . Mos
o hem a e unknown o li le known in Ge man his o iog aphy. The e a e h ee
g oups o place names ha need o be discussed sepa a ely and decided how hey
should be spelled: 1) widely sp ead names o la ge ci ies o places known in his o y; 2)
small se lemen names common in di e en e hnic e i o ies and di e en
language a eas; 3) place names o e i o ies in mixed e hnic e i o ies ha ha e
changed hei poli ical a ilia ion. As wi h pe sonal names, he o ms o place names
men ioned in he sou ces a e lis ed in scien i ic wo ks, bu each ime a place name is
men ioned, all i s o ms a e omi ed. In Ge man his o iog aphy, he place names o
he G and Duchy o Li huania a e mos o en aken om Polish his o iog aphy,
which led o he his o ical ci cums ances o he i s hal o he 19 h and 20 h
cen u ies. Polish his o iog aphy became in luen ial in he 19 h cen u y, and
pa icula ly signi ican in he 20 h. Indeed, o se e al cen u ies i was c ea ed by
quali ied his o ians, i co e s many opics, is au ho i a i e, he Polish s a e
main ains many his o ical ins i u ions. Polish his o iog aphy du ing he nine een h
and wen ie h cen u ies became a weak o ce o powe . Howe e , i s ill akes he
Pas a s ymai apie ie o a džių i asmen a džių ašymą senosios
Lie u os is o ijos y imų e imuose
iew ha bo h Insigh s 355
The People's Republic o Poland is Poland, ha he Polish w i e s o he 16 h-17 h
cen u ies we e all Poles and his is ansla ed in o o he his o iog aphies. Since he
beginning o he 20 h cen u y, he na ional his o iog aphy o hose coun ies ha
mo e han a cen u y ago o med he Republic o he Two Na ions has also begun o
eme ge, and i has been pa icula ly s eng hened by Li huania, Bela us and Uk aine
decla ing hei s a ehood. These his o iog aphies ha e been gaining in e na ional
ecogni ion o cen u ies. I is ime o ake in o accoun he his o iog aphy o
Li huania, Bela us, Uk aine, whe e he place names a e di e en om hose
w i en in Polish, hey ha e su i ing o ms o place names and mos o hem a e
used in Li huanian, Bela usian and Uk ainian languages. Cu en ly, Polish is no he
lingua anca in hose e i o ies, so i is unlikely ha i makes sense o u he
polonize he place names o hese coun ies and peoples. In keeping wi h he p inciple
ha he o ms o place names ound in he sou ces (in ex o in b acke s) mus be
men ioned, i is necessa y, as in he case o pe sonal names, o choose hei main
o m. In he e ised book, i is chosen as i is now used in he e i o y acco ding o
i s cu en poli ical a ilia ion. This is also he case when place names a e in
e i o ies ha ha e passed om hand o hand o e he cen u ies, hese a e in he
bo de zones o s a es and peoples and he e o e ha e se e al di e en language naming o ms: Gdansk, Danzig, W oclaw, B eslau, Bia i z, B es , Osmiany, Ashmen, e c. The excep ion consis s o :
Small (P ussian) Li huanian place names, since he cu en ones ha e no e ol ed
o e cen u ies, and he poli ical will o in oduce wi hou connec ions wi h he
o me (p e ious) o ms. They ha e chosen ano he way o use i : in he ansla ion
in o he Ge man language, he Ge man and Li huanian o ms o place names a e
indica ed o he i s ime, he main o m is gi en in Ge man, and he cu en
Russian o ms a e indica ed in i alics. These spelling p inciples o place names and
pe sonal names a e discussed in he e ised book in he explana ions o pe sonal
name and pe sonal name indica o s (Lukšai ė 2017: 635, 653). I mus be acknowledged
ha he book did no speci y which Ge man cha ac e s should be used o w i e he
sounds č, ž, which a e abundan in Li huanian and Russian pe sonal names and place
names: hey con ained he le e s o he Li huanian alphabe , as a sign ha i is
ansla ed om Li huanian. A simila pa h has al eady been explo ed by Zigman as
Kiaupa in his ansla ion o he syn hesis o Li huanian his o y in o English (Kiaupa
2002) and by Da ius Ba on and S ephen Ch is ophe Rowell in hei scien i ic
monog aph on he ansi ion om pagan Li huania o Ch is ian s a es (Ba on, Rowell
2015). In he English ansla ion o Z. Kiaup's book, su names o Li huanian o igin a e
w i en in he Li huanian o m, bu he majo i y o Li huanian G and Duchies'
su names o Russian, Polish o igin a e w i en in he Polish o m. In Ba on and Ro el's
book o Li huanian his o y, all pe sonal names a e w i en in he Li huanian o m, and
he spelling o place names a ies: some a e in he language o cu en e i o ial
a ilia ions: Ge ia y, Gdansk, B iansk, o he s e ain he adi ional Li huanian
his o ical o m (K ė a, al hough i is now in he e i o y o Bela us), and B es (Li o sk) […] in he his o iog aphy o he common Russian and Bal ic languages.

INGĖ LUKŠAITĖ
356 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
Kadangi bal a usių kalboje y a a ojamos ne ke u ios šio ie o a džio o mos
(B es , Be ascie, Bie ascie, Be es je) his choice is jus i ied. The spelling o
his o ical pe sonali ies and place names in ansla ions is complica ed,
de ini e p o isions a e al eady being o med, and ime will ell whe he hey will come ue.
LITERATŪRA
Ba onas Da ius, S ephen C. Rowell 2015: The Con e sion o Li huania om
Pagan Ba ba ians o La e Media al Ch is ians, Vilnius: Lie u ių li e a ū os i au osakos
ins i u as.
Bichlmeie Ha ald 2020: Ingė Lukšai ė, Die Re o ma ion im G oss ü s en um
Li auen und P eussisch-Li auen (1520e Jah e bis zum Beginn des 17. Jah hunde s),
Leipzig: Leipzige Uni e si ä s e lag GmbH, 2017 [ ecenzija]. – Ac a Linguis ica
Li huanica 82, 197–201.
Čapai ė Rū a 2020: Bogusla o Rad ilos au og a as XVII a. lo yniškojo ku sy o kon-
eks e. – Lie u os is o ijos me aš is 2020 2, Vilnius: Lie u os is o ijos ins i u as, 5–39.
Čapai ė Rū a 2019: Lo yniškojo ku sy o į ai o ė Lie u os Didžiojoje Kunigaikš ys ėje
asmens au og a o aspek u (XV a. pasku inysis ke i is – XVI a.). – Ženklai. Simboliai.
P asmės. Lie u os Didžiosios Kunigaikš ys ės y imai pagalbinių is o ijos mokslų aspek u,
sud. R. Čapai ė, G. Zujienė, Vilnius: Lie u os is o ijos ins i u as, 185–230.
Kiaupa Zigman as 2002: The His o y o Li huania, Vilnius: Bal os lankos.
Lukšai ė Ingė 2017: Die Re o ma ion im G oss ü s en um Li auen und P eussisch-Li auen
(1520e Jah e bis zum Beginn des 17. Jah hunde s), Leipzig: Leipzige Uni e si ä s e lag.
Mažiulis Vy au as 1981: P ūsų kalbos paminklai 2, Vilnius: Mokslas.
Pociū ė Daino a 2004: Knyga nobažnys ės k ikščioniškos 1653, Vilnius: Lie u ių li-
e a ū os i au osakos ins i u as.
Rad anus Ioannus Li [uanus] 1592: Radi ilias, si e de i a e ebus [...] Nicolai
Radi ili [...], Vilna: Ioannus Ka zanus.
Vanagas Aleksand as, Maciejauskienė Vi alija, Razmukai ė Ma y ė
1989: Lie u ių pa a džių žodynas 2: M –Ž, a sak. ed. A. Vanagas, Vilnius: Mokslas.
Deli e ed on 2 Ma ch 2021
INGĖ LUKŠAITĖ
Lie u os is o ijos ins i u as
O ice o he G and Duchy o Li huania [email
A chi ek ų g. 25–87, Vilnius LT-04105, Lie u a
p o ec ed]