232 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
Vilniaus uni e si e as
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch: onomas ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
NAME o descen
The end o -IJKAITA
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The De elopmen o Bo owed Names
Ending in -ijin Li huanian (O igin)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle examines bo owed names wi h he ending -in en o y in e ms o hei o igin.
La in and G eek pe sonal names domina e he lis o su names, wi h he mos ac i e su name
being Kai o. O he bo owed su names wi h he su ix -ijno s we e also a ied, bu did no
include la ge pa s o he su name. The pe iod o libe a ed Li huania s ood ou om all
pe iods, when he g ea es di e si y o su names was o med and he in luence o he
Russian language on he su name began o dec ease. Based on he changes o bo owed names wi h he ending -ijin en o iaus, dis inguished p elimina y Li huanian XXXXI a.
signs o a change in he bo owe 's su name.
ESMINIAI WORDS: Li huanian su names, pe sonal names, bo owed su names, su names wi h an ending
- in he ashion o names.
ANNOTATION
The a icle deals wi h he in en o y o Li huanian bo owed names ending in -ij om he poin o iew
o hei o igin. Names o La in and G eek o igin clea ly p edomina e. we e a he a ied, bu hey did
They had a majo impac on he Li huanian s ock o p ope names. Names o o he o igins
no make a la ge pa o he o al o p ope names. The pe iod leading o he independence o Li huania
clea ly s ands ou as he one wi h 1 S aipsnis p epa ed acco ding o he VLKK p ojec "Li huanian
ci izens' su names wi h he su ix -ij-: bo owing and lending polinkiai", No K-5/2018.
A icles by A icles 233
Skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu -ij- kai a Lie u os a dyne
(kilmės aspek as)
he g ea e a ie y o names. In addi ion, Russian in luence dec eased. The changes in he
in en o y o bo owed names ending in -ij allow us o p elimina ily highligh he main
ea u es o he de elopmen o Li huanian bo owed names du ing he 20 h and 21s
cen u ies. KEYWORDS: Li huanian names, pe sonal names, bo owed names, names ending in
-ij-, name ends.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The su name o he ci izens o he Republic o Li huania (Li huania) consis s o
pe sonal names o a ious o igins. In addi ion o he wo-wo d su names o
inių a dų, plečiamų p iesagomis, aikams duodami skolin i asmen a džiai,
bei ku iami nauji a dai, pe di bus a ojamus onimus a pasi elkus apelia y us.
hei o igin, hei abb e ia ions and appella ions, hese a ie ies a e
dis inguished by bo owed su names wi h he su ix -ij-, plg. a d. Eugenijus,
So ija, a g oup o common names in Li huania: 435 emale and 312 male su names
(wi h epea ing […] 214544 emale and 90996 male names) a e de i ed om o he languages.
Bo owed su names wi h he su ix -ij unc ioning in he XX[…]XXI cen u y.
Li huanian su names nex o su names o a ious o igins wi h he su ix -ij, plg.
a d. Vilija […] Vilija up., Venecija […] Venecija ms ., Ža ija […] ža ija, Idilija […] idilija,
and a iously known as edinių, plg. a d. I is also known as he "Gab iel" o he
"Gab iel". This is e idenced no only by he di e si y o su names unde his
s uc u e, bu also by he in eg a ion o bo owed pe sonal names, which has
esul ed in he ending -ij apo o ming new su names (Sinke ičiū ė 2018: 248)2. Due o
he sp ead and in luence o new nouns, bo owed pe sonal names wi h he su ix
-ij ha e been chosen as he subjec o analysis.
The aim o hei s udy was o es ablish he o igin o he names ha make up he name
b and unde analysis, as well as hei in en o y and he su names ha mos a ec ed he
name b and o hei g oup. In o de o achie e his goal, he asks a e: 1. o dis inguish he
la ges g oups o non- ecu ing names by o igin and o add ess he disappea ance o
names in hem; 2. ind he mos widesp ead g oups o ecu en names by o igin, iden i y
hei mos equen membe s and e iew hei cha ac e is ics o change; 3. o dis inguish
speci ic o ms o su names and o assess hei in luence on name changes. Acco ding o
he damage ha occu ed o he bo owed names wi h he ending -ijin en o y, i was
desi ed o highligh he possible sys ema ic changes in he name o he Li huanian
bo owe in he XX[…]XXI cen u y. 2 The new name o m became -ijy a and he La ian name, see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
234 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
COMPRACE and TIRING o he objec
Delayed
Li huanian and o eign ci izens o he Republic o Li huania a e in es iga ed, plg.
a d. Vi aly, Vi ginijus, and he Kiliana ians, please. Ada, Ma ia, Au elijus, Jonas,
hese a e you names. Thei da a a e coun ed oge he , wi h he addi ion o
he same pe sonal names o he singula names om he numbe o singula
names. De ailed s a is ics can be ound on he websi e a dai. lkk.l .
Names collec ed om he Regis e o Names o Ci izens o he Republic o
Li huania, ecei ed om he Gy en ojų egis o a nyba in 2006 h ough he
S a e Li huanian Language Commission, and illed un il 2018 (exclusi ely). No all
pe sonal names a e included in he s udy, because he collec ion o names om
he 20 h and 21s cen u ies does no include he names o deceased people.
The e o e, su names do no indica e quan i a i e s a is ics, al hough hei equency e lec s he popula i y o su names.
Full- ime ([…]VL) su names a e pe sonal names, gi en o no
kams nuo XX a. p adžios iki 2018 m. (im inai). Taip pa išski i a dai, ku iais
pa adin a:
Du ing he pe iod o independence o Li huania (la e […] NLL); i.e. he names
gi en in 1918-1939 when Li huania was independen , and he names gi en ea lie
han 1918 and 1940-1943 a e conside ed pe sonal names o he ansi ional
pe iods.
Du ing he So ie pe iod (senio […] SL); i.e. he names gi en in 1944-1985 when
Li huania was occupied by he So ie Union, apa om he names gi en in
1986-1989 when he spi i o independence domina ed Li huania, since such a
So ie concep is in he wo ks o his o ians, see. Swedish (2009). Released du ing
he Li huanian pe iod (la e […] ILL); These a e he names gi en in 1990[…]2018
when Li huania became independen and, as men ioned, he names o he ea lie
pe iod […] 1986[…]1989[…] a e included.
The pe iods a e designed in o de o e eal he cha ac e is ics o he names o
he 20 h and 21s cen u ies and conside ing ha he change o he name depends
on he de elopmen o socie y, cul u e and poli ics, which is also in luenced by
o he easons - eligion, na ionali y, kinship, social class (Ge ha ds 2010). Name
changes a e in es iga ed by analyzing he pe cen age o g oups o o igin o
indi idual and ecu en pe sonal names and hei e ec s o e sepa a e pe iods.
The aim was o show i s di e si y and he ways in which names a e gi en in he con ex o he uni e se o names being s udied.
3 Du ing he same pe iod, Li huanian na u al names and diminu i e adjec i es - u ediniai we e
(Sinke ičiū ė 2018; 2020) This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
A icles by A icles 235
Skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu -ij- kai a Lie u os a dyne
(kilmės aspek as)
The objec o he s udy […] bo owed names wi h he su ix -ij-, bo owed om
o he languages and applied o he Li huanian su name: has o ms co esponding
o he Li huanian language sys em, plg. a d. Au elija, Lijus, Remigijus, Rija. Wha
a e you doing he e? Due o he o m and o igin o he a ian s o he names
analyzed oge he , he abb e ia ions wi h he su ix -ij- appea ed in an a e ezes
way, see a d. I 's called Licia. I 's called Felicia. I 's called Na olius. The o igin o
Skolin ų su names has been es ablished and published by LVKŽ on he websi e
a dai. lkk.l , so i has no been epea ed, excep in isola ed cases. The in en o y
consis ed o all he names o ci izens o he Republic o Li huania co esponding
o he Li huanian language sys em, including pe sonal names gi en o ci izens o he Republic o Li huania whose na i e language is no Li huanian4. The e o e, he esul s show ha he en i e Li huanian su ey is subjec o change.
Iden i ikuojan y imo objek ą p oblemiška bu o ski i p iesagų edinius,
nes dalis pabaigos -ij- u inčių a dų gali bū i ne ik skolin i, be i lie u ių
s udied, and adjec i es we e o med in he language. The c i e ia o hei assignmen a e he
con ex o he pe sonal names chosen and, in some cases, he in luence o he language om
which he name may ha e been de i ed.
Based on ha , he names ha exis nex o he names ha ha e pe sonal names a e conside ed
okį pa į kamieną su ki u baigmeniu, o Lie u oje papli ę jų pama u galin ys bū i
Vedic. Fo his eason, he Vedic conside a ions, e.g. a d. Al onsija, because in Li huania hey gi e
a d. Al onsus, Al onsa, Al onsė, also Al onsina, al hough in F ench, a d is used in English. Alphonsia
(BTN, NB), also known as a d. Al enija, because in Li huania hey gi e a d. Al is, Al a, Al ė, also Al i a,
Al e a, al hough in English i is used as a d. Al enia (BTN) is he name o he coun y. I 's called
Skolin a A enue. The o igin o Al onsija and Al enija is conside ed seconda y, hese names a e no
included in he in en o y o names unde in es iga ion. Because o he con ex o he o ma ion, he
names ha ha e been bo owed om he language in which hey o igina ed, whe he o no he e
a e su names o he opposi e sex, ha e been made om he same oo name. As a esul , he
bo owe is conside ed, o example, a d. Nadia, which is a Sla ic name, o med o in Russian om
a d. Nadežda abb e ia ion Nadia, o bo owed om Uk ainian (T ijniak 2005: 244), al hough he
Li huanian name is a d. I 's called Nada, Nadia. Bo owed names a e assigned o a d. Ma celija, made in
acco dance wi h he Li huanian cus oma y law. Ma celijus, which is aken wi h a p e ix om he
La in language (LVKŽ 228), al hough in Li huania i is gi en as a d. Ma cela, Ma celė, Ma celius,
Ma celis, also known as Ma celina. When he name wi h he su ix -ijy a is widely used in some
languages, such pe sonal names a e also conside ed as bo owed. Such is he case wi h he ou
o ms o nouns ha a e no included in he in en o y o nouns in he Li huanian language, which do
no ha e he usual gende -indica ing endings o le e s w i en in samples, he a ian s o nouns
used in he spoken Li huanian language o hei de i a i es, excep o he ecommended adi ion
o naming child en wi h pe sonal names (ž . LVKŽ). Kas ancija nex o Kons ancija, as well as local
su names, plg. a d.
The Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea.
F om he end o he 20 h cen u y, English, I alian, see below.
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
236 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV o example, a d. E ija, used in English,
plg. a d. E ia (BTN, NB), I alian, also known as A d. E ia (De Felice 1996: 162),
La ian, also known as E ia. E ija (Siliņš 1990: 122), and elsewhe e, al hough in
Li huania i is common. I was E a. The c ea ion o such su names was
conside ed seconda y, and hese su names we e s udied oge he wi h o he
Dėl o skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu -ij- in en o ius y a sąlygiškas, nes dalis
bo owed names. he names could ha e a isen o o he easons han hough .
Al hough he e a e no accu a e 20 h-cen u y quan i a i e s a is ics o
su names, he dis inc pe iods o he s udy help o highligh he polynomials o he name changes and es i y o he common cha ac e is ics o he su names o he indi idual pe iods.
The name o he a m is TYRIMO BÜKL
In Li huania
Bo owed pe sonal names o Li huanian su names ha e no been subjec ed o
consis en analysis: he e a e ew wo ks ha in es iga e a sepa a e g oup o
o igin o s uc u e o bo owed names. As a esul , li le is known abou he
changes in he in en o y o bo owed pe sonal names. Bo owed om o he
languages, pe sonal names in Li huania we e used un il he 1387 c usade (Zinke ičius
2005; 2008: 343351), a e which hese names sp ead and es ablished hemsel es in
he name. Vi alija Maciejauskienė (1991: 31-49) ound ha he o ming dual
Li huanian naming sys em in he names o pe sons w i en om he 17 h cen u y,
he i s membe 's posi ion was domina ed by he i s names, gene ally om he
18 h cen u y o he beginning o he 20 h cen u y, he names o child en we e used
as i s names, la e as su names o e hnic Li huanians, new bo owed names, su names, ma ied and c ea ed names.
F om his o ical sou ces, i can be seen ha bo owed names wi h he su ix
-ijLie u oje sp ead a e bap ism and indi idual pe sonal names became popula
a e Ch is iani y was es ablished. Zigmas Zinke ičius (1977: 52) ound ha a he
beginning o he 17 h cen u y he e was a equen G eek a d in Vilnius. So ia and
La in a d. I 's called Liucia. Acco ding o Liudą Jo aišą (2005: 147184), in Li huanian
c icke me ics o he i s hal o he 17 h cen u y, he emale G eek a d was
mos commonly ound. So ia, Anas asia and he La in A d. Apolonija, Liucia, Cecilia,
and he names o men in indi idual egions we e mo e o en Heb ew a d. Elijah and
Zecha iah. They show ha a e he bo owed pe sonal names became
es ablished in women's su names, he e we e equen bo owed su names wi h he su ix -ij-, and he su name o his su ix did no sp ead in men's su names.
In he 17 h cen u y, he ashion o women's names changed as e han ha
o men (Zinke ičius 1977: 52[…]53), which es i ies o he uni e sali y seen in he
names o o he languages, because he uni e sal male su name is mo e
cons an (Al o d 1988: 150[…]155). The change o emale names is no iced om
he second hal o he se en een h cen u y in Vilnius inc eased La in a enue.
Cons an ia (Zinke ičius 1977: 5253), in he pa ish o Nemunaičio […] La in A enue. Rosalia (Jegele ičius 2002: 299) and he p e iously men ioned diminu i e emale name

S aipsniai / A icles 237
Skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu -ij- kai a Lie u os a dyne
(kilmės aspek as)
he popula i y. Thus, in he second hal o he 17 h cen u y, bo owed male
names wi h he su ix -ijišliko we e a e han emale names, and he mos
common emale names we e G eek and La in bo owed pe sonal names.
The equency o Li huanian su names has no been s udied. I was es ablished
ha a he end o he wen ie h cen u y […] in he wen y- i s cen u y, he
a d. Vic o ia, Emilia (Sinke ičiū ė 2012; 2014a), and he bo owed names o
newbo n boys wi h he su ix -ijnė a išpli ė (Sinke ičiū ė 2012; 2014). This
indica es ha in Li huania and in la e cen u ies he e a e popula ly bo owed
emale names wi h he su ix -ij-, mos ly La in and G eek pe sonal names, while
he equency o male names, as be o e, is somewha di e en om Heb ew
bo owed pe sonal names wi h he su ix -ij-. In he s udy o Li huanian
bo owed names, a en ion is paid o common pe sonal names wi h he su ix
-ij-. One o hem is a d. Ma ia, whose use o Wes e n and Byzan ine cul u e,
a i al in Li huania, o igin and a ian s in Li huanian languages was discussed by
An anas Salys (1983: 101[…]104)6. The o igin o he names is p esen ed in he LVKZ,
whe e he spelling a ian s a e also gi en, and he pe sonal names om he
LVKZ ha e become names wi h a ecommenda ion o use he adi ion.
Zinke ičius (2008: 352-483) also submi ed pa o he bo owed names wi h he
a jų umpinių, a ian ų. Taigi skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu -ij- in en o ius y a
su ix -ijkilmę7, and he o igin o all he bo owed names gi en o child en in he 20 h and 21s cen u ies is indica ed on he websi e a dai. lkk.l , whe e i is iden i ied.
I should be added ha be ween he 20 h and 21s cen u ies, he names we e
eko i skolin ų asmen a džių su baigmeniu -ij-. LVKŽ pa eik i neišpli ę, pa yz-
alued om he poin o iew o language cul u e. Hono ijus, As e ija,
conside ed o eign o he Li huanian language (Maciejauskienė 1989: 83). Jon
Klima ich (2004: 1625) ound ha he iden i ica ion name does no ha e unc ions,
o example, a d. Ad ia, Sidonia, Amelia, and Li ius. The commen s o such
esea che s es i y o he e o s o p o ec Li huanian su names om he
niu -ij- nė a išpli ę i dėl o a odo neįp as i.
Taigi skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu -ij- in en o ius nus a y as, no s i as ne-
in luence o o he language names. On he o he hand, such an e alua ion o hem
shows ha pa o he pe sonal names wi h an ending. Since he adop ion o
Ch is iani y in Li huania, he names o his e m ha e become mo e
cha ac e is ic o women's su names. No wegian pe sonal names changed, bu he mos common emale names we e G eek, La in, and he mos common male names we e Heb ew.
6 Salys (1983: 81[…]86) p esen ed by a d. Yu i, Li huanians a e used o a d. Ju gis a ian , w i ing
polinkius, discussing he o igin and his o y o i s sp ead in o he languages. As well as in he a d.
quo ed by Salio (1983: 118[…]122). Mo iejus is men ioned in he desc ip ion since he end o he 20 h
cen u y in Li huania, i s a ian Ma ijas, Ma ijus.
7 Paminėjo i iš jų a si adusias pa a des, be jos Lie u os a dyne nė a dažnos.
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
238 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
SELECT NAMES wi h he su ix -IJ-
The PAGAL KILM
Bo owed names wi h an ending in -ijy a ha e o med in a ious languages. G eek
and La in pe sonal names wi h he su ix -ij-, pa o which sp ead in Li huania
om he 17 h cen u y, o med he appeal o hese languages wi h he ex ended
p e ix lo . -ius, g . -ios, among o he s, which had a pa onymic unc ion and
en e ed he composi ion o he compound p onouns wi h which pe sonal names
a e o med (Leumann 1977: 288302; Weiss 2009: 274278). Such s uc u es a e common
in all Eu opean su names in he ac i e Romanian su name (Salway 1994: 136137), and
acco ding o hem, o he names a e La inized by adding he su ix -ius (Go schald 1982: 6163).
Un il he middle o he 20 h cen u y, many Li huanian loanwo ds wi h he su ix -ijpe im i we e
bo owed om neighbo ing wes e n and eas e n Sla s, whe e di e en names o sain s we e
es ablished a e he sepa a ion o he Ca holic and O hodox eligions, and hei une en o ms
se led due o he de elopmen o he language and he adi ion o use o he o ms (Bi yla 1966;
Malec 1994; Sledniko 2013: 266[…]267; Leib ing 2016: 204). Many Li huanian Ch is ian pe sonal name o ms
a e de i ed om Polish su names, whe e bo owed names wi h -ius ha e unde gone many changes
(Malec 1994: 68[…]71; wi h li e a u e). Because o his, Polish, as well as Li huanian, o ms o Ch is ian
names di e om o he language o ms o names. Pe sonal names wi h he ending -ijdažni in Russian,
Bulga ian, and o he Eas Sla ic languages, and emale and male names di e only in he ending (Bi yla
1966: 324; Suslo a, Supe anskaja 1991: 11, 100). A e adding he -ij us e minology o he Russian
language, new names we e added, which sp ead o o he languages. I is di icul o dis inguish hese
names om p eposi ions o nouns, p onouns wi h he su ix -ij, bo owed om o he languages, e.g.
susida iusių lie u ių kalboje (ž . anksčiau). Lie u oje papli ę i daugiau skolin ų
a d. Mija, Ma ija, Sandija, Tobijas, which indica es he a ie y o he su name. Some o he newly
bo owed names wi h he su ix -ij ha e been used in Li huania since he end o he 20 h cen u y, as
he in luence o he media has inc eased8 and pe sonal names ha e been bo owed mo e in ensi ely
di ec ly om o he languages, mos ly om English (Ge ha ds, Hackenb och 2000: 518 […] 520). Al hough
child en a e o en called by he i s names o ela i es, iends, o impo an people, hei names
a e also sough in books and online lis ings o names (Bloun 2015: 621[…]623). As a esul , he numbe o
newly bo owed names is inc easing. Such change is a common phenomenon because he es lexicon is
mo e easily ans e ed om one language o ano he han he common lexicon (Ainiala, Saa elma,
Sjöblom 2016: 136137). Bo owed su names wi h he su ix -ijbu o we e g ouped and dis inguished
om La in ones, e.g. a d. Remigijus, Vi ginija, G eek, please. This is A d. Egidijus, S e anija,
heb ajiškos, plg. 8 No only do new names sp ead h ough he media, bu hey also in luence he
indi idualiza ion o he associa ions o names acqui ed by he pa en s o c ea e s e eo ypes o
names in socie y (Vandebosch 1998: 244 […] 247).
A icles by A icles 239
Skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu -ij- kai a Lie u os a dyne
(kilmės aspek as)
he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: Solomon, Zacha ias, Ge man, please. Amelia,
O ilus, Sla ic, plg. o he cou . Nadia, Radijus, Romaniškos, plg. A d. This is he
i s ime I' e hea d o his. Alicia, Xa ie , om he Eas e n languages, plg. a d.
Sandijus, Va akija, explana ions o di e en o igins, see also a d. A ijus,
O olija, and o he g oups o su names o o igin. These g oups we e assigned by
he a o emen ioned abb e ia ion o he names o o igin, plg. a d. Femija <
Eu emia, o sho e a ian s o he names, plg. a d. Nas asija < Anas asija, wi h
he ending -ij-. Pa o wo names wi h explana ions o o igin, which a e also
sho ened pe sonal names o some people, o med due o he sp ead o he
bo owed name wi h he su ix -ij-, plg. a d. Ma ija < Ma ijona, assigned o he la e g oup o o igin only, because he second o igin implies he popula i y o he name.
G oups o La in, G eek, Heb ew, Ge manic and Sla ic names a e also commonly
assigned in he wo ks o o he esea che s due o hei la ge p opo ion and
in luence on he Li huanian su name (LVKŽ; Zinke ičius 2008: 343483). O he dis inc
g oups we e o med acco ding o he polynomials o he names being s udied. The
pe sonal names o med in he Romance languages, which all in o he common
bo owing g oup o names (LVKŽ; Zinke ičius 2008: 480483), ha e been chosen o be
sepa a ed in o one g oup, because he names a e linked by language kinship, and
hey a e inc easingly ound in he su names o Li huanians (Sinke ičiū ė, G iniū ė
2014), as well as o he Eu opean languages, such as Ge man (Ge ha ds 2010: 130146).
When s udying bo owed pe sonal names wi h an ending in -ij as i om I alian, plg.
a d. O nelija, Salesian, Spanish, please. Xa ie , Nu ija9, F ench, plg. o he cou .
Į ieną g upę išski i Ry ų kul ū os šalyse susida ę onimai, yškinan olimą
jų susida ymo a ealą. Pagal Lie u oje papli usius asmen a džius, ši g upė api-
Alicijus, Aliodija, and he Po uguese, plg. a d. Roma ija, he o igin o he name in
languages. I 's no A abic, please. Razia, I anian (Pe sian), please. Da ija, Da ijus,
and he Indian, plg. a d. P ija, Sandijus, he su names o o igin. The majo i y o
ecu ing names in his g oup (93.4% emale and 99.8% male) a e a d. Da ya, which
indica es he pe iphe al na u e o o he names and he in luence o G eek on he
su name. The e a e also sepa a e su names wi h se e al, usually […] wo, simila
o igins. In his way, i was sough o highligh he size o he pa o he su names o he ew illages in he name.
G oups o VL, NLL, SL and ILL o women's (len elėse M) and men's (len elėse V) pe sonal names, i s
indi idual uni s, b acke s wi h epea ing names, he pe iods o he igu es examined a e gi en in able
1. only he g aph om each pe iod is used o indica e he numbe o names and hei pa s. 9 Fo
jos ma y i p ocen inės ski ingos kilmės asmen a džių dalys, pi ma nu odžius
a ski ų iene ų, skliaus uose – su pasika ojančiais a dais dalis. Pasku inė e -
su names o Spanish o igin in he su names o ci izens o he Republic o Spain, see The Commission
shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. 10 h o Augus . Da ius,
om which he eminine o m o he name Da iya is de i ed, is bo owed om Pe sian in o G eek, om which, along wi h o he G eek names, i sp ead o o he languages (BTN).
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
240 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXIV
1 LEN o he EL. School su names wi h an ending - g oups o indigenous o igin
Names by
o igin
Li huanian
Lo yniški su names
G eek
names
Heb ew
names
Ge manic
names
Sla ic
names
Romaniz-
ed names
Names o
eas e n languages
Di e en kinds
o su names
Su names o all
Ki os kil-
NLL
names
M
97 (24577)
35,8 %
(36,2 %)
114 (28439)
42,1 %
(41,8 %)
10 (13279)
3,7 %
(19,5 %)
5
(538)
1,8 %
(0,8 %)
7
(36)
2,6 %
(0,1 %)
5
(871)
1,8 %
(1,3 %)
12
(66)
4,4 %
(0,1 %)
20
(154)
7,4 %
(0,2 %)
1
(2)
0,4 %
(0 %)
271
(67962)
100 %
V
55
(977)
32,7 %
(26,5 %)
82
(2639)
48,8 %
(71,6 %)
15
(49)
8,9 %
(1,3 %)
3
(3)
1,8 %
(0,1 %)
5
(7)
3 %
(0,2 %)
1
(2)
0,6 %
(0,05 %)
1
(2)
0,6 %
(0,05 %)
6
(7)
3,6 %
(0,2 %)
0168
(3686)
100 %
SL
names
M
101
(52582)
36,1 %
(66,2 %)
110
(14521)
39,3 %
(18,3 %)
5
(10611)
1,8 %
(13,3 %)
6
(433)
2,1 %
(0,5 %)
4
(50)
1,4 %
(0,1 %)
7
(832)
2,5 %
(1 %)
21
(141)
7,5 %
(0,2 %)
22
(292)
7,9 %
(0,4 %)
4
(5)
1,4 %
(0)
280
(79467)
100 %
V
72
(30781)
36,7 %
(48,9 %)
89
(31608)
45,4 %
(50,2 %)
10
(24)
5,1 %
(0 %)
2
(22)
1 %
(0 %)
4
(18)
2 %
(0 %)
3
(3)
1,5 %
(0 %)
1
(293)
0,5 %
(0,5 %)
12
(235)
6,1 %
(0,4 %)
3
(20)
1,5 %
(0 %)
196
(63004)
100 %
ILL
names
M
85
(45786)
36,2 %
(68,3 %)
71
(7198)
30,2 %
(10,7 %)
15
(6240)
6,4 %
(9,3 %)
9
(2778)
3,8 %
(4,2 %)
2
(13)
0,9 %
(0 %)
11
(293)
4,7 %
(0,4 %)
13
(1085)
5,5 %
(1,6 %)
23
(3714)
9,8 %
(5,5 %)
6
(8)
2,5 %
(0 %)
235
(67115)
100 %
V
72
(12595)
45,6 %
(51,8 %)
42
(7469)
26,5 %
(30,7 %)
12
(125)
7,6 %
(0,5 %)
4
(22)
2,5 %
(0,1 %)
0 3
(6)
1,9 %
(0 %)
2
(226)
1,3 %
(0,9 %)
21
(3852)
13,3 %
(15,9 %)
2
(11)
1,3 %
(0,1 %)
158
(24306)
100 %
VL
names
M
144
(122945)
33,1 %
(57,3 %)
166
(50158)
38,2 %
(23,4 %)
18
(30130)
4,1 %
(14 %)
10
(3749)
2,3 %
(1,8 %)
9
(99)
2 %
(0,1 %)
13
(1996)
3 %
(0,9 %)
32
(1292)
7,4 %
(0,6 %)
33
(4160)
7,6 %
(1,9 %)
10
(15)
2,3 %
(0 %)
435
(214544)
100 %
V
109
(44353)
34,9 %
(48,8 %)
130
(41716)
41,7 %
(45,8 %)
25
(198)
8,1 %
(0,2 %)
6
(47)
1,9 %
(0,1 %)
6
(25)
1,9 %
(0 %)
5
(11)
1,6 %
(0 %)
2
(521)
0,6 %
(0,6 %)
26 (4094)
8,3 %
(4,5 %)
3
(31)
1 %
(0 %)
312
(90996)
100 %
A icles and a icles 247
Skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu -ij- kai a Lie u os a dyne
(kilmės aspek as)
2 The las g aph in he able shows ha non- ecu ing speci ic o ms o
su names make up mo e han a hi d o VL su names […] 37.7% o emale and 37.5%
o male su names wi h he su ix -ij. The sha e o NLL names in Li huania was he
la ges , while SL and especially ILL […] dec eased, mo e in ensely in men's names.
Mos o he un epea ed pe sonal names a e speci ic o ms bo owed om
Russian: in he VL hey make up 70.1 pe cen o women's and 87.2 pe cen o men's
o ms o he names in ques ion. These su names we e educed o SL and ILL;
Al hough a la ge p opo ion o such names a e gi en o ci izens whose mo he
ongue is no Li huanian14, his end indica es ha he numbe o speci ic
Russian-language su names wi h a g adual -L a ia ion is dec easing in Li huania.
The size o emale names di e s om ha o English, I alian, and
I alian-language su names, which inc eased in SL and especially ILL, bu he
numbe o non-cu en su names om o he languages ne e ma ched he
di e si y o he speci ic su names om Russian. Recu en speci ic o ms o
su names accoun ed o a small p opo ion o all bo owing su names wi h he
su ix -ijdal, accoun ing o 4.3% o emale su names and 9.3% o male su names
(see able 2). In women's su names, compa ed o NLL, hei sha e dec eased o
SL, and la e inc eased o ILL. In men's su names, hese pe sonal names NLL,
when bo owed su names wi h he su ix -ijbu o we e a e, accoun ed o 36%,
and la e hei sha e dec eased. Thus, he speci ic o ms o names did no ha e
a s ong quan i a i e in luence on he bo owed pe sonal names wi h he su ix -ijkai ai.
The mos equen ly used pe sonal names a e he speci ic Russian language
o ms, domina ed by VL: i co e s 92.5 pe cen o women's names and 98.8
pe cen o men's names. The size o he women's g oup NLL was aken o e by
a d. He is also known as Ye geniy 668, Anas asia 546, Kla diya 530, Ye dokiya 526,
Taisia 206, Je osinia 151, Aga iya 148, Feodosiya 136. SL he pa o he names o
his g oup dec eased, plg. a d. Kla dija 231, Je dokija 109, Taisija 94 a e he
mos common, and he mos widesp ead a d. E genia, 864; Anas asia, 548; he
numbe has inc eased s eadily. ILL's sha e o hese names con inued o decline
and he size o he g oup emained due o he p oli e a ion o a d. Anas asia is 22 yea s old. E genia is 293 and Taisia is 152.
NLL bo owed male names wi h he su ix -ijbu o a ely (see able 1), bu mos o hem we e
de i ed om he Russian language o ansla e a d. Basil was 365, Yu i was 183, G ego y was 179,
Ye geny was 174, Dmi y was 80. A e he sp ead o SL o bo owed names wi h he su ix -ij-, he
o m bo owed om he Russian language emained he mos common in he g oup o speci ic
su name o ms, ising o a d. He was he son o Yu i 2657, Ye geny 1240, Vasiliy 860, Dmi y 707,
G igo y 349, and Dmi y 155 in popula i y. The p opo ion o hese su names has dec eased, al hough
14 such polynomials indica e he su names o ci izens o he i s hal and middle o he 20 h
cen u y, when he egis a ion o child en indica ed hei na ionali y, usually […] Russian, Russian, and la e he indica ion o na ionali y became op ional.

DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
248 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
šios g upės a dai i oliau domina o dėl a d. Dmi ijus 252, Je genijus 238,
The equency o Ju ij is 151.
Thus, he speci ic epea ing o ms o names aken om he Russian language VL
made up he majo i y o he exclusi e names, al hough some o hem dec eased
om SL. Thei change indica es ha Li huanian owels a e weak in speci ic
names bo owed om Russian wi h a ba hing -ijį aka, as well as in Li huanian
owels. The change in hese names also shows ha as he popula i y o pe sonal
names dec eases and new names a e no added, he size o he g oup depends on
he equency o he indi idual names, which is highligh ed by he a d. Anas asia is an ILL case.
A small pe cen age o he names ha a e epea ed we e aken om o he
languages a he han om he Russians - 7.5 pe cen o women's names and 1.2
pe cen o men's names. In he US, his g oup o su names does no include mo e
han 2 pe cen o emale su names and 1 pe cen o male su names. The SL
sha e o women's su names has inc eased as English has become mo e common,
e.g. a d. Kamilija 11, I alian, please. E minia 13, and possibly di e en , plg. a d.
Sa e in 21 is he name o he game. The men's names SL we e a e han he
women's names, some o which di e ed om he I alian-language names
because o he a d. E minia is 13 yea s old, El i a is 11. ILL women's su name
con inued o inc ease om English, plg. a d. Kamilija 208, E ija 137, Alisija 43,
dalis, plg. a d. El ijus 20, O ijus 18. Tai odo, kad mo e ų a dyne nuo SL, y-
I alian, also known as A d. El ia, 30, Giulia, 10, pa o he speci ic o ms o he
names adop ed by he languages. The masculine name ILL has also g own om
glų, i alų, y ų – iš i alų kalbų pe im ų a dų dažnumui.
he I alian o m o he su name […] om ILL mo e and mo e equen ly occu s
in he non-Russian o m o he speci ic su name. The la ges pa o he
su name i co e s is ILL, he emale su name inc eased om anTaigi om o he
languages adop ed speci ic o ms al hough hey di e ed in di e si y, co e ing
almos a hi d o he bo owed names wi h a g adual -ijin en o y, bu he e
a dyne nuo SL, y ų – nuo ILL daugėjo ne iš usų kalbos pe im ų speci inių
a dų o mų, ku ių į ai o ė didžiausia bu o ILL, išpli us mo e ų iš anglų, i alų,
we e ew […] o med by ecu ing su names. Among he bo owed names wi h a
ba h menu -ij-, sepa a e uni s and epea ing names, he mos common a e
speci ic o ms bo owed om he Russian language, he pa s o which ha e dec eased o e ime. Female-male […] om I alian o ms, al hough hey we e no common. Since he end o he wen ie h cen u y, as he numbe o su names de i ed om English and I alian has inc eased, he Li huanian su name has become simila o he su names o o he Eu opean peoples (Wol sohn 2000: 28-30).
The Appendices
Acco ding o he s udy o bo owed su names wi h he su ix -ijin en o y, i
has been ound ha hei oo consis s o La in and G eek pe sonal names,
mo e di e se and common han he su names o o he g oups o o igin. The
A icles and a icles 249
Skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu -ij- kai a Lie u os a dyne
(kilmės aspek as)
equency o La in and G eek names is highe han hei di e si y. I is belie ed
ha he names o his o igin may domina e all Li huanian loan names, and he
mos common pe sonal names o hese g oups mos o en ac ed as new names
wi h he su ix -ijsusida imą. In he wen y- i s cen u y, pa s o La in and
G eek names inc eased and dec eased. The pa o La in su names ha a e
isola ed g ew g adually, while he pa o su names ha a e epea edly o his
o igin inc eased he mos in he SL and la e g ew less s ongly. The p opo ion
o sepa a e G eek names has appa en ly dec eased in he ILL, al hough epea ed
G eek names om SL co e less and less o he su name, and his p ocess
con inues in he ILL. This change indica es ha he i s dec eases he
equency o popula names, la e dec eases hei di e si y, and he changes
ha began in SL a e mo e p onounced in he smalle in en o y. Such changes may also be cha ac e is ic o he en i e Li huanian su name.
The inc ease in he numbe o epea ed La in names in he VL indica es hei
impo ance in Li huanian, especially women's, names. The g ea di e si y o
names gi en by he NLL, he es ablished adi ions o hei use, he main ained,
luc ua ing o e u ning popula i y, plg. a d. Vic o ia, a e he main easons why
La in pe sonal names a e he mos common Li huanian bo owed names wi h a
inal -ijin in en o y. O he names, sepa a e uni s, g oups a e smalle , and he
g ea es di e si y o hese is in g oups o Heb ew, Djibou ian, and women's
names de i ed om Eas e n languages. Since he di e si y o su names in many
g oups inc eased mos ma kedly in he ILL, his may be a sys ema ic exp ession
o he Li huanian su name, a eason o dis ibu e su names wi h he su ix -ij-.
The pe iphe al na u e o smalle g oups o names became appa en a e he
čius asmen a džius, nes išsky us mo e ų heb ajiškus a dus dėl a d. Ma ija
inclusion o ecu ing popula i y, while o he names co e a small pa o
ecu ing names. Thus, many g oups o su names o o he o igins a e made up
o uncommon pe sonal names, and common su names o o he o igins han La in
o G eek a e singula cases, which may be cha ac e is ic o all Li huanian
su names. The a ia ion o he pa s o g oups o less equen names
e ealed ha he popula i y o indi idual names depends on he pa o hei g oup o names.
Speci ic o ms o su names om o he languages co e almos a hi d o
un epea ed su names, bu he e is no equen and conside ed su name
pe iphe y. F om hem, i can be seen ha in o he languages he names ha e
aken ano he o m, excep o he a d, which is mo e ypical o
non-Li huanians. Anas asija, names wi h a cen u ies-old adi ion o use in
Li huania ha e no sp ead mo e widely, and his may be cha ac e is ic o o he g oups o pe sonal names.
Among he speci ic o ms bo owed om o he languages, he o ms
bo owed om Russian domina e. O e ime, hei numbe s dec eased,
al hough speci ic o ms we e adop ed om o he languages, mos o en ILL, sp ead om English, I alian, men […] om I alian
kalbų pe im iems onimams, nebu o i in dažnos. Jų kai a a spindi didėjančią
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
250 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV di e si y o names ILL and shows ha
since he end o he 20 h cen u y Li huanian su names ha e been mos
in luenced by English, I alian names, al hough hei e ec is no compa able o
he in luence o names de i ed om Russian.
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DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
252 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
"Synonyms and ela ed wo ds: synonyms and ela ed wo ds: synonyms and ela ed
wo ds: synonyms and ela ed wo ds: synonyms and ela ed wo ds: synonyms and
ela ed wo ds: synonyms and ela ed wo ds: synonyms and ela ed wo ds: synonyms
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S aipsniai / A icles 253
Skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu -ij- kai a Lie u os a dyne
(kilmės aspek as)
The De elopmen o Bo owed Names Ending
in -ijin Li huanian (O igin)
Summa y
An analysis o he o igin o Li huanian bo owed names ending in -is shows ha hei co e was
cons i u ed by La in and G eek names, o he mos pa used since he i s hal o he 20 h
cen u y. Thei equency is g ea e han hei di e si y. Du ing he 20 h and 21s cen u ies he
numbe o names o La in o igin inc eased, whe eas hose o G eek o igin dec eased. These
changes we e mo e p onounced in he compa a i ely smalle g oup o male names han among
emale names. The o igin o o he name g oups was mo e a ied, e en hough hey we e
signi ican ly less nume ous. The luc ua ion in hei numbe s shows ha he equency o
di e en name g oups depends on he popula i y o indi idual names. Among he di e en
pe iods, he pe iod leading o Li huania's independence s ands ou as he one wi h a g ea e
a ie y o names. Speci ic o ms aken om o he languages we e a he a ied, bu a he
same ype in equen , and hus belonged o he pe iphe y o he Li huanian sys em o names.
Among he speci ic o ms bo owed om o he languages, hose o Russian o igin p edomina e,
al hough hei numbe has dec eased sligh ly along wi h he expansion o name o ms aken
om English and I alian.
Deli e ed on 17 Feb ua y 2021
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
Ca hed al o he Bal ic
Ins i u e o Bal ic Languages and Cul u es
Vilniaus uni e si e as
Uni e si y o Vilnius LT-01513, Li huania
dai a.sinke iciu [email p o ec ed] This is a lis o uni e si ies in Li huania.