Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu „-ij-“ kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas)

DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Vilnius University Research field: onomastics. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/all84-11 THE CHANGE OF BORROWED NAMES WITH THE ENDING –IJ– IN THE LITHUANIAN NAME SYSTEM (THE ASPECT OF ORIGIN)¹ The Development of Borrowed Names Ending in –ij– in Lithuanian (Origin) ABSTRACT The article examines the inventory of borrowed names with the ending –ij– from the perspective of their origin. Among the names studied, Latin and Greek personal names predominate and have had the greatest influence on changes in the name system. Although borrowed names with the ending –ij– of other origins were diverse, they did not encompass a large part of the name system. The period of independent Lithuania stands out among all the periods, as it saw the greatest diversity of the names studied and the beginning of a decline in the influence of Russian on the name system. On the basis of changes in the inventory of borrowed names with the ending –ij–, preliminary features of changes in Lithuania’s borrowed name system in the 20th–21st centuries are identified. KEYWORDS: Lithuanian names, personal names, borrowed names, names with the ending –ij–, naming fashions. ANNOTATION The article deals with the inventory of Lithuanian borrowed names ending in –ij– from the point of view of their origin. Names of Latin and Greek origin clearly predominate. They had a major impact on the Lithuanian stock of proper names. Names of other origins were rather variegated, but they did not make a large part of the total of proper names. The period leading to the independence of Lithuania clearly stands out as being the one with ¹ The article was prepared on the basis of the VLK K project Names of Citizens of the Republic of Lithuania with the Suffix –ij–: Borrowing and Derivational Tendencies, No. K-5/2018. 232 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu –ij– kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas) the greater variety of names. In addition, Russian influence decreased. The changes in the inventory of borrowed names ending in –ij– allow us to preliminary highlight the main features of the development of Lithuanian borrowed names during the 20th–21st centuries. KEYWORDS: Lithuanian names, personal names, borrowed names, names ending in –ij–, name trends. INTRODUCTION The name system of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter – LR) consists of personal names of various origins. Alongside names of native origin—two-stem names, their shortenings, and appellative names expanded by suffixes—children are given borrowed personal names, and new names are created by reshaping the onyms in use or by employing appellatives. Among this diversity, borrowed names with the ending –ij– stand out; cf. personal names Eugenijus, Sofija, a widespread group of onyms in Lithuania: 435 separate female and 312 male personal names borrowed from other languages (with repetitions – 214544 female and 90996 male names). Borrowed names with the ending –ij– function in Lithuania’s 20th–21st-century name system alongside non-suffixal names of various origins with the ending –ij–, cf. personal names Vilija < Vilija river, Venecija < Venecija town, Žarija < žarija, Idilija < idilija, and derivatives of different origins, cf. personal names Audron-ijus < Audronis, Dovil-ija < Dovilė, Gabriel-ijus < Gabrielius, Just-ija < Justė. This testifies not only to the diversity of the base of names of this structure, but also to the integration of borrowed personal names, as a result of which the ending –ij– became a formant for new names (Sinkevičiūtė 2018: 248)². Because of their spread and influence on the formation of new onyms, borrowed personal names with the ending –ij– were selected as the object of analysis. The study sought to determine what origins constitute the core of the name system under analysis, how its inventory changed, and which personal names and groups of them most influenced changes in the name system. To achieve this aim, the following tasks were set: 1. to distinguish the largest groups of non-repeated names by origin and discuss the changes in onyms that occurred within them; 2. to find the most widespread groups of repeated names by origin, identify their most frequent members, and review the characteristics of their change; 3. to distinguish specific name forms and assess their influence on changes in the name system. On the basis of the changes that occurred in the inventory of borrowed names with the ending –ij–, the study also aimed to highlight possible systematic changes in Lithuania’s borrowed name system in the 20th–21st centuries. ² The ending –ij– has also become a formant for new names in Latvia’s name system; see Balode, Plēsuma 2015: 237–238. Straipsniai / Articles 233 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ CONCEPT OF THE OBJECT AND RESEARCH PERIODS The names studied are single-component names of residents of Lithuania and foreign residents holding LR citizenship, cf. personal names Vitalija, Virginijus, and multi-component names, cf. personal names Ada Marija, Aurelijus Jonas. Their data were counted together, with the number of the same personal names from multi-component names added to the single-component names. More detailed statistics can be found at vardai.ulk.lt. Names were collected from the Register of Names of Citizens of the LR, obtained in 2006 from the Population Register Service through the mediation of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language and supplemented through 2018 (inclusive). Not all personal names were included in the study because the collection of 20th–21st-century onyms obtained did not include the names of deceased people. Therefore, the personal names do not represent quantitative statistics, although their frequency reflects tendencies in name popularity. Names given to children from the beginning of the 20th century through 2018 (inclusive) are referred to as names of the entire period (hereinafter – VL). Names given during the following periods were also distinguished: – During the period of Independent Lithuania (hereinafter – NLL), that is, names given in 1918–1939, when Lithuania was independent, together with names given before 1918 and in 1940–1943, regarded as personal names of transitional periods. – During the Soviet period (hereinafter – SL), that is, names given in 1944–1985, when Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union, excluding names given in 1986–1989, when the spirit of independence predominated in Lithuania, since this understanding of the Soviet period is found in historians’ works, cf. Švedas (2009). – During the period of liberated Lithuania (hereinafter – ILL), that is, names given in 1990–2018, when Lithuania became independent and, as mentioned, names from the preceding period—1986–1989—were assigned to it³ The periods were distinguished in order to reveal the features of names in the 20th–21st centuries and on the assumption that changes in the name system depend on social, cultural, and political development, which is also influenced by other causes—religion, nationality, kinship ties, and social class (Gerhards 2010). Changes in the name system were studied by analysing the percentages and changes, in separate periods, of groups of individual and repeated personal names according to origin. The aim was thus to show its diversity and naming tendencies in the context of the totality of the onyms studied. ³ Lithuanian nature names and derivatives with the diminutive suffixes –ut– were studied for the same periods (Sinkevičiūtė 2018; 2020). 234 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu –ij– kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas) The object of the study is borrowed names with the ending –ij–, taken from other languages and established in Lithuania’s name system: they have forms corresponding to the Lithuanian language system, cf. personal names Aurelija, Lijus, Remigijus, Rija. Because of their form and origin, variants of names and shortenings with the ending –ij– arising through apheresis were analysed together, cf. personal names Licija < Felicija, Natalijus < Anatolijus, Tilija < Otilija. The origin of the borrowed names was established and published in LVKŽ, on the website vardai.vlkk.lt, and is therefore not repeated below, except in individual cases. The inventory studied consisted of all LR citizens’ names conforming to the Lithuanian language system, including personal names given to LR citizens whose native language is not Lithuanian⁴. Therefore, the results of the study indicate tendencies in changes throughout Lithuania’s name system. When identifying the object of the study, distinguishing suffixal derivatives was problematic, since some names ending in –ij– may be not only borrowed but also suffixal derivatives formed in Lithuanian. The criteria chosen for distinguishing them were the context of the personal names and, in individual cases, the influence of the language⁵ from which the name may have been borrowed. On this basis, onyms existing alongside names that have the same stem with another ending, and whose possible bases are personal names widespread in Lithuania, were regarded as derivatives. Accordingly, personal name Alfonsija was considered a derivative because personal names Alfonsas, Alfonsa, Alfonse have been given in Lithuania, as well as Alfonsina, although personal name Alphonsia is used in French and English (BTN, NB), or personal name Alvenija, because personal names Alvis, Alva, Alvė have been given in Lithuania, as well as Alvita, Alveta, although personal name Alvenia is used in English (BTN). The origin of the borrowed personal names Alfonsija, Alvenija was regarded as secondary; these names were not included in the inventory of the onyms studied. Because of the context of their formation, onyms were considered borrowed if they were expanded with the ending –ij– in the language in which they arose, or if they were names of persons of another gender formed from a name with the same stem. Accordingly, personal name Nadija was considered borrowed: it is a Slavic name formed either in Russian from the shortening Nadia of personal name Nadežda, or borrowed from Ukrainian (Trijniak 2005: 244), although personal names Nada, Nadė exist in Lithuania’s name system. Personal name Marcelija was assigned to the borrowed names, formed on the basis of the personal name Marcelijus used in Lithuania, which was borrowed with a suffix from Latin (LVKŽ 228), although personal names Marcela, Marcelė, Marcelius, Marcelis, as well as Marcelina, have been given in Lithuania. When a name ending in –ij– is widespread in several languages, such personal names were likewise considered borrowed. Such is, ⁴ Forms of names atypical of Lithuanian, lacking customary gender-indicating endings or written as sequences of letters, variants or reshaped forms of names used in colloquial Lithuanian, except for personal names recommended for giving to children (see LVKŽ), were not included in the inventory of onyms; cf. personal name Kastancija alongside Konstancija, and toponymic personal names, cf. personal name Kaspija < Kaspija, cf. Kaspijos jūra. ⁵ In the 20th century, the borrowed name system was influenced most by Russian, and from the end of the 20th century by English and Italian; see below. Straipsniai / Articles 235 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ for example, personal name Evija, used in English, cf. personal name Evia (BTN, NB), Italian, cf. personal name Evia (De Felice 1996: 162), Latvian, cf. personal name Evija (Siliņš 1990: 122), and elsewhere, although personal name Evua is widespread in Lithuania. Suffixal formation of names of this kind was regarded as secondary, and these onyms were studied together with other borrowed names. Therefore, the inventory of borrowed names with the ending -ij is conditional, since some names may have arisen for reasons other than those assumed. Although there are no precise quantitative statistics on 20th-century names, the periods distinguished for the study help highlight tendencies in name change and attest to common features of the name system in individual periods. THE STATE OF RESEARCH ON BORROWED NAMES IN LITHUANIA The personal names borrowed into Lithuania’s name system have not received systematic analysis: there is a lack of studies examining a separate group of borrowed names according to origin or structure. Consequently, little is known about changes in the inventory of borrowed personal names. Personal names borrowed from other languages occurred in Lithuania before the baptism of 1387 (Zinkevičius 2005; 2008: 343–351), after which these names spread and became established in the name system. Vitalija Maciejauskienė (1991: 31–49) established that, as the two-name Lithuanian naming system was forming, Christian names predominated in the first position of personal designations recorded from the 17th century; they were in general use from the 18th century. Until the beginning of the 20th century, children’s names were baptismal names; later, national personal names, new borrowed names, reshaped forms, derivatives, and created names emerged. Historical sources show that borrowed names with the ending -ij- spread in Lithuania after the baptism, and individual personal names became popular once Christianity was established. Zigmas Zinkevičius (1977: 52) established that at the beginning of the 17th century the Greek personal name Sofija and the Latin personal name Liucija were common in Vilnius. According to Liudas Jova išas (2005: 147–184), in baptismal registers of Lithuania from the first half of the 17th century, the most frequent female names were the Greek personal names Sofija, Anastazija and the Latin personal names Apolonija, Liucija, Cecilija, while in the male name system the Hebrew personal names Elijas, Zacharijas were more frequent in individual regions. They show that, once borrowed personal names became established in the female name system, frequent borrowed names with the ending -ij- appeared, while onyms with this ending did not spread in the male name system. In the 17th century, fashions in women’s names changed more quickly than those in men’s names (Zinkevičius 1977: 52–53), which attests to a universal pattern visible in names from other languages, since men’s name systems are generally more stable (Alford 1988: 150–155). Change in women’s names can be observed in the increase, in Vilnius in the second half of the 17th century, of the Latin personal name Konstancija (Zinkevičius 1977: 52–53), in the Nemunaitis parish of the Latin personal name Rozalija (Jegele vičius 2002: 299), and in the decrease of the previously mentioned women’s names 236 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu –ij– kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas) in popularity. Thus, in the second half of the 17th century, borrowed male names with the ending –ij– remained rarer than female names, while in the female name system Greek and Latin borrowed personal names predominated. The frequency of Lithuanian names in the 18th–19th centuries has not been studied. It has been established that at the end of the 20th century and in the 21st century, the frequent Latin names of newborn girls were Viktorija, Emilija (Sinkevičiūtė 2012; 2014a), while borrowed personal names with the ending –ij– among newborn boys did not spread (Sinkevičiūtė 2012; 2014). This shows that popular borrowed female names with the ending –ij–, mostly Latin and Greek personal names, also existed in Lithuania in later centuries, while in the male name system, as earlier, Hebrew borrowed personal names with the ending –ij– stood out somewhat in frequency. Research on Lithuanian borrowed names has focused on widespread personal names with the ending –ij–. One of them is the personal name Marija, whose use in Western and Byzantine cultures, arrival in Lithuania, origin, and variants in Lithuanian dialects were discussed by Antanas Salys (1983: 101–104)⁶. The origin of some of the names studied is presented in LVKŽ, which also provides dialectal variants, and personal names from LVKŽ have become names with a tradition of recommended use. Zinkevičius (2008: 352–483) likewise presented the origin of some borrowed names with the ending –ij–⁷, while the origin of all borrowed names given to children in the 20th–21st centuries is indicated on the website vardai.vlkk.lt, which provides their shortenings and variants. Thus, the inventory of borrowed names with the ending –ij– has been identified. It should be added that in the 20th–21st centuries, borrowed personal names with the ending –ij– were also among the names evaluated from the perspective of language culture. The uncommon names Hon orijus, Asterija presented in LVKŽ, for example, were considered foreign to the Lithuanian language (Maciejauskienė 1989: 83). Jon as Klimavičius (2004: 16–25) believes that, for example, the personal names Adrija, Sidonija, Amelijus, Livijus do not perform an identificational function. Such researchers’ remarks attest to efforts to protect the Lithuanian name system from the influence of names in other languages. On the other hand, this evaluation shows that some personal names with the ending –ij– have not spread and therefore appear unusual. Thus, the inventory of borrowed names with the ending –ij– has been established, although it has been little studied. Since the adoption of Christianity in Lithuania, onyms with this ending that have spread have been more characteristic of the female name system. Although fashions in personal names changed, Greek and Latin names were the most frequent in the female name system, while Hebrew names occurred somewhat more often among male names. ⁶ Salys (1983: 81–86) presented the personal name Jurijus, a variant of the personal name customary among Lithuanians, Jurgis, discussing its origin and the tendencies in its written form, as well as the history of its spread in other languages. Salys’s (1983: 118–122) description of the personal name Motiejus likewise mentions its variant Matijas, Matijus, which has been widespread in Lithuania since the end of the 20th century. ⁷ He also mentioned surnames that arose from them, but they are not frequent in Lithuania’s name system. Straipsniai / Articles 237 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ BORROWED NAMES WITH THE ENDING –IJ– BY ORIGIN Borrowed names with the ending –ij– arose in various languages. Greek and Latin personal names with the ending –ij–, some of which spread in Lithuania from the 17th century, were formed by expanding appellatives in these languages with the suffix Latin -ius, Greek -ιoς, which, among other functions, had a patronymic function and entered into the composition of compound suffixes with which personal names are formed (Leumann 1977: 288–302; Weiss 2009: 274–278). Onyms of this structure are common in the Roman name system, which influenced names throughout Europe (Salway 1994: 136–137); other names were Latinized by adding the ending –ius on their model (Gottschald 1982: 61–63). Many Lithuanian borrowed personal names with the ending –ij– from before the mid-20th century were adopted from the western and eastern Slavic neighbours, where, following the separation of Catholic and Orthodox religions, different saints’ names became established and their forms diverged because of language development and traditions of using the forms (Biryla 1966; Malec 1994; Slednikov 2013: 266–267; Leib­ring 2016: 204). Many forms of Lithuanian Christian personal names were adopted from the Polish name system, where borrowed names with –ius underwent many changes (Malec 1994: 68–71; with literature). Consequently, the forms of Polish, and consequently Lithuanian, Christian names differ from the forms of names in other languages. Personal names with the ending –ij– are common in Russian, Belarusian, and other East Slavic languages, while female and male names differ only in their endings (Biryla 1966: 324; Suslova, Superanskaja 1991: 11, 100). By adding the ending –ij–, new names also arose in Russian and spread into other languages. It is difficult to distinguish these onyms from suffixal derivatives formed in Lithuanian (see above). More borrowed personal names with the ending –ij–, adopted from other languages, are widespread in Lithuania, cf. personal names Mija, Marija, Sandija, Tobijas, which demonstrates the diversity of the name system. Some new borrowed names with the ending –ij– have been used in Lithuania since the end of the 20th century, because, as the influence of the media grew⁸, personal names were borrowed directly and intensively from other languages, most often from English (Gerhards, Hackenbroch 2000: 518–520). Although children are often named after relatives, friends, or important people, names are also sought in books and in lists of onyms published online (Blount 2015: 621–623). As a result, the number of new borrowed names is increasing. Such change is a usual phenomenon, since proper lexicon is adopted from one language into another more easily than common lexicon (Aniala, Saarelma, Sjöblom 2016: 136–137). Borrowed names with the ending –ij– were grouped, and Latin, cf. personal names Remigijus, Virginija, Greek, cf. personal names Egidijus, Stefanija, Hebrew, cf. ⁸ The media not only spread new names, but also influence the individualization of parents’ acquired associations with names or create stereotypes of name images in society (Vandebosch 1998: 244–247). 238 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu –ij– kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas) personal names Solomonija, Zacharijus, Germanic, cf. personal names Amelija, Ot lijus, Slavic, cf. personal names Nadija, Radijus, Romance, cf. personal names Alicija, Ksaverijus, widespread from Eastern languages, cf. personal names Sandijus, Varakija, with different explanations of origin, cf. personal names Arijus, Otolija, and other groups of personal names of different origins. These groups include shortenings arising through apheresis from names of the aforementioned origins, cf. personal name Femija < Eufemija, or shorter variants of onyms, cf. personal name Nast sija < Anast sija, with final –ij–. Some names with two explanations of origin, which are also shortenings of frequent personal names formed because of the spread of a borrowed name with the ending –ij–, cf. personal name Marija < Marijona, were assigned only to the latter origin group, since the second origin is implied by the popularity of the name. Groups of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Germanic, and Slavic names are usually distinguished in the works of other researchers as well because of the large share they constitute and their influence on Lithuania’s name system (LVKŽ; Zinkevičius 2008: 343–483). The other groups distinguished were formed according to tendencies in the giving of the names studied. Personal names formed in Romance languages, which enter the general body of borrowed names (LVKŽ; Zinkevičius 2008: 480–483), were chosen to be distinguished as one group because the onyms are linked by linguistic kinship and are increasingly found in Lithuanian name systems (Sinkevičiūtė, Griniūtė 2014), as in those of other European languages, for example German (Gerhards 2010: 130–146). In studying borrowed personal names with the ending –ij–, names originating from Italian, cf. personal names Ornelija, Salezijus, Spanish, cf. personal names Ksaverijus, Nurija⁹, French, cf. personal names Alicijus, Aliodija, and Portuguese, cf. personal name Romarija, were found. Onyms formed in the countries of Eastern culture were distinguished as one group, highlighting the distant area of their formation. According to the personal names widespread in Lithuania, this group includes names of Arabic, cf. personal name Razija, Iranian (Persian), cf. personal names Darija, Darijus, and Indian, cf. personal names Prija, Sandijus, origin. The majority of the repeated onyms in this group (93.4 percent of female and 99.8 percent of male personal names) consists of the personal names Darija, Darijus¹⁰, which indicates the peripheral character of the other names and the influence of Greek on the name system. Personal names with several, usually two, equivalent explanations of origin were also distinguished. In this way, the aim was to highlight the size of the share of names of multiple origin in the name system. The numbers of female (M in the tables) and male (V in the tables) personal names grouped by origin—first separate units, and in parentheses those with repeated names—of VL, NLL, SL, and ILL in the periods studied are presented in Table 1. It shows the percentage shares of personal names of different origins, first indicating the shares of separate units and, in parentheses, those with repeated names. The final vertical column is intended to indicate the numbers and shares of names for each period. ⁹ For Spanish-origin names in the name system of LR citizens, see Sinkevičiūtė, Griniūtė 2014. ¹⁰ Personal name Darijus, from which the female form Darija arose, was borrowed from Persian into Greek, from which it spread, together with other Greek names, into other languages (BTN). Straipsniai / Articles 239 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ 1 TABLE. Borrowed personal names with the ending –ių– by origin groups 240 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu –ij– kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas) DIVERSITY OF BORROWED NAMES WITH THE ENDING –IJ– AND ITS CHANGE The core of the name system studied consists of non-repeated Greek and Latin names, and the diversity of personal names in these groups is the greatest (see Table 1). Together, these onyms comprise 71.3 percent of female and 76.6 percent of male VL personal names, while the diversity of the Latin-name groups (33.1 percent of the female and 34.9 percent of the male VL name system) is greater than that of the Greek-name group (38.2 percent of the female and 41.7 percent of the male VL name system). The share of the Greek-name group in the name system declined from SL onward. Until ILL, the shares of Greek onyms among women and men changed at a similar pace, but later the share of Greek names declined more, especially in the male name system. Thus, the most intensive processes of change in Greek personal names occurred in ILL, more markedly in the male name system. From SL onward, the share of Latin personal names grew. Latin female names were a more stable group of personal names and grew gradually. The share of Latin male names, smaller than that of female names in NLL, increased more intensively and grew in ILL, when it encompassed a larger part of the male name system than female names of the same origin. Consequently, the male name system differs from the female one in its more intensive increase in the share of Latin names, most pronounced in ILL. Thus, changes in the Greek and Latin male name systems studied were more pronounced than those in the female name system in the 20th–21st centuries, and ILL stands out among all periods, as the most intensive change in onyms occurred in the groups of names dominant in terms of diversity. The diversity of non-repeated names of other origins was smaller in VL; among them, the group of onyms with different explanations of origin stands out in size in the female name system (together with the group of names from Eastern languages) and in the male name system (together with the group of Hebrew names). From SL onward, the share of names with different explanations of origin increased, most intensively in ILL and more markedly in the male name system. The share of Hebrew male names decreased in SL and later grew in ILL, while in the female name system the diversity of personal names borrowed from Eastern languages was greatest in SL¹¹. Thus, the diversity of the male name groups discussed grew most in ILL, whereas the diversity of female names changed differently. The remaining groups of non-repeated names encompassed an even smaller part of the name system. From SL onward, the share of Romance names increased, constituting a larger share in the female than in the male name system, while the share of Slavic names decreased. The share of Germanic names, more characteristic of women, increased in the female name system from SL onward, while in the male name system it decreased in SL and grew in ILL. The shares of Hebrew female names and male personal names borrowed from Eastern languages decreased in SL and grew in ILL. These changes were indistinct because of the small number of individual names making up the group ¹¹ Except for personal name Darija, girls given most of the individual names in this group in SL were not registered by their parents as being of Lithuanian nationality. Straipsniai / Articles 241 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ names making up the group, but they show that in ILL the diversity of most name groups increased, except for Slavic names. Thus, examination of the origin groups of non-repeated borrowed personal names ending in –ij– established that in VL the greatest variety of onyms is found in the groups of Greek and Latin names. The other personal names comprise less than one-third of the non-repeated onyms, and among them the largest group consists of names with differing explanations of origin. This indicates the greatest diversity of non-repeated female and male names of the same origin, since the other groups more characteristic of female or male naming are composed of considerably fewer non-repeated onyms. Although changes in the inventory of names are more pronounced in the smaller male naming system, the change in non-repeated names proceeded similarly in the largest female and male name groups. In VL, the groups of Latin, names with differing explanations of origin, and Romance personal names increased, while the groups of Greek and Slavic personal names decreased; the group of Hebrew names, having decreased in SL, grew in ILL. In the other female and male name groups, changes proceeded differently, but their diversity increased in ILL, except for the group of female names borrowed from Eastern languages. This shows that in ILL the diversity of most non-repeated name groups increased most markedly, with the exception of the groups of Greek and Slavic names and of female names borrowed from Eastern languages. The increase in the diversity of personal names in ILL is associated with a fashion increasingly established in many languages since the end of the 20th century: giving a child a unique, one-off name (Bush 2020: 141–142). THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHANGE OF BORROWED NAMES ENDING IN –IJ– As can be seen from Table 1, the largest groups in Lithuania are those of repeated Latin and Greek names: Latin personal names comprise a larger part of the VL naming system (57.3 percent of female and 48.8 percent of male names), while Greek names comprise a smaller part (23.4 percent of female and 45.8 percent of male names). This shows that repeated Latin names are more frequent than Greek ones and are more characteristic of women, whereas the shares of Latin and Greek male names in the naming system are similar. The onyms in these groups, together comprising 80.7 percent of the female and 94.6 percent of the male VL naming system, clearly predominate over the other name groups. The proportion of repeated Latin names increased in VL. It grew most markedly in SL and subsequently expanded more slowly. In the female naming system, the popularity of personal names Valerija 6065¹², Emilija 5573, Julija 2556, Liucija 1728, Viktorija 1552, Natalija 1486, Felicija 1026 determined the share of Latin names ¹² The number of names given during the period under discussion is indicated, including the members of multipart names. 242 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu –ij– kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas) of the share in NLL. In SL, the personal names Natalija 5343, Viktorija 4875, Julija 3621, Valerija 3305, Liucija 2047, Emilija 1652 were frequent; the personal names Virginija 14616, Vitalija 4770, Aurelijа 3409, Lilija 3576, and Lucija 1148 spread. Owing to the increased popularity of some Latin personal names and the spread of names that had previously been rare, this name group grew in SL, although there were also onyms whose earlier popularity declined in SL. In ILL, the personal names Viktorija 13322, Emilija 9763, Julija 3945, Aurelijа 3112, Vitalija 1164 remained frequent, while the personal names Patricija 2698, Kornelija 2666, and Silvija 1607 spread. Thus, the share of Latin names in ILL increased because of the tradition of giving girls names from the first half of the 20th century, the growing popularity of the personal name Viktorija, and the spread of names that had previously been rare. There were few NLL borrowed male names ending in –ij–, although Latin personal names belonged to the majority of male names of that period. In NLL, the most frequent were the Latin personal names Pijus 179, Valerijus 145, Vitalijus 103, Virgilijus 98, and Remigijus 68. In SL, the share of Latin names increased as the frequency of the following personal names given more often than in NLL increased: Virginijus 8140, Remigijus 7455, Vitalijus 4579, Virgiliјus 2889, Valerijus 2673, Aurelijus 1787, and Marijus 1011. In ILL, the frequency of many Latin names that had previously been widespread in SL declined; the most popular among them remained the personal names Remigijus 1306 and Vitalijus 1300, although the popularity of Pijus 2638 and Emilijus 1015 increased, as did, to some extent, that of Ovidijus 1393. The fact that Latin names remained part of the core of the male naming system in ILL was determined by the frequency of individual personal names and the decreased overall number of borrowed names ending in –ij–. Thus, the group of Latin names comprised the largest share of repeated onyms in VL. When some Latin names lost popularity, other Latin personal names spread, strengthening the dominant character of names of this origin. This phenomenon is clearly visible in SL, especially in the female naming system. In ILL, Latin names remained frequent because a tradition developed of naming children, especially girls, with names that had been frequent in NLL, some of which became very popular in ILL. Although the frequency of borrowed names ending in –ij– decreased in ILL, more markedly in the male naming system, the group of repeated Latin names remained the largest. Unlike the Latin names, the share of repeated Greek names decreased in VL. Greek names were more characteristic of the male naming system. The frequency of Greek female names in NLL was determined by the popularity of the personal names Zofija 6326, Stefanija 5483, Eugenija 4845, Leokadija 1871, Sofija 1705, Anastazija 1463, Lidija 1325, and Apolonija 1162. In SL, Greek names comprised a smaller share of the naming system because the popularity of the most frequent personal names Eugenija 3105, Zofija 2084, Stefanija 1662, and Leokadija 1361 declined, while cases in which Greek names became noticeably more popular than in NLL, cf. the personal name Lidija 1804, were few. In ILL, the popularity of many previously frequent Greek names continued to decline, and only the personal names Sofija 2628 and Anastazija 2230 stood out in frequency. This shows that many Greek female names frequent in NLL later lost popularity, and individual personal names remained frequent, maintaining the size of the group in the naming system. Straipsniai / Articles 243 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ The most frequent Greek male personal names in NLL were Eugenijus 586, Anatolijus 393, Vasilijus 365, Jurijus 183, and Jevgenijus 179, together constituting the majority of the onyms under discussion. In SL, the numbers of Eugenijus 4513, Jurijus 2657, Anatolijus 1732, Genadijus 1391, and Jevgenijus 1240 increased; the personal names Egidijus 9830 and Nerijus 7470, given more often than in NLL, spread. Although Greek names spread in SL, they comprised a smaller share of the naming system than in NLL because the number and frequency of all borrowed personal names ending in –ij– increased. The popularity of Greek onyms declined in ILL, and their share in the naming system was determined by the frequency of Egidijus 2932 and Nerijus 2879. The popularity of Greek male names that had spread from NLL declined later, and the size of this group became dependent on the frequency of individual names. Thus, Greek names were most frequent in the female naming system in NLL and in the male naming system in SL, although at that time they comprised a smaller share of the naming system than in NLL, when borrowed male names ending in –ij– were rare. In SL and ILL, new Greek personal names did not spread widely; consequently, the share of the naming system they comprised depended on the frequency retained by onyms given from NLL, which declined in most cases, while the share of Greek names also decreased. Groups of repeated names of other origins comprise a smaller part of the naming system. Among them, the group of Hebrew female names stands out in size; it was largest in NLL because of the personal name Marija 13245 populiarumo13. In SL, as Marija 10561 became less frequent, the share of Hebrew names also decreased; in ILL it comprised an even smaller part of the naming system as the popularity of Marija 5498 continued to decline, because its shortening Mija 502, spreading in ILL, did not become equally widespread. The group of names with differing explanations of origin is somewhat larger. Although names of this origin were repeated infrequently in NLL and SL, their share in the naming system grew in ILL, especially among male names. This increase in ILL was determined by the frequency of the personal name Elija 1605, given from NLL, and of the personal names Adrija 1394, Arijus 1484, Adrijus 1080, and Elijus 831, given from SL. The same tendency of change can be seen in other origin groups as well. As the popularity of Darija 1058 and Darijus 225 increased, the shares of groups of names borrowed from Eastern languages and of female Germanic names, represented by Amelija 2274, increased in ILL. These examples show how the popularity of an individual name affects the size of an entire group. Repeated Slavic and Romance names were not frequent. The share of Slavic names decreased from SL and disappeared in ILL. The share of Romance names, more characteristic of women, also decreased from SL, when Rozalija 660 and Alicija 105 were popular, whereas in SL they comprised a larger share because of the frequency of Alicija 654 and Rozalija 142. When these names became unpopular in ILL, the share of Romance onyms decreased (cf. the most frequent personal name Alicija 208), and newly borrowed names of this origin did not spread. Although the change in these name groups was not pronounced, it also shows that the smaller ¹³ The great popularity of the personal name Marija reflects the veneration of the cult of the Mother of God, which developed in various European countries from the 16th–18th centuries (Leibring 2016: 206). 244 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu –ij– kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas) the size of the groups depended on the popularity of individual names, and most changes in the naming system took place in ILL. Thus, examination by origin of the groups of repeated borrowed personal names ending in –ij– established that Latin and Greek names were repeated most often in the VL naming system. From SL onward, the share of Latin names increased and that of Greek names decreased; in the male naming system, which consists of fewer names than the female system, this process proceeded more intensely. The increase in the share of Latin names can be explained not only by the sustained, “reviving” popularity of personal names given to children from NLL onward, but also by newly emerging names that were spreading. The share of Greek names decreased as their popularity faded, while new Greek names did not spread widely. The influence of groups of names of other origins on quantitative changes in the naming system was small; the size of these groups fluctuated as the popularity of individual frequent onyms changed, and the most pronounced changes in the naming system took place in ILL. The borrowed names ending in –ij– that were very frequent at different times were mostly given from NLL onward; only the personal names Adrija, Elijus, Adrijus, Arijus spread in SL, and Mija in ILL. Thus, not only did the core of the naming system develop from repeated Latin and Greek names in NLL and change because of name frequency, but many names of these origins that later spread in the naming system were also given from NLL onward. SPECIFIC FORMS OF NAMES BORROWED FROM OTHER LANGUAGES ENDING IN –IJ– AND THEIR CHANGE Some personal names borrowed into other languages, having become established in those languages, acquired a different stem form. Such names also occur among borrowed personal names ending in –ij–. These are names registered in Lithuania according to their pronunciation, cf. the English form of Latin origin Džulija alongside the Latin personal name Julija, or names that, as a result of regular development, underwent changes in individual languages and were borrowed into the Lithuanian naming system in an altered form, cf. the Italian form of Latin origin Otavijus alongside the Latin personal name Oktavijus. These onyms are regarded as specific forms of names borrowed with the ending –ij–. Some of them are variants in the Lithuanian naming system, cf. the personal names Eufrosinija and Jefrosinija, Salomija and Salomėja, Deonisija and Deonisa; others have no variants, cf. the personal names Aksija, Feoktistija. Specific forms of names were grouped according to the languages from which the largest number of personal names were borrowed into the Lithuanian naming system. The forms developed in Russian, cf. the personal names Agafija, Afanasijus; English, cf. Odelija, Kamilijus; Spanish, cf. Kostansija, Eusebijus; Italian, cf. Feličija, Vittorijas; possibly various languages, cf. Arija, Enijus; and other languages, cf. Zidonia, Glaudijus, were distinguished. Straipsniai / Articles 245 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ The data are presented in Table 2, whose horizontal columns indicate the numbers of individual and repeated personal names of women and men—repeated names are given in parentheses—assigned to groups in NLL, SL, ILL, and VL. After establishing what proportion of the names under investigation is made up by the personal names in the identified groups, the percentages of individual names are given first, and those of repeated names in parentheses. The penultimate column is intended to present the number and percentages of all specific forms of names borrowed from other languages. Finally, the proportion of the borrowed names ending in –ij– represented by the onyms studied in NLL, SL, ILL, and VL is indicated. TABLE 2. Specific forms of borrowed names ending in –ij– by language 246 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu –ij– kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas) The last column of Table 2 shows that non-repeated specific forms of onyms comprise more than one-third of the VL naming system—37.7 percent of female and 37.5 percent of male borrowed names ending in –ij–. The share of the names under discussion was largest in NLL in Lithuania, while it decreased in SL and especially in ILL, more intensely in the male naming system. The largest number of non-repeated personal names consists of specific forms borrowed from Russian: in VL, they comprise 70.1 percent of the female and 87.2 percent of the male forms of the names under discussion. These personal names decreased in SL and ILL; in the female naming system, their share decreased more markedly in SL, and in the male system in ILL. Although a large proportion of such onyms were given to citizens of LR whose native language is not Lithuanian14, this tendency nevertheless shows that the diversity of specific forms of names ending in –ij– borrowed from Russian is decreasing in Lithuania. In the female naming system, the groups of names borrowed from English and Italian stand out in size; in the male system, the group of names borrowed from Italian stands out. Their shares increased in SL and especially in ILL. Nevertheless, the groups of non-repeated name forms borrowed from other languages never matched the diversity of the group of specific forms borrowed from Russian. Repeated specific forms of names comprised a small share of all borrowed personal names ending in –ij–, accounting for 4.3 percent of female and 9.3 percent of male onyms (see Table 2). In the female naming system, compared with NLL, their share decreased in SL and later grew in ILL. In the male naming system, these personal names accounted for 36 percent in NLL, when borrowed names ending in –ij– were rare, and their share later decreased. Thus, specific forms of names had no pronounced quantitative influence on changes in borrowed personal names ending in –ij–. The most frequent repeated personal names are specific Russian forms, which dominate in VL: they comprise 92.5 percent of the female and 98.8 percent of the male naming system. The size of the female-name group in NLL was determined by the popularity of the personal names Jevgenija 668, Anastasija 546, Klavdija 530, Jevdokija 526, Taisija 206, Jefrosinija 151, Agafija 148, and Feodosija 136. In SL, the share of names in this group decreased, cf. the frequencies of Klavdija 231, Jevdokija 109, and Taisija 94, while the numbers of the most widespread personal names Jevgenija 864 and Anastasija 548 grew only slightly. In ILL, the share of these names continued to decrease, and the size of the group was maintained by the spreading of Anastasija 2230 and by the frequency of Jevgenija 293 and Taisija 152. NLL borrowed male names ending in –ij– were rare (see Table 1), but most of them were personal names borrowed from Russian: Vasilijus 365, Jurijus 183, Grigorijus 179, Jevgenijus 174, and Dmitrijus 80. After borrowed names ending in –ij– spread in SL, forms borrowed from Russian remained the most frequent group of specific name forms, as the popularity of Jurijus 2657, Jevgenijus 1240, Vasilijus 860, Dmitrijus 707, Grigorijus 349, and Dimitrijus 155 increased. In ILL, the share of these onyms decreased, although 14 This tendency is shown by the personal names of LR citizens from the first half and middle of the 20th century, when children’s nationality was indicated during registration, most often Russian for males and Russian for females; later, indicating nationality became optional. Straipsniai / Articles 247 DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ the names in this group continued to dominate because of the frequency of Dmitrijus 252, Jevgenijus 238, and Jurijus 151. Thus, the specific forms of repeated names borrowed from Russian constituted the majority of the identified onyms in VL, although their share decreased from SL onward. Their change shows that the influence of specific names ending in -ij borrowed from Russian is weakening in the Lithuanian naming system, as it is also in the non-Lithuanian naming system. The changes in these names also show that as the popularity of personal names decreases and new onyms do not spread, the size of the group depends on the frequency of individual names, as highlighted by the case of Anastasiya in ILL. Specific forms borrowed from languages other than Russian constituted a small share of repeated names—7.5 percent of female and 1.2 percent of male onyms. In NLL, this group of names comprised no more than 2 percent of the female and 1 percent of the male names under study. In SL, their share grew in the female naming system as names borrowed from English, cf. the personal name Kamilija 11, Italian, cf. Erminija 13, and possibly various languages, cf. Saverija 21, became more frequent. The male names under discussion were rarer in SL than the female names; among them, names borrowed from Italian stood out slightly because of the frequency of Erminijus 13 and Elvijus 11. In ILL, the share of specific forms of names borrowed from English, cf. Kamilija 208, Evija 137, Alisija 43, and Italian, cf. Elvija 30 and Giulia 10, continued to grow in the female naming system. In the male naming system, the share of forms borrowed from Italian also grew in ILL, cf. Elvijus 20 and Orijus 18. This shows that, from SL among female names and from ILL among male names, specific forms not borrowed from Russian were repeated increasingly often. They comprise the largest share of the naming system in ILL, as the frequency of names borrowed from English and Italian among women and from Italian among men increased. Thus, although the specific forms borrowed from other languages stood out for their diversity, comprising nearly one-third of the inventory of borrowed names ending in -ij, they were infrequent and constituted the periphery of repeated names. Among borrowed names ending in -ij-, both individual units and repeated onyms, the most frequent are specific forms borrowed from Russian, whose share decreased over time. Among female names from SL onward and among male names from ILL onward, the number of specific forms not borrowed from Russian increased; their diversity was greatest in ILL, as forms borrowed from English and Italian among women and from Italian among men spread, although they were not frequent. As the share of names borrowed from English and Italian increased from the end of the 20th century, the Lithuanian naming system became similar to those of other European nations (Wolffsohn 2000: 28–30). CONCLUSION Examination of the inventory of borrowed names ending in -ij by origin established that its core consists of Latin and Greek personal names, which are more diverse and more frequent than onyms in groups of other origins. The frequency of Latin and Greek onyms is 248 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu –ij– kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas) greater than their diversity. It may be assumed that names of these origins may dominate the entire borrowed naming system of Lithuania, and that personal names in these groups most strongly influence the formation of new onyms ending in –ij–. In the 20th–21st centuries, the shares of Latin names increased and those of Greek names decreased. The share of individual Latin names grew gradually, while the share of repeated names of this origin increased most in SL and subsequently grew less markedly. The share of individual Greek names decreased more noticeably in ILL, although repeated Greek names have comprised an increasingly smaller part of the naming system since SL, and this process continues in ILL. Changes are more pronounced in the male naming system, which is smaller than the female system. This change shows that the frequency of popular onyms weakens first, their diversity decreases later, and changes that began in SL are more pronounced in the smaller inventory. Such tendencies of change may also be characteristic of the entire Lithuanian naming system. The increase in the share of repeated Latin names in VL shows their importance in the Lithuanian naming system, especially among women. The great variety of names given from NLL onward, established traditions of their use, and their sustained, fluctuating, or revived popularity, cf. the personal name Viktorija, are the main reasons why Latin personal names are the most frequent in the inventory of Lithuanian borrowed names ending in –ij–. The groups of other names, individual units, are smaller, and among them the greatest diversity is found in the groups of Hebrew names, names with two explanations of origin, and female onyms borrowed from Eastern languages. Since the diversity of names in many groups increased most markedly in ILL, this may be a systemic phenomenon of the Lithuanian naming system, encouraging the spread of derivatives ending in –ij–. The peripheral character of the smaller name groups became clear when repeated personal names were included, since, apart from Hebrew female names because of the popularity of Marija, the other onyms comprise a small share of repeated names. Thus, many groups of names of other origins consist of personal names that did not spread, while frequent names of origins other than Latin or Greek are isolated cases, which may also be characteristic of the naming system of all Lithuania. Fluctuations in the shares comprised by the smaller repeated-name groups revealed that their share in the naming system depends on the popularity of individual onyms. Specific forms of names borrowed from other languages comprise nearly one-third of non-repeated onyms, but are not frequent and should be regarded as peripheral to the naming system. They show that names which acquired a different form in other languages, with the exception of the personal name Anastazija, more characteristic of non-Lithuanian speakers, did not spread more widely than names with a tradition of use in Lithuania spanning several centuries; this may also be characteristic of other groups of personal names. 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Zinkevičius Zigmas 2008: Lietuvių asmenvardžiai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. 252 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIV Skolintų vardų su baigmeniu –ij– kaita Lietuvos vardyne (kilmės aspektas) The Development of Borrowed Names Ending in –ij– in Lithuanian (Origin) SUMMARY An analysis of the origin of Lithuanian borrowed names ending in –ij– shows that their core was constituted by Latin and Greek names, for the most part used since the 1st half of the 20th century. Their frequency is bigger than their diversity. During the 20th–21st centuries the number of names of Latin origin increased, whereas those of Greek origin decreased. These changes were more pronounced in the comparatively smaller group of male names than among female names. The origin of other name groups was more variegated, even though they were significantly less numerous. The fluctuation in their numbers shows that the frequency of different name groups depends on the popularity of individual names. Among the different periods the period leading to the independence of Lithuania stands out as being the one with a greater variety of names. Specific forms taken from other languages were rather variegated, but at the same type infrequent and thus belonged to the periphery of the Lithuanian system of names. Among specific forms borrowed from other languages those of Russian origin predominate, even though their number slightly decreased together with the expansion of name forms taken from English and Italian. Įteikta 2021 m. vasario 17 d. DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Baltistikos katedra Baltijos kalbų ir kultūrų institutas Vilniaus universitetas Universiteto g. 5, Vilnius LT–01513, Lietuva [email protected] Straipsniai / Articles 253