S aipsniai / A icles 293
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Resea ch a eas include neology, no ma i e
linguis ics, and sociolinguis ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
In he wo k o he VEDINIAI
In Li huanian: NORMA and
VARTOSENOS POKYČIAI
De i a i es wi h he Su ix -ie is, -ė in he
Li huanian Language: No m and Changes in
Use o
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle examines he common p oblems o he codi ica ion o he Li huanian language o he
p eposi ions -ie is, -ė ediniai, e eals he ela ionship o he coded no ms wi h he polynomials o
he cu en use o hese ediniai. Acco ding o he o mal and seman ic ounda ions o he wo k,
he i e p eposi ions -ie is, -ė o he Vedic g oups a e discussed. The mos impo an momen s o
he de elopmen o he codi ica ion o he Vedic p ecep s a e highligh ed and he ac o s
de e mining he ins abili y and di ec ion o changes in hese Vedic no ms a e indica ed. Possible
changes o he codi ica ion a e p oposed, which would educe he con adic ions be ween he
codi ied no ms and he usage. The a icle o ms he basis o u he deepening he esea ch,
based on he sys ema ic cha ac e is ics o he p eposi ions -ie is, -ė and highligh s he p oblems
o hei codi ica ion. ESMINIAI WORDS: he common language, he making o wo ds, he oa h, he
codi ica ion, he making o he oa h.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle add esses p oblema ic (as a as he codi ica ion o he s anda d Li huanian
language is conce ned) de i a i es wi h he su ix -ie is, -ė, e eals he ela ionship be ween
he codi ied no ms and he ends in he con empo a y usage o hese de i a i es. Fi e o hem.
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
294 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV g oups o de i a i es wi h he su ix -ie is, -ė a e
discussed on he basis o he o mal and seman ic a ibu es o hei de i a ional base. The
key momen s in he de elopmen o he codi ica ion o he de i a i es wi h he su ix -ie is, -ė
a e iden i ied and he ac o s The a icle lays he ounda ions o u he in-dep h esea ch
ha de e mine he ins abili y o he no ms o hese de i a i es and he cou se o hei
ans o ma ion a e speci ied. A numbe o po en ial solu ions o al e ing he codi ica ion
a e sugges ed o minimise he esul ing con as be ween he codi ied no m and usage.
g ounded on he s uc u ed a ibu es o he de i a i es wi h he su ix -ie is, -ė and he
highligh ed p oblems o codi ica ion.
KEYWORDS: s anda d language, wo d- o ma ion, su ix, codi ica ion, and
des anda diza ion.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
In ecen decades, globalisa ion has been d i en by he pos -s anda disa ion
p ocesses o common Eu opean languages (see Coupland, K is iansen 2011: 161176;
Ghyselen e al. 7591; Ay es-Benne 2021: 4950) and Li huanian (see Miliūnai ė 2019:
129). The bounda ies be ween he common language and non-common a ian s a e
no always de ined. Whiche e e sion o he changes - he "people's
displacemen " (demo iza ion) o he common languages, he c ea ion o a new
s anda d ( es anda iza ion) o he na owing o he bounda ies o he common
languages and he sp ead o non-common changes (des anda iza ion) - is ypical
o he a ious languages, he public space unde goes conside able changes.
Due o he common Li huanian language and he subs anda d (see Miliūnai ė 2019: 816)
o in e ac ion in he public space, including he media, he no m o ph ases in he
common Li huanian language has inc eased in he s yle o cha ing o no . A he
same ime, his has inc eased he a iabili y o he public discou se, which, being a
na u al ea u e o li ing language and a d i e o change (see Ai chison 2013: 99), in
u n aises he ques ion o he change o no ms. Because o he ine ia inhe en in
codi ica ion, he e is o en a con adic ion be ween i and he eal use, so
codi ica ion some imes needs o be econside ed and a gumen s ha push he
bounda ies o no ms need o be weighed anew. Some no ma i e decisions indica e
ha he codi ica ion is becoming mo e lexible, legi imizing mo e o wha we e
bend inę kalbą galima pag įs i unkciniu ikslingumu i iš dalies – idine lie u-
p e iously conside ed non-no ma i e, bu ex emely common a ian s in loose s yles. Thei inclusion in he language sys em is e ol ing1.
1 Fo example, in ja gon, he p e ixes -iokas, -ė (in he class ooms, -ė, g upiokas, -ė, e c.) a e
conside ed o be codi ica ion changes (eKP: Wo d con ac , p e ix -iokas, -ė). This is a lis o ilms
eleased in he Uni ed S a es ha ea u e an ac o , ac ess, o g oup. (en) Wikipedia (en)
Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en) Wikipedia (en)
A icles by A icles 295
P iesagos -ie is, -ė ediniai daba inėje lie u ių kalboje: no ma i
a osenos pokyčiai
The sys ema ic e iew o he no ms o he p oduc ion o wo ds in he
Li huanian language was essen ially ca ied ou as ea ly as he second hal o
he 20 h cen u y, when p epa ing he Speech P ac ice Ad ice (KPP1 1976; KPP2
1985). The S a e Commission o Li huanian Language (VLKK) cons an ly e iews
he no ms o spelling, lexicon, g amma , spelling, p onuncia ion and upda es hei
usage ecommenda ions. The subjec s o wo d making ha e no been consis en ly e iewed la ely.
The aim o he a icle is o discuss he codi ica ion o one o he mos
p oblema ic […] p ecep s in e ms o no ms -ie is, -ė and o examine he
ela ionship o he codi ied no ms wi h he endencies o he cu en usage. To
achie e his objec i e, he ollowing objec i es a e en isaged:
1) o desc ibe he p eposi ions -ie is, -ė e- ha a e ou side he no m o in he ange
dinius i a skleis i s a biausias jų da ybos, unkciona imo bei kodi ika imo
ypa ybes;
2) highligh he ac o s de e mining he ins abili y and di ec ion o changes
in he no ms o he -ie is, -ė p eposi ions;
3) o aise he mos impo an p oblems o he codi ica ion o he p e ix
-ie is, -ė and o discuss he possibili ies o changing i .
A he same ime, i is impo an o sys ema ically co e he whole o he
p eposi ions -ie is, -ė ediniai, so he subjec unde conside a ion is b oad, and his
unde s anding is limi ed in he a icle only o he essen ial hings ha can be
expanded and speci ied in u he s udies. The me hod o quali a i e esea ch
applied is he s udy o a case (wi h he p e ix -ie is, -ė eal use and codi ica ion
condi ion) in o de o p esen a p oblem a ising om he analysis o he si ua ion.
This s udy co e s he analysis o he con en o he h ee main pa s o he […]
usage, he da a desc ip ions and he language ecommenda ions. The ollowing
a iables a e compa ed: he s uc u al and unc ional cha ac e is ics o owels
wi h he p e ix -ie is, -ė, he ela ionship wi h he common language no m and he
a gumen a ion o he no m alue; iden i y hei in e ela ionships and possible
di ec ions o change. The da a is collec ed om a ious digi al sou ces and
in e ne o paieškos į ankį „Google“. Iš i in gausių a osenos i knyginės no -
minamosios li e a ū os šal inių šiam s aipsniui a ink i ik esmingiausi ak ai i
da abases: DVK, RekB, ND, eKP, VLKK, KB2, as well as he use o ac s o e i y language ecommenda ions.
2 Analyzed in o ma ion collec ed om he ollowing sou ces on he p ecep s -ie is, -ė edinius: DVK
[…] abou 100 selec ed public uses since 1998 ac s con aining signs o signi icance o codi ica ion);
The REC 152 language guidelines ha e been in place since 1983. […] ND 25 new wo ds; eCP […] 16 ocabula y
lizuo ų i 5 bend osios ekomendacijos iš d iejų kodi ikacijos da bų. Konk ečių šal inių suda ymo
p incipai pa eikiami pačių šal inių ap ašuose.
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
296 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV, also known as he Li huanian Language Ac
1. he no ma i e annexes o he IETIS, […]
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion
The bounda ies o he -ie is, -ė Vedic no ms a e de ined by wo lines: desc ip i e
g amma ical s a emen s desc ibing he no ma i e con ex , and language
pa eikiamas neno minių a ejų e inimas.
Pag indinėse lie u ių kalbos g ama ikose p iesagos -ie is, -ė ediniai p iski-
ecommenda ions o he ca ego y o pe sonal names acco ding o hei o igin and
place o esidence (LKG 1965: 411[…]412; DLKG 2006: 139[…]140). A e e iewing he
headings o se e al majo Li huanian-language dic iona ies (LKŽe, DLKŽ7, BŽ), i can
pama iniai šių edinių žodžiai gali bū i mies ų (Kaunas → kaunie is, -ė), mies e-
be seen ha he names o illages (Gudiškiai → gudiškie is, -ė) o he names o la ge
objec s […] adminis a i e uni s ( illages […] kaimie is, -ė; ci ies […] mie ie is, -ė),
egions (Su alkija […] su alkie is, - als ijas), con inen s (Canada […] kanadie is, -ė),
con inen s (Eu ope […] eu opie is, -ė), o he places […] a e used. So he basic wo d is
he seman ically well-de ined g oup o e i iable and gene ic nouns […] he name o
he pe son's o igin o place o esidence. In loose s yles, he e a e also unusual
singula e bs ha main ain a seman ic connec ion be ween he oo wo d and he
place name, such as: O epylus penke ius me elius o a bag o lou , a man has gone
h ough such "g oup o coun ies" academies ha i is no easy o ake a "se ious
business"! (Ju gis) Wha a e you doing?
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In addi ion, he a o emen ioned g amma s indica e he p esence o o he p eposi ions o his
p eposi ion: He e i is also possible o men ion and compa e he p eposi ions -ie is, -ė edinius
(usually no ada us), which indica e no he pe son's connec ion wi h he place (usually said as a
eal, a he common main objec ), bu his belonging (his own ac i i y, blood, kinship...) o an
ideological collec i e, g oup o people o g oup, e.g. -lie is, -ė, -ė, -ė, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē,
-ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē, -ē. (Luke 23:34, 35) This is especially ue o hose who a e
empo a ily imp isoned. The oo wo d can be he compound o he g o o o he moa , al hough
his LKŽ is associa ed only wi h he chu ch en i onmen ( . O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o
i on o s eel The second place is sepa a ed om he g o oes: he liuosius and seman ic ea u es
and belonging o he ca ego y o making. Acco ding o hese cha ac e is ics, as well as he
Bobnyčios užg o is).
A icles and a icles 297
P iesagos -ie is, -ė ediniai daba inėje lie u ių kalboje: no ma i
a osenos pokyčiai
A ski esni a e hose Vedinis (usually newcome s) who ma k no a pe son's connec ion
o a place, bu his belonging (his ideology, ac i i ies, blood ela ionship...) o some g oup
o people o so on, e.g. a amily membe , a amily membe , a amily membe , a amily
membe , a amily membe . (DLKG 2006: 140) Thus, g amma essen ially ixes he
possibili y o o he ca ego ies o ac ions, bu does no clea ly de ine hem, ma king
he no el y and "di e si y" o such Vedas. In oday's wo ld, hey a e much mo e a ied
and a e no longe new o widesp ead, bu a he plen i ul.
2. In he case o ish in he sea
- This Ag eemen , -
O he , o a hickness
Ap ašomuosiuose i no minamuosiuose eikaluose p iesagos -ie is, -ė edi-
niams da y i pažymimi keli ap ibojimai5, a siž elgian į da ybos pama o o ma-
p oblema ic ela ionship wi h he no ms o he common language, he p eposi ions -ie is, -ė
edinus ha unc ion in he o ose can be di ided in o se e al g oups.
A he end o he 20 h cen u y, he Li huanian language's ocabula y has
de eloped p eposi ions -ie is, -ė edinių, he basis o which is no a g amma ical
noun, bu a noun. The e a e e y ew o hese Vedas ha ac ually wo k, bu hey
a e widesp ead, no only in e e yday speech, bu also in he media: ge ie is, -ė
(good + -ie is) […]who does good, beha es well[…] and blogie is, -ė (blogas + -ie is)
[…]who does bad, beha es badly[…]. Fo example:
4 The e m "ma iage" is used in his a icle because he majo i y o wo ds wi h he p e ix -ie is, -ė
a e new wo ds ha ha e eme ged in a ma iage-like manne . The e m de i a i es is used only Name he
mixed wo ds discussed in chap e 2.2.
5 I is no jus he p eposi ions -ie is and -ė ediniai ha a e associa ed wi h he g amma ical and
seman ic limi a ions o he basis o he wo k. This is a a e exp ession o he p oduc ion o
Li huanian wo ds. Fo example, a numbe o such limi a ions a e ound in he highly p oduc i e adjec i e-making p e ix -inis, -ė (see Kniūkš a 1976: 755 o de ails).

RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
298 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
[...] ašy ojas, pasi elkęs s ebuklinės pasakos adicijas, pamažu iš ina didak inę „ge-
he scheme o i e s and ma shes. (Li huanian Aida, 1998-10-17, DVK) […]Is he a d unka d
o a lia ? my mo he used o lis en. (Li e a u e and A , 2007-05-25, DVK) This phobia is
e y common among men who do no wan o be seen as bad by he woman wi h whom
hey ini ially es ablish in ima e con ac and hen lea e and e u n o hei ex.
(l y as.l , 2011-11-10, DVK) […]Bu no all i uses a e bad. Wi hou a ce ain ype o i us,
we would no be able o su i e he ca ego y […] no o names o pe sons acco ding o
o igin and belonging, bu o names o people wi h su name cha ac e is ics. Thus, no
i, nes kai ku ie naudojami bio echnologijoje akcinoms ku i“, – aiškina biologijos
moky oja. (del i.l , 2020-04-19, DVK)
Da ybos pama as šiuo a eju lemia i okių edinių p iklausymą ki ai da y-
only indi iduals bu also some li ing o coexis ing beings can be named. In e ms o he
wo k, hese p eposi ions -ie is, -ė ediniai a e simila o he no ma i e p eposi ions
-uolis, -ė edinius (e.g. ge uolis, -ė; sma kuolis, -ė, baikš uolis, -ė, e c.).
Since he ea ly 1990s, he e m "Vocabula y" has been used in a a ie y o
con ex s, including in a numbe o publica ions and a icles on he opic o
ocabula y. The easoning is ha he p e ix -ie is, -ė is used o name people
acco ding o hei place o esidence o o igin, and in o de o emphasize he
abundance o human goodness o badness, his p e ix is no sui able o
weddings (RekB 1992, 1999). Men ion and limi a ion o he basis o ac ion: wi h he
p e ix -ie is, -ė in he common language, no ad e bs a e used om ad e bs (VLKK
KB). The ollowing co espondences a e p o ided: blogie is, -ė n k. = blogasis, -oji;
he blog, -ė; he blog, -ė; he ollowing able is inse ed: The good, he good, he
good. he ge uolis, he -ė; good, -ė; The da a om Va osen shows ha hese
co espondences a e a emp ed o be implemen ed in he language o edi ed
publica ions, bu no always sys ema ically. The e a e also a ia ions
pačiame eks e:
The s udio manage , ou o despe a ion, signs a con ac wi h an almos anima ion
classic and u ns on he g een ligh no only o he good guys Rocky and Bulbinkle,
bu also o he bad guys, wi hou whom his mo ie wouldn' be. This Decision shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
S aipsniai / A icles 299
P iesagos -ie is, -ė ediniai daba inėje lie u ių kalboje: no ma i
a osenos pokyčiai
Un o una e ma iages a e s ill common in ee s yles (in e e yday speech,
elec onic communica ion, e c.). One o he easons o hei abundance is ha he
co espondences p o ided, especially he badge , he -es, do no always seem
app op ia e o he use s o he language, hey sound a i icial, o example: Tes
Gy enime esa e ge iukas a blogiukas? (Lie u os žinios, 2001-08-18, DVK)
o subsc ibe s: do you know a leas 9 o he 12 mos amous mo ie […]blogs[…]?
(15min.l , 2021-06-30, DVK) This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel Peace P ize.
Vedinys blogie is, -ė o en has a s ong nega i e seman ic load ( o example, when naming wo ks
o adul ac o s), and he co esponding blogs, -ė, blogu is, -ė a e made wi h diminu i e su ixes;
p e ixes -uolis, -ė ediniai o en mean posi i e quali ies (e.g. wo ke , c a sman, g acious, and so
on). Bad, good, o bad adjec i es a e also no always app op ia e in a sen ence. Thus, he weigh ing
indica es ha he s anda d p o ided is no pa icula ly sus ainable. Wha is he way ou o he
codi ica ion? In o de o main ain he sys ema ic na u e o he basis and meaning o he spoken
Vedas, he common language o such Vedas, which is seman ically e y limi ed, should con inue o be
dis ega ded as a no m […] o lea e hem o he subs anda d. When looking o adequa e ma ches,
he possibili ies o making wo ds in Li huanian language should be used mo e. The e a e se e al
adjec i es wi h a diminu i e meaning (see ZDV): blogūnas, -ė, blogišius, -ė (ND) and k . In Va osen,
he e is a mix u e o he adjec i e "adjec i e" and he adjec i e "adjec i e" in he adjec i e
"adjec i e" and he adjec i e "adjec i e" in he adjec i e "adjec i e" in he adjec i e
"adjec i e" in he adjec i e "adjec i e" in he adjec i e "adjec i e" in he adjec i e
"adjec i e" in he adjec i e "adjec i e" in he adjec i e "adjec i e" in he adjec i e
"adjec i e". In addi ion, he e is a a ian o he same meaning wi h he p e ix -ininkas, -ė:
eedman, -ė.
2009: 341). Pa yzdžiui, į ND į auk as naujažodis lais a inkie is, -ė (‘lais osios
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
300 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
Fo example, ke u ėjininkas, -ė, pelėkau ai and k . (Keinys 1999: 23), and i s " ole
in he p oduc ion o Li huanian wo ds is qui e small" (U bu is 2009: 341). These
desc ip ions e lec he no ma i e 20 h-cen u y usage o he Li huanian
language. Howe e , a ha ime, such wo ks sp ead […] no wi hou he
in luence o he Russian language, so he e a e many co ec ions in he publica ions o he p ac ice o he So ie language.
KPP1 includes one ecommenda ion limi ing he age limi : pe son names should be
composed o wo-wo d names o esiden ial and wo kplaces. Typical examples
om he So ie pe iod a e he newcome and he ed-s a ed (KPP1 1976: 88). The
same ecommenda ion is epea ed o compound wo ds, only he de ini ion is
somewha expanded (KPP1 1976: 255): [Ne a .] 1. compound. names o pe sons made
om wo-wo d and a elle 's wo ds ali e- (addi ional -ie is and sudu in wo ds in
namųjų a ba da bo ie ų, įs aigų, įmonių a ba o ganizacijų pa adinimų“.
KPP2 ši ekomendacija kiek ko eguo a i aip pa pa eik a d iejose ie ose
a icles), o ea lie examples added me alcons uc ionis (KPP2 1985: 89; 283): 1) -ie is
[…] ne a . o pe sonal names om wo-wo d collec i e o place names:
newcome (= membe o he […]New Li e[…] collec i e), ed-s a ed (= ac o y
wo ke o […]Red S a […]).
(2) The wo ding. This is III. The accesso ies.
3. Pe sons who a e conspicuous. wo ds made up o wo o mo e wo ds om he
names o places o esidence o wo k, ins i u ions, en e p ises o o ganisa ions:
newcome (inhabi an o New Vilnius), newcome (employee o he […]New Li e[…]
kolūkie is, […]New Li e[…] kolūki membe ), ed-s a a is (wo ke o he […]Red
S a […]), me al-cons uc ionis (wo ke o he me al ac o y). P eposi ions -ie is,
-ė om wo kplaces, collec i e names p edomina e in ypical examples. Only one
wo d […] nauja ilnie is is co ec ed om he names o se lemen s in he a els.
In he Uni ed S a es, he e m is used o e e o a pe son o g oup o people who ha e been
mendacija panaši, ik, be nauja ilniečio, p idė i da du da iniai – iš d ižodžio
gy enamosios ie os pa adinimo i iš žodžių junginio aikų namai, ku is eiškia
iden i ied by he U.S. Depa men o S a e as a membe o he a med o ces.The e m was
coined in he 1970s by he Russian-language dic iona y, he Red A my, and he Red A my
Dic iona y.
A icles by A icles 301
P iesagos -ie is, -ė ediniai daba inėje lie u ių kalboje: no ma i
a osenos pokyčiai
2.3. Ne eik ini sudu iniai žodžiai
2.3.1. Pe sonal p onouns -ie is, -ie ė wo ds, made om he names o wo o mo e
dwellings, places o wo k, ins i u ions, companies o o ganiza ions, e.g. nauja ilnie is
(= esiden o New Vilnius), kazlų ūdie is (= esiden o Kazlų Rūdos, kazlinis),
aiknamie is (= home educa o o child en). The e a e doub ul a i ac s o his ype
in he p esen -day aul . Liu ke ičienė 2008: 80 […] 102) was bo n in he illage o
1) Da iniai asmenims pa adin i su p iesaga -ie is, -ė suda omi iš keliažo-
džių iek Lie u os, iek ki ų šalių gy enamųjų ie ų pa adinimų (plačiau ž .
Liu ke ičienė. I is usually ansla ed in wo ways: (a) he names o pe sons consis
only o he second wo d, so ha he p e ix -ie is, -ė edinys does no iola e he no m
in his case, e.g.
Kudi kos Naumies is – naumies ie is, -ė8 (RekB, DLKŽ);
Ma shal o he Ma shall Islands […] Ma shal, -ė (VGP);
Eas Timo […] imo ie is, -ė (PGV), also known as Eas Timo ; (b) he limi s o
he codi ied no m a e iola ed when he names o pe sons a e composed o
bo h compound wo ds oo s o some imes o he i s whole wo d. VAT
ixed a :
Kazlų Rūda […] Kazlų ūdie is, -ė10,
Naujoji Akmenė […] The new s one, -ė,
Naujoji Vilnia […] The new illage, -ė
New O leans […] New O leans, New Zealand […] New Zealand, New Zealand […] New Zealand, New
Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New
Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New
Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand […] New Zealand 8 The p e ixes -iškis, -ė edinys: naumies iškis, -ė (DLKŽ) a e used o e e o he inhabi an s o he lowe Naumieski o su ounding a ea.
9 This case does no co e de i a i es composed o a elle 's place names, he i s o which is
unp onounceable, since such a compound name is condi ionally ea ed as a mononym, e.g. This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Cos a Rica […] coas gua d, […], San Ma ino […], Sanma ini, […] and he like (VGP).
10 I is ue ha he VLKK KB makes an excep ion o his wo d: […]siūlomas kazlinis (a monosyllabic
name is o en needed in Va oseno) did no come, he inhabi an s o Kazlų Rūdas used kazlų ūdie į, so
kazlų ūdie is could be ega ded as an excep ion o he ules[…]. [ iewed on 27 Augus 2021] 11 Only he
compound name esiden o New Zealand is included in he VGP lis , bu he i le o he BZ also includes
new Zealande s (un il no a icle), so codi ica ion changes can be expec ed.
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
Linguis ica Li huaniana LXXV: The Seman ic Field o he Vedic G oups in he
pačių ie o a džių suda omi su p iesaga -ie is, -ė (p z., salan iečiai) (Simonai y ė
1979: 40). Išeinan iš so ie inės sis emos i ėmus ku is p i a iems ūkiams, šio
Twen y- i s Cen u y How many names o people belonging o collec i es wi h he
p e ix -ie is, -ė om place names a e ele an oday, i seems, has no been
s udied mo e widely. 2) pe sonal names made om collec i e (spo s, a ,
publishing houses, publishing houses, e c.) symbolic names. This subg oup o
pe sonal names is e y nume ous and is cons an ly being upda ed. In he So ie
e a, such e bs we e also p omo ed by alues om Russian, whe e hey ha e he
p e ix -ец, and in Li huanian, o example, o he o ms o e bs […]užgožia we e
c ea ed, p ima ily e bs wi h he p e ix -ininkas (Simonai y ė 1979: 41). In he ea ly
pos -So ie pe iod, he DVK eco ded many simila examples (o en as copying
names), e.g. (membe s o he […]San a a-Š iesa[…] o ganiza ion), ac o s
plekšniečiai (menininkų „Plekšnės“ klubo na iai), he miečiai (banko „He mis“
da buo ojai), espublikiečiai – dien aščio „Respublika“ da buo ojai, san a iečiai
([…]Vilosaid[…] hea e ac o s) and so on. They a e s ill common in oday's wo ld,
e.g. pegasiečiai (membe s o he books o e ne wo k […]Pegasus[…] club, ND),
bohemiečiai (ope a a oupe […] based on he i s ope a buil […]Bohema[…], ND)
and k . 3) Pe sonal names made om p onouns ( ečiau […] adjec i es) ha a e
combined in o he names o companies and indica e hei p oduc ion; Such
ma iages in he So ie e a we e unusual and o en unjus i ied, e.g. hyd aulie is,
-ė (hyd aulic gea ac o y) (Simonai y ė 1979: 42 […] 43). Fo he pu poses o his
Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: A e he es o a ion o independence
in Li huania, companies wi h non-Li huanian o hyb id names appea ed. As he
employees o hese companies a e called, sepa a e esea ch based on su eys
should be ca ied ou .
4) pe sonal names made om pe sonal names, which a e used o e e o
collec i es, mo emen s, e c., e.g. chiu lionieci (educa o s o he seconda y a
school o Chiu lion), janonieci (wo ke s o he pape ac o y o Janonio).
Acco ding o V. Simonai y ė, his is a "new, unusual exp ession o language"; can
help him sp ead he Russian language" (Simonai y ė 1979: 42). In he So ie -e a
ecommenda ions, i is co ec ed o kudi kie is, -ė (= kudi kai is, -ė;
kudi kininkas, -ė; kudi kinukas, -ė), mai onie is, -ė (= mai onai is, -ė) (RekB 1989) and
he like, as well as o he su name-de i ed pa onymics o ollowe s o
philosophical schools, e.g. be klie is (= be klininkas) (RekB 1987). A e he
es o a ion o independence, a ious eligious associa ions we e e i ed, and
hei names we e changed: bi u ie ės (= bi u ininkės), u šulie ės (= u šulininkės),
zi ie ės (= zi ininkės) (RekB 1994, 1996). The e a e also pe sonal names de i ed
om pe sonal names in he Shi'a li u gical calenda , e.g. (DVK): daukan iečiai (1. Vilnius Simon Daukan o Gymnasium is loca ed in Vilnius.

S aipsniai / A icles 309
P iesagos -ie is, -ė ediniai daba inėje lie u ių kalboje: no ma i
a osenos pokyčiai
Membe s o he Simona Daukan o bibliophile club and o he s, membe s o he
1s Vyduno Socie y, eache s o he 2nd Šilu ė Vyduno Gymnasium, e c. They
also end o compe e wi h o he wedding ows. The DVK ixed pupils ( he
pupils o he a school o Ču lion), he new pupils ( he pupils o he music
gymnasium o Kaunas Juozo Naujalio).
5) pe sonal names made om he common names o a ious collec i es and
o ganiza ions, e.g. kinde ga en, -ė ( eache o kinde ga en), publishe , -ė ( he
dyklos da buo ojas), š ie imie is, -ė (liaudies š ie imo da buo ojas) i pan.
(Simonai y ė 1979: 43). Da želiečiai (g e a a ian o da želinukai) i š ie imie-
čiai plačiai papli ę i šiandieninėje a osenoje, no s ekomendacijose aiškin a,
la e is a Russian-language enligh enmen ansla o (RekB 1990). I is
ecognized as ha ing legalized excep ions (ansamblie is, au ie is), bu he
mul iplica ion o such excep ional wo ks is no in ended (RekB 1992). Va osenoe
ensembles s ill compe e wi h he es ablished a ian s o ensembles.
As no ed by S. Keinys, he s anda d a ian o ailwayman, -e was al eady
p o ided by he 1926 S a e Compe i ion Commission, and i s e minus ailwayman,
-e was ejec ed because in Li huanian language he e m is used o pe sons
acco ding o hei ield o wo k o ac i i y, as well as he place, i s de ice, objec
and place o wo k. The main Li huanian-language dic iona ies p o ide he p e ix
-ininkas, -ė edinį as he main a ian (LKŽe) o as he only no m17, which is he only
one p o ided in he e minology o use, bu in he libe al s yle dic iona y hese
wo ediniai a e s ill compe ing.
An unsuccess ul a emp was made o co ec he wo ds olympie is, -ė (=
Olympian, -ė, Olympian, -ė), bo de , -ė (= bo de gua d, -ė; bo de gua d, -ė) (RekB
1993, 1996, 2000). Olympie is, -ė was no added o DLKŽ, said only Olympiadidininkas, -ė
ninkas, -ė, ačiau daba inėje a osenoje šių žodžių eikšmės išsisky ė: olimpia-
means "s uden " o "s uden ", "pa icipan o he scien i ic Olympiad", and
Olympie is, -ė […] "pa icipan o he Olympic Games" and "inhabi an o Moun
Olympus in G eece", one o he gods o ancien G eek my hology (BZ). Pasienie , -ę
was ini ially ecommended o be used only o bo de esiden s, bu in he main
y i abiejų a ian ų konku encija i nusis o in is eikimas šį edinį a o i eikš-
me ‘šalies pasienio sa gybos ka ys’ (DLKŽ7). Da plg.: klubie is, -ė ‘klubo na ys’
a osenoje dažnesnis už a ian ą klubininkas, -ė (ND). Tai odo, kad p iesagos
dic iona ies, ma- -ie is, -ė ediniai is o en used o e e o membe s o a ious
collec i es as a s onge compe i o .
17 See also : DLKZ om he 3 d edi ion
(1993) p o ided by: ailwayman, -ė n k. = ailwayman.
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV 310 is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
6) The name o he pa y membe s is a ached o he name o he membe s o he
public mo emen s. In he main dic iona ies, only he wo d pa ie is is eco ded, -ė
wi h he e e ence ž . The pa icipan s o he social mo emen […] Li huanian
Re o m Union […], which eme ged on he e e o he es o a ion o Li huania's
independence, a e s ill o en e e ed o as "sujudis s", al hough his e m is
o en used and compe es wi h he o icial wo d "sujudis s", and some imes wi h
he nega i e conno a ion "sujudis s"18. A e he es o a ion o Li huanian
independence and he simul aneous e i al o he enemy's li ing pa ies, as well as
he es ablishmen o new ones, hei membe s a e usually called by he p e ix -ie is,
-ė ediniai, made om he names o he pa ies o hei sepa a e wo ds, e.g.19:
wo ke s (membe s o he Li huanian Democ a ic Labou Pa y, la e membe s o
he Labou Pa y); membe s o he Taois Resu ec ion Pa y; adminis a o s
(membe s o he "T a ka and Jus ice" pa y); membe s o he "Libe a ion" pa y
(20) and k . See also: pa icipan s o he ma ch […] e en […]G ea amily de ense
ma ch[…] and i s su ounding mo emen 21 In gene al, he o ma ion o pa y names,
he compe i ion o hei a ian s is a p ospec i e subjec o sepa a e s udies. The
en i e se ice o he ma ied g oup […] he names o he pe sons acco ding o he
ma iage on some common basis […] is he mos complica ed in e ms o no ms bo h
due o he acquisi ion o new ma ied wo k.
jusių išimčių, iek dėl ibų a p no mos i klaidos nykimo, iek dėl nuola inio i
As w i en in one ecommenda ion, he p eposi ions -ie is, -ė and -ininkas, -ė a e […] eikšmių
sis ema sua dy a[…] (RekB 1996). Thus, he cu en yea - ound ma ks a long- e m p ocess o
[…] inc ease in p oduc i i y and expansion o p oduc ion possibili ies, while mo ing away om
he codi ied no m. In he mo e han one hund ed yea s since he de elopmen o he common
language no ms, in some cases he codi ica ion has been smoo h, should be assessed in he
ačiau keli yškūs a osenos polinkiai jai iki šiol p ieš a auja. Kodi ikacija u ė-
ų a spindė i ik bend uosius ealiosios no mos polinkius, o konk e ūs ediniai
ligh o he compe ing cha ac e is ics o each o hem. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
150; 161–162.
19 The names o pa ies ha we e ixed by he DVK and he ND a e also gi en, bu he pa ies
hemsel es ha e no emained o a long ime.
The e a e 20 a ian s o he pa y's name: libe a ians, libe a ians, libe a ians. The e a e 21
a ian s o he name o he membe s o his mo emen : ma shal, ma shal, ma shal, ma shal,
ma shal, ma shal.
22 Fo he p oduc i i y o he concep o wo ds in he wo k, see U bu is 2009: 309 […] 314. This is he
i s ime ha he Commission has been able o ob ain in o ma ion on his ma e . In he case o a ial, i is impo an o be able o make new ma iages wi h his appendix.
A icles o he T ea y A icles 311
P iesagos -ie is, -ė ediniai daba inėje lie u ių kalboje: no ma i
a osenos pokyčiai
(o en, he adi ion o no maliza ion, he sepa a ion o a new meaning o i s
s ylis ic- unc ional shade, e c.).
2.5. Appendices -ie is, -ė ediniai o he names o
some pe sons acco ding o place o esidence o
o igin
No mal p eposi ions -ie is, -ė ediniai a e jus igh o naming people acco ding o
hei place o esidence o o igin. In some eas e n highlands o he no heas and
adjacen slopes, he adi ional use is o clean, o clean, o clean, and so on. Howe e ,
unlike he common language, his appendix is no e y cha ac e is ic o languages
(No kai ienė, Gi denis 1987: 13). O he p e ixes a e common in di e en egions o
Li huania, o example -ėnas, -ė; - I know, I know. - he owne ; - and - and - one, - one and
k . Fo example, he su ixes -škis, -ė ediniai ( elšiškis, -ė; salan iškis, -ė; au agiškis,
-ė and k .) a e pa icula ly cha ac e is ic o he lowlande s, and he su ix -ėnas, -ė
(anykš ėnas, -ė; kupiškėnas, -ė; užpalėnas, -ė and k .) is common in eas e n Li huania.
Due o he p oduc i i y o he p e ix -ie is, -ė and he ex e nal ac o o […]
widesp ead mig a ion, his di e si y o p eposi ions disappea s along wi h adi ional
ba dažniausiai i links ama da y i okius pa adinimus (apeinan i 2.3 sky iuje
ap a ą o malųjį ap ibojimą). Todėl a osenoje a si anda konku uojančių a-
e minology. Wi h i , o example, he link, he -ė […] link, he -ė, he elšiškis, he -ė […]
elšie is, he -ė and so on. Bo h So ie and ecen decades' language ecommenda ions
ad ise o keep au hen ic in common language he di e en p ecep s o endings o
ma iages ypical o he a ious egions o Li huania, which usually also mean he
mos šnek os a s o ą, pa yzdžiui:
1) -ėnas, -ė:
anykš ėnas, -ė ‘Anykščių a jo apylinkių gy en ojas’;
co esponding idge, -ė ‘a esiden o Bi žų o i s su oundings; a nyčėnas, -ė
‘ esiden o he illage o Ra nyčia;
2) -iskis, -ė: speake , -ė […] esiden o Kelmė o i s su oundings[…]; skuodiškis, -ė
[…] esiden o Skudo o i s su oundings[…]; Nidis , -ė […]old esiden o Nidos[…];
"inhabi an o he illage o Ven es" I 's you. I seems o us ha o he ime being
skaud iliškis, -ė ‘Skaud ilės a jos apylinkių gy en ojas’;
3) -ininkas, -ė:
his di ision would be a he a i icial, b oken by language h ough
(4) he ollowing:
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
312 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV linku is, -ė
" esiden o Linku a o i s su oundings" Šedu is,
-ė […] esiden o Šedu a o i s su oundings[…];
5) -inis, -ė: old ma ijampolinis, -ė | ma ijampolie is, -ė […] esiden o Ma ijampolė o
i s su oundings[…]; old man, -ė […] shakie is, -ė […] esiden o Šakių o i s
su oundings[…]; ) -is, -ė: baisogalis, -ė […] esiden o Baisogalos o i s
su oundings[…]. In he language ecommenda ions o he second hal o he 20 h
cen u y, he e is a endency o dis inguish he adi ional names o he
a o emen ioned inhabi an s om he names o he inhabi an s o ci ies and o he
la ge se lemen s. In o he wo ds, i we a e alking abou he inhabi an s o a
ci y o own, he p eposi ions -ie is, -ė ediniai can be used, and i i is necessa y o
emphasize he o igin o he place and he wo d o ph ase, he adi ional
p eposi ions o o he p eposi ions a e used. Pl. kupiškie is, -ė ‘ esiden o he ci y
o Kupiškio, -a and kupiškėnas, -ė ‘ esiden o Kupiškio and i s su oundings,
s udying he local šnek ą. Milda No kai ienė and Aleksas Gi denis w o e in he
magazine Ou Language (No kai ienė, Gi denis 1987: 1315): In hose s anzas ha ha e
mo e han one p e ix, hei owels a e ended o be assigned acco ding o meaning.
Fo example, in high-al i ude a eas, he p e ixes -ėnas, -ė ediniai may e e o a
pe son om a pa icula neighbo hood o illage, and -iškis, -ė o -ie is, -ė ediniai […]
o an inhabi an o he espec i e own o ci y [...].
Ką da y i su d ejopų edinių eikšminio skaidymosi polinkiu, sunku daba pasaky-
p ie a ą – jį galė ume pag įs i ik ais a si ikimais, kai ienas iš edinių y a specia-
lus mokslo e minas.
So he ela ionship be ween hese p ecep s -ie is, -ė edinių and hei a ian s is
no sus ainable, i 's a long- e m p ocess ha con inues o his day. Clea
sys ems a e also no ound in s anda dized dic iona ies (DLKŽ, BŽ). The di ec ion
o he changes indica es he le el o exp ession and may be as much co ec ed by
codi ica ion, while main aining bo h au hen ic local names and ein o cing he
names o he e bs as linguis ic e ms.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
1.The no ma i e p eposi ions -ie is, -ė ediniai in he main g amma s o he
Li huanian language assign he names o pe sons acco ding o hei o igin and
A icles o he T ea y
P iesagos -ie is, -ė ediniai daba inėje lie u ių kalboje: no ma i
a osenos pokyčiai
place o esidence o he ca ego y o c ea ion, while he sou ces o codi ica ion
indica e ce ain limi a ions o he basis o c ea ion. The da a o he cu en
Li huanian usage and language ecommenda ions show ha he p eposi ions
-ie is, -ė ediniai, which ac ually unc ion, do no always co espond o he codi ied
no m, so he e is a con adic ion be ween codi ica ion and usage.
2.The di e si y o he p esen -ie is, -ė owels e lec s he long- e m p ocess o
expansion o he possibili ies o his owel, i.e. he egula i y and abundance o
owels, despi e he no ms ensh ined in he g amma . This p ocess has been
ein o ced in Eu opean coun ies in he las decade by a pa icula ly s ong wa e
o pos -s anda diza ion, leading o he "sh inking" o common languages, he
disappea ance o he bounda ies be ween s anda d and non-s anda d changes.
2.1. In he Va osene, he basis o he c ea ion o he p eposi ions -ie is, -ė
becomes mo e complex and a ied han is indica ed in he desc ip i e g amma s:
hese Vedas a e made no only om he c ea ion o a simple syllable, bu also
om mo e complex basic wo ds, such as kamien, in one case […] no only om
nouns, bu also om adjec i es. 2.2. Pa o he p e ix -ie is, -ė edinių belongs o
he ca ego y o g amma ically indica ed names o pe sons acco ding o hei
o igin and place o esidence, and he o he o he ca ego y o names o pe sons
wi h […] su name cha ac e is ics. 2.3. This p ocess is accompanied by a lo o
a ied compe i ion, in which he p e ixes -ie is, -ė usually end o ake a s onge
posi ion and acqui e a mo e p ominen posi ion. This is de e mined by he
p oduc i i y o he p ecep s, he p inciple o he economy o he language
(kazlų ūdie is, -ė mo e con enien han he inhabi an o Kazlų Rūdos, -a), and in some cases he dis inc i eness (olympiadininkas, -ė nelygu olimpie is, -ė).
3. on he basis o he o mal ea u es and seman ics o he basic wo ds, as well
as he belonging o he Vedic wo ds o di e en ca ego ies o wo d p oduc ion,
i is possible o dis inguish i e p oblema ic p eposi ions -ie is, -ė Vedic g oups in
e ms o codi ica ion. A he same ime, gi en he complexi y o he wo d-making
sys em, he equency o usage and he di ec ion o changes, se e al coding
e iew solu ions can be p oposed.
3.1.Codi ica ion is opposed by he o ma ion o pe sonal names om a el
associa ions […] acco ding o he place o esidence o belonging o he
communi y o he pe son (e.g., kazlų ūdie is, -ė, naujazelandie is, -ė).
Codi ica ion is delica e (and his has al eady been done in an excep ional way),
because he change in he con ex is na u al and unc ionally a ge ed due o he economy o language.
3.2.Codi ica ion is opposed o he use o names o inhabi an s om s a e names
wi h -ija da yba (kinie is, -ė), whe eas he adi ional non-na i e name (kinas, -ė)
is a ailable. The cu en codi ica ion s uc u e will be main ained, based on he
p inciple o no m s abili y.
3.3. he p oblem, wi hou de ining he no ms, is he g ouping o pe sons on
some basis (p o ession, ield o ac i i y, o ganisa ion, collec i e, e c.)

RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
314 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
pa adinimų da yba (š ie imie is, -ė; da želie is, -ė; mai onie is, -ė; lais ie is, -ė).
Since codi ica ion ecognizes some excep ions and excep ions, and he e a e
many such Vedas in he wo ld oday, a sea ch o clea e c i e ia o b oaden and
mo e clea ly de ine he bounda ies o no ms is being ca ied ou .
3.4. Addi ional -ie is, -ė ediniai le els e lec egional di e ences in he
adi ional names o pe sons by place o esidence (salan ie is, -ė salan iškis,
-ė). T adi ionally, he o he p ecep s ha ha e become es ablished a e he
Vedic codi ica ions. whe e he changes in usage a e due o he in luence o
4. Pe daugiau kaip šim ą bend inės kalbos no mų aidos me ų susiklosčiusi
p iesagos -ie is, -ė edinių kodi ikacija u ė ų ge iau a liep i na ū alius a ose-
noje iš yškėjančius žodžių da ybos polinkius. Kodi ikacijos s abilumas išlaiky-
o he languages and do no ha e a sys ema ic and unc ional basis in he
Li huanian language i sel .
ŠALTINIAI
BŽ – Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, ed. kolegija D. Liu ke ičienė, D. Mu mulai y ė,
V. Sakalauskienė, A. G i ėnienė, A. Gaidienė, D. Daugi dienė, L. Jonušys, y . ed.
D. Liu ke ičienė. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.lki.l /bend ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zo-
dynas [žiū ė a 2021-09-01–09-30].
DKKS – Didžiųjų kalbos klaidų są ašas. Vals ybinės lie u ių kalbos komisijos pa i -
in as 1997-12-18. N . 68. 2019-01-31 nu a imas a šauk as. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://
www.e- a .l /po al/l /legalAc /TAR.E6FA99389109.
DLKG 2006 – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika, 4-oji pa aisy a laida, ed. V. Amb azas,
Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as.
DLKŽ6 – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, y . ed. S. Keinys, 6-asis (3-iasis e.) leidi-
mas, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2006.
DLKŽ7 – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, y . ed. S. Keinys, 7-asis (4-asis e.) leidi-
mas, a naujin a e sija, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2017. P ieiga in e ne e: ekal-
ba.lki.l /daba ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas.
DVK – Daba inės a osenos ka o eka, asmeninis e. iš eklius.
eKP – Kalbos pa a imai. Kalbos ekomendacijų duomenynas, sud. R. Miliūnai ė,
Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2021. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /kalbos-pa-
a imai/ [žiū ė a 2021-09-16].
S aipsniai / A icles 315
P iesagos -ie is, -ė ediniai daba inėje lie u ių kalboje: no ma i
a osenos pokyčiai
KP 1939 – Kalbos pa a ėjas, pa . L. Damb auskas, ed. A. Salys, P. Ska džius, Kaunas:
Lie u ių kalbos d augija.
KPP1 1976 – Kalbos p ak ikos pa a imai, sud. A. Pupkis, au . A. Paulauskienė, V. Labu is,
A. Pupkis, J. Šukys, A. Vanagas, J. Žemai is, Vilnius: Mokslas.
KPP2 1985 – Kalbos p ak ikos pa a imai, sud. A. Pupkis, y . ed. Z. Zinke ičius,
au . A. Paulauskienė, V. Labu is, A. Pupkis, J. Šukys, A. Vanagas, J. Žemai is, Vilnius:
Mokslas.
LKG – Lie u ių kalbos g ama ika 2, y . ed. K. Ul ydas, Vilnius: Min is, 1965.
LKŽe – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (1941–2002), ed. kolegija G. Nak inienė,
J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, y . ed. G. Nak inienė,
e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2008 (a naujin a e sija, 2017). P ieiga
in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas.
ND – Miliūnai ė R., Aleksai ė A. Lie u ių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas [Tęs inis
in e ne inis žinynas nuo 2011 m.], sud. R. Miliūnai ė, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u-
as. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /naujazodziai [žiū ė a 2021-10-02].
RekB – Kalbos ekomendacijų kompiu e inė bazė. [Ne i ažuo a kompak inė plokš elė],
Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2006.
VGP – Rekomendacija „Dėl als ybių gy en ojų pa adinimų“. Pa i in a Vals ybinės lie-
u ių kalbos komisijos 2008-10-02 p o okoliniu nu a imu N . PN-6; pasku inį ka ą
keis a 20201221, N . PN11. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://www. lkk.l /ak ualiausios- emos/
s e im a dziai/ als ybiu-gy en oju-pa adinimai [žiū ė a 2021-09-01].
VLKK KB – Vals ybinės lie u ių kalbos komisijos kalbos konsul acijų bankas. P ieiga in-
e ne e: h p://www. lkk.l /konsul acijos.
ŽDV – Mu mulai y ė D., Aleksai ė A. Žodžių da ybos edlys. [Elek oninis iš eklius],
Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2021. P ieiga in e ne e: ekalba.l /zodziu-da y-
bos- edlys/ [žiū ė a 2021-09-10].
RITA MILIŪNAITĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica 316 Li huanian LXXXV
In he ield o li e a u e
Ai chison Jean 2013: Language change: p og ess o decay?
This is he ou h edi ion, Camb idge:
This is he Camb idge Uni e si y P ess.
Ay es-Benne , Wendy, 2021: Modeling Language S anda diza ion (MLS) is he i s o i s kind in he wo ld. The Camb idge
Handbook o Language S anda diza ion (Camb idge Handbooks in Language and
Linguis ics), eds. by W. Ay es-Benne , J. Bellamy, Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y
The p ess, 2764.
Balchic's Jewel y (1978) is a collec ion o sho s o ies. A. Pupkis, Vilnius: Science and
echnology Coupland Nikolas, K is iansen To e 2011: SLICE: C i ical Pe spec i es on
Language (De) s anda diza ion. This is he i s ime ha his has been done.
S anda d Languages and Language S anda ds in a Changing Eu ope, eds. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Čižik-P okaše a Vesla a 2018: The cou o appeal is es ablished in he Li huanian language. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o
i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The s udy o
s anda d language dynamics in Eu ope. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Akcinė „Ry o“ bend o ė, 1935, 147–173.
Keinys S asys 1975: P iesaginė lie u iškų e minų da yba. – Lie u ių kalbo y os
Eu opean Union. John o Jablonez was bo n in 1914 in Riga, Russia. I 's a ma e o speech. […] Annex o he Hope 3, 81[…]94; 4 118[…]128. See also: Jablonski's w i ings 4. Subjec s o speech, ed. J. Balčikonis, Kaunas: Ques ions 16: Li huanian e minology, 7 and 56.
Keinys S asys 1999: Li huanian language wo d-making company, Šiauliai: Šiauliai
Uni e si y publishing house.
The 2000 Keynes S a ion: Some Answe s o Ques ions. The ailway wo ke , Oc obe
16, Kniūkš a P anas 1976: The cha ac e is ics o P iesagos. The wo k, he meanings,
he g amma ical synonyms, Vilnius: Science.
Liu ke ičienė Danu ė 2001: Abou he names o na ionali ies and inhabi an s wi h he
p e ix -ie is, -ė. Cul u e o he language 74, 60[…]64. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p:
www.bend inekalba.l o a S aipsniai.pd . Liu ke ičienė Danu ė 2008: Names and
su names o he inhabi an s o he s a es. Language cul u e 81, 80 and 102. I is a ailable
on he In e ne a : h p: www.bend inekalba.l o a
S aipsniai/81://Liu ke iciene_KK_81_s aipsnis.pd . Miliūnai ė Ri a 2019: A communi y o
Li huanian language in he con ex o pos -s anda diza ion o Eu opean languages. […]
The company speaks 92, 1[…]29. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p:
www.bend inekalba.l /S aipsniai/92/Miliunai e_BK_92_s aipsnis.pd . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A icles o he T ea y
P iesagos -ie is, -ė ediniai daba inėje lie u ių kalboje: no ma i
a osenos pokyčiai
Mu mulai y ė Dai a 2016: New names o pe sons in e ms o cons uc ion and
seman ic aspec . […] Li huanian language 10, 1[…]22. I is a ailable on he In e ne a :
h ps: www.zu nalai. u.l o in Li huanian a : a icle/ iew/22591/21824.
No kai ienė Milda, Gi denis Aleksas 1987: On he naming o pe sons by gende
enamąją ie ą. – Mūsų kalba 1, 13–15.
Pi očkinas A noldas 1986: Jono Jablonskio kalbos aisymai, Kaunas: Š iesa.
Pi očkinas A noldas 1990: Adminis acinės kalbos kul ū a, Vilnius: Min is.
Simonai y ė Vida 1979: The -ie is o P iesagos, -ė a e adjec i es in he spelling o
So ie yea s. […] Cul u e o he language 36, 38[…]44. I is a ailable on he In e ne
a : h p: www.bend inekalba.l o S aipsniai.h ml
Simonai y e_KK_36_s aipsnis.pd . The book is published by he Ins i u e o he
Theo y o Wo d P ocessing, 2nd edi ion, Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedias Publishing.
De i a i es wi h he Su ix -ie is, -ė in he
Li huanian Language: No m and Changes in
Use o
Summa y
The objec o he a icle is he de i a i es wi h he su ix -ie is, -ė, which a e p oblema ic as
om he poin o iew o he codi ica ion o he s anda d Li huanian language. As a
hei o ma ion is conce ned, no ma i e de i a i es wi h his su ix in he mains eam
g amma s o he Li huanian language a e classi ied as pe sonal names based on he pe son's
place o o igin o esidence. Codi ica ion sou ces also poin o ce ain es ic ions o he
de i a ional base. The de i a i es wi h he su ix -ie is, -ė ha a e ac ually in use in he
con empo a y Li huanian language do no always con o m o he codi ied no m. Based on he
o mal and seman ic a ibu es o he de i a i e base, he e a e i e g oups o de i a i es
wi h he su ix -ie is, -ė ha all ou side o exis in he ma gins o he codi ied no m. The key
momen s in he de elopmen o he codi ica ion o de i a i es a e highligh ed and he ac o s
ha de e mine he ins abili y o he no ms o hese de i a i es and he cou se o hei
ans o ma ion a e speci ied. The usage da a ha e been collec ed in he da abases and o he
digi al esou ces lis ed among he e e ences. The a ie y o de i a i es wi h he su ix -ie is,
-ė in use e lec s he expansion o he de i a ional po en ial o his su ix […] he egula i y o
de i a i es and he inc ease in hei numbe ega dless o he adi ional no ms oo ed in
g amma s […] a p ocess ha has been aking place o yea s. The de i a i e base o he
de i a i es wi h he su ix