S aipsniai / A icles 117
TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC
P ahos ling is ų bū elis
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-1207-5582 Di ec ions o scien i ic
esea ch: gene al and compa a i e linguis ics, Bal ic s udies,
Indo-Eu opean s udies, all o which a e no s uc u ally
ela ed, s uc u alism, semiology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LITHUANIA ALITER: Membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council
The ollowing is a summa y o he main indings o he e iew:
PRITAIKYMAS LITUANISTIKOJE
Li huanica ali e : Encompassing Philology as o
be applied o Bal ic S udies
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Based on Ilya Lemeškina's book Li huanica ali e (2019), he au ho explains wha is isa
philology, de eloped by he con empo a y P ague Linguis ic Boa d, and shows how i is applied
in Bal ic s udies. Al hough limi ed o he i s hal o he 16 h and 17 h cen u ies, i s
adap a ion is always ca ied ou sys ema ically in he con ex o all Eu opean cul u e, aking
in o accoun no only he ex s o he "Bal ic" (in he gene ic sense) languages. The ollowing
wo ds a e included in he ESMINIAI ocabula y: isa philology, unc ional s uc u alism,
compa a i e linguis ics, Bal ic languages, Li huanian s udies, p u henis ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Repo ing on, and e iewing ho oughly, Ilya Lemkin's book Li huanian Ali e (Lemkin 2019), he
au ho explains he p og am o encompassing philology as i has been elabo a ed in he
con empo a y P ague Linguis ic Ci cle, and ou lines how encompassing philology should app oach
- na u ally, wi hin a Eu opean cul u al-his o ical amewo k, e en i es ic ed o he 16 h and
i s hal o he 17 h cen u y - he en i e ma e ial basis o Bal ic linguis ics, which in u n
should ne e be es ic ed o he Bal ic languages.
KEYWORDS: encompassing philology, unc ional s uc u alism, compa a i e
linguis ics, Bal ic languages, Li huanian, Old P ussian.
TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC
118 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXV
I.
Billēmai bhe e sinnimai (www.bbe) is a se ies in which Ilja Lemeškina's monog aph
Li huanica ali e was published and ma ked wi h he second issue (Lemeškin Umbe o
2019), pa adinimas. 2015 me ais leidykloje Vaga iš eilės pi mas pasi odė eika-
las S udies in Old P ussian, ku į pa ašė Viljamas Rygelis Šmols ygas (Schmal s ieg
William Riegel), o leidimui ūpes ingai pa engė Pje as Umbe as Dinis (Pie o
Dini) (Schmals ieg 2015). Bo h e ka lai a e o he same g aphic s yle (including de ails),
hey a e cha ac e ized by a high book publishing cul u e. I 's ha he pea l is om
masis bu o išleis as Vagoje, o an ąjį išleido Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, e in-
ina kaip o ganizacinis a si ik i nu mas: s a biausia se ijos BBE publika imo
ien isumas.
Ką eiškia šis keis as pa adinimas? Tai y a di b inis kalbinis da inys, sudė-
he au en iš kų p ussian wo ds o gende . Jung uk be is used mo e han a hund ed
imes in P ussian monumen s, and his is no su p ising: i simply means […]i […]. The
wo ds billēmai and e sinnimai, on he con a y, a e hapax legomena: billēmai (III 13115) is
ound only in he passage […]Visagalis me ci ul o God and Fa he , we p aise you and
hank you[…] (Mažiulis 1981: 238); e sinnimai (III 6518 […]19) ie nin elį once used he
nega i e o m […] ni e sinnimai […] in he passage […] be o e he god has o gi e all his
o me o my own sins, as well as hose ha we do no know […] (Mažiulis 1981: 148). In
he p e ace o he i s olume, he compound billēmai bhe e sinnimai is ansla ed as
"in he pas and in he known" and is in e p e ed as "in he pas abou ou own
cul u e and in he known con ibu ion o wo ld cul u e o he s udy o ou cul u e"
(BBE I […] Schmals ieg 2015: 3). Thus, he goal is clea ly de ined: o mo e om a na ow
linguis ic a ea o a b oad cul u al a ea. I is no known whe he a hi d olume is
al eady being p epa ed, no wha i will be abou , bu I am pleased o no e ha bo h
olumes I and II hemsel es make an in e es ing in oduc ion o he combina ion o
he wo Old P ussian e bs: nume is I, S udies in Old P ussian, wi h an in oduc ion A
c i ical e iew o he ele an li e a u e in he ield om 1975 un il 2005,
espec i ely. Now he mayo II, Li huanica ali e (wi hou sub i les), p o ides how he
ma e ial o he old P ussian language should be ki so (La in ali e ), ha is, new and
app op ia e, esea ched by all Eu opean cul u al associa ions. Pa o his di e si y
is he ac ha he book ha sys ema ically s udies ( he ancien s) o P ussia is
called no P u henica, as we would expec , bu Li huanica. The explana ion, which you
can ind a he end o his a icle.
We will call he old P ussian language simply p ussian: he e is no middle o new
P ussian language. In he i s olume o he BBE, English is used as a subs i u e
inys Old P ussian – okiečių žodžio al p eußisch kalkė, o pa s okiečių žodis
A icles o he 119 h
Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos
p i aikymas li uanis ikoje
o dialec , whe eas Ge man was necessa y o dis inguish i om he poli ical […]
s a e p ose. The au ho o he second BBE olume uses he e m in Li huanian in
P ussian.
The ex s o P ussian monumen s a e ew and a be ween: he colophons o Basel and C e e o
Elbingo i G ūna o žodynai, du liu e oniškojo Ka ekizmo leidimai i Liu e io
Enchi idion. Tuo apsi iboja p ū siš ki eks ai, ku ie sąmoningai bu o suku i am,
unc ion in P ussian, becoming examples o collec i e communal ac s eco ded in manusc ip s om he
suo omis p iemonėmis. A si ik iniais kalbos pa min klais laiky inos glosos, an-
13 h o he 16 h cen u ies, and examples, he e o e, in books abou he P ussians published in he 16 h
and 18 h cen u ies. Nei he he i s no he second we e di ec ly in ended o linguis ic
communica ion. The o me a ose as a book o sa i ninko o pe sonal no es o he consume ; he
la e , accumula ing oddi ies and old- ashioned hings, we e supposed o aise he p es ige o he
w i e who desc ibed he land. Indi idual P ussian language names o people and places o be classi ied
in he ca ego y o names, ound in a chi al sou ces2. he language, especially he ancien Indo-Eu opean
languages, e en olde han he Li huanian language, which i sel was conside ed he ancien benchma k,
Nuo XIX amžiaus y a ęs adicinis ling is inis požiū is laikė isą ą me-
he pėdsaka. The examples o P ussian ep esen ed cons uc ions ha we e hen seen as a
econs uc ion o Indo-Eu opean language, while he con en o he P ussian language monumen s
hemsel es was qui e un ema kable. The expe ience o he las decades, as indica ed by Viljamo R.
Šmols ygo BBE's olume, is essen ially he same as he p ac ice used a hund ed yea s ago, bu i is
cha ac e is ic, and i is also pleasan , ha P ussian monumen s oday a e assessed much mo e
cau iously in e ms o quali y and eliabili y. Ilya Lemeskin's BBE olume mo es he same me hod o
cleaning hese monumen s o a quali a i ely highe le el. Lemechkin deals only wi h in en ional
monumen s, i.e. hose ha ha e a isen by some kind o in en ional summoning, and s udies hem all: he
looks a hem in he Eu opean con ex , aking in o accoun hei unc ional-communica i e pu pose and
hei his o ical gen e. This is a na u al con inua ion o he p og am de eloped ea lie : o pe cei e he
monumen s o he ancien language as ex s, i.e. cul u al and his o ical e en s ha we e c ea ed in a
ce ain en i onmen o a ce ain pu pose, keeping in mind he agmen o he Lo d's P aye om
he beginning o he i een h cen u y (Mikalauskai ė 1938: 102 […] 10 Blažienė 2015: 14 […] 49). The ac
ha such a eco d was made ce ainly es i ies o he need o he public o ha e he main Ch is ian
ex in i s es ablished o m, bu his does no change he ac ha he eco d was made by a p i a e
pe son - p obably a p ies o a monk - on a piece o p ope y belonging o him o he o pe sonal use. 2
New ma e ials o P ussian eal objec s and ali e esea ch especially use ul G asilda Blažienė
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC
120 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV o he no ms o he ime in o ce. The ac
ha in he Bal ic o he Indo-Eu opean, i s ill seems e olu iona y, by he way, is
jus a ma e o s eng hening he p ac ice o he dead. I is desi able ha his
app oach becomes ou ine.
II.
I s a s wi h he colophons. This gen e is new in he Bal ic: Basil's colophon has
nas as as ik 1974 m., o K e os – ne 1992 m. Pi masis I. Lemeškino nuopelnas
y a as, kad jis neabejodamas p i pa žįs a kolo oną sa a ankišku žan u, ne u in-
no hing o do wi h glosses. A gloss […] is a no e in a book ha has been comple ed a
long ime ago, w i en by he pe son who is using he book. The colophon is he inal
ac o he book's c ea ion. I should be no ed ha be o e he in en ion o
p in ing, pu chasing a book mean o de ing a copy o a ex om a pa icula
pe son. Wi h he p es ige o he media, which, o cou se, enhanced he o de , i
was possible o hi e ano he pe son o illumina e he w i ing; Meanwhile, he
d a ing and implemen a ion o he code was no such an impo an and expensi e
ask.
The medie al manusc ip book usually does no ha e a i le page, and in he codices i is a ached
oge he wi h a ious o he books. A book ha is no he same as ano he book is aided by he incipi
[li . incipi […] […]čia p asideda[…]], wi h which he book begins, and he explici [li . ex plici […] […]čia
baigiasi[…]] o he colophon [li . g . kolophon […] […] i šūnė, comple ion[…]], wi h which he book ends. And
ha 's a he end o he book, and ha 's igh he e! […] can be disclosed as an indi idual ansc ibe : a
science wo ke , p e iously anonymous, indica es when he inished his wo k, hen w i es his and adds
a mo i a ed s a emen o he si ua ion, which has no hing o do wi h he con en o he book being
w i en. He canno do ha : because o he con as wi h he uni e sal La in language in which he
book was w i en, he o en speaks some s ange, exo ic language ha he locals do no unde s and.
The P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian
P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian
P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian
P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian
P ussian P ussian The well-known s o y o he Li huanian paganism, which he whi es had long since
ex ac ed om a ch onicle w i en in Sla ic, was i s ead by I. Lemeškin in he con ex o he en i e
ch onog aph. I was only la e ha he disco e ed i s unc ional and s uc u al pa allels in o he
pa s o he same shop, which no one had hough o be o e, and was able o in e p e he
unin e es ing ch onog aph o he Bal s as a ges u e o s a e-building o no small impo ance, when
he ecen ly disappea ed Li huanian cul u e o he Kie an Rus was consciously ansmi ed o he
Fo he se ice o he G and Duchy.
A icles o he 121s
Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos
p i aikymas li uanis ikoje
i s ime no in ou coun y, bu in a e y dis an coun y - once in Tuscany, once in C e e.
I. Lemeškin poin s ou ha he disco e y o bo h P ussian colophons is no
acciden al, ha i is a na u al consequence o he sys ema ic mode n medie al
ca aloging o La in codices. Le 's be eady o ind mo e o hem, and le 's accep
he ac ha o all he Bal ic languages o he Middle Ages, he lo- onos appea in
aikys bū en p ūsų, o ne lie u ių a la ių. K i iškai į e inęs iską, kas iki šiol
bu o publikuo a apie kolo onus, i išsamiai išanaliza ęs kolo onus nag inėjamų
he con ex o he colo ophone gen e, including he cooking o he wo ks o he
iden i ika imą bei pag indimą ly gi na mąja bal ų-sla ų medžiaga, kas y a k ali i-
people as ano he o iginal wo k o he au ho .
The Basel Colophon, so called because o he place whe e i was ound, was w i en
in Siena on he nigh o Janua y 5, 1369, du ing he igil o he Th ee Kings. I s
P ussian pa is he Ch is mas song o he Th ee Kings, which is add essed o he
local […] Sienese, Tuscany, I aly […] pe son named An onio Bo na chi. He w o e he book
and he colophon wi h which i ends, he F ench schola Ni kolio O e mo ([…] 1322-1382)'s
ea ise Ques iones me heo o um, he w o e he unnamed p ose Lie om you o me
he gaikš o Bu au o-Hen ik, 1368-1369 m. accompanied by he empe o Ka ol IV his
iumph o ne ke lio ne je pe I aliju, palydos. I. Lemechkin desc ibes Bu au in de ail
and accompanies him o he P ussian in ellec ual co ps: he also men ions o he
colophons in which he P ussian in ellec ual is signed wi h his own name, he e is no
use o he na i e P ussian language. In u n, I would like o add ha he ac ha
he Ba ze lio ko lo one copyis did no w i e […] and his is ob iously and undoub edly
conscious o he gen e his syk lių pažei di mas […] co esponds o he ac ha in
he p ussian pa o he colophon, in he Ch is mas song, he add esses he name o
a ce ain pe son, he I alian An onio, who w o e he book wi h Bona ja mas (as i by
o de o he owne o he inished book).
The C e an Colophon was in en ed in 1440 in Chania. I ends wi h he ea ise Logica
pa a by Paulo Vene o ([…] 1368[…]1428-1429). In he P ussian pa o he colophon,
he e is alk o mayas, i.e. he May ee, he building and he anspo o ca le o
he i s sp ing g azing g ound. The ansc ibe , he Ge man Pe us Wicke au, did
no speak P ussian himsel , so he ansc ip ion o P ussian would be he one wi h
he e o s. Based on he de ailed olklo e wo ks and hei poe ic knowledge, I. Le
meš ki nas con incingly econs uc ed and in e p e ed i . The signi icance o he
Eu is ine C e an colophon is ha i speaks o he alue o he p o o ype: Wicke au
el ha i was necessa y o copy e en he pa he did no unde s and, which was
he o iginal colophon; Usually, he w i e s didn' copy hei own w i ing, hey copied
hei own w i ing. Wha was he p o o ype o he 1440 C e aceous? This is a book
ha had, o pe haps e en w o e, he P ussian Pe us Tu nau, P ague

TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC
122 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
uni e si e o auk lė i nis i čekų husi ų šalininkas. 1422 m. jis kelis mėnesius p a-
He le C e e, speci ically Chania, and e u ned o Hussi e P ague, whe e he w o e
a La in accoun o he G eek chu ch. The a e o Pe o Tu nau and Ke Lio will no be
desc ibed in de ail in he Inquisi ion's case. His ial in 1425 cos him his li e. Looking
a he Eu ope o he pe iod unde conside a ion, i can be said ha Pe us Tu nau
is indeed he only P ussian documen ed o ha e li ed in dis an C e e du ing he
pe iod in ques ion.
The Basel colophon, like he exo ic pa o he C e an colophon, was c ea ed by he
lek ualai, nu a ši nėję mode niausius da gy ų amžininkų mokslinius eikalus:
ai bu o ne kanoniniai, o ei kiau maiš ingi eks ai. Jų kopijuo ojai di bo eks-
kliuzy iniam aiškiai p o iliuo ų in e esan ų a ui, o dėl pa ys u ėjo bū i i in ge-
P ussians a e ge ing acquain ed wi h he la es scien i ic achie emen s. Thus,
in he second hal o he 14 h cen u y and he beginning o he 15 h cen u y,
Eu ope was inhabi ed by whi es, namely P ussians, who no only s udied a
Eu opean uni e si ies bu also belonged o he ansna ional Eu opean in ellec ual
epublic. Who we e hey? Whe e and om wha income did hey li e? I. Lemeškinus
es ablishes ha he anonymous au ho o he Basel colophon was an educa ed
P ussian om he Bu au o en ou age o he son o he G and Duke o Li huania
Kęs učio. He li ed wi h him in P ague and accompanied him on his a els a ound
Eu ope. In he ou een h cen u y, only P ussian could become a lea ned whi e in
La in. Only P ussia, which was also ecognized as pa o La in Eu ope, had a
su icien ly s ong e hnic Bal ic u ban popula ion. Li onia also belonged o he
La ian Eu ope, bu g aphically i was much weake and e hnically bal ic han he
u ban popula ion, so o speak, almos nonexis en . Li huania, demog aphically he
s onges o all he Bal ic s a es, was s ill pagan o La in Eu ope, and his changed
only a he end o he 14 h cen u y, when he ounding o he College o Vienna a he Uni e si y o P ague in 1397 was conside ed a symbolic e en .
Pe us Tu nau, he c ea o o add essee o he P ussian pa o he C e an colophon4, al eady
belongs o ano he ime o a pio P ahai, in ellec ually o he Re o ma ion ype P ahai, again o he
Eu opean dimension. Tu nau e u ned o P ague ia Venice, whe e he wan ed o s a an academic
mokyklose, s udija o iloso iją P ahoje i eisę Bolo ni jo je. Pabu ojęs K e oje,
ca ee , bu was unsuccess ul. T ied his hand in Silesia and inally g adua ed as a eache in he
Spi o ca hed al o he P alz lands. He was ied and bu ned a he s ake by he Inquisi ion in 1425
o p omo ing he Re o ma ion and Hussi e ideas. I 's a bunch o people who' e been p o essionally
ansc ibing books and exchanging play ul messages all o e Eu ope.
Lo yniška eliacija apie g aikišką bažnyčią, jo pa ašy a P a ho je 1423 m., u i
4 Ku į iš šių aidmenų – kū ėjo a ga ėjo – Pe as Tu nau a liko o iginale, nusp ęs i neįmanoma.
S a bu ik ai, kad Tu nau be ku iuo a eju p iklausė ekskliuzy iniam P ūsijos in elek ualų klu-
A icles and a icles 123
Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos
p i aikymas li uanis ikoje
bū i ak uojama a siž elgian į pla ų husi ų in elek ualų susidomėjimą al e na-
y iomis k ikščioniškomis p ak ikomis.
In ellec ual whi e man Pe as Tu nau is one o he las P ague P ussians: he Hussi e P ague is
al eady clea ly o ien ing i sel in Li huania in he space o you ball. The e hnic P ussians belonged o
he P ague o he 14 h cen u y, which a ha ime p o ided hem wi h excep ional condi ions. A new
uni e si y was es ablished he e in 1348, and i was he pe manen esidence o Cha les and Václa in
he Holy Roman Empi e. Fo he ee P ussian young people, he Uni e si y o P ague was close o
home, na u ally classi ied by place o esidence. I. Lemechkin inds many s uden s who spon aneously
signed in P ussian in he ma icula ions o he Facul y o Philosophy and Law ( he lis s o o he
acul ies […] me dicinos and heology […] ha e no su i ed). In addi ion, in P ague om 1365 esided
[…]Lie u os ka a lius em yje[…] Bu au asHen ikas, son o he uling G and Duke Kęs učio, and son o
his G and Duke Algi do, agains whom he poli ically ebelled. He was bap ized as a Ca holic in he own
o Ka lo y Va y, and a e ailing he mili a y examina ions in Li huania, he wen o P ague o he
empe o s o he Holy Roman Empi e, whose hen wi e Elzbie a om Pama a (app op ia ely ela ed o
his pa en s) was his cousin's daugh e , ha is, close o Bu au o. While in P ague, Bu au as-Hen ik was
di ec ly connec ed wi h he empe o , accompanying him no only on his jou ney h ough I aly in
1368-1369, bu also, wi hou a doub , had his own Eu opean-o ien ed p og am. Bu au as-Hen ik
main ained he cou in P ague, and since as a p isone he had no mili a y powe , he had o ely mo e
on he cou ie s-diploma s. The e was no sho age o Eu opean Li huanians, bu he e was no
sho age o educa ed P ussians, and he e we e especially many in P ague. Na u ally, Bu au as
add essed hem speci ically: hese we e he people closes o him in language and cul u e. I. Lemeškin
p o ides da a on how many P ussians we e among he P ague ownspeople in he eigh h cen u y and
wha impo an posi ions hey held. The mos elling example o his is when he a chbishop o P ague
died in 1390, P ince Pe e , called P ussian, came o pay his espec s and gi e him pa adise. Václa o
Luxembou g was he ou h king o he Czech Republic and he i s empe o o he Holy Roman
Empi e. I'm going o ask you o make a poli ical p oposal. Un o una ely, he did no ecei e he
app o al a ha ime.
kupas Jonas iš Jenš eino, po ka aliaus an oji galingiausia igū a šalyje, pasiju o,
pa epimo sa k a men ą.
Filologinio, apimančio isą Eu opą, y imo ibose y ėjas a skleidė, kad ik-
6 Kaip y a žinoma, nedaug laiko ep aėjo nuo o į ykio, kada 1358 m. impe a o ius Ka olis išsiun-
ė sa o asmeninį pa siun inį, P ahos a ki yskupą, pas naujai įžengusius į sos ą aldančiuosius di-
TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXXV) was i s published in 1826 unde he i le
Li aue , he las o he h ee Li huanian li e a y ales. In 1899, he Ge mans
a ibu ed he au ho ship o his poem o Schondoch, he au ho o he poem
The King o F ance. I is only ue ha he Li huanian Bu au as in exile in P ague
was a well-known and impo an pe son in Eu ope. In he oo s eps o
Bu au o-Hen ik and his su oundings, I. Lemeškinus makes a signi ican his o ical
and a chaeological disco e y. The scien is is bu ied in he same g a e whe e his
išsiaiškino, kad y a žinoma, ku P ahoje bu o palaido as Bu au as, kad jis palai-
b o he Su ila-Janas (abou whom no hing is known un il now) was p e iously
bu ied, and ha his g a e has emained in ac . No one is s opping he
a chaeological in es iga ion o his place. This is a signi ican e en on a
Eu opean scale, as i is he unique and oldes eco ded an h opological and
gene ic oo p in o he uling Gediminas amily, om which he Li huanian,
Polish, Czech and Hunga ian Jogailai came.
A en ion is d awn o ano he Eu opean his o ical connec ion. Bu au os son
Vaidu is who was a newbo n baby a he ime o his young a he s ebellion s ayed
wi h his mo he in Li huania, whe e he was aised by his g and a he Kęs učios
amily. As a young man, he led o his a he in P ague. He had jus lea ned ha his
a he had jus died o he plague, which was hen aging in P ague, so he
con inued on o Pa is. The e he g adua ed om he uni e si y, and om he e his
uncle Jogaila, Bu au o's cousin, who la e became king o Poland, in i ed him o
K akow o head he local uni e si y. Li huania's Bu au as ec ui ed P ussian
in ellec uals in o his poli ical se ice, as Li huanian in ellec uals we e no ye
he e; his own son Vaidu is was he i s e hnic Li huanian […] Eu opean
in ellec ual, who s ood in he poli ical se ice o he King o Poland.
This is III.
Monumen s o he Ge man-P ussian lexicog aphic gen e lead o a comple ely di e en wo ld.
Elbingo and G ūna o we e w i en in P ussia, bu hei his o y and a e we e di e en . Elbingo's
dic iona y is he only su i ing copy o he Codex Neumannianus. The la e wen o he Elbing ci y
lib a y as a espec ed local ci izen Ab aomo G iub na o (1740-1823), a book and an ique deale , pa li ki
mas. The 15 h-cen u y codex is a copy o an ea lie o iginal. The G una o dic iona y, in u n, is
ų ko lek cininko, o s a biausia – ga sios i seną is o iją u inčios pi klių giminės
de i ed om he P eußische Ch onik. The ch onicles we e w i en by Simon G unow (c. 1470 - c. 1530
- c. 1537), and la e by Fe dinand Neumann (c. 1825 - c. 1537), who was he i s o w i e hem down in
he Elbe Lib a y. The au ho was a wi ness o he hen essen ial changes (secula iza ion o he
O de o he C oss, liu e o ny bės as he in oduc ion o he s a e eligion in P ussia), so he
a du.
A icles o he 125 h
Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos
p i aikymas li uanis ikoje
G ūna a ch onicle became an impo an sou ce o P ussian his o y and was epea edly published
and a iously e ised. The e o e, i so happened ha he e a e se e al a ian s o he ch onicle
o he ksi-g aph in he annex: okieć-p ussian, p ussian- okieć, p ussian-lo y n. Howe e , he
ocabula y o bo h Elbingo and G una o is only he basis o many o he olde wo ks.
The ac ha Elbing's Codex Neumannianus consis s o h ee se s o igh s and,
ul ima ely, a dyno, oo di ec ly encou aged he belie ha he book was o iginally
used in cou (Bez zen be ge 1874: 1225; T au mann 1910: XXIVXXV). Elbing was
indeed he o de 's commande -in-chie , bu he s uc u e o he dic iona y and
he lexicon do no co espond o his pu pose. I. Lemechkin on he o he hand, a
di e en , b oade and much mo e con incing explana ion, based on he
Hansea ic League al eady om he hi een h cen u y.
The Hansa had de eloped a ade ne wo k be ween he No h and he Bal ic Seas,
which led o an in e -linguis ic con ac be ween he sheep and he o es s. Ge manic
Low Ge man, he main language o he Hansea ic League, in he 13 h and 14 h cen u ies
was close o bo h he No dic languages (which only g adually di e en ia ed acco ding
o he na ional uni s o Denma k, Sweden and No way), he Nyde land languages
(which, on he o he hand, we e no in luenced by he o ma ion o s a es) and
pe haps e en bo h English languages (egzis wo di e en s anda ds, ela ed o he
sepa a e Kingdoms o England and Sco land). A he same ime, he Hansea ic peoples
also had o deal wi h non-Hispanic languages: F ench (šiau ės, langue doïl) in he wes ,
Russian ( ėlgi šiau ės) in he eas . The F ench language, he p es igious language o
he uppe classes in Russia and he language o he mona chy's cou s, al eady had an
ex ensi e sys em o language lea ning and g amma . Ge man me chan s lea ned
ela ed Ge manic languages by sending hei sons o amilies wi h which hey had
close ade ela ions in o he Hansea ic ci ies so ha hey could communica e
ais a ejais, kai okiečių didikai siųs da o sa o sūnus moky is į d a us, ku iuose
bu o kalbama p ancūziškai. Tačiau okia pa i p ak i ka bu o aikoma i usiškuo-
di ec ly wi h he local language. Simila ly, he Hansea ic ci ies o […] Nauga de and
Psko we e ea ed. I. Lemechkin ci ed he legal no ms o he ime go e ning he
sending o language s uden s o Russia ( o example, he could no ha e been mo e
han wen y yea s old a he ime), as well as he handw i en Russian books ha
we e compiled and dis ibu ed o hese pu poses ( hese we e acco ding o he
subdi ided ocabula y o he Ge man-Russian languages, in which he opics we e
skleidžia jų s uk ū inį apa umą i giminys ę su abiem P ūsijos žody nais.
Vokiečių o dino aldomoje P ūsijoje bal ų mies iečių gy eno daug, be o,
discussed). The au ho discusses all h ee su i ing Ru siš wha sias books and a jie we e s ong eko no o es s: o he wise we could no explain whe e hey came om
TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC
132 The in e p e a ion o he Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is also use ul in
ha i e eals he medie al cul u e o he Rhine egion, co e ing bo h La in and
G eek Eu ope. F om his poin o iew, No h Ge man
He eminds me o he Republic o Venice.
The whi e p esses. The au ho o he i s Bal ic p esses, I. Lemeškinas, consis en ly aking in o
accoun hei i s s ep, F an išek Sko in, looks a he new Eu opean gen e […] p in ed books […]
au ho s. In his ole, hey a e ea ed e y se iously and esponsibly by all in ol ed. I hink ha hese
au ho s knew all he sub le ies o he new, ad anced gen e a ha ime and applied hem o he ac s:
among o he hings, ac os ics, numbe s and he symbolism o p in ed clichés. Howe e , om his
poin o iew, I. Lemeškino's ea ise is also he mos easily dispu ed: he possibili ies o he gen e
a e he b oades cul u al p ope y o he iewe , bu he ex en o which he ools o he gen e a e
used in a pa icula wo k depends on he possibili ies o he speci ic c ea o o e en only on his will.
The symbolism o he P ussian ka e kiz mo, as cohe en ly laid ou by I. Lemeškin, is possible only in he
s uc u al ela ions o he speci ic eu o pie iš ko gen e, bu i canno be said (and I. Lemeškin does
no do so in his case) ha i is ac ually manda o y he e. The con inua ion o he ac os ics in 1547 in
he Li huanian Ka e kiz me […] as in 1559 in he o m o he bap ism […] he eading is essen ially
sequen ial and con si s en iš kas, since i inds i s basis in he Eu opean gen e, bu a he same ime
mus be aken in o accoun and compa ed wi h all he in o ma ion we know abou he au ho as a
his o ical pe son. In he case in ques ion, le 's ex end he compa ison o F ancis Sko ina, whose
example was suppo ed by he au ho himsel . D . P. Sko ina's whole li e was enough o him o ake
ca e o himsel : he could a o d o s udy a se e al Eu opean uni e si ies, ge acquain ed wi h he
Ge man (including Du ch and Czech) and I alian (including I alian) cuisines, acqui e his own p in ing
p esses, hi e eelance a is s and ama eu s o implemen his p ojec ... In 1547, Lie was diagnosed
wi h au ism, his bachelo 's deg ee M. Maž ydas was, wi hou a doub , as alen ed as P. Sko ina. All
hese ac o s hinde ed his wo k. Maž ydas epea edly appealed o he P ussian au ho i ies o
p o ide him wi h a sou ce o income so ha he could de o e himsel ully o eligion and educa ion,
bu he P ussian s a e ga e him a a m so ha he could con inue o wo k and ea n a li ing, and he said
o sol e his p oblem. I is wo h no ing how much M. Maž ydas was able o accomplish, despi e he
di icul ci cums ances o his li e. The book is based on he classic La in sho s o y by Ad iano
Cappellini (Cappellini, 1928), which was he basis o he book's I alian p oduc ion. 13 The P ussian s a e
also applied he same cul u al policy o i s o he in ellec uals. I will be u he shown ha he
Eu opean Lu he an Re o ma ion Labo a o y was cha ac e ized by a uly ex ao dina y cul-de-sac.

S aipsniai / A icles 133
Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos
p i aikymas li uanis ikoje
The au ho o he 1545 P ussian Ca echism was p obably much close o M.
Maž ydui han o P. Sko inai. Wha P. Sko ina could do o himsel in P ague o
Vilnius was unimaginable in he Kingdom.
The VI.
A wo k ha would e alua e he en i e co pus o Bal ic p esses o he beginning o
he six een h o se en een h cen u ies h ough he p ism o isa philology is
ine i ably needed o Bal ic li e a u e. Le us conside wha awai s us he e. in wo
Lie u os Didžioji Kunigaikš ys ė. De a p adė i nuo milžiniškos als ybin-
gumą i inan čios lo yniškos knygų p odukcijos. Pi moji lie u iška knyga y a
Vilniaus kanauninko Ma yno Ra do mo Agenda, išspausdin a 1499 m. Gdanske
a ian s a once. This agenda is Li huanian because i was c ea ed in Li huania o
he needs o he Vilnius Diocese, in o de o o ganize i ual p ac ice only on he
e i o y o Li huania. The e a e s ill se e al dozen La in publica ions, p in ed bo h
in K akow and in Rome, which Li huanian Ca holic humanis s […] Li huanians because
hey se ed he highes ep esen a i es o he Li huanian s a e […] w o e
de ending and poli ically suppo ing Li huania among you in his plo . Is i possible o
imagine mo e Li huanian publica ions han hese? Pe nega ionem his is con i med
by wo Li huanian P o es an pamphle s, add essed o Li huania i sel , published
sho ly a e each o he in he Royal P in ing House: 1543 Ab aham Kul ie is appeals
o he Kingdom o Poland (and he G and Duchy o Li huania) in La in Con essio idei;
In 1547, he anonymous Ka e chis us […] in o he en i e G and Duchy o Li huania. The
anonymousness o he 1547 Li huanian Ca echism is de e mined by he book, which is
no s ic ly om he highes o he lowes laye o i s s uc u e and unc ion. The
wo powe ul empi es a e saying o each o he , "You ha e o ule his and ha , o
you'll be apped by he mons e s behind us". I hese lines had been published by a
speci ic pe son, i would ha e been an amoun o a decla a ion o wa . You a e
add essing he Li huanian cle gy wi h he same ankness: he si ua ion is e ible,
and you a e esponsible o i ; I you didn' know i be o e, now you know i om he
manęs, i daba už ne eiklą būsi e ik jūs pa ys kal i. Tik po o knyga lie u iškai
p o e b o he Li huanian people and ma lo niai, bu e olu iona ily, hey say: he
s a e can' ake ca e o you sal a ion, ake ca e o i you sel ; I, he book, will be
you i s assis an . Compa e all o his wi h P. Sko ina. I also applies o he
inhabi an s o he G and Duchy, bu he S a e o Li huania and he Chu ch
s uk ū ų a ž ilgiu diploma iškai yli…
14 Jie pa ys bu o į ai ių au ybių: lie u iai, lenkai, ispanai, i alai, okiečiai…
TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC
134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
a. in he second hal o he 16 h cen u y in he G and Duchy o Li huania,
didikų globojamų cen ų eikla: B es as, Nes yžius, Os ohas. Visi šie cen ai
bu o neka alikiški: kal inis ų, a ijoniečių, s ačia ikių. Ten bu o išleis i s ambūs
kū iniai, a p ku ių i Biblijos e i mai usėnų a ba lenkų kalbomis. Rusėnų
i lenkų eliginės spaudos san ykio kai a leidžia ge ai ilius uo i, kaip kei ėsi
cha ac e is ic o he unc ional poin o iew o he local language used in
Li huania. Only in 1575 and 1580 he i s pe manen p in ing p esses appea ed in
Vilnius, bo h Ca holic. The ea lies o hese, a di na moje jezui ų, was published
sho ly a e he i s and al eady e y la e Ca holic eac ion o P o es an ism:
1585 m. Ca echismus ca holico um, w i en in La ian and only in La ian; 1595
Daukšos Ka hechismas, w i en in Li huanian and only in Li huanian, which became
he i s Li huanian book e e published in Li huania. I should be added ha in 1575
he i s p in ing house was es ablished in Vilnius, in which in 1588 he undamen al
Li huanian language was published as he Thi d Li huanian S a u e, and in 1598 he
Cal inis Lenkiškas and he Li huanian Ca echism.
F om 1567 o 1629, Riga belonged o he Kingdom o Li huania and Poland, whe e he
i s p in ing house was ounded in 1588. Rega dless o he go e nmen and poli ical
ci cums ances, i se ed Ca holics o Lu he ans. In e ms o Bal ic books, i is
signi ican ha in 1615 i epublished, wi h he mos nume ous Ge man edi ions, a
ilogy o La ian P o es an p esses […] Enchi idion, Un deu sche Psalmen,
E angelia und Epis eln, which we e i s published in 1586 […] 1587 Ka a liau čiu je. On
he o he hand, in 1622 in he oyal (no p incely) s a e o P ussia, a ou -language
guide, Agenda Pa a in La ian, Es onian, Polish, and Ge man, was published o
Ca holics in Li huania. Ano he p in ing p ess in he e i o y o his o ical Li onia
was opened in Ta u only in 1631. We canno desc ibe he his o ical lands o Te a
Ma iana in mo e de ail he e.
The P ussian mona chy is unique in ha i s p oduc ion is e y de ailed and consis en when
documen ed. In addi ion, om 1554 P ussia had a monopoly on books: he e was only one p in e in
he coun y who p in ed o he s a e. In ac , he P ussian s a es ha ha e become he
backbone o he Eu opean Lu he e o ms canno be blamed o cul u al gene osi y. In he
his o y o he Li huanian language, he deep-sea ed belie ha he p in ing p ess was
ak as, kad nuos abūs lie u ių in elek ualų kul ū iniai sumanymai, ku iuos ak-
success ully implemen ed in he P ussian p incipali y, did no exis in he 16 Bal ic S a es, Li onia
naudos i po eikio, nes P ū si jos als ybė jais nesusidomėjo i nesky ė pinigų
15 P. Sko inos spaus u ė Vilniuje (1522–1525 m.) bu o ik epizodas i nesėkmingo e slo pa yzdys.
was no le behind: he i s p in ing p ess in Finland was es ablished e en la e , in Tu ku in 1642.
Bo h p in ing houses in Ta u and Tu ku we e es ablished on he ini ia i e o he King o Sweden,
who had jus es ablished uni e si ies in hese ci ies.
A icles by A icles 135
Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos
p i aikymas li uanis ikoje
hei publica ions17. I was only because o he indi e ence o he s a e ha he J.
(1590), pilnas 1900 puslapių Š en ojo Raš o e imas, ku io ank aš is bu o
Be kūno Bible was no e ised and app o ed o publica ion by a special
ecclesias ical commission, no was he o iginal ex o he Li huanian cle gy's
pos ilė […] Wol enbü elio pos ilė (comple ed in 1573), no was he Be kūno au o
iingo Ko ino pos ilė ansla ion (Pos illa Co inij in Euangelia Dominicalia, 1589). No
a single one o hese wo ks did no each he eade s du ing he pe iod unde
conside a ion, and his is no o he de imen o he Li huanian language. In
e ospec , we we e a leas o una e ha bo h he B e kun Bible and he
kas Ko ino pos i lės e imas dingo ( u ime ik 1589 m. spalio 14 d. laišką, ku-
Wol enbü el pos il emained in he manusc ip s, bu in Li huanian, J. B e kun asked
o a loan o spend his money on i . I is di icul o es ima e how many o he
Li huanian ex s we e c ea ed and p ese ed a ha ime, since he P ussian s a e
blocked hei su i al du ing i s Enligh enmen pe iod. I is also impo an o analyze
he P ussian p ess co pus om a unc ional language poin o iew. I con ains
Ge man, Polish, P ussian, La in and Li huanian languages; La ian is no spoken
he e18. I is known ha P ussian p inces in i ed Li huanian and Polish in ellec uals
o hei coun y wi h he aim o sp eading Lu he anism h ough hem o Li huania
and Poland - Ca holic neighbou ing coun ies wi h which he was o mally bound by
assal ela ions. The 1547 Li huanian Ca echism, as desc ibed ea lie , is a means o
such expo . When i became clea ha he Lu he an Re o ma ion in Li huania was
no a success, he p ince used his Li huanian in ellec uals o e angelize he local
P ussians. Looking a he ecclesias ical egula ions, he chu ch o dinances, which
a e known o ha e been he highes s a e laws ( hei sou ce and o igin was he 1523
Liu e o mula missæ e com mu nionis), we see he ollowing sequence o egula o y
wa es:
1525: only in Ge man.
1544 - Ge man, Polish and La in. (3) in Ge man in 1558, in Li huanian in 1559 and in Polish in 1560; 1568 in
Ge man and 1571 in Polish. 17 E en Immanuel Kan (1724-1804), he mos p ominen igu e o he
P ussian nobili y, had o publish all his w i ings (1781-1790) ab oad in Riga and Liepaja; I was only a
he end o his li e ha he was able o publish his las books, mo al and eligious ac s, in
Ka aliauchi (1793-1798).
(Hosko ec 2002).
18 Th ee La ian edi ions we e published in P ussia in 1586 and 1587 as a echnical o eign o de :
e e y hing was ini ia ed and paid o by he Duke o Ku sk, who also sen edi o s and p oo eade s
o he oyal edi o s o speed up he wo k; A second edi ion o he same books was published in Riga
in 1615. 19 This is he second anonymous wo k o Maž ydas Fo ma ch ikš ima.
TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
Pi moji banga, skelbian i Teu onų o dino sekulia izaciją i Liu e io e o ma-
cijos p adžią, bu o g y nai okiška. Lo ynų kalba pasi odė ik su an ąja banga
wi h Ge man and Polish, bu no wi h o he […] languages. Li huanian appea ed
oge he wi h Ge man and Polish wi h he hi d wa e, bu no wi h he ou h wa e.
Wi h he la e only Ge man and Polish languages. Wha does ha mean? The only uly
comp ehensi e local languages we e Ge man and Polish, and no o he . The P ussian
s a e ne e discussed he P ussian language poli ically. P ussian-speaking locali ies
ha e always been an objec o s a e con ol and no a subjec ; They should ha e had
enough o he elemen o ca echism. Li huanian was he language o he P ussian
newcome . The easies explana ion o he unexpec ed use o he La in language
(which was used o he expulsion o he p ess) wi h he second P ussian egula ion
language (which was no expo ed o any language) is ha i was in ended speci ically
o Li huanians who had jus been in i ed o P ussia and who spoke nei he Ge man
no Polish. And he ac ha he Li huanian language ceased o be used a e he hi d
wa e o egula ions indica es ha in he mean ime i s impo ance has been educed
o he needs o he soul o he poli ically insigni ican popula ion. In essence, i can be
said ha he Li huanian language in P ussia unc ionally eplaced he P ussian
language, which a ha ime no longe had educa ed and poli ically ma u e use s ( he
ea ly exis ence o which was e ealed by he au ho in his Li huanian ali e ).
This is also e idenced by Lu he 's Enchi idion ansla ion, published in P ussia in 1561. The book
opens wice: on page 17 a de ailed i le la pas is p in ed, ollowed by (19 […] 24 pages) […] usual
au ho 's speech, a ibu e o he p ince; A e he i s i le page (page 1), as he i s pa
o he book in a ow, we ead he long p ologue (pages 3 h ough 16). This ac alone has no
analogues in any o he P ussian edi ion. Howe e , e en mo e su p ising is he ole o he
p ince's p ologue. Kunigaikš is (14 […] 15 pages) s ongly u ges his cle gy (in ac i was his
o ice s who we e esponsible o he place ad mi ni s a ci ją) o look o in elligen P ussian
boys, o he science o gabija, and o con ince hei a he s o allow hei boys o mo ky is,
so ha one day hey would become cle gymen who would adminis e hei pa ishes in he
P ussian language wi hou di ec p essu e om Eu ope... In 1559 he Li huanian go e nmen
issued a dec ee allowing he pu chase o he cas le, and i emained in he S a e Se ice Fund
e ė jų. Kunigaikš is įsipa eigoja pa s ma e ialiai em i be niukus, kol jie moky-
sis, i mokė i jiems s ipendiją. Šiuo p ologu 1561 m. P ūsijos Enchi idionas y a
o se e al cen u ies.
A icles by A icles 137
Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos
p i aikymas li uanis ikoje
The se en h.
Pabaigai de a a saky i į klausimą, iškel ą s aipsnio p adžioje: kodėl knyga,
which examines P ussia's cul u al and his o ical space in he wide Eu opean
con ex , he au ho calls Li huanian a ni ca ali e ? The e o e, i is idiculously
a e o s udy only he P ussian language, and i is no a all possible o s udy
Li huanian languages by limi ing onesel o he same language. The P ussian
his o ical space was in many espec s o g ea impo ance o he de elopmen
and unc ioning o he Li huanian language, and i is only om his pe spec i e
ha i is possible o p ope ly unde s and how i de eloped and unc ioned in i s
na i e G ea Duchy. The his o ical o ma ion o he Li huanian language is special
in ha i ook place in pa allel in wo adi ions o s a ehood. The o ma ion o
he La ian language was la gely de e mined by he ac ha un il 1918 La ian
s a ehood had ne e exis ed. Eu opean s a ehood as a cul u al and his o ical
whole can only be unde s ood and desc ibed in he con ex o he whole o Eu ope. Uni e sal philological Li huanian canno be any di e en om wha you hink o he whole o Eu ope.
LITERATŪRA
BBE – Billēmai bhe e sinnimai I–II, ęs inė se ija, Vilnius: Vaga (nuo 2015 m.), Lie u ių
kalbos ins i u as (nuo 2019 m.).
Blažienė G asilda 2000: Die bal ischen O snamen im Samland, S u ga : S eine .
Blažienė G asilda 2005: Bal ische O snamen in Os p eußen, S u ga : S eine .
Blažienė G asilda 2010: P ūsų a dyno y imo p oblemos. – Flo ilegium Li huanum:
in hono em eximii p o es so is a que academici Li huani domini Eugenii Jo aiša anni e sa-
ii sexagesimi causa di ca um, sud. G. Blažienė, S. G iga a ičiū ė, A. Ragauskas, Vilnius:
Vilniaus pedagoginis uni e si e as, 173–185.
Blažienė G asilda 2015: Kalbos lem is i likimas. NERIMAS 3: Išsaugo i Lie u os
als ybę, Vilnius: Lie u os mokslų akademija, 19–49.
Bezzenbe ge Adalbe 1874: Besp echung on Nesselmann 1873. – Gö ingische
geleh e Anzeigen 39, 1221–1250.
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S aipsniai / A icles 139
Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos
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Li huanica ali e : Encompassing Philology as o
be applied o Bal ic S udies
SUMMARY
This con ibu ion pays a ibu e o he gen e o e iew as i was cul i a ed one hund ed
and e en mo e yea s ago: a schola e lec ed ho oughly and e y pe sonally on a (se o )
ques ion(s) ha had been ea ed by his ellow-schola in a ecen ly published book. Tha
was an excellen way o i id scien i ic com munica ion, and a e y in ensi e one (no ice
ha Bezzenbe ge ’s 1874 e iew o Nesselmann’s 1873 publica ion is o e 30 pages long).
Those old e iews p o e use ul up o now: he who wan s o unde s and Fe dinand de
Saussu e’s s uc u al phonology, bu has nei he enough ime no ene gy o ead h ough
Saussu e’s ex emely complica ed Mémoi e su le sys ème p imi i des oyelles dans les langues
indo-eu opéennes (1879), may s ill gain sup eme ad an age om eading Saussu e’s e iew o
Johannes Schmid ’s long ago duly o go en K i ik de Sonan en heo ie (1895), published in
1897 in Indo ge ma ni sche Fo schungen; he who wan s o lea n wha Saussu e’s non-s uc u alis
disciple An oine Meille , who only w o e books on pa icula languages, hough abou his
o ha gene al linguis ic issue, will s ill ge bes in o med by he nume ous de ailed e iews
Meille , a pa ia ch o F ench linguis ics, published in Bulle in de la Socié é de linguis ique
de Pa is. By his p esen con ibu ion, he au ho ende s homage o Pa el T os (1907–
1987), eminen Bal is among o he s, membe o he P ague Linguis ic Ci cle, and an
“encompassing philologis ” pa excellence, e en i a an la le e, who ne e w o e a book, bu
ex pended his amazing wisdom on hund eds o b ie no es, published all o hem as pe sonal
eac ions o a ious scien i ic ideas ha had been o mula ed h oughou he wo ld.
Re iewing Il’ja Lemeškin’s book Li huanica ali e (Lemeškin 2019), he au ho explains
he p o g amme o encompassing philology (Ganzhei sphilologie, philologie engloban e),
i.e. he con empo a y phase o unc ional s uc u alism, which has been elabo a ed in he
con empo a y P ague Linguis ic Ci cle. In essence, encompassing philology is a semiology
o bo h o al and w i en ex s. Any ex , aken as a whole, is conside ed one pa icula
cul u al-his o ical e en , which is subjec o social no ms. Any ex , aken as a whole, is
TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC
140 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is, i s alue can only be de e mined by di e en ia ing he sign
conside ed one global linguis ic sign (in Saussu ian sense), which subsequen ly may be
s uc u ed in o smalle (always Saussu ian) signs. Wha e e he size o a linguis ic sign
om o he signs wi hin a pa icula de ining se (De i ni ionsmenge, ensemble dé ini oi e). Fo a
ex , he essen ial de ining se is i s gen e: consequen ly, he ea lies aces o Bal ic languages
a e o be analysed wi hin hei peculia gen e o colophon, when con on ed wi h all e en
po en ially languages a e o be iewed wi hin he u e ly u ili a ian gen e o Hansea ic
ela ed colophons (w i en in La in, Ge man, F ench, Danish, e c.) ha a e a ailable o
he espec i e pe iods and en i onmen s; simila ly, he medie al ocabula ies o Bal ic
lexicog aphy. h ough he ele an gen e o pa a ex s in o he Eu opean p in s. Ha ing explained
and inal ly, he poli ically colou ed p e aces o he oldes Bal ic p in s a e o be pe cei ed
all his, he au ho ou lines bo h he in e nal dynamism and he inhe en heu is ics o he
his o ical co pus o Bal ic ex s ha ha e been p ese ed since he 16 h and i s hal o he 17 h
cen u y: hose monumen s should always be app oached wi hin a b oad cul u al-his o ical
amewo k ha encompasses o he ele an Eu opean e en s. Bal ic philology should ne e be
es ic ed o he gene ically Bal ic languages only.
Deli e ed on 10 June 2021
TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC
P ažský ling is ický k oužek […] Ce cle linguis ique de
P ague Španielo a 1326/35, CZ-16300 P ague, Czech Republic
hosko [email protected] This is a lis o linguis ic associa ions based in he Czech Republic.