„Lithuanica aliter“: visuminės filologijos pritaikymas lituanistikoje

S aipsniai / A icles 117 TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC P ahos ling is ų bū elis ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-1207-5582 Di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch: gene al and compa a i e linguis ics, Bal ic s udies, Indo-Eu opean s udies, all o which a e no s uc u ally ela ed, s uc u alism, semiology. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. LITHUANIA ALITER: Membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council The ollowing is a summa y o he main indings o he e iew: PRITAIKYMAS LITUANISTIKOJE Li huanica ali e : Encompassing Philology as o be applied o Bal ic S udies This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Based on Ilya Lemeškina's book Li huanica ali e (2019), he au ho explains wha is isa philology, de eloped by he con empo a y P ague Linguis ic Boa d, and shows how i is applied in Bal ic s udies. Al hough limi ed o he i s hal o he 16 h and 17 h cen u ies, i s adap a ion is always ca ied ou sys ema ically in he con ex o all Eu opean cul u e, aking in o accoun no only he ex s o he "Bal ic" (in he gene ic sense) languages. The ollowing wo ds a e included in he ESMINIAI ocabula y: isa philology, unc ional s uc u alism, compa a i e linguis ics, Bal ic languages, Li huanian s udies, p u henis ics. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Repo ing on, and e iewing ho oughly, Ilya Lemkin's book Li huanian Ali e (Lemkin 2019), he au ho explains he p og am o encompassing philology as i has been elabo a ed in he con empo a y P ague Linguis ic Ci cle, and ou lines how encompassing philology should app oach - na u ally, wi hin a Eu opean cul u al-his o ical amewo k, e en i es ic ed o he 16 h and i s hal o he 17 h cen u y - he en i e ma e ial basis o Bal ic linguis ics, which in u n should ne e be es ic ed o he Bal ic languages. KEYWORDS: encompassing philology, unc ional s uc u alism, compa a i e linguis ics, Bal ic languages, Li huanian, Old P ussian. TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC 118 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXV I. Billēmai bhe e sinnimai (www.bbe) is a se ies in which Ilja Lemeškina's monog aph Li huanica ali e was published and ma ked wi h he second issue (Lemeškin Umbe o 2019), pa adinimas. 2015 me ais leidykloje Vaga iš eilės pi mas pasi odė eika- las S udies in Old P ussian, ku į pa ašė Viljamas Rygelis Šmols ygas (Schmal s ieg William Riegel), o leidimui ūpes ingai pa engė Pje as Umbe as Dinis (Pie o Dini) (Schmals ieg 2015). Bo h e ka lai a e o he same g aphic s yle (including de ails), hey a e cha ac e ized by a high book publishing cul u e. I 's ha he pea l is om masis bu o išleis as Vagoje, o an ąjį išleido Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, e in- ina kaip o ganizacinis a si ik i nu mas: s a biausia se ijos BBE publika imo ien isumas. Ką eiškia šis keis as pa adinimas? Tai y a di b inis kalbinis da inys, sudė- he au en iš kų p ussian wo ds o gende . Jung uk be is used mo e han a hund ed imes in P ussian monumen s, and his is no su p ising: i simply means […]i […]. The wo ds billēmai and e sinnimai, on he con a y, a e hapax legomena: billēmai (III 13115) is ound only in he passage […]Visagalis me ci ul o God and Fa he , we p aise you and hank you[…] (Mažiulis 1981: 238); e sinnimai (III 6518 […]19) ie nin elį once used he nega i e o m […] ni e sinnimai […] in he passage […] be o e he god has o gi e all his o me o my own sins, as well as hose ha we do no know […] (Mažiulis 1981: 148). In he p e ace o he i s olume, he compound billēmai bhe e sinnimai is ansla ed as "in he pas and in he known" and is in e p e ed as "in he pas abou ou own cul u e and in he known con ibu ion o wo ld cul u e o he s udy o ou cul u e" (BBE I […] Schmals ieg 2015: 3). Thus, he goal is clea ly de ined: o mo e om a na ow linguis ic a ea o a b oad cul u al a ea. I is no known whe he a hi d olume is al eady being p epa ed, no wha i will be abou , bu I am pleased o no e ha bo h olumes I and II hemsel es make an in e es ing in oduc ion o he combina ion o he wo Old P ussian e bs: nume is I, S udies in Old P ussian, wi h an in oduc ion A c i ical e iew o he ele an li e a u e in he ield om 1975 un il 2005, espec i ely. Now he mayo II, Li huanica ali e (wi hou sub i les), p o ides how he ma e ial o he old P ussian language should be ki so (La in ali e ), ha is, new and app op ia e, esea ched by all Eu opean cul u al associa ions. Pa o his di e si y is he ac ha he book ha sys ema ically s udies ( he ancien s) o P ussia is called no P u henica, as we would expec , bu Li huanica. The explana ion, which you can ind a he end o his a icle. We will call he old P ussian language simply p ussian: he e is no middle o new P ussian language. In he i s olume o he BBE, English is used as a subs i u e inys Old P ussian – okiečių žodžio al p eußisch kalkė, o pa s okiečių žodis A icles o he 119 h Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos p i aikymas li uanis ikoje o dialec , whe eas Ge man was necessa y o dis inguish i om he poli ical […] s a e p ose. The au ho o he second BBE olume uses he e m in Li huanian in P ussian. The ex s o P ussian monumen s a e ew and a be ween: he colophons o Basel and C e e o Elbingo i G ūna o žodynai, du liu e oniškojo Ka ekizmo leidimai i Liu e io Enchi idion. Tuo apsi iboja p ū siš ki eks ai, ku ie sąmoningai bu o suku i am, unc ion in P ussian, becoming examples o collec i e communal ac s eco ded in manusc ip s om he suo omis p iemonėmis. A si ik iniais kalbos pa min klais laiky inos glosos, an- 13 h o he 16 h cen u ies, and examples, he e o e, in books abou he P ussians published in he 16 h and 18 h cen u ies. Nei he he i s no he second we e di ec ly in ended o linguis ic communica ion. The o me a ose as a book o sa i ninko o pe sonal no es o he consume ; he la e , accumula ing oddi ies and old- ashioned hings, we e supposed o aise he p es ige o he w i e who desc ibed he land. Indi idual P ussian language names o people and places o be classi ied in he ca ego y o names, ound in a chi al sou ces2. he language, especially he ancien Indo-Eu opean languages, e en olde han he Li huanian language, which i sel was conside ed he ancien benchma k, Nuo XIX amžiaus y a ęs adicinis ling is inis požiū is laikė isą ą me- he pėdsaka. The examples o P ussian ep esen ed cons uc ions ha we e hen seen as a econs uc ion o Indo-Eu opean language, while he con en o he P ussian language monumen s hemsel es was qui e un ema kable. The expe ience o he las decades, as indica ed by Viljamo R. Šmols ygo BBE's olume, is essen ially he same as he p ac ice used a hund ed yea s ago, bu i is cha ac e is ic, and i is also pleasan , ha P ussian monumen s oday a e assessed much mo e cau iously in e ms o quali y and eliabili y. Ilya Lemeskin's BBE olume mo es he same me hod o cleaning hese monumen s o a quali a i ely highe le el. Lemechkin deals only wi h in en ional monumen s, i.e. hose ha ha e a isen by some kind o in en ional summoning, and s udies hem all: he looks a hem in he Eu opean con ex , aking in o accoun hei unc ional-communica i e pu pose and hei his o ical gen e. This is a na u al con inua ion o he p og am de eloped ea lie : o pe cei e he monumen s o he ancien language as ex s, i.e. cul u al and his o ical e en s ha we e c ea ed in a ce ain en i onmen o a ce ain pu pose, keeping in mind he agmen o he Lo d's P aye om he beginning o he i een h cen u y (Mikalauskai ė 1938: 102 […] 10 Blažienė 2015: 14 […] 49). The ac ha such a eco d was made ce ainly es i ies o he need o he public o ha e he main Ch is ian ex in i s es ablished o m, bu his does no change he ac ha he eco d was made by a p i a e pe son - p obably a p ies o a monk - on a piece o p ope y belonging o him o he o pe sonal use. 2 New ma e ials o P ussian eal objec s and ali e esea ch especially use ul G asilda Blažienė This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC 120 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV o he no ms o he ime in o ce. The ac ha in he Bal ic o he Indo-Eu opean, i s ill seems e olu iona y, by he way, is jus a ma e o s eng hening he p ac ice o he dead. I is desi able ha his app oach becomes ou ine. II. I s a s wi h he colophons. This gen e is new in he Bal ic: Basil's colophon has nas as as ik 1974 m., o K e os – ne 1992 m. Pi masis I. Lemeškino nuopelnas y a as, kad jis neabejodamas p i pa žįs a kolo oną sa a ankišku žan u, ne u in- no hing o do wi h glosses. A gloss […] is a no e in a book ha has been comple ed a long ime ago, w i en by he pe son who is using he book. The colophon is he inal ac o he book's c ea ion. I should be no ed ha be o e he in en ion o p in ing, pu chasing a book mean o de ing a copy o a ex om a pa icula pe son. Wi h he p es ige o he media, which, o cou se, enhanced he o de , i was possible o hi e ano he pe son o illumina e he w i ing; Meanwhile, he d a ing and implemen a ion o he code was no such an impo an and expensi e ask. The medie al manusc ip book usually does no ha e a i le page, and in he codices i is a ached oge he wi h a ious o he books. A book ha is no he same as ano he book is aided by he incipi [li . incipi […] […]čia p asideda[…]], wi h which he book begins, and he explici [li . ex plici […] […]čia baigiasi[…]] o he colophon [li . g . kolophon […] […] i šūnė, comple ion[…]], wi h which he book ends. And ha 's a he end o he book, and ha 's igh he e! […] can be disclosed as an indi idual ansc ibe : a science wo ke , p e iously anonymous, indica es when he inished his wo k, hen w i es his and adds a mo i a ed s a emen o he si ua ion, which has no hing o do wi h he con en o he book being w i en. He canno do ha : because o he con as wi h he uni e sal La in language in which he book was w i en, he o en speaks some s ange, exo ic language ha he locals do no unde s and. The P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian P ussian The well-known s o y o he Li huanian paganism, which he whi es had long since ex ac ed om a ch onicle w i en in Sla ic, was i s ead by I. Lemeškin in he con ex o he en i e ch onog aph. I was only la e ha he disco e ed i s unc ional and s uc u al pa allels in o he pa s o he same shop, which no one had hough o be o e, and was able o in e p e he unin e es ing ch onog aph o he Bal s as a ges u e o s a e-building o no small impo ance, when he ecen ly disappea ed Li huanian cul u e o he Kie an Rus was consciously ansmi ed o he Fo he se ice o he G and Duchy. A icles o he 121s Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos p i aikymas li uanis ikoje i s ime no in ou coun y, bu in a e y dis an coun y - once in Tuscany, once in C e e. I. Lemeškin poin s ou ha he disco e y o bo h P ussian colophons is no acciden al, ha i is a na u al consequence o he sys ema ic mode n medie al ca aloging o La in codices. Le 's be eady o ind mo e o hem, and le 's accep he ac ha o all he Bal ic languages o he Middle Ages, he lo- onos appea in aikys bū en p ūsų, o ne lie u ių a la ių. K i iškai į e inęs iską, kas iki šiol bu o publikuo a apie kolo onus, i išsamiai išanaliza ęs kolo onus nag inėjamų he con ex o he colo ophone gen e, including he cooking o he wo ks o he iden i ika imą bei pag indimą ly gi na mąja bal ų-sla ų medžiaga, kas y a k ali i- people as ano he o iginal wo k o he au ho . The Basel Colophon, so called because o he place whe e i was ound, was w i en in Siena on he nigh o Janua y 5, 1369, du ing he igil o he Th ee Kings. I s P ussian pa is he Ch is mas song o he Th ee Kings, which is add essed o he local […] Sienese, Tuscany, I aly […] pe son named An onio Bo na chi. He w o e he book and he colophon wi h which i ends, he F ench schola Ni kolio O e mo ([…] 1322-1382)'s ea ise Ques iones me heo o um, he w o e he unnamed p ose Lie om you o me he gaikš o Bu au o-Hen ik, 1368-1369 m. accompanied by he empe o Ka ol IV his iumph o ne ke lio ne je pe I aliju, palydos. I. Lemechkin desc ibes Bu au in de ail and accompanies him o he P ussian in ellec ual co ps: he also men ions o he colophons in which he P ussian in ellec ual is signed wi h his own name, he e is no use o he na i e P ussian language. In u n, I would like o add ha he ac ha he Ba ze lio ko lo one copyis did no w i e […] and his is ob iously and undoub edly conscious o he gen e his syk lių pažei di mas […] co esponds o he ac ha in he p ussian pa o he colophon, in he Ch is mas song, he add esses he name o a ce ain pe son, he I alian An onio, who w o e he book wi h Bona ja mas (as i by o de o he owne o he inished book). The C e an Colophon was in en ed in 1440 in Chania. I ends wi h he ea ise Logica pa a by Paulo Vene o ([…] 1368[…]1428-1429). In he P ussian pa o he colophon, he e is alk o mayas, i.e. he May ee, he building and he anspo o ca le o he i s sp ing g azing g ound. The ansc ibe , he Ge man Pe us Wicke au, did no speak P ussian himsel , so he ansc ip ion o P ussian would be he one wi h he e o s. Based on he de ailed olklo e wo ks and hei poe ic knowledge, I. Le meš ki nas con incingly econs uc ed and in e p e ed i . The signi icance o he Eu is ine C e an colophon is ha i speaks o he alue o he p o o ype: Wicke au el ha i was necessa y o copy e en he pa he did no unde s and, which was he o iginal colophon; Usually, he w i e s didn' copy hei own w i ing, hey copied hei own w i ing. Wha was he p o o ype o he 1440 C e aceous? This is a book ha had, o pe haps e en w o e, he P ussian Pe us Tu nau, P ague TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC 122 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV uni e si e o auk lė i nis i čekų husi ų šalininkas. 1422 m. jis kelis mėnesius p a- He le C e e, speci ically Chania, and e u ned o Hussi e P ague, whe e he w o e a La in accoun o he G eek chu ch. The a e o Pe o Tu nau and Ke Lio will no be desc ibed in de ail in he Inquisi ion's case. His ial in 1425 cos him his li e. Looking a he Eu ope o he pe iod unde conside a ion, i can be said ha Pe us Tu nau is indeed he only P ussian documen ed o ha e li ed in dis an C e e du ing he pe iod in ques ion. The Basel colophon, like he exo ic pa o he C e an colophon, was c ea ed by he lek ualai, nu a ši nėję mode niausius da gy ų amžininkų mokslinius eikalus: ai bu o ne kanoniniai, o ei kiau maiš ingi eks ai. Jų kopijuo ojai di bo eks- kliuzy iniam aiškiai p o iliuo ų in e esan ų a ui, o dėl pa ys u ėjo bū i i in ge- P ussians a e ge ing acquain ed wi h he la es scien i ic achie emen s. Thus, in he second hal o he 14 h cen u y and he beginning o he 15 h cen u y, Eu ope was inhabi ed by whi es, namely P ussians, who no only s udied a Eu opean uni e si ies bu also belonged o he ansna ional Eu opean in ellec ual epublic. Who we e hey? Whe e and om wha income did hey li e? I. Lemeškinus es ablishes ha he anonymous au ho o he Basel colophon was an educa ed P ussian om he Bu au o en ou age o he son o he G and Duke o Li huania Kęs učio. He li ed wi h him in P ague and accompanied him on his a els a ound Eu ope. In he ou een h cen u y, only P ussian could become a lea ned whi e in La in. Only P ussia, which was also ecognized as pa o La in Eu ope, had a su icien ly s ong e hnic Bal ic u ban popula ion. Li onia also belonged o he La ian Eu ope, bu g aphically i was much weake and e hnically bal ic han he u ban popula ion, so o speak, almos nonexis en . Li huania, demog aphically he s onges o all he Bal ic s a es, was s ill pagan o La in Eu ope, and his changed only a he end o he 14 h cen u y, when he ounding o he College o Vienna a he Uni e si y o P ague in 1397 was conside ed a symbolic e en . Pe us Tu nau, he c ea o o add essee o he P ussian pa o he C e an colophon4, al eady belongs o ano he ime o a pio P ahai, in ellec ually o he Re o ma ion ype P ahai, again o he Eu opean dimension. Tu nau e u ned o P ague ia Venice, whe e he wan ed o s a an academic mokyklose, s udija o iloso iją P ahoje i eisę Bolo ni jo je. Pabu ojęs K e oje, ca ee , bu was unsuccess ul. T ied his hand in Silesia and inally g adua ed as a eache in he Spi o ca hed al o he P alz lands. He was ied and bu ned a he s ake by he Inquisi ion in 1425 o p omo ing he Re o ma ion and Hussi e ideas. I 's a bunch o people who' e been p o essionally ansc ibing books and exchanging play ul messages all o e Eu ope. Lo yniška eliacija apie g aikišką bažnyčią, jo pa ašy a P a ho je 1423 m., u i 4 Ku į iš šių aidmenų – kū ėjo a ga ėjo – Pe as Tu nau a liko o iginale, nusp ęs i neįmanoma. S a bu ik ai, kad Tu nau be ku iuo a eju p iklausė ekskliuzy iniam P ūsijos in elek ualų klu- A icles and a icles 123 Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos p i aikymas li uanis ikoje bū i ak uojama a siž elgian į pla ų husi ų in elek ualų susidomėjimą al e na- y iomis k ikščioniškomis p ak ikomis. In ellec ual whi e man Pe as Tu nau is one o he las P ague P ussians: he Hussi e P ague is al eady clea ly o ien ing i sel in Li huania in he space o you ball. The e hnic P ussians belonged o he P ague o he 14 h cen u y, which a ha ime p o ided hem wi h excep ional condi ions. A new uni e si y was es ablished he e in 1348, and i was he pe manen esidence o Cha les and Václa in he Holy Roman Empi e. Fo he ee P ussian young people, he Uni e si y o P ague was close o home, na u ally classi ied by place o esidence. I. Lemechkin inds many s uden s who spon aneously signed in P ussian in he ma icula ions o he Facul y o Philosophy and Law ( he lis s o o he acul ies […] me dicinos and heology […] ha e no su i ed). In addi ion, in P ague om 1365 esided […]Lie u os ka a lius em yje[…] Bu au asHen ikas, son o he uling G and Duke Kęs učio, and son o his G and Duke Algi do, agains whom he poli ically ebelled. He was bap ized as a Ca holic in he own o Ka lo y Va y, and a e ailing he mili a y examina ions in Li huania, he wen o P ague o he empe o s o he Holy Roman Empi e, whose hen wi e Elzbie a om Pama a (app op ia ely ela ed o his pa en s) was his cousin's daugh e , ha is, close o Bu au o. While in P ague, Bu au as-Hen ik was di ec ly connec ed wi h he empe o , accompanying him no only on his jou ney h ough I aly in 1368-1369, bu also, wi hou a doub , had his own Eu opean-o ien ed p og am. Bu au as-Hen ik main ained he cou in P ague, and since as a p isone he had no mili a y powe , he had o ely mo e on he cou ie s-diploma s. The e was no sho age o Eu opean Li huanians, bu he e was no sho age o educa ed P ussians, and he e we e especially many in P ague. Na u ally, Bu au as add essed hem speci ically: hese we e he people closes o him in language and cul u e. I. Lemeškin p o ides da a on how many P ussians we e among he P ague ownspeople in he eigh h cen u y and wha impo an posi ions hey held. The mos elling example o his is when he a chbishop o P ague died in 1390, P ince Pe e , called P ussian, came o pay his espec s and gi e him pa adise. Václa o Luxembou g was he ou h king o he Czech Republic and he i s empe o o he Holy Roman Empi e. I'm going o ask you o make a poli ical p oposal. Un o una ely, he did no ecei e he app o al a ha ime. kupas Jonas iš Jenš eino, po ka aliaus an oji galingiausia igū a šalyje, pasiju o, pa epimo sa k a men ą. Filologinio, apimančio isą Eu opą, y imo ibose y ėjas a skleidė, kad ik- 6 Kaip y a žinoma, nedaug laiko ep aėjo nuo o į ykio, kada 1358 m. impe a o ius Ka olis išsiun- ė sa o asmeninį pa siun inį, P ahos a ki yskupą, pas naujai įžengusius į sos ą aldančiuosius di- TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXXV) was i s published in 1826 unde he i le Li aue , he las o he h ee Li huanian li e a y ales. In 1899, he Ge mans a ibu ed he au ho ship o his poem o Schondoch, he au ho o he poem The King o F ance. I is only ue ha he Li huanian Bu au as in exile in P ague was a well-known and impo an pe son in Eu ope. In he oo s eps o Bu au o-Hen ik and his su oundings, I. Lemeškinus makes a signi ican his o ical and a chaeological disco e y. The scien is is bu ied in he same g a e whe e his išsiaiškino, kad y a žinoma, ku P ahoje bu o palaido as Bu au as, kad jis palai- b o he Su ila-Janas (abou whom no hing is known un il now) was p e iously bu ied, and ha his g a e has emained in ac . No one is s opping he a chaeological in es iga ion o his place. This is a signi ican e en on a Eu opean scale, as i is he unique and oldes eco ded an h opological and gene ic oo p in o he uling Gediminas amily, om which he Li huanian, Polish, Czech and Hunga ian Jogailai came. A en ion is d awn o ano he Eu opean his o ical connec ion. Bu au os son Vaidu is who was a newbo n baby a he ime o his young a he s ebellion s ayed wi h his mo he in Li huania, whe e he was aised by his g and a he Kęs učios amily. As a young man, he led o his a he in P ague. He had jus lea ned ha his a he had jus died o he plague, which was hen aging in P ague, so he con inued on o Pa is. The e he g adua ed om he uni e si y, and om he e his uncle Jogaila, Bu au o's cousin, who la e became king o Poland, in i ed him o K akow o head he local uni e si y. Li huania's Bu au as ec ui ed P ussian in ellec uals in o his poli ical se ice, as Li huanian in ellec uals we e no ye he e; his own son Vaidu is was he i s e hnic Li huanian […] Eu opean in ellec ual, who s ood in he poli ical se ice o he King o Poland. This is III. Monumen s o he Ge man-P ussian lexicog aphic gen e lead o a comple ely di e en wo ld. Elbingo and G ūna o we e w i en in P ussia, bu hei his o y and a e we e di e en . Elbingo's dic iona y is he only su i ing copy o he Codex Neumannianus. The la e wen o he Elbing ci y lib a y as a espec ed local ci izen Ab aomo G iub na o (1740-1823), a book and an ique deale , pa li ki mas. The 15 h-cen u y codex is a copy o an ea lie o iginal. The G una o dic iona y, in u n, is ų ko lek cininko, o s a biausia – ga sios i seną is o iją u inčios pi klių giminės de i ed om he P eußische Ch onik. The ch onicles we e w i en by Simon G unow (c. 1470 - c. 1530 - c. 1537), and la e by Fe dinand Neumann (c. 1825 - c. 1537), who was he i s o w i e hem down in he Elbe Lib a y. The au ho was a wi ness o he hen essen ial changes (secula iza ion o he O de o he C oss, liu e o ny bės as he in oduc ion o he s a e eligion in P ussia), so he a du. A icles o he 125 h Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos p i aikymas li uanis ikoje G ūna a ch onicle became an impo an sou ce o P ussian his o y and was epea edly published and a iously e ised. The e o e, i so happened ha he e a e se e al a ian s o he ch onicle o he ksi-g aph in he annex: okieć-p ussian, p ussian- okieć, p ussian-lo y n. Howe e , he ocabula y o bo h Elbingo and G una o is only he basis o many o he olde wo ks. The ac ha Elbing's Codex Neumannianus consis s o h ee se s o igh s and, ul ima ely, a dyno, oo di ec ly encou aged he belie ha he book was o iginally used in cou (Bez zen be ge 1874: 1225; T au mann 1910: XXIVXXV). Elbing was indeed he o de 's commande -in-chie , bu he s uc u e o he dic iona y and he lexicon do no co espond o his pu pose. I. Lemechkin on he o he hand, a di e en , b oade and much mo e con incing explana ion, based on he Hansea ic League al eady om he hi een h cen u y. The Hansa had de eloped a ade ne wo k be ween he No h and he Bal ic Seas, which led o an in e -linguis ic con ac be ween he sheep and he o es s. Ge manic Low Ge man, he main language o he Hansea ic League, in he 13 h and 14 h cen u ies was close o bo h he No dic languages (which only g adually di e en ia ed acco ding o he na ional uni s o Denma k, Sweden and No way), he Nyde land languages (which, on he o he hand, we e no in luenced by he o ma ion o s a es) and pe haps e en bo h English languages (egzis wo di e en s anda ds, ela ed o he sepa a e Kingdoms o England and Sco land). A he same ime, he Hansea ic peoples also had o deal wi h non-Hispanic languages: F ench (šiau ės, langue doïl) in he wes , Russian ( ėlgi šiau ės) in he eas . The F ench language, he p es igious language o he uppe classes in Russia and he language o he mona chy's cou s, al eady had an ex ensi e sys em o language lea ning and g amma . Ge man me chan s lea ned ela ed Ge manic languages by sending hei sons o amilies wi h which hey had close ade ela ions in o he Hansea ic ci ies so ha hey could communica e ais a ejais, kai okiečių didikai siųs da o sa o sūnus moky is į d a us, ku iuose bu o kalbama p ancūziškai. Tačiau okia pa i p ak i ka bu o aikoma i usiškuo- di ec ly wi h he local language. Simila ly, he Hansea ic ci ies o […] Nauga de and Psko we e ea ed. I. Lemechkin ci ed he legal no ms o he ime go e ning he sending o language s uden s o Russia ( o example, he could no ha e been mo e han wen y yea s old a he ime), as well as he handw i en Russian books ha we e compiled and dis ibu ed o hese pu poses ( hese we e acco ding o he subdi ided ocabula y o he Ge man-Russian languages, in which he opics we e skleidžia jų s uk ū inį apa umą i giminys ę su abiem P ūsijos žody nais. Vokiečių o dino aldomoje P ūsijoje bal ų mies iečių gy eno daug, be o, discussed). The au ho discusses all h ee su i ing Ru siš wha sias books and a jie we e s ong eko no o es s: o he wise we could no explain whe e hey came om TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC 132 The in e p e a ion o he Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is also use ul in ha i e eals he medie al cul u e o he Rhine egion, co e ing bo h La in and G eek Eu ope. F om his poin o iew, No h Ge man He eminds me o he Republic o Venice. The whi e p esses. The au ho o he i s Bal ic p esses, I. Lemeškinas, consis en ly aking in o accoun hei i s s ep, F an išek Sko in, looks a he new Eu opean gen e […] p in ed books […] au ho s. In his ole, hey a e ea ed e y se iously and esponsibly by all in ol ed. I hink ha hese au ho s knew all he sub le ies o he new, ad anced gen e a ha ime and applied hem o he ac s: among o he hings, ac os ics, numbe s and he symbolism o p in ed clichés. Howe e , om his poin o iew, I. Lemeškino's ea ise is also he mos easily dispu ed: he possibili ies o he gen e a e he b oades cul u al p ope y o he iewe , bu he ex en o which he ools o he gen e a e used in a pa icula wo k depends on he possibili ies o he speci ic c ea o o e en only on his will. The symbolism o he P ussian ka e kiz mo, as cohe en ly laid ou by I. Lemeškin, is possible only in he s uc u al ela ions o he speci ic eu o pie iš ko gen e, bu i canno be said (and I. Lemeškin does no do so in his case) ha i is ac ually manda o y he e. The con inua ion o he ac os ics in 1547 in he Li huanian Ka e kiz me […] as in 1559 in he o m o he bap ism […] he eading is essen ially sequen ial and con si s en iš kas, since i inds i s basis in he Eu opean gen e, bu a he same ime mus be aken in o accoun and compa ed wi h all he in o ma ion we know abou he au ho as a his o ical pe son. In he case in ques ion, le 's ex end he compa ison o F ancis Sko ina, whose example was suppo ed by he au ho himsel . D . P. Sko ina's whole li e was enough o him o ake ca e o himsel : he could a o d o s udy a se e al Eu opean uni e si ies, ge acquain ed wi h he Ge man (including Du ch and Czech) and I alian (including I alian) cuisines, acqui e his own p in ing p esses, hi e eelance a is s and ama eu s o implemen his p ojec ... In 1547, Lie was diagnosed wi h au ism, his bachelo 's deg ee M. Maž ydas was, wi hou a doub , as alen ed as P. Sko ina. All hese ac o s hinde ed his wo k. Maž ydas epea edly appealed o he P ussian au ho i ies o p o ide him wi h a sou ce o income so ha he could de o e himsel ully o eligion and educa ion, bu he P ussian s a e ga e him a a m so ha he could con inue o wo k and ea n a li ing, and he said o sol e his p oblem. I is wo h no ing how much M. Maž ydas was able o accomplish, despi e he di icul ci cums ances o his li e. The book is based on he classic La in sho s o y by Ad iano Cappellini (Cappellini, 1928), which was he basis o he book's I alian p oduc ion. 13 The P ussian s a e also applied he same cul u al policy o i s o he in ellec uals. I will be u he shown ha he Eu opean Lu he an Re o ma ion Labo a o y was cha ac e ized by a uly ex ao dina y cul-de-sac. S aipsniai / A icles 133 Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos p i aikymas li uanis ikoje The au ho o he 1545 P ussian Ca echism was p obably much close o M. Maž ydui han o P. Sko inai. Wha P. Sko ina could do o himsel in P ague o Vilnius was unimaginable in he Kingdom. The VI. A wo k ha would e alua e he en i e co pus o Bal ic p esses o he beginning o he six een h o se en een h cen u ies h ough he p ism o isa philology is ine i ably needed o Bal ic li e a u e. Le us conside wha awai s us he e. in wo Lie u os Didžioji Kunigaikš ys ė. De a p adė i nuo milžiniškos als ybin- gumą i inan čios lo yniškos knygų p odukcijos. Pi moji lie u iška knyga y a Vilniaus kanauninko Ma yno Ra do mo Agenda, išspausdin a 1499 m. Gdanske a ian s a once. This agenda is Li huanian because i was c ea ed in Li huania o he needs o he Vilnius Diocese, in o de o o ganize i ual p ac ice only on he e i o y o Li huania. The e a e s ill se e al dozen La in publica ions, p in ed bo h in K akow and in Rome, which Li huanian Ca holic humanis s […] Li huanians because hey se ed he highes ep esen a i es o he Li huanian s a e […] w o e de ending and poli ically suppo ing Li huania among you in his plo . Is i possible o imagine mo e Li huanian publica ions han hese? Pe nega ionem his is con i med by wo Li huanian P o es an pamphle s, add essed o Li huania i sel , published sho ly a e each o he in he Royal P in ing House: 1543 Ab aham Kul ie is appeals o he Kingdom o Poland (and he G and Duchy o Li huania) in La in Con essio idei; In 1547, he anonymous Ka e chis us […] in o he en i e G and Duchy o Li huania. The anonymousness o he 1547 Li huanian Ca echism is de e mined by he book, which is no s ic ly om he highes o he lowes laye o i s s uc u e and unc ion. The wo powe ul empi es a e saying o each o he , "You ha e o ule his and ha , o you'll be apped by he mons e s behind us". I hese lines had been published by a speci ic pe son, i would ha e been an amoun o a decla a ion o wa . You a e add essing he Li huanian cle gy wi h he same ankness: he si ua ion is e ible, and you a e esponsible o i ; I you didn' know i be o e, now you know i om he manęs, i daba už ne eiklą būsi e ik jūs pa ys kal i. Tik po o knyga lie u iškai p o e b o he Li huanian people and ma lo niai, bu e olu iona ily, hey say: he s a e can' ake ca e o you sal a ion, ake ca e o i you sel ; I, he book, will be you i s assis an . Compa e all o his wi h P. Sko ina. I also applies o he inhabi an s o he G and Duchy, bu he S a e o Li huania and he Chu ch s uk ū ų a ž ilgiu diploma iškai yli… 14 Jie pa ys bu o į ai ių au ybių: lie u iai, lenkai, ispanai, i alai, okiečiai… TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC 134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania. a. in he second hal o he 16 h cen u y in he G and Duchy o Li huania, didikų globojamų cen ų eikla: B es as, Nes yžius, Os ohas. Visi šie cen ai bu o neka alikiški: kal inis ų, a ijoniečių, s ačia ikių. Ten bu o išleis i s ambūs kū iniai, a p ku ių i Biblijos e i mai usėnų a ba lenkų kalbomis. Rusėnų i lenkų eliginės spaudos san ykio kai a leidžia ge ai ilius uo i, kaip kei ėsi cha ac e is ic o he unc ional poin o iew o he local language used in Li huania. Only in 1575 and 1580 he i s pe manen p in ing p esses appea ed in Vilnius, bo h Ca holic. The ea lies o hese, a di na moje jezui ų, was published sho ly a e he i s and al eady e y la e Ca holic eac ion o P o es an ism: 1585 m. Ca echismus ca holico um, w i en in La ian and only in La ian; 1595 Daukšos Ka hechismas, w i en in Li huanian and only in Li huanian, which became he i s Li huanian book e e published in Li huania. I should be added ha in 1575 he i s p in ing house was es ablished in Vilnius, in which in 1588 he undamen al Li huanian language was published as he Thi d Li huanian S a u e, and in 1598 he Cal inis Lenkiškas and he Li huanian Ca echism. F om 1567 o 1629, Riga belonged o he Kingdom o Li huania and Poland, whe e he i s p in ing house was ounded in 1588. Rega dless o he go e nmen and poli ical ci cums ances, i se ed Ca holics o Lu he ans. In e ms o Bal ic books, i is signi ican ha in 1615 i epublished, wi h he mos nume ous Ge man edi ions, a ilogy o La ian P o es an p esses […] Enchi idion, Un deu sche Psalmen, E angelia und Epis eln, which we e i s published in 1586 […] 1587 Ka a liau čiu je. On he o he hand, in 1622 in he oyal (no p incely) s a e o P ussia, a ou -language guide, Agenda Pa a in La ian, Es onian, Polish, and Ge man, was published o Ca holics in Li huania. Ano he p in ing p ess in he e i o y o his o ical Li onia was opened in Ta u only in 1631. We canno desc ibe he his o ical lands o Te a Ma iana in mo e de ail he e. The P ussian mona chy is unique in ha i s p oduc ion is e y de ailed and consis en when documen ed. In addi ion, om 1554 P ussia had a monopoly on books: he e was only one p in e in he coun y who p in ed o he s a e. In ac , he P ussian s a es ha ha e become he backbone o he Eu opean Lu he e o ms canno be blamed o cul u al gene osi y. In he his o y o he Li huanian language, he deep-sea ed belie ha he p in ing p ess was ak as, kad nuos abūs lie u ių in elek ualų kul ū iniai sumanymai, ku iuos ak- success ully implemen ed in he P ussian p incipali y, did no exis in he 16 Bal ic S a es, Li onia naudos i po eikio, nes P ū si jos als ybė jais nesusidomėjo i nesky ė pinigų 15 P. Sko inos spaus u ė Vilniuje (1522–1525 m.) bu o ik epizodas i nesėkmingo e slo pa yzdys. was no le behind: he i s p in ing p ess in Finland was es ablished e en la e , in Tu ku in 1642. Bo h p in ing houses in Ta u and Tu ku we e es ablished on he ini ia i e o he King o Sweden, who had jus es ablished uni e si ies in hese ci ies. A icles by A icles 135 Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos p i aikymas li uanis ikoje hei publica ions17. I was only because o he indi e ence o he s a e ha he J. (1590), pilnas 1900 puslapių Š en ojo Raš o e imas, ku io ank aš is bu o Be kūno Bible was no e ised and app o ed o publica ion by a special ecclesias ical commission, no was he o iginal ex o he Li huanian cle gy's pos ilė […] Wol enbü elio pos ilė (comple ed in 1573), no was he Be kūno au o iingo Ko ino pos ilė ansla ion (Pos illa Co inij in Euangelia Dominicalia, 1589). No a single one o hese wo ks did no each he eade s du ing he pe iod unde conside a ion, and his is no o he de imen o he Li huanian language. In e ospec , we we e a leas o una e ha bo h he B e kun Bible and he kas Ko ino pos i lės e imas dingo ( u ime ik 1589 m. spalio 14 d. laišką, ku- Wol enbü el pos il emained in he manusc ip s, bu in Li huanian, J. B e kun asked o a loan o spend his money on i . I is di icul o es ima e how many o he Li huanian ex s we e c ea ed and p ese ed a ha ime, since he P ussian s a e blocked hei su i al du ing i s Enligh enmen pe iod. I is also impo an o analyze he P ussian p ess co pus om a unc ional language poin o iew. I con ains Ge man, Polish, P ussian, La in and Li huanian languages; La ian is no spoken he e18. I is known ha P ussian p inces in i ed Li huanian and Polish in ellec uals o hei coun y wi h he aim o sp eading Lu he anism h ough hem o Li huania and Poland - Ca holic neighbou ing coun ies wi h which he was o mally bound by assal ela ions. The 1547 Li huanian Ca echism, as desc ibed ea lie , is a means o such expo . When i became clea ha he Lu he an Re o ma ion in Li huania was no a success, he p ince used his Li huanian in ellec uals o e angelize he local P ussians. Looking a he ecclesias ical egula ions, he chu ch o dinances, which a e known o ha e been he highes s a e laws ( hei sou ce and o igin was he 1523 Liu e o mula missæ e com mu nionis), we see he ollowing sequence o egula o y wa es: 1525: only in Ge man. 1544 - Ge man, Polish and La in. (3) in Ge man in 1558, in Li huanian in 1559 and in Polish in 1560; 1568 in Ge man and 1571 in Polish. 17 E en Immanuel Kan (1724-1804), he mos p ominen igu e o he P ussian nobili y, had o publish all his w i ings (1781-1790) ab oad in Riga and Liepaja; I was only a he end o his li e ha he was able o publish his las books, mo al and eligious ac s, in Ka aliauchi (1793-1798). (Hosko ec 2002). 18 Th ee La ian edi ions we e published in P ussia in 1586 and 1587 as a echnical o eign o de : e e y hing was ini ia ed and paid o by he Duke o Ku sk, who also sen edi o s and p oo eade s o he oyal edi o s o speed up he wo k; A second edi ion o he same books was published in Riga in 1615. 19 This is he second anonymous wo k o Maž ydas Fo ma ch ikš ima. TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania. Pi moji banga, skelbian i Teu onų o dino sekulia izaciją i Liu e io e o ma- cijos p adžią, bu o g y nai okiška. Lo ynų kalba pasi odė ik su an ąja banga wi h Ge man and Polish, bu no wi h o he […] languages. Li huanian appea ed oge he wi h Ge man and Polish wi h he hi d wa e, bu no wi h he ou h wa e. Wi h he la e only Ge man and Polish languages. Wha does ha mean? The only uly comp ehensi e local languages we e Ge man and Polish, and no o he . The P ussian s a e ne e discussed he P ussian language poli ically. P ussian-speaking locali ies ha e always been an objec o s a e con ol and no a subjec ; They should ha e had enough o he elemen o ca echism. Li huanian was he language o he P ussian newcome . The easies explana ion o he unexpec ed use o he La in language (which was used o he expulsion o he p ess) wi h he second P ussian egula ion language (which was no expo ed o any language) is ha i was in ended speci ically o Li huanians who had jus been in i ed o P ussia and who spoke nei he Ge man no Polish. And he ac ha he Li huanian language ceased o be used a e he hi d wa e o egula ions indica es ha in he mean ime i s impo ance has been educed o he needs o he soul o he poli ically insigni ican popula ion. In essence, i can be said ha he Li huanian language in P ussia unc ionally eplaced he P ussian language, which a ha ime no longe had educa ed and poli ically ma u e use s ( he ea ly exis ence o which was e ealed by he au ho in his Li huanian ali e ). This is also e idenced by Lu he 's Enchi idion ansla ion, published in P ussia in 1561. The book opens wice: on page 17 a de ailed i le la pas is p in ed, ollowed by (19 […] 24 pages) […] usual au ho 's speech, a ibu e o he p ince; A e he i s i le page (page 1), as he i s pa o he book in a ow, we ead he long p ologue (pages 3 h ough 16). This ac alone has no analogues in any o he P ussian edi ion. Howe e , e en mo e su p ising is he ole o he p ince's p ologue. Kunigaikš is (14 […] 15 pages) s ongly u ges his cle gy (in ac i was his o ice s who we e esponsible o he place ad mi ni s a ci ją) o look o in elligen P ussian boys, o he science o gabija, and o con ince hei a he s o allow hei boys o mo ky is, so ha one day hey would become cle gymen who would adminis e hei pa ishes in he P ussian language wi hou di ec p essu e om Eu ope... In 1559 he Li huanian go e nmen issued a dec ee allowing he pu chase o he cas le, and i emained in he S a e Se ice Fund e ė jų. Kunigaikš is įsipa eigoja pa s ma e ialiai em i be niukus, kol jie moky- sis, i mokė i jiems s ipendiją. Šiuo p ologu 1561 m. P ūsijos Enchi idionas y a o se e al cen u ies. A icles by A icles 137 Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos p i aikymas li uanis ikoje The se en h. Pabaigai de a a saky i į klausimą, iškel ą s aipsnio p adžioje: kodėl knyga, which examines P ussia's cul u al and his o ical space in he wide Eu opean con ex , he au ho calls Li huanian a ni ca ali e ? The e o e, i is idiculously a e o s udy only he P ussian language, and i is no a all possible o s udy Li huanian languages by limi ing onesel o he same language. The P ussian his o ical space was in many espec s o g ea impo ance o he de elopmen and unc ioning o he Li huanian language, and i is only om his pe spec i e ha i is possible o p ope ly unde s and how i de eloped and unc ioned in i s na i e G ea Duchy. The his o ical o ma ion o he Li huanian language is special in ha i ook place in pa allel in wo adi ions o s a ehood. The o ma ion o he La ian language was la gely de e mined by he ac ha un il 1918 La ian s a ehood had ne e exis ed. Eu opean s a ehood as a cul u al and his o ical whole can only be unde s ood and desc ibed in he con ex o he whole o Eu ope. Uni e sal philological Li huanian canno be any di e en om wha you hink o he whole o Eu ope. LITERATŪRA BBE – Billēmai bhe e sinnimai I–II, ęs inė se ija, Vilnius: Vaga (nuo 2015 m.), Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as (nuo 2019 m.). Blažienė G asilda 2000: Die bal ischen O snamen im Samland, S u ga : S eine . Blažienė G asilda 2005: Bal ische O snamen in Os p eußen, S u ga : S eine . Blažienė G asilda 2010: P ūsų a dyno y imo p oblemos. – Flo ilegium Li huanum: in hono em eximii p o es so is a que academici Li huani domini Eugenii Jo aiša anni e sa- ii sexagesimi causa di ca um, sud. G. Blažienė, S. G iga a ičiū ė, A. Ragauskas, Vilnius: Vilniaus pedagoginis uni e si e as, 173–185. Blažienė G asilda 2015: Kalbos lem is i likimas. NERIMAS 3: Išsaugo i Lie u os als ybę, Vilnius: Lie u os mokslų akademija, 19–49. Bezzenbe ge Adalbe 1874: Besp echung on Nesselmann 1873. – Gö ingische geleh e Anzeigen 39, 1221–1250. Cappelli Ad iano 1928: Lexicon abb e ia u a um = Wö e buch la einische und i a- lienische Ab kü zun gen, Leipzig: Webe . Hosko ec Tomáš 2002: „Přá elský přípisek“ Immanuela Kan a k li e skému slo - níku. – Filoso ický ča so pis 50, 125–146. TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC 138 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV Hosko ec Tomáš 2010: Celos ní ilologie jako p og am (na příkladu bal is iky). – Časopis p o mode ní i lo lo gii XCII (1–2), 10–17. Hosko ec Tomáš 2012: Poe ika a ilologie. – Poe ický Cikháj B ně 2010, B no: T ibun EU, 13–27. Hosko ec Tomáš 2012a: La linguis ique ex uelle e le p og amme de philologie engloban e. – Ve bum XXXII (2), 193–218. Hosko ec Tomáš 2016: K zásadám no ých p ažských hesí. – Ces y ozumění, ed. by M. Konečná, B no: Ins i u p o he me neu iku, 154–161. Hosko ec Tomáš 2017: Thèses de P ague 2016. – Tex o! Tex es & Cul u es XXII, N . 1, 1–17. Hosko ec Tomáš 2018: … und wenn die Sp ache einmal gebüh end abgeg enz wi d? – Tex o! Tex es e cul u es XXIII, N . 2, 1–11. Hosko ec Tomáš 2018a: Jazyk, ideální slo níko é heslo. – Li ikon III, N . 2, 331–344. Lemeškin Il’ja 2009: So ijaus sakmė i 1262 m. ch onog a as: pagal A chy inį, Va šu os, Vilniaus i I. J. Za be lino nuo ašus, Vilnius: Lie u ių li e a ū os i au osakos ins i u as. Lemeškin Il’ja 2019: Li huanica ali e , Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as (Billēmai bhe e sinnimai II). Lemeškin Il’ja 2020. Портрет Франциска Скорины. К 550-летию со дня рождения книгоиздателя (1470–2020) / P anciškaus Sko inos po e as. 550-ąsias gimimo me ines minin (1470–2020) / Po ai de F ancisk Sko ina. Еn commémo an le 550e anni e sai- e de sa naissance (1470–2020). T a aux du Ce cle linguis ique de P ague nou elle sé ie, ol. 10, Vilnius–P ague: Ins i u na ional de langue li uanienne; Ce cle linguis ique de P ague. Mažiulis Vy au as 1981: P ūsų kalbos paminklai 2, Vilnius: Min is. Mikalauskai ė Elzbie a 1938: P ieš e o macinių laikų p ūsiško Tė e Mūsų nuo- upa. – A chi um Philolo gi cum 7, 102–106. Nesselmann Geo g Hein ich Fe dinand 1873: Thesau us Linguae P ussicae. De p eussische Vocabel o a h, sowei de selbe bis je z e mi el wo den is , nebs Zugabe eine Sammlung u kundlich be glaubig e Localnamen, gesich e und zusammenges ell , Be lin: Ha wi z und G ossmann. Sa a ewicz Jan 1939: Un ac os iche de Maž ydas. – P ace Filologiczne 18, 7–8. Sa a ewicz Jan 1946: Dwa d obiazgi li ewskie. 1. Kilka uwag o we sy ikacji li ew- skiej, 2. Nie znamy ak o s ich Maźwida. – In e A ma: zbió p ac o ia owanych P o . S aipsniai / A icles 139 Li huanica ali e : isuminės ilologijos p i aikymas li uanis ikoje Kazimie zowi Ni schowi w siedem dzieś ą ocznicą u odzin (1 II. 1944) p zez p zyjaciół, ko- legów i uczniów, K aków: S udium Slo wiań skiego Uniwe sy e Jagielloński, 59–65. Schmals ieg William R. 2015: S udies in Old P ussian, Vilnius: Vaga. T au mann Reinhold 1910: Die al p eußischen Sp achdenkmäle . Einlei ung, Tex e, G amma ik, Wö e buch, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech . Li huanica ali e : Encompassing Philology as o be applied o Bal ic S udies SUMMARY This con ibu ion pays a ibu e o he gen e o e iew as i was cul i a ed one hund ed and e en mo e yea s ago: a schola e lec ed ho oughly and e y pe sonally on a (se o ) ques ion(s) ha had been ea ed by his ellow-schola in a ecen ly published book. Tha was an excellen way o i id scien i ic com munica ion, and a e y in ensi e one (no ice ha Bezzenbe ge ’s 1874 e iew o Nesselmann’s 1873 publica ion is o e 30 pages long). Those old e iews p o e use ul up o now: he who wan s o unde s and Fe dinand de Saussu e’s s uc u al phonology, bu has nei he enough ime no ene gy o ead h ough Saussu e’s ex emely complica ed Mémoi e su le sys ème p imi i des oyelles dans les langues indo-eu opéennes (1879), may s ill gain sup eme ad an age om eading Saussu e’s e iew o Johannes Schmid ’s long ago duly o go en K i ik de Sonan en heo ie (1895), published in 1897 in Indo ge ma ni sche Fo schungen; he who wan s o lea n wha Saussu e’s non-s uc u alis disciple An oine Meille , who only w o e books on pa icula languages, hough abou his o ha gene al linguis ic issue, will s ill ge bes in o med by he nume ous de ailed e iews Meille , a pa ia ch o F ench linguis ics, published in Bulle in de la Socié é de linguis ique de Pa is. By his p esen con ibu ion, he au ho ende s homage o Pa el T os (1907– 1987), eminen Bal is among o he s, membe o he P ague Linguis ic Ci cle, and an “encompassing philologis ” pa excellence, e en i a an la le e, who ne e w o e a book, bu ex pended his amazing wisdom on hund eds o b ie no es, published all o hem as pe sonal eac ions o a ious scien i ic ideas ha had been o mula ed h oughou he wo ld. Re iewing Il’ja Lemeškin’s book Li huanica ali e (Lemeškin 2019), he au ho explains he p o g amme o encompassing philology (Ganzhei sphilologie, philologie engloban e), i.e. he con empo a y phase o unc ional s uc u alism, which has been elabo a ed in he con empo a y P ague Linguis ic Ci cle. In essence, encompassing philology is a semiology o bo h o al and w i en ex s. Any ex , aken as a whole, is conside ed one pa icula cul u al-his o ical e en , which is subjec o social no ms. Any ex , aken as a whole, is TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC 140 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is, i s alue can only be de e mined by di e en ia ing he sign conside ed one global linguis ic sign (in Saussu ian sense), which subsequen ly may be s uc u ed in o smalle (always Saussu ian) signs. Wha e e he size o a linguis ic sign om o he signs wi hin a pa icula de ining se (De i ni ionsmenge, ensemble dé ini oi e). Fo a ex , he essen ial de ining se is i s gen e: consequen ly, he ea lies aces o Bal ic languages a e o be analysed wi hin hei peculia gen e o colophon, when con on ed wi h all e en po en ially languages a e o be iewed wi hin he u e ly u ili a ian gen e o Hansea ic ela ed colophons (w i en in La in, Ge man, F ench, Danish, e c.) ha a e a ailable o he espec i e pe iods and en i onmen s; simila ly, he medie al ocabula ies o Bal ic lexicog aphy. h ough he ele an gen e o pa a ex s in o he Eu opean p in s. Ha ing explained and inal ly, he poli ically colou ed p e aces o he oldes Bal ic p in s a e o be pe cei ed all his, he au ho ou lines bo h he in e nal dynamism and he inhe en heu is ics o he his o ical co pus o Bal ic ex s ha ha e been p ese ed since he 16 h and i s hal o he 17 h cen u y: hose monumen s should always be app oached wi hin a b oad cul u al-his o ical amewo k ha encompasses o he ele an Eu opean e en s. Bal ic philology should ne e be es ic ed o he gene ically Bal ic languages only. Deli e ed on 10 June 2021 TOMÁŠ HOSKOVEC P ažský ling is ický k oužek […] Ce cle linguis ique de P ague Španielo a 1326/35, CZ-16300 P ague, Czech Republic hosko [email protected] This is a lis o linguis ic associa ions based in he Czech Republic.