S aipsniai / A icles 155
ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-4816-2629
Fields o esea ch: Toponymy, Cogni i e Onomas ics,
Cogni i e Seman ics.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all87-08
MANIFESTATION OF PHYSIS
IN VILNIUS COUNTY
DRYMONYMY
Gam os ap aiškos Vilniaus apsk i ies
d imonimijoje
ANNOTATION
The cu en esea ch aims o shed some ligh on he concep ualiza ion o physis1 in he
d ymonyms om p esen -day Vilnius Coun y. The esea ch is limi ed o he analysis o
65 names selec ed om he co pus o 787 d ymonyms cu en ly o icially unc ioning in he
e i o y o Vilnius Coun y. Da a we e collec ed om p in ed (Onomas icon o Li huania’s
Fo es s (Pa I, 1994)), elec onic (Elec onic Na u e Ca alogue (www.eze ai21.l )) sou ces,
and in e ac i e maps (Po al o Spacial In o ma ion o Li huania (www.geopo a.l )). The
s udy e eals ha he domain o physis, in a b oad sense, is an abundan mo i a ion sou ce.
The d ymonyms we e di ided in o wo g oups, hose o clea seman ics and mo i a ion
and hose o obscu e seman ics and mo i a ion. The d ymonyms o clea seman ics and
mo i a ion concep ualize dominan ege a ion species (21), auna (9), o es ype (15), and
he peculia i ies o he landscape (17). The g oup o obscu e seman ics and mo i a ion
p esen s an o e iew o names, he concep ualiza ion o which is ambiguous due o
1 The e m physis is associa ed wi h G eek φύσις – plan s, animals, and o he ea u es o he wo ld
ha pass h ough a p ocess o bi h and dea h coming o be o passing away (Gu h ie 1965;
K a och íl 2016: 20).
The cu en esea ch employs he e m physis in i s b oades sense, signi ying bo h he elemen s
o li ing na u e and ea u es o opog aphic elie ha come o exis ence (a e being bo n/ o med)
by na u al causes o human in e en ion, de elop and change, and e en ually die (disappea ).
ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
156 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
he polysemy o he mo i a ing appella i e (1), he appella i e o nominal na u e o he
mo i a ing concep (5), o e en bo h (3).
KEYWORDS: Vilnius Coun y, d ymonyms, concep ualiza ion o oponyms,
physis, cogni i e onomas ics.
ANOTACIJA
Šiuo y imu siekiama nus a y i, kokiomis gam os są okomis y a koncep ualizuojami
d imonimai, unkcionuojan ys šių dienų Vilniaus apsk i yje. Ty imui bu o su ink i
787 daba iniai d imonimai. Duomenys bu o enkami iš ašy inių (Lie u os miškų a dynas
(I dalis, 1994)) i elek oninių (Elek oninis gam os ka alogas (www.eze ai21.l )) šal inių bei iš
in e ak y ių žemėlapių (Lie u os e d inės in o macijos po alas (www. geopo al.l )). Analizės
ezul a ai pa odė, kad gam os koncep as y a įp asmin as 65 a duose. Ti iamieji d imonimai
bu o suski s y i į d i dideles g upes: aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos bei ne isai
aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos. Aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos d imonimai y a
koncep ualizuojami pe dominuojančios augmenijos ūšių (21), gy ūnijos (9), miško ipo
(15) i k aš o aizdžio ypa umų (17) są okas. Ne isai aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos
d imonimų g upė pa eikia a dų, ku ių koncep ualiza imas y a d ip asmiškas dėl
mo y uojančių apelia y ų polisemijos (1), mo y uojančios są okos apelia y inės a ik inės
p igim ies (5) a ba dėl abiejų (3).
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Vilniaus apsk i is, d imonimai, oponimų koncep ualiza imas,
gam a, kogni y inė onomas ika.
INTRODUCTION
The deba e on he meaning o p ope nouns is exceedingly old. While he e
a e schools ha suppo he idea ha names a e meaningless, i.e., hey only
ha e a e e ence (K ipke 1972; Ullmann 1969: 33), he Cogni i e App oach o
he onym analysis p o ides e idence in a ou o he ac ha names ca y no
only lexical ea u es bu a e also seman ically cha ged, and associa ed wi h he
concep ual con en (Be ezo ič 1991: 75; Ru 2001: 59; Leino 2011: 215). The
cogni i e iew o a name sugges s ha i has much mo e o ell. I consis s o
mul iple laye s e lec ing adi ional, kinship, possessi e, and many o he bonds
wi h he su ounding wo ld (Langendonck 2013; Ainiala e al. 2016). As soon
as an in e ac ion be ween a human being and he en i onmen begins, e e y
undisco e ed land, li ing na u e body, o phenomenon gains a name. The e o e,
he meanings o names become enc yp ed wi h he indi idual’s unde s anding
o he wo ld. In o he wo ds, he names s a o e lec he wo ld iew, which
may be unde s ood as he ounda ional pe spec i e o he pe son based on which
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Mani es a ion o Physis in Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy
e e y ques ion o exis ence is add essed; i is a cohe en image o wha is being
ecognized by bo h indi iduals and communi ies (Si e 2015: 24; Głaz 2017: 35).
I he pe cep ion o he wo ld shapes he wo ld iew, i is a cogni i e p ocess,
and i depends on subjec i e judgmen s which we e imposed on a pe son by he
communi y. This leads o he idea ha oponyms, as Ilona Mickienė and Ri a
Ba anauskienė (2019: 60) desc ibe, a e a message om he pas which e lec s
he his o y o he Li huanian na ion, hei spi i ual and ma e ial li e, household,
and he ela ionship wi h he su ounding en i onmen .
Language is a signi ican elemen o he wo ld iew, i ansmi s cul u al
eali y, and hus communi y membe s wi h he same linguis ic backg ound eel
his o ical con inui y (Fong, Chuang 2004: 8; K amsch 1998). The linguis ic
na u e o place names makes i easie o add ess he eal wo ld (Vasil’e a 2007).
Mo eo e , names exis in e e y socie y. The e o e, hey could be pe cei ed
as cul u al uni e sals (Al o d 1988). Howe e , he lexical o m o onyms
should no be sepa a ed om he seman ic o m, as only h ough seman ics
is i possible o ake a pa h om he linguis ic wo ld o he eal one (Te -
Minaso a 2000: 46–47). As oponyms a e a pa o he linguis ic sys em and a e
ound in all languages a ound he wo ld, hei exis ence leads o he idea ha
hey p ese e he e idence o human-na u e in e ac ions. A e all, hey we e
based on imp essions o he esiden s abou he objec s o eali y. Long- e m
con ac s be ween people and li ing na u e o m a speci ic image o he a ea
(Vasil’e a 2007: 96).
Schola s ha e obse ed he co ela ion be ween physis and oponymy. Fo
ins ance, Sousa and Ga cia-Mu ilo (2001: 391) ques ion whe he landscape
changes a e e lec ed in place names. Thei esea ch concludes ha such change
p e ails and discusses how such a shi is pe cei ed. Fagúndez and Izco (2016)
claim ha he species ound in a pa icula place may be encoded in oponyms,
signi ying he loca ion’s biological di e si y. Gied ė Becony ė e al. (2019) ook
a close look a he co ela ion be ween he phy olexemes and zoolexemes wi h
oikonyms in Li huania. Pa el Sko upa (2021) analysed oponyms con aining he
concep s o lo a and auna as signs o na ional and cul u al iden i y. Gene ally,
oponyms con aining he concep o lo a and auna signi y loca ions inhabi ed
by ce ain species o densely dis ibu ed plan s; such names do no necessa ily
e eal all li ing na u e en i ies ypical o he egion. Ins ead, hey disclose he
speci ic elemen s which u n in o a place’s dis inguishing ma ke s (Sko upa 2021:
37; Sapa o e al. 2021: 96; Vasil’e a 2007). The esea ch men ioned abo e
gi es a ai g ound o u he in es iga ion o oponyms mo i a ed by he
concep o na u e. The embodimen o physis in Vilnius Coun y d ymonyms
has no been app oached by schola s ye . The e o e, he cu en esea ch should
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158 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
shed some ligh on he landscape peculia i ies and egion-speci ic biological
di e si y, unde sco ing he dominan species o a place.
This a icle is based on he analysis o he concep ualisa ion o physis in he
d ymonyms om p esen -day Vilnius Coun y. Mickienė and Bieliauskai ė (2018)
no e ha o es s a e pa o a cons an ly changing landscape, and i is aluable o
in es iga e hei names once in a while. P esen -day Vilnius Coun y is a wooded
land. He e, o es s make up 43.9% o he e i o y (VLEe). Undoub edly, hei
names ca y aluable knowledge abou he su oundings and a e eady o e eal
he peculia i ies o he egion’s landscape, lo a, and auna.
The aim o he cu en esea ch is o iden i y he concep s o physis enc yp ed
in he d ymonyms o p esen -day Vilnius Coun y.
Resea ch ma e ial and sou ces. The scope o he cu en esea ch
comp ises 65 d ymonyms ha e lec he concep s o physis. These names
we e selec ed om he co pus o 787 d ymonyms ha a e cu en ly o icially
unc ioning wi hin he p esen -day Vilnius Coun y bounda ies. The names
we e collec ed om bo h elec onic and p in ed sou ces.2 D ymonyms
mo i a ed by he su ounding se lemen s o bodies o wa e we e abandoned
in he in es iga ion. These o es names ollow he me onymic naming pa e n
and deno e he connec ion be ween he se lemen /wa e body name and he
d ymonym. They do no ca y any signi ican seman ic cha ge (Reszegi 2012:
5). Howe e , hey make up he mos signi ican pa o all d ymonyms o
he co pus, i.e., 577 o es names a e associa ed wi h o he oponyms and/o
hyd onyms. The e o e, 65 d ymonyms ou o 210 a e linked o he concep o
physis, hus making i a ela i ely abundan sou ce o mo i a ion.
Resea ch me hodology. The amewo k o he d ymonym analysis is
adop ed om he esea ch models p oposed by Aleksand as Vanagas (1981),
Dalia S ide skienė (2016; 2017; 2019; 2022), Ilona Mickienė, Ri a Ba anauskienė
(2019), Pa el Sko upa (2019; 2021; 2021a), and o he s. Loca ion, o igin, and
possible e ymons and hei meanings a e p o ided o e e y d ymonym unde
in es iga ion. The mo i a ing appella i es a e e ie ed om e-dic iona ies o
Li huanian, Russian, Polish, and Bela usian languages. The esea ch ollows he
adi ion o cogni i e onomas ics analysis; he e o e, i claims ha all names
ha e meaning. The model o concep ual con en ealiza ion h ough language
is adop ed e e ing o Nicola Dob ič (2010). The concep ualiza ion o he
d ymonyms is illus a ed h ough he sou ce and a ge domains, whe e he sou ce
is an appella i e, and he a ge is a d ymonym, i.e., appella i e → concep ual
s uc u e → d ymonym. The adop ed heo y o name concep ualiza ion deals
wi h iden i ying he concep ual s uc u e mo i a ing he coining o a name.
2 See D ymonym Sou ces & Re e ences.
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The cu en esea ch di ides he analyzed d ymonyms in o wo g oups: hose o
clea seman ics and mo i a ion and hose o obscu e seman ics and mo i a ion.
1. DRYMONYMS OF CLEAR SEMANTICS
AND MOTIVATION
The cu en g oup o d ymonyms is o med by names ha do no pose
any ambigui y in he iden i ica ion o hei mo i a ion. These d ymonyms
a e mo i a ed by he domain o physis and in ol e he concep s o ege a ion
species, animals, o es ypes, and peculia i ies o he o es landscape. I is
no ewo hy ha mos o he names a e Li h. Su -ynas, -ynė, in ea cases,
-y ė de i a es. These su ix-de i a i es ollow a long- ime name-gi ing adi ion
in he Li huanian language. Usually, hey deno e he accumula ion o plan s
o o he objec s o he li ing na u e, less o en li ing c ea u es in one place.
The e o e, hey a e usually ound in oponyms (Amb azas 1995: 184–185).
1.1. D ymonyms Re lec ing he Vege a ion Species
A ie ỹnė (V D) e lec s he concep ualiza ion o he dominan be ies in he
e i o y. I is de i ed om Li h. a ie ỹnė, a ie ýnas ‘ aspbe y bushes, a place
whe e aspbe ies g ow’ (LVŽ I: 243) and ollows he pa e n o concep ualiza ion:
Li h. a ie ỹnė, a ie ýnas → a o es whe e aspbe ies g ow → A ie ỹnė.
Ąžuolýnas (V D, Ukm D) could be ela ed o Li h. ąžuolýnas ‘oak o es ’
(LVŽ I: 271), which is o med om Li h. žuolas ‘oak ee’ + Li h. Su -ynas.
T anspa en naming signi ies ha oaks co e he e i o y o he o es and is
concep ualized h ough he ollowing model: Li h. ąžuolýnas → a o es o oak
ees → Ąžuolýnas.
The ollowing d ymonyms could be p esen ed in he g oup as all o hese a e
o med wi h he base lexeme be ž-: Be žýnas (Šlčn D, Ukm D), Be žynlis (Š
D), Be žý ė (Ukm D), and Be žẽliai (Ukm D). All hese d ymonyms embed he
concep o Li h. bé žas ‘lea y ee wi h whi e ba k, a bi ch’ (LKŽe). Howe e ,
he concep ualisa ion o each sligh ly di e s. Fo ins ance, Be žýnas employs
he idea o he loca ion co e ed wi h bi ches: Li h. be žýnas → a bi ch o es →
Be žýnas. So does Be žý ė, Li h. be ž- + Li h. Su -y ė → a bi ch o es → Be žý ė.
Be žynlis is p obably associa ed wi h he size o ees, o o es as such, as Su
-ėlis in mos cases signi ies ei he he smalle size o an en i y o pleasu e. (c .
U bu is 2009: 330): Li h. be ž- + Li h. -yn + Li h. Su -ėlis → a small o es

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160 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
o (low) bi ches → Be žynlis o Li h. be ž- + Li h. Su -yn + Li h. Su -ėlis →
a pleasan o es o bi ches → Be žynlis. Be žẽliai was mo i a ed by he same
concep , Li h. Su -elis, which in his case is p obably associa ed wi h smallness
(U bu is ibid.). I should also be no ed ha he name is a plu al o m. The e o e,
conside ing all he e idence, he concep ualisa ion model could be: Li h. be ž- +
Li h. Su -eliai → a o es o low/newly plan ed bi ches → Be žẽliai.
The mani es a ion o he Sla onic languages is enc yp ed in Bo as (Šlčn D).
The name is de i ed om Rus. бор ‘coni e o es , pine o es ’, o Bel. бор ‘clean,
old, pine o es ’, o Pol. bo ‘pine o es , o es ’ (LVŽ III: 538). In all cases, he
name bea s he concep o he pine ee. The e o e, i could be concep ualized
as: Rus. Бор / Bel. Бор / Pol. bo → a pine o es → Bo as.
B uknỹnė (Šlčn D) is ano he example o be ies sp ead in he e i o y and
is ela ed o Li h. b uknỹnė, b uknýnas ‘a place whe e lingonbe ies g ow, whe e
he e a e many lingonbe ies’ (LVŽ I: 574). The e o e, he name is jus a ans e
o he domina ing be y species in he o es : Li h. b uknỹnė, b uknýnas →
a o es whe e lingonbe ies g ow → B uknỹnė.3
D ebulỹnė (V D) is associa ed wi h Li h. d ebulýnas, d ebulỹnė ‘a o es ull
o ees wi h embling lea es, (Populus emula), an aspen’ (LVŽ II: 324). The
name di ec ly ansmi s which ee species a e sp ead in he a ea, and, he e o e,
he concep ualisa ion model is: d ebulỹnė → an aspen o es → D ebulỹnė.
Eglýnas (V D, Šlčn D) and Eglynlis (Š nč D) may be analysed in a g oup
oo. Bo h a e associa ed wi h Li h. eglýnas, eglỹnė ‘a i o es ’ (LVŽ II :464). E en
hough he d ymonyms sha e he same base lexeme, hey may sligh ly di e in
meaning. The mo i a ion o Eglýnas is a he anspa en : Li h. eglýnas → a i
o es → Eglýnas. Howe e , he e is mo e o discuss in e ms o Eglynlis, as
i s diminu i e o med wi h Li h. Su -ėlis4 should be ela ed o he concep o
smallness. The small size o he o es could ha e se ed as a ma ke o his
name. Also, i may be plausible ha he name was coined wi h e e ence o he
size o i ees a ha ime, i.e., i s migh ha e been a he low, newly plan ed.
Consequen ly, he ollowing concep ual model could ha e been employed o
3 I should be no ed ha bo h A ie ỹnė and B uknỹnė a e o es s in he icini y o which he e
a e illages o he same names, c . A ie ỹnė x A ie ỹnė and B uknỹnė x B uknỹnė; howe e , hese
names we e no omi ed om he lis o he onyms unde in es iga ion as we i mly belie e ha
d ymonyms we e he sou ces o oikonym mo i a ion. The be ies a e sp ead in he wooded
a eas. The e o e, he illages we e unlikely o be buil in he e i o ies whe e hese be ies g ow.
A mo e con incing heo y is ha hese be ies g ow in he o es s, and only la e did he illages
es ablished he e gain hei names.
4 C . U bu is 2009: 330.
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mo i a e a d ymonym: Li h. eglyn- + Li h. Su -ėlis → a small o es o (low/
newly plan ed) i s → Eglynlis.
Júodgi is (Ukm D) is p obably om Li h. júodgi is, júodgi ė ‘coni e ous
(sp uce, pine), o es ’ (LVŽ IV: 212). The name ans e s he concep o he
a ea’s mos dominan species o ees – coni e s: Li h. júodgi is, júodgi ė →
a coni e ous o es → Júodgi is.
An in e es ing case is Liepãbe žis (Šlčn D), which is a composi e onym ha
comp ises wo lexemes. The i s is associa ed wi h Li h. lepa ‘a linden’ and he
second – wi h Li h. bé žas ‘a bi ch’. The name clea ly s a es ha he dominan
species in he o es a e bo h lindens and bi ches. The concep ualisa ion could
be illus a ed as: lepa + bé žas → a o es o lindens and bi ches → Liepãbe žis.
Liepýnas (El D) is om Li h. liepýnas ‘a place co e ed wi h lindens, a linden
o es ’ (LKŽe). The name di ec ly desc ibes he loca ion co e ed wi h lindens;
he e o e, i is concep ualised as: Li h. liepýnas → a o es o lindens → Liepýnas.
Names as Pušýnas (Š D), Pušynlis (Ukm D), and Didžióji Pušs (Š nč
D) a e linked by he same base lexeme Li h. puš-, bu jus as he examples
analyzed abo e, hey sligh ly di e in meaning. Fo ins ance, Pušýnas is om
Li h. pušýnas ‘pine o es ’ (LKŽe), whe e he oo o he name is concep ualized
as: Li h. pušýnas → a pine o es → Pušýnas. Pušynlis, simila ly o he al eady
p esen ed d ymonyms, is mos p obably associa ed wi h he concep o smallness
due o Li h. Su -ėlis5, and i may ollow his model o concep ualiza ion:
Li h. puš- + Li h. Su -yn- + Li h. Su -ėlis → a small/pleasan pine o es →
Pušynlis. Las ly, a en ion should be d awn o a compound name Didžióji
Pušs, whe e Li h. didỹsis, c . ddis, -, -ė, -ė, didžià s and o ‘no able o i s
olume, la ge’ (LKŽe). This d ymonym signi ies a la ge pine in he o es which
se ed as a ma ke o he loca ion. The e o e, he excep ional size o a pine
ee should ha e been enc yp ed in he name. Conside he concep ualiza ion
model: Li h. didžióji + Li h. pušs → a o es wi h a huge pine ee → Didžióji
Pušs.
The las in his ca ego y is Še mukšnỹnė (Ukm D). I is ano he example
o he concep ualiza ion o he dominan ee species and is de i ed om
Li h. še mukšnỹnė ‘a place whe e many owan ees g ow’ (LKŽe). I s
concep ualiza ion model is: še mukšnỹnė → a o es o owans → Še mukšnỹnė.
A i s sigh , he meanings o hese d ymonyms seem o be anspa en . I
isclea which concep s mo i a ed he p ocess o nomina ion. The concep o
ege a ion e eals he mos common ee o o he plan species in a pa icula
o es . They shed some ligh on such de ails as he size o possible age o he
o es a he ime i was named. Finally, hese d ymonyms expose he emo ional
5 C . U bu is 2009: 330.
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162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
alue o ees o he na ional wo ld iew. I is belie ed ha e e y ee in he
ancien Li huanian cul u e was ela ed o he mani es a ion o di e en dei ies,
he mos common ypes we e oaks, lindens, bi ches, and pines (Klimka 2011;
Vai ke ičius 2013). The concep o ege a ion species se ed as he mo i a ing
ac o o 21 d ymonyms now unc ioning in Vilnius Coun y.
1.2. D ymonyms Re lec ing he Fo es Type
The concep o he o es ype seems o be he second mos p oduc i e
sou ce o he concep ualiza ion o d ymonyms in he physis domain. E en
hough some meanings seem a he ob ious, hey e eal ce ain peculia i ies o
he woody loca ions hey name.
A žalýnas (Ukm D) is de i ed om Li h. appella i e a žalýnas ‘a place whe e
many o sp ing g ow; young o es ’ (LVŽ I: 213). The concep o newly-plan ed
ees is employed: Li h. a žalýnas → a young o es → A žalýnas.
Gi ià (V D, Ukm D), Gi ẽlė (V D, V D, El D, Š čn D), and Gi elka (Š
D) a e de i ed om he same base lexeme Li h. gi -. Gi ià was mo i a ed
by Li h. gi ià ‘big o es ’ (LVŽ III: 198), i s concep ualiza ion is p esen ed as
ollows: Li h. gi ià → big o es → Gi ià. The d ymonym Gi ẽlė in all cases
should ha e been in luenced by he appella i e Li h. gi ià, which is a big o es ,
bu Li h. Su -elė signi ies he concep o smallness. Howe e , he o es could
no be big and small simul aneously. The eby, i should be mo e logical o
associa e he Su -elė wi h he meaning o pleasu e (Ub u is 2009: 310). Thus,
he name should ha e been concep ualized as: Li h. gi - + Li h. Su -elė →
a plesan o es → Gi ẽlė. The concep ualiza ion model o Gi elka is in luenced
by he Sla onic Su -ka/-ка, which is usually used in he diminu i e o ms
exp essing he concep o smallness o pleasu e (c . Vo onina 2012: 15). As in
Gi ẽlė, he seman ic cha ge o he small size seems illogical, i is p obable ha
he Su exp esses he concep o pleasu e: Li h. gi - + Li h. Su -el + Sla . Su
-ka/-ка → a pleasan o es → Gi elka. The las name in his g oup also se es as
a oponymic monumen ansmi ing he in luence o he Sla onic languages
on he na ional wo ld iew.
Gõjus (El D, Š D) is o med wi h he help o he Sla onic oo гaй, Li h. gõjus
‘a small, beau i ul o es , g o e’ (LKŽe; LVŽ III: 237). The concep s o smallness
and pleasu e a e employed in he name. The ollowing concep ualiza ion is
e ealed: Sla . гaй → a small, beau i ul o es → Gõjus. The Sla onic o igin o
he onym should no be le unno iced, as i p o ides aluable in o ma ion on
he in luence o he Sla onic languages on he Li huanian lands.
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Mani es a ion o Physis in Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy
K mai (Š D) could ha e o igina ed om Li h. k mai ‘a young o es o small
ees’ (LKŽe). The d ymonym’s concep ualiza ion could be: Li h. k mai →
a o es o young and small ees → K mai.
The in luence o he Sla onic languages is obse ed in Maladakas (Šlčn
D), which could be associa ed wi h Sla . lexemes, i.e., Rus. Молод, -а (BTSe);
Bel. молада (Ska nik.by); in bo h cases, he concep o you h is obse ed.
Howe e , Rus. Молод, -а also s esses he meaning o ‘some hing ha has
ecen ly appea ed, began o exis o g ow’ (BTSe). A his poin , he ans e
o he young o es could be obse ed. The e o e, i may ha e he ollowing
concep ualiza ion model: Rus. Молод, -а; Bel. молада → a o es o ecen ly
plan ed ees → Maladakas.
Medelýnas (Ukm D) is ela ed o Li h. medelýnas ‘a place o g owing
ees and ui ees, a bo e um’ (LKŽe). This naming signi ies ha ui ees
possibly co e he e i o y and a e g own he e. The concep is ans e ed as:
Li h. medelýnas → a o es o ees/ ui ees → Medelýnas.
Samãnis (El D) could be associa ed wi h Li h. samãnis ‘li ing in moss, made
o moss’ (LKŽe). The d ymonym concep ualizes he ege a ion which p obably
co e s he land and ees in he o es : Li h. samãnis → a o es co e ed wi h
moss → Samãnis.
Tañkmiškis (T ak D) is a compound name o med om wo Li h. lexemes
ánkus ‘consis ing o closely spaced equal pa s, dense’ and Li h. mškas ‘a place
co e ed wi h ees, a o es ’ (LKŽe). The seman ic load he name ca ies signi ies
ha he o es could be cha ac e ized by i s luxu ian ege a ion. The e o e, he
name is concep ualized as: Li h. ánkus + Li h. mškas → a o es wi h dense
ege a ion → Tañkmiškis.
The e is no doub ha hese onyms we e seman ically mo i a ed. They
e eal he concep s o size, ege a ion densi y, beau y, and age o he o es .
In o al, his passage con ains 15 d ymonyms, he majo i y o which a e o
Li huanian o igin (12), wo a e in luenced by he Sla onic languages, and one is
a con amina ed d ymonym which con ains a Sla onic in lexion. The in luence
o he languages spoken in he neighbou ing coun ies is ine i able, as Li huania
has a sha ed his o y wi h Sla onic cul u es.
1.3. D ymonyms Re lec ing Landscape
Names which e lec he landscape cha ac e o a pa icula e i o y a e
p esen ed in his chap e . I would be wo hwhile o e e o Aleksand as
Vanagas (1981: 20), who s a ed ha all landscape peculia i ies ha e speci ic names.
The e o e, hyd onyms which acqui ed hei names om hose peculia i ies a e
ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
models, i should ha e e lec ed he species in he o es o su oundings.
Howe e , i he e we e any easons o ans e he concep o a ish in o he
o es , he concep ualiza ion model would be: Li h. ká pis → a o es whe e
ca ps li e in he ponds, i e s → Ká pių mškas.
I is also possible o ake a look a he d ymonym Lapẽli mškas (Š D),
which could ha e been mo i a ed by Li h. PN Lapẽlis, which was no ound in
he dis ic unde in es iga ion,15 ye i does exis in he e i o y o Li huania.
The e o e, he possessi e bonds may be e ealed: Li h. PN Lapẽlis → a o es
owned by Lapẽlis → Lapẽlių mškas. The appella i e na u e o he onym should
no be o e uled, as i may ha e been associa ed wi h Li h. lapẽlis, which is
diminu i e o Li h. lãpas ‘a lea ’ (LKŽe), he g ound o such a mo i a ion may
ha e been he ype o ees in he o es : Li h. lapẽlis → a deciduous o es →
Lapẽlių mškas. Howe e , he d ymonym could also be ela ed o Li h. lãpė
‘a ox’, and i his e sion is p esen ed, he name o he o es should e lec he
ac ha he e a e oxes in he o es : Li h. lãpė + Li h. Su -elis → a o es whe e
oxes li e → Lapẽlių mškas.
CONCLUSIONS
To sum up he analysis o he d ymonyms o p esen -day Vilnius Coun y,
se e al conclusions could be d awn:
1. The domain o physis is a ela i ely p oduc i e mo i a ion sou ce; 65 ou o
787 d ymonyms we e concep ualized h ough he image y o physis.
2. D ymonyms unde in es iga ion all in o wo g oups, hose o clea
seman ics and mo i a ion and hose o obscu e seman ics and mo i a ion.
A. The mani es a ion o physis in he g oup o clea seman ics and mo i a ion
is pe cei ed h ough such concep s as a) domina ing ege a ion (21),
b) he o es ype (15), c) he peculia i ies o he landscape (17), and
e) auna (9).
B. The g oup o d ymonyms o obscu e seman ics and mo i a ion con ains
onyms which a) a e ambiguous due o he polysemy o he mo i a ing
concep (1), b) a e ei he o he appella i e and/o p ope name na u e
(5), and c) a e mo i a ed ei he by a polysemous appella i e o by
p ope nouns (3).
3. The analysis o he d ymonyms p esen ed abo e demons a es he
signi icance o he physis on he na ional wo ld iew. D ymonyms, which a
15 C . PDBe.

S aipsniai / A icles 171
Mani es a ion o Physis in Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy
i s sigh do no ca y any seman ic cha ge, e eal wha biological di e si y
and opog aphic elie a e common o he egion and ansmi wha was
uly impo an o he popula ion o ha ime.
ABBREVIATIONS
Bel. – Bela usian; c . – compa e; D – dis ic ; El– Elek nai; e al. – and
o he s; Li h. – Li huanian; PN – pe sonal name; Pol. – Polish; P e – p e ix;
Rus. – Russian; Sla . – Sla onic; Su – su ix; Šlčn – Šačininkai; Š – Š in os;
Š čn – Š enčiónys; n – own; T ak – T ãkai; Ukm – Ukme g; V – Vlnius.
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LVŽ IV – Lie u os ie o a džių žodynas 4 (I–J), au . L. Bilkis, G. Blažienė, A. Ragauskai ė,
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172 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
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Gam os ap aiškos Vilniaus apsk i ies
d imonimijoje
SANTRAUKA
Šio y imo objek as y a gam os są okomis mo y uo i Vilniaus apsk i ies d imonimai. Iš
787 a ink ų a dų, unkcionuojančių šių dienų Vilniaus apsk i yje, 65-iuose y a įp asmin i
gam os koncep ai. Į y imo lauką nepa eko d imonimai, ku ių mo y acija siejama su apy-
linkėse esančiomis gy en ie ėmis a hid onimais. Iš iso okių a dų y a 577. Taigi galima
eig i, kad gam os koncep as y a gana u ingas d imonimų mo y acijos šal inis. Aiškios
seman ikos i mo y acijos d imonimai suda o be eik 88 p oc. nag inė ų a dų, . y. 57 a -
dai. Juose y a įp asmin i dominuojančios augmenijos (21), papli usios gy ūnijos (4), miško
ipo (15) i miško k aš o aizdžio (17) koncep ai. Ne isai aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos
d imonimai y a nulem i mo y uojančių apelia y ų polisemijos (1), mo y uojančios są o-
kos apelia y inės a ba ik inės p igim ies (4), o kai ku iais a ejais – abiejų (3). Ty imas
p iklauso kogni y inės onomas ikos pa adigmai, odėl eigiama, kad isiems a dams y a
būdinga seman inė įk o a. Va dų koncep ualiza imas pa eikiamas pe šal inio i ikslo s i is,
iš ku ių šal inis y a apelia y as, o ikslas – d imonimas, . y. apelia y as → koncep ualio-
ji s uk ū a → d imonimas. Šis modelis – ai Nicolo Dob ičiaus (2010) pasiūly o modelio
adap acija, ealizuo a au o iaus moksliniuose da buose apie kogni y inį a dų aspeką i ė-
liau aiky a Lie u os mokslininkų da buose (ž . Sko upa 2021; 2021a).
Neabejojama, kad oponimai a spindi žmonių pasaulė aizdį, juose išlieka įp asmin-
a au os is o ija, d asinis i ma e ialus gy enimas, bui is i san ykis su supančia aplinka

ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
176 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
(Mickienė, Ba anauskienė 2019). Gam a y a ienas iš žmoniją supančių elemen ų, aigi o-
ponimai, iš ku ių i d imonimai, ne ik gali a skleis i, be i a skleidžia žmogaus bei gam os
są eikos duomenis. Gam os ema ika oponimijoje y a gana dažna: ap a iami k aš o aiz-
džio pokyčių a spindžiai (Ga cia-Mu ilo 2001), oponimuose įp asmin a ie o ės biologinė
į ai o ė (Fagundez, Izco 2016), oikonimuose išlikę gy osios gam os objek ai (Becony ė e
al. 2019), į lo os i aunos elemen ą saugančius oponimus ž elgiama kaip į e ninio i kul-
ū inio apa umo ženklus (Sko upa 2021). Vilniaus apsk i ies d imonimai iki šiol nebu o
i iami gam os koncep ualiza imo aspek u, odėl šio y imo duomenys a skleis e i o inę
biologinę į ai o ę, k aš o aizdžio ypa umus bei dominuojančias augmenijos i gy ūnijos
ūšis, aip iš yškindami šio egiono gam inį pasaulė aizdį.
Į eik a 2022 m. ugpjūčio 23 d.
ALISA STUNŽAITĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lie u a
alisa.s unzai e@ ilnius ech.l