Manifestation of Physis in Vilnius County Drymonymy

S aipsniai / A icles 155 ALISA STUNŽAITĖ Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-4816-2629 Fields o esea ch: Toponymy, Cogni i e Onomas ics, Cogni i e Seman ics. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all87-08 MANIFESTATION OF PHYSIS IN VILNIUS COUNTY DRYMONYMY Gam os ap aiškos Vilniaus apsk i ies d imonimijoje ANNOTATION The cu en esea ch aims o shed some ligh on he concep ualiza ion o physis1 in he d ymonyms om p esen -day Vilnius Coun y. The esea ch is limi ed o he analysis o 65 names selec ed om he co pus o 787 d ymonyms cu en ly o icially unc ioning in he e i o y o Vilnius Coun y. Da a we e collec ed om p in ed (Onomas icon o Li huania’s Fo es s (Pa I, 1994)), elec onic (Elec onic Na u e Ca alogue (www.eze ai21.l )) sou ces, and in e ac i e maps (Po al o Spacial In o ma ion o Li huania (www.geopo a.l )). The s udy e eals ha he domain o physis, in a b oad sense, is an abundan mo i a ion sou ce. The d ymonyms we e di ided in o wo g oups, hose o clea seman ics and mo i a ion and hose o obscu e seman ics and mo i a ion. The d ymonyms o clea seman ics and mo i a ion concep ualize dominan ege a ion species (21), auna (9), o es ype (15), and he peculia i ies o he landscape (17). The g oup o obscu e seman ics and mo i a ion p esen s an o e iew o names, he concep ualiza ion o which is ambiguous due o 1 The e m physis is associa ed wi h G eek φύσις – plan s, animals, and o he ea u es o he wo ld ha pass h ough a p ocess o bi h and dea h coming o be o passing away (Gu h ie 1965; K a och íl 2016: 20). The cu en esea ch employs he e m physis in i s b oades sense, signi ying bo h he elemen s o li ing na u e and ea u es o opog aphic elie ha come o exis ence (a e being bo n/ o med) by na u al causes o human in e en ion, de elop and change, and e en ually die (disappea ). ALISA STUNŽAITĖ 156 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII he polysemy o he mo i a ing appella i e (1), he appella i e o nominal na u e o he mo i a ing concep (5), o e en bo h (3). KEYWORDS: Vilnius Coun y, d ymonyms, concep ualiza ion o oponyms, physis, cogni i e onomas ics. ANOTACIJA Šiuo y imu siekiama nus a y i, kokiomis gam os są okomis y a koncep ualizuojami d imonimai, unkcionuojan ys šių dienų Vilniaus apsk i yje. Ty imui bu o su ink i 787 daba iniai d imonimai. Duomenys bu o enkami iš ašy inių (Lie u os miškų a dynas (I dalis, 1994)) i elek oninių (Elek oninis gam os ka alogas (www.eze ai21.l )) šal inių bei iš in e ak y ių žemėlapių (Lie u os e d inės in o macijos po alas (www. geopo al.l )). Analizės ezul a ai pa odė, kad gam os koncep as y a įp asmin as 65 a duose. Ti iamieji d imonimai bu o suski s y i į d i dideles g upes: aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos bei ne isai aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos. Aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos d imonimai y a koncep ualizuojami pe dominuojančios augmenijos ūšių (21), gy ūnijos (9), miško ipo (15) i k aš o aizdžio ypa umų (17) są okas. Ne isai aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos d imonimų g upė pa eikia a dų, ku ių koncep ualiza imas y a d ip asmiškas dėl mo y uojančių apelia y ų polisemijos (1), mo y uojančios są okos apelia y inės a ik inės p igim ies (5) a ba dėl abiejų (3). ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Vilniaus apsk i is, d imonimai, oponimų koncep ualiza imas, gam a, kogni y inė onomas ika. INTRODUCTION The deba e on he meaning o p ope nouns is exceedingly old. While he e a e schools ha suppo he idea ha names a e meaningless, i.e., hey only ha e a e e ence (K ipke 1972; Ullmann 1969: 33), he Cogni i e App oach o he onym analysis p o ides e idence in a ou o he ac ha names ca y no only lexical ea u es bu a e also seman ically cha ged, and associa ed wi h he concep ual con en (Be ezo ič 1991: 75; Ru 2001: 59; Leino 2011: 215). The cogni i e iew o a name sugges s ha i has much mo e o ell. I consis s o mul iple laye s e lec ing adi ional, kinship, possessi e, and many o he bonds wi h he su ounding wo ld (Langendonck 2013; Ainiala e al. 2016). As soon as an in e ac ion be ween a human being and he en i onmen begins, e e y undisco e ed land, li ing na u e body, o phenomenon gains a name. The e o e, he meanings o names become enc yp ed wi h he indi idual’s unde s anding o he wo ld. In o he wo ds, he names s a o e lec he wo ld iew, which may be unde s ood as he ounda ional pe spec i e o he pe son based on which S aipsniai / A icles 157 Mani es a ion o Physis in Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy e e y ques ion o exis ence is add essed; i is a cohe en image o wha is being ecognized by bo h indi iduals and communi ies (Si e 2015: 24; Głaz 2017: 35). I he pe cep ion o he wo ld shapes he wo ld iew, i is a cogni i e p ocess, and i depends on subjec i e judgmen s which we e imposed on a pe son by he communi y. This leads o he idea ha oponyms, as Ilona Mickienė and Ri a Ba anauskienė (2019: 60) desc ibe, a e a message om he pas which e lec s he his o y o he Li huanian na ion, hei spi i ual and ma e ial li e, household, and he ela ionship wi h he su ounding en i onmen . Language is a signi ican elemen o he wo ld iew, i ansmi s cul u al eali y, and hus communi y membe s wi h he same linguis ic backg ound eel his o ical con inui y (Fong, Chuang 2004: 8; K amsch 1998). The linguis ic na u e o place names makes i easie o add ess he eal wo ld (Vasil’e a 2007). Mo eo e , names exis in e e y socie y. The e o e, hey could be pe cei ed as cul u al uni e sals (Al o d 1988). Howe e , he lexical o m o onyms should no be sepa a ed om he seman ic o m, as only h ough seman ics is i possible o ake a pa h om he linguis ic wo ld o he eal one (Te - Minaso a 2000: 46–47). As oponyms a e a pa o he linguis ic sys em and a e ound in all languages a ound he wo ld, hei exis ence leads o he idea ha hey p ese e he e idence o human-na u e in e ac ions. A e all, hey we e based on imp essions o he esiden s abou he objec s o eali y. Long- e m con ac s be ween people and li ing na u e o m a speci ic image o he a ea (Vasil’e a 2007: 96). Schola s ha e obse ed he co ela ion be ween physis and oponymy. Fo ins ance, Sousa and Ga cia-Mu ilo (2001: 391) ques ion whe he landscape changes a e e lec ed in place names. Thei esea ch concludes ha such change p e ails and discusses how such a shi is pe cei ed. Fagúndez and Izco (2016) claim ha he species ound in a pa icula place may be encoded in oponyms, signi ying he loca ion’s biological di e si y. Gied ė Becony ė e al. (2019) ook a close look a he co ela ion be ween he phy olexemes and zoolexemes wi h oikonyms in Li huania. Pa el Sko upa (2021) analysed oponyms con aining he concep s o lo a and auna as signs o na ional and cul u al iden i y. Gene ally, oponyms con aining he concep o lo a and auna signi y loca ions inhabi ed by ce ain species o densely dis ibu ed plan s; such names do no necessa ily e eal all li ing na u e en i ies ypical o he egion. Ins ead, hey disclose he speci ic elemen s which u n in o a place’s dis inguishing ma ke s (Sko upa 2021: 37; Sapa o e al. 2021: 96; Vasil’e a 2007). The esea ch men ioned abo e gi es a ai g ound o u he in es iga ion o oponyms mo i a ed by he concep o na u e. The embodimen o physis in Vilnius Coun y d ymonyms has no been app oached by schola s ye . The e o e, he cu en esea ch should ALISA STUNŽAITĖ 158 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII shed some ligh on he landscape peculia i ies and egion-speci ic biological di e si y, unde sco ing he dominan species o a place. This a icle is based on he analysis o he concep ualisa ion o physis in he d ymonyms om p esen -day Vilnius Coun y. Mickienė and Bieliauskai ė (2018) no e ha o es s a e pa o a cons an ly changing landscape, and i is aluable o in es iga e hei names once in a while. P esen -day Vilnius Coun y is a wooded land. He e, o es s make up 43.9% o he e i o y (VLEe). Undoub edly, hei names ca y aluable knowledge abou he su oundings and a e eady o e eal he peculia i ies o he egion’s landscape, lo a, and auna. The aim o he cu en esea ch is o iden i y he concep s o physis enc yp ed in he d ymonyms o p esen -day Vilnius Coun y. Resea ch ma e ial and sou ces. The scope o he cu en esea ch comp ises 65 d ymonyms ha e lec he concep s o physis. These names we e selec ed om he co pus o 787 d ymonyms ha a e cu en ly o icially unc ioning wi hin he p esen -day Vilnius Coun y bounda ies. The names we e collec ed om bo h elec onic and p in ed sou ces.2 D ymonyms mo i a ed by he su ounding se lemen s o bodies o wa e we e abandoned in he in es iga ion. These o es names ollow he me onymic naming pa e n and deno e he connec ion be ween he se lemen /wa e body name and he d ymonym. They do no ca y any signi ican seman ic cha ge (Reszegi 2012: 5). Howe e , hey make up he mos signi ican pa o all d ymonyms o he co pus, i.e., 577 o es names a e associa ed wi h o he oponyms and/o hyd onyms. The e o e, 65 d ymonyms ou o 210 a e linked o he concep o physis, hus making i a ela i ely abundan sou ce o mo i a ion. Resea ch me hodology. The amewo k o he d ymonym analysis is adop ed om he esea ch models p oposed by Aleksand as Vanagas (1981), Dalia S ide skienė (2016; 2017; 2019; 2022), Ilona Mickienė, Ri a Ba anauskienė (2019), Pa el Sko upa (2019; 2021; 2021a), and o he s. Loca ion, o igin, and possible e ymons and hei meanings a e p o ided o e e y d ymonym unde in es iga ion. The mo i a ing appella i es a e e ie ed om e-dic iona ies o Li huanian, Russian, Polish, and Bela usian languages. The esea ch ollows he adi ion o cogni i e onomas ics analysis; he e o e, i claims ha all names ha e meaning. The model o concep ual con en ealiza ion h ough language is adop ed e e ing o Nicola Dob ič (2010). The concep ualiza ion o he d ymonyms is illus a ed h ough he sou ce and a ge domains, whe e he sou ce is an appella i e, and he a ge is a d ymonym, i.e., appella i e → concep ual s uc u e → d ymonym. The adop ed heo y o name concep ualiza ion deals wi h iden i ying he concep ual s uc u e mo i a ing he coining o a name. 2 See D ymonym Sou ces & Re e ences. S aipsniai / A icles 159 Mani es a ion o Physis in Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy The cu en esea ch di ides he analyzed d ymonyms in o wo g oups: hose o clea seman ics and mo i a ion and hose o obscu e seman ics and mo i a ion. 1. DRYMONYMS OF CLEAR SEMANTICS AND MOTIVATION The cu en g oup o d ymonyms is o med by names ha do no pose any ambigui y in he iden i ica ion o hei mo i a ion. These d ymonyms a e mo i a ed by he domain o physis and in ol e he concep s o ege a ion species, animals, o es ypes, and peculia i ies o he o es landscape. I is no ewo hy ha mos o he names a e Li h. Su -ynas, -ynė, in ea cases, -y ė de i a es. These su ix-de i a i es ollow a long- ime name-gi ing adi ion in he Li huanian language. Usually, hey deno e he accumula ion o plan s o o he objec s o he li ing na u e, less o en li ing c ea u es in one place. The e o e, hey a e usually ound in oponyms (Amb azas 1995: 184–185). 1.1. D ymonyms Re lec ing he Vege a ion Species A ie ỹnė (V D) e lec s he concep ualiza ion o he dominan be ies in he e i o y. I is de i ed om Li h. a ie ỹnė, a ie ýnas ‘ aspbe y bushes, a place whe e aspbe ies g ow’ (LVŽ I: 243) and ollows he pa e n o concep ualiza ion: Li h. a ie ỹnė, a ie ýnas → a o es whe e aspbe ies g ow → A ie ỹnė. Ąžuolýnas (V D, Ukm D) could be ela ed o Li h. ąžuolýnas ‘oak o es ’ (LVŽ I: 271), which is o med om Li h. žuolas ‘oak ee’ + Li h. Su -ynas. T anspa en naming signi ies ha oaks co e he e i o y o he o es and is concep ualized h ough he ollowing model: Li h. ąžuolýnas → a o es o oak ees → Ąžuolýnas. The ollowing d ymonyms could be p esen ed in he g oup as all o hese a e o med wi h he base lexeme be ž-: Be žýnas (Šlčn D, Ukm D), Be žynlis (Š D), Be žý ė (Ukm D), and Be žẽliai (Ukm D). All hese d ymonyms embed he concep o Li h. bé žas ‘lea y ee wi h whi e ba k, a bi ch’ (LKŽe). Howe e , he concep ualisa ion o each sligh ly di e s. Fo ins ance, Be žýnas employs he idea o he loca ion co e ed wi h bi ches: Li h. be žýnas → a bi ch o es → Be žýnas. So does Be žý ė, Li h. be ž- + Li h. Su -y ė → a bi ch o es → Be žý ė. Be žynlis is p obably associa ed wi h he size o ees, o o es as such, as Su -ėlis in mos cases signi ies ei he he smalle size o an en i y o pleasu e. (c . U bu is 2009: 330): Li h. be ž- + Li h. -yn + Li h. Su -ėlis → a small o es ALISA STUNŽAITĖ 160 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII o (low) bi ches → Be žynlis o Li h. be ž- + Li h. Su -yn + Li h. Su -ėlis → a pleasan o es o bi ches → Be žynlis. Be žẽliai was mo i a ed by he same concep , Li h. Su -elis, which in his case is p obably associa ed wi h smallness (U bu is ibid.). I should also be no ed ha he name is a plu al o m. The e o e, conside ing all he e idence, he concep ualisa ion model could be: Li h. be ž- + Li h. Su -eliai → a o es o low/newly plan ed bi ches → Be žẽliai. The mani es a ion o he Sla onic languages is enc yp ed in Bo as (Šlčn D). The name is de i ed om Rus. бор ‘coni e o es , pine o es ’, o Bel. бор ‘clean, old, pine o es ’, o Pol. bo ‘pine o es , o es ’ (LVŽ III: 538). In all cases, he name bea s he concep o he pine ee. The e o e, i could be concep ualized as: Rus. Бор / Bel. Бор / Pol. bo → a pine o es → Bo as. B uknỹnė (Šlčn D) is ano he example o be ies sp ead in he e i o y and is ela ed o Li h. b uknỹnė, b uknýnas ‘a place whe e lingonbe ies g ow, whe e he e a e many lingonbe ies’ (LVŽ I: 574). The e o e, he name is jus a ans e o he domina ing be y species in he o es : Li h. b uknỹnė, b uknýnas → a o es whe e lingonbe ies g ow → B uknỹnė.3 D ebulỹnė (V D) is associa ed wi h Li h. d ebulýnas, d ebulỹnė ‘a o es ull o ees wi h embling lea es, (Populus emula), an aspen’ (LVŽ II: 324). The name di ec ly ansmi s which ee species a e sp ead in he a ea, and, he e o e, he concep ualisa ion model is: d ebulỹnė → an aspen o es → D ebulỹnė. Eglýnas (V D, Šlčn D) and Eglynlis (Š nč D) may be analysed in a g oup oo. Bo h a e associa ed wi h Li h. eglýnas, eglỹnė ‘a i o es ’ (LVŽ II :464). E en hough he d ymonyms sha e he same base lexeme, hey may sligh ly di e in meaning. The mo i a ion o Eglýnas is a he anspa en : Li h. eglýnas → a i o es → Eglýnas. Howe e , he e is mo e o discuss in e ms o Eglynlis, as i s diminu i e o med wi h Li h. Su -ėlis4 should be ela ed o he concep o smallness. The small size o he o es could ha e se ed as a ma ke o his name. Also, i may be plausible ha he name was coined wi h e e ence o he size o i ees a ha ime, i.e., i s migh ha e been a he low, newly plan ed. Consequen ly, he ollowing concep ual model could ha e been employed o 3 I should be no ed ha bo h A ie ỹnė and B uknỹnė a e o es s in he icini y o which he e a e illages o he same names, c . A ie ỹnė x A ie ỹnė and B uknỹnė x B uknỹnė; howe e , hese names we e no omi ed om he lis o he onyms unde in es iga ion as we i mly belie e ha d ymonyms we e he sou ces o oikonym mo i a ion. The be ies a e sp ead in he wooded a eas. The e o e, he illages we e unlikely o be buil in he e i o ies whe e hese be ies g ow. A mo e con incing heo y is ha hese be ies g ow in he o es s, and only la e did he illages es ablished he e gain hei names. 4 C . U bu is 2009: 330. S aipsniai / A icles 161 Mani es a ion o Physis in Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy mo i a e a d ymonym: Li h. eglyn- + Li h. Su -ėlis → a small o es o (low/ newly plan ed) i s → Eglynlis. Júodgi is (Ukm D) is p obably om Li h. júodgi is, júodgi ė ‘coni e ous (sp uce, pine), o es ’ (LVŽ IV: 212). The name ans e s he concep o he a ea’s mos dominan species o ees – coni e s: Li h. júodgi is, júodgi ė → a coni e ous o es → Júodgi is. An in e es ing case is Liepãbe žis (Šlčn D), which is a composi e onym ha comp ises wo lexemes. The i s is associa ed wi h Li h. lepa ‘a linden’ and he second – wi h Li h. bé žas ‘a bi ch’. The name clea ly s a es ha he dominan species in he o es a e bo h lindens and bi ches. The concep ualisa ion could be illus a ed as: lepa + bé žas → a o es o lindens and bi ches → Liepãbe žis. Liepýnas (El D) is om Li h. liepýnas ‘a place co e ed wi h lindens, a linden o es ’ (LKŽe). The name di ec ly desc ibes he loca ion co e ed wi h lindens; he e o e, i is concep ualised as: Li h. liepýnas → a o es o lindens → Liepýnas. Names as Pušýnas (Š D), Pušynlis (Ukm D), and Didžióji Pušs (Š nč D) a e linked by he same base lexeme Li h. puš-, bu jus as he examples analyzed abo e, hey sligh ly di e in meaning. Fo ins ance, Pušýnas is om Li h. pušýnas ‘pine o es ’ (LKŽe), whe e he oo o he name is concep ualized as: Li h. pušýnas → a pine o es → Pušýnas. Pušynlis, simila ly o he al eady p esen ed d ymonyms, is mos p obably associa ed wi h he concep o smallness due o Li h. Su -ėlis5, and i may ollow his model o concep ualiza ion: Li h. puš- + Li h. Su -yn- + Li h. Su -ėlis → a small/pleasan pine o es → Pušynlis. Las ly, a en ion should be d awn o a compound name Didžióji Pušs, whe e Li h. didỹsis, c . ddis, -, -ė, -ė, didžià s and o ‘no able o i s olume, la ge’ (LKŽe). This d ymonym signi ies a la ge pine in he o es which se ed as a ma ke o he loca ion. The e o e, he excep ional size o a pine ee should ha e been enc yp ed in he name. Conside he concep ualiza ion model: Li h. didžióji + Li h. pušs → a o es wi h a huge pine ee → Didžióji Pušs. The las in his ca ego y is Še mukšnỹnė (Ukm D). I is ano he example o he concep ualiza ion o he dominan ee species and is de i ed om Li h. še mukšnỹnė ‘a place whe e many owan ees g ow’ (LKŽe). I s concep ualiza ion model is: še mukšnỹnė → a o es o owans → Še mukšnỹnė. A i s sigh , he meanings o hese d ymonyms seem o be anspa en . I isclea which concep s mo i a ed he p ocess o nomina ion. The concep o ege a ion e eals he mos common ee o o he plan species in a pa icula o es . They shed some ligh on such de ails as he size o possible age o he o es a he ime i was named. Finally, hese d ymonyms expose he emo ional 5 C . U bu is 2009: 330. ALISA STUNŽAITĖ 162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII alue o ees o he na ional wo ld iew. I is belie ed ha e e y ee in he ancien Li huanian cul u e was ela ed o he mani es a ion o di e en dei ies, he mos common ypes we e oaks, lindens, bi ches, and pines (Klimka 2011; Vai ke ičius 2013). The concep o ege a ion species se ed as he mo i a ing ac o o 21 d ymonyms now unc ioning in Vilnius Coun y. 1.2. D ymonyms Re lec ing he Fo es Type The concep o he o es ype seems o be he second mos p oduc i e sou ce o he concep ualiza ion o d ymonyms in he physis domain. E en hough some meanings seem a he ob ious, hey e eal ce ain peculia i ies o he woody loca ions hey name. A žalýnas (Ukm D) is de i ed om Li h. appella i e a žalýnas ‘a place whe e many o sp ing g ow; young o es ’ (LVŽ I: 213). The concep o newly-plan ed ees is employed: Li h. a žalýnas → a young o es → A žalýnas. Gi ià (V D, Ukm D), Gi ẽlė (V D, V D, El D, Š čn D), and Gi elka (Š D) a e de i ed om he same base lexeme Li h. gi -. Gi ià was mo i a ed by Li h. gi ià ‘big o es ’ (LVŽ III: 198), i s concep ualiza ion is p esen ed as ollows: Li h. gi ià → big o es → Gi ià. The d ymonym Gi ẽlė in all cases should ha e been in luenced by he appella i e Li h. gi ià, which is a big o es , bu Li h. Su -elė signi ies he concep o smallness. Howe e , he o es could no be big and small simul aneously. The eby, i should be mo e logical o associa e he Su -elė wi h he meaning o pleasu e (Ub u is 2009: 310). Thus, he name should ha e been concep ualized as: Li h. gi - + Li h. Su -elė → a plesan o es → Gi ẽlė. The concep ualiza ion model o Gi elka is in luenced by he Sla onic Su -ka/-ка, which is usually used in he diminu i e o ms exp essing he concep o smallness o pleasu e (c . Vo onina 2012: 15). As in Gi ẽlė, he seman ic cha ge o he small size seems illogical, i is p obable ha he Su exp esses he concep o pleasu e: Li h. gi - + Li h. Su -el + Sla . Su -ka/-ка → a pleasan o es → Gi elka. The las name in his g oup also se es as a oponymic monumen ansmi ing he in luence o he Sla onic languages on he na ional wo ld iew. Gõjus (El D, Š D) is o med wi h he help o he Sla onic oo гaй, Li h. gõjus ‘a small, beau i ul o es , g o e’ (LKŽe; LVŽ III: 237). The concep s o smallness and pleasu e a e employed in he name. The ollowing concep ualiza ion is e ealed: Sla . гaй → a small, beau i ul o es → Gõjus. The Sla onic o igin o he onym should no be le unno iced, as i p o ides aluable in o ma ion on he in luence o he Sla onic languages on he Li huanian lands. S aipsniai / A icles 163 Mani es a ion o Physis in Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy K mai (Š D) could ha e o igina ed om Li h. k mai ‘a young o es o small ees’ (LKŽe). The d ymonym’s concep ualiza ion could be: Li h. k mai → a o es o young and small ees → K mai. The in luence o he Sla onic languages is obse ed in Maladakas (Šlčn D), which could be associa ed wi h Sla . lexemes, i.e., Rus. Молод, -а (BTSe); Bel. молада (Ska nik.by); in bo h cases, he concep o you h is obse ed. Howe e , Rus. Молод, -а also s esses he meaning o ‘some hing ha has ecen ly appea ed, began o exis o g ow’ (BTSe). A his poin , he ans e o he young o es could be obse ed. The e o e, i may ha e he ollowing concep ualiza ion model: Rus. Молод, -а; Bel. молада → a o es o ecen ly plan ed ees → Maladakas. Medelýnas (Ukm D) is ela ed o Li h. medelýnas ‘a place o g owing ees and ui ees, a bo e um’ (LKŽe). This naming signi ies ha ui ees possibly co e he e i o y and a e g own he e. The concep is ans e ed as: Li h. medelýnas → a o es o ees/ ui ees → Medelýnas. Samãnis (El D) could be associa ed wi h Li h. samãnis ‘li ing in moss, made o moss’ (LKŽe). The d ymonym concep ualizes he ege a ion which p obably co e s he land and ees in he o es : Li h. samãnis → a o es co e ed wi h moss → Samãnis. Tañkmiškis (T ak D) is a compound name o med om wo Li h. lexemes ánkus ‘consis ing o closely spaced equal pa s, dense’ and Li h. mškas ‘a place co e ed wi h ees, a o es ’ (LKŽe). The seman ic load he name ca ies signi ies ha he o es could be cha ac e ized by i s luxu ian ege a ion. The e o e, he name is concep ualized as: Li h. ánkus + Li h. mškas → a o es wi h dense ege a ion → Tañkmiškis. The e is no doub ha hese onyms we e seman ically mo i a ed. They e eal he concep s o size, ege a ion densi y, beau y, and age o he o es . In o al, his passage con ains 15 d ymonyms, he majo i y o which a e o Li huanian o igin (12), wo a e in luenced by he Sla onic languages, and one is a con amina ed d ymonym which con ains a Sla onic in lexion. The in luence o he languages spoken in he neighbou ing coun ies is ine i able, as Li huania has a sha ed his o y wi h Sla onic cul u es. 1.3. D ymonyms Re lec ing Landscape Names which e lec he landscape cha ac e o a pa icula e i o y a e p esen ed in his chap e . I would be wo hwhile o e e o Aleksand as Vanagas (1981: 20), who s a ed ha all landscape peculia i ies ha e speci ic names. The e o e, hyd onyms which acqui ed hei names om hose peculia i ies a e ALISA STUNŽAITĖ 170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII models, i should ha e e lec ed he species in he o es o su oundings. Howe e , i he e we e any easons o ans e he concep o a ish in o he o es , he concep ualiza ion model would be: Li h. ká pis → a o es whe e ca ps li e in he ponds, i e s → Ká pių mškas. I is also possible o ake a look a he d ymonym Lapẽli mškas (Š D), which could ha e been mo i a ed by Li h. PN Lapẽlis, which was no ound in he dis ic unde in es iga ion,15 ye i does exis in he e i o y o Li huania. The e o e, he possessi e bonds may be e ealed: Li h. PN Lapẽlis → a o es owned by Lapẽlis → Lapẽlių mškas. The appella i e na u e o he onym should no be o e uled, as i may ha e been associa ed wi h Li h. lapẽlis, which is diminu i e o Li h. lãpas ‘a lea ’ (LKŽe), he g ound o such a mo i a ion may ha e been he ype o ees in he o es : Li h. lapẽlis → a deciduous o es → Lapẽlių mškas. Howe e , he d ymonym could also be ela ed o Li h. lãpė ‘a ox’, and i his e sion is p esen ed, he name o he o es should e lec he ac ha he e a e oxes in he o es : Li h. lãpė + Li h. Su -elis → a o es whe e oxes li e → Lapẽlių mškas. CONCLUSIONS To sum up he analysis o he d ymonyms o p esen -day Vilnius Coun y, se e al conclusions could be d awn: 1. The domain o physis is a ela i ely p oduc i e mo i a ion sou ce; 65 ou o 787 d ymonyms we e concep ualized h ough he image y o physis. 2. D ymonyms unde in es iga ion all in o wo g oups, hose o clea seman ics and mo i a ion and hose o obscu e seman ics and mo i a ion. A. The mani es a ion o physis in he g oup o clea seman ics and mo i a ion is pe cei ed h ough such concep s as a) domina ing ege a ion (21), b) he o es ype (15), c) he peculia i ies o he landscape (17), and e) auna (9). B. The g oup o d ymonyms o obscu e seman ics and mo i a ion con ains onyms which a) a e ambiguous due o he polysemy o he mo i a ing concep (1), b) a e ei he o he appella i e and/o p ope name na u e (5), and c) a e mo i a ed ei he by a polysemous appella i e o by p ope nouns (3). 3. The analysis o he d ymonyms p esen ed abo e demons a es he signi icance o he physis on he na ional wo ld iew. D ymonyms, which a 15 C . PDBe. S aipsniai / A icles 171 Mani es a ion o Physis in Vilnius Coun y D ymonymy i s sigh do no ca y any seman ic cha ge, e eal wha biological di e si y and opog aphic elie a e common o he egion and ansmi wha was uly impo an o he popula ion o ha ime. ABBREVIATIONS Bel. – Bela usian; c . – compa e; D – dis ic ; El– Elek nai; e al. – and o he s; Li h. – Li huanian; PN – pe sonal name; Pol. – Polish; P e – p e ix; Rus. – Russian; Sla . – Sla onic; Su – su ix; Šlčn – Šačininkai; Š – Š in os; Š čn – Š enčiónys; n – own; T ak – T ãkai; Ukm – Ukme g; V – Vlnius. DRYMONYM SOURCES GP – Lie u os e d inės in o macijos po alas [Po al o Spacial In o ma ion o Li huania]. A ailable a : h ps://www. geopo al.l /geopo al/. LMV – Lie u os miškų a dynas, d. 1, Kaunas: Lie u os miškininkų sąjunga, 1994. LVŽ I – Lie u os ie o a džių žodynas 1 (A–B), ed. kolegija L. Balode, V. Blažek, G. Blažienė, V. Ka delis, A. Ragauskai ė, S. Temčinas, J. Udolph, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o leidykla, 2008. 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Gam os ap aiškos Vilniaus apsk i ies d imonimijoje SANTRAUKA Šio y imo objek as y a gam os są okomis mo y uo i Vilniaus apsk i ies d imonimai. Iš 787 a ink ų a dų, unkcionuojančių šių dienų Vilniaus apsk i yje, 65-iuose y a įp asmin i gam os koncep ai. Į y imo lauką nepa eko d imonimai, ku ių mo y acija siejama su apy- linkėse esančiomis gy en ie ėmis a hid onimais. Iš iso okių a dų y a 577. Taigi galima eig i, kad gam os koncep as y a gana u ingas d imonimų mo y acijos šal inis. Aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos d imonimai suda o be eik 88 p oc. nag inė ų a dų, . y. 57 a - dai. Juose y a įp asmin i dominuojančios augmenijos (21), papli usios gy ūnijos (4), miško ipo (15) i miško k aš o aizdžio (17) koncep ai. Ne isai aiškios seman ikos i mo y acijos d imonimai y a nulem i mo y uojančių apelia y ų polisemijos (1), mo y uojančios są o- kos apelia y inės a ba ik inės p igim ies (4), o kai ku iais a ejais – abiejų (3). Ty imas p iklauso kogni y inės onomas ikos pa adigmai, odėl eigiama, kad isiems a dams y a būdinga seman inė įk o a. Va dų koncep ualiza imas pa eikiamas pe šal inio i ikslo s i is, iš ku ių šal inis y a apelia y as, o ikslas – d imonimas, . y. apelia y as → koncep ualio- ji s uk ū a → d imonimas. Šis modelis – ai Nicolo Dob ičiaus (2010) pasiūly o modelio adap acija, ealizuo a au o iaus moksliniuose da buose apie kogni y inį a dų aspeką i ė- liau aiky a Lie u os mokslininkų da buose (ž . Sko upa 2021; 2021a). Neabejojama, kad oponimai a spindi žmonių pasaulė aizdį, juose išlieka įp asmin- a au os is o ija, d asinis i ma e ialus gy enimas, bui is i san ykis su supančia aplinka ALISA STUNŽAITĖ 176 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII (Mickienė, Ba anauskienė 2019). Gam a y a ienas iš žmoniją supančių elemen ų, aigi o- ponimai, iš ku ių i d imonimai, ne ik gali a skleis i, be i a skleidžia žmogaus bei gam os są eikos duomenis. Gam os ema ika oponimijoje y a gana dažna: ap a iami k aš o aiz- džio pokyčių a spindžiai (Ga cia-Mu ilo 2001), oponimuose įp asmin a ie o ės biologinė į ai o ė (Fagundez, Izco 2016), oikonimuose išlikę gy osios gam os objek ai (Becony ė e al. 2019), į lo os i aunos elemen ą saugančius oponimus ž elgiama kaip į e ninio i kul- ū inio apa umo ženklus (Sko upa 2021). Vilniaus apsk i ies d imonimai iki šiol nebu o i iami gam os koncep ualiza imo aspek u, odėl šio y imo duomenys a skleis e i o inę biologinę į ai o ę, k aš o aizdžio ypa umus bei dominuojančias augmenijos i gy ūnijos ūšis, aip iš yškindami šio egiono gam inį pasaulė aizdį. Į eik a 2022 m. ugpjūčio 23 d. ALISA STUNŽAITĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lie u a alisa.s unzai e@ ilnius ech.l