126 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: ekspe imen inė one ika,
onologija, geoling is ika.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
KELETAS TIKSLINTINŲ
ŽEMAIČIŲ PATARMIŲ
T ansc ip s o he TFA
W i en by ATVEJ
Se e al Cla i ied Cases in he T ansc ip ion
o Žemai ian Subdialec s by IPA Symbols
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Ta p au inės one inės abėcėlės (TFA) ašmenų aikymas lie u ių a mių ansk ipcijai
Dialec ology has been discussed since 2017, and in 2021 he TFA collec ion o he Li huanian
common language was app o ed. Howe e , TFA ansc ip ion possibili ies ha e been examined
in mo e de ail un il now, much less a en ion has been paid o lowlande s. The a icle discusses
he less analyzed cases o TFA spelling o land snails, and ocuses on some o he ansc ip ion
issues sugges ed in ea lie publica ions. The annex o he a icle p o ides speci ic lowland
sounds, mainly diph hongs, examples o TFA ansc ip ions, indica es he numbe s o he
cha ac e s in he TFA sys em and he s anda d uniqueness o he symbols. In e ms o he
ocalism o he lowe consonan s and especially he ansc ip ion o he p osodic sys em, i is
mo e complex han he highe ones, and he opposi ion o he consonan s is o en exp essed
by a di e en complex o p osodic signs. These di e ences a e mos ele an when
ansc ibing wo- oice skiemen, hey a e cha ac e ized by pa icula ly p onounced a iance
due o he ealiza ion o p edic ions. The e o e, he a icle ocuses mainly on he
ansc ip ion o he dual owels. The sugges ions made in his a icle should no be conside ed
as inal and unchallenged. Wi h mo e esea ch, pe haps wi h sugges ions and new insigh s om
o he esea che s, some aspec s o TFA ansc ip ion a e likely o be e ined in he u u e.
ESMINIAI WORDS: phone ics, ansc ip ion, in e na ional phone ic abeceda y (TFA),
Li huanian language, he lowe case.
A icles o he 127 h
Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos
TFA ašmenimis a ejų
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Dialec ologis s ha e been discussing he use o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (IPA)
symbols o he ansc ip ion o Li huanian dialec s since 2017, and he IPA collec ion o
S anda d Li huanian was also app o ed in 2021, bu un il now, he possibili ies ha e been paid o
o Aukš ai ian ansc ip ion ha e been examined in mo e de ail, and less a en ion has
Zemai ic subdialec s. The a icle add esses he ques ions o ansc ibing he Zemai ic
subdialec s o he Li huanian language by he symbols o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe
(IPA), e ises ce ain symbols om he ea lie se o IPA symbols o he sounds o Li huanian
dialec s p esen ed in 2017 and ways o ansc ibing. In e ms o ansc ibing, he sys em o
ocalism and especially o p osody in Žemai ian subdialec s is mo e complex han Aukš ai ian;
he Zemai ic pi ch accen s ha e di e en cha ac e is ics. These di e ences a e mos
ele an when ansc ibing diph hongs, which symbols will be u he e ised.
a e cha ac e ized by a pa icula ly high a iabili y. The a icle gi es many examples o
ansc ibing he syllables, which con ain diph hongs and bea di e en pi ch accen s.
A e mo e in-dep h s udies on dialec al phonology a e conduc ed in he u u e and mo e
heo e ical wo ks a e gene alized, he ansc ip ion o Li huanian dialec s by he IPA
KEYWORDS: phone ics, ansc ip ion, In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (IPA),
Li huanian dialec s, Žemai ian.
No es o he pu poses o his Annex:
In ecen yea s, he Li huanian dialec ology has seen an inc ease in he numbe o
wo ks based on in e na ional phone ic alphabe s (IPA 2023), spelling ansla ions o
a minių ga sų ansk ipcija, da ka ą g įž ina p ie 2017 me ais lie u ių a -
he p oposed TFA se (Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2017) and a p ecise spelling o TFA
as dalykų. Mokslo spaudoje jau gana išsamiai išdisku uo a aukš aičių pa a mių
(apibend inimą Bakšienė 2022), bu he much mo e complex lowe -case sys em in
e ms o new ansc ip ion will be discussed only in a single publica ion (Bakšienė
2018). The pu pose o his a icle is o e iew he ansc ip ion o he TFA o he
unanalysed o less s udied Low Ge man ocalisms and p osodic uni s, o cla i y some
o he p e iously p oposed ansc ip ion cases, and o p o ide examples o Low
Ge man sounds w i en in he TFA (see Appendices 1, 2). Objec i es o he s udy: 1)
o summa ize he ocal sys em o low-pi ched ad ice, o discuss he mos
p oblema ic TFA ansc ip ion in e ms o ocal uni s; 2) an o e iew o he mos
impo an p inciples o he TFA spelling o he land egis e s; 3) o p esen possible
TFA me hods o he ansc ip ion o low-pi ched owels and o discuss he
possibili ies o ansc ip ion o double owels, especially hose ela ed o owels.
The s udy bene i ed om many ea lie publica ions
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
128 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII ma e ial om he wo ks o dialec ologis s:
ad ice and explana ions, ansc ip ion in Copenhagen in w i en ex s. Analyzes and
desc ibes he scien i ic li e a u e using analy ical me hods.
1. he Vocal Sys em o he Village
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The phone ic ep esen a ion o he lowe case consonan s, w i en in TFA
symbols, is gi en in Table 1 ( o mo e in o ma ion see A kočai y ė, Rinkauskienė
2003; LKTCh 2004 and o he s; highe case consonan s see Bakšienė 2022: 168). One
LENTEL. Low-pi ched ocal phonemes
The Long T umpe s
Fo he
he
pu poses
ollowing
o his
de ini io-
A imi
p iešaki-
No less
A imi
užpakali-
han € 5
Annex,
ns shall apply:
I'm no going o ell you wha o do.
O he
he genus Eupho bia (Eupho biaceae)
species o
Close o he
p isone s
Nea es and
he
p isone s
lowes o
Kin amieji /iɛ/ /uɔ/
Closed
žemesnieji
mid- ange
Vidu iniai
mo e open
/ɛː/ /ɛ/
The open ones.
In Table 1, only owel uni s wi h he s a us o phonemes a e lis ed, he mos impo an phoneme
a ian s a e discussed sepa a ely. The so-called " wo- oiced" phonemes, which a e no sys ema ically
ound in any o he local dialec s, a e w i en in he acing slang. No o be included a e he common
dialec s ie, uo, no he n lowland dialec s [eɪ], [oɪ], because hey a e conside ed bilingual by many
au ho s. Thei ansc ip ion is discussed in he a icle abou he wins.
A icles o he 129 h
Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos
TFA ašmenimis a ejų
Mos o he TFA symbols equi ed o low-pi ched ocaliza ions coincide wi h he
high-pi ched ones (see Bakshie , 2028, appendix 1), and he mos p oblema ic cases
o low-pi ched ocaliza ions ha e al eady been b ie ly discussed (see Bakshie ,
2018), so he e I commen only on a couple o hings ela ed o oices.
Speaking abou he closed and close o hem g oups o oices, i should be emphasized
once again ha Li huanian long and sho oices di e no only in quan i y, bu also in
quali y, no o no hing in he wo ks o Li huanian phone ics he e is a
well-es ablished double o hei names: long- empe ed and sho -un empe ed oices
(Pake ys 2003: 24 […] 25; plg. Kazlauskienė 39 2018: […] 41). The ansli e a ion o he TFA
is done by using he TFA-Closed owel symbols o long owels, semi owels, and, mos
impo an ly, o comple ely sho ened owels, e.g. I'm no going o ell you wha I'm
[ˈ¹ʋʲiːʔ s] ~ ý as, [ʋʲiˑˈ ʲɛˑlʲɪs] / [ʋʲiˈ ʲiɛlʲɪs] ~ y ẽlis, [ˈnɑˑk ʲi] ~ nãk į, [ˈʃuˑnʲi] ~
going o do. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o do. TFA nea -close owel symbols […]
a e na u ally sho o sho o low-pi ched owels, e.g. [ˈjɪbɑ] [jɑbɑ] ~ žba, [bɑˈʋ]
[ˈbɑˈˈˈ] ~ bù o. This dis inc ion has also been made in many ea lie land ex s (see
Gi denis 1996; 2008; 2012; Babickienė, Jasiūnai ė, Pečeliūnai ė, Bagužy ė 2007; AAT 2018 and
o he s). Al hough he symbols i and u a e w i en in he same way in all ansc ip ions
o he adi ional Copenhagen sc ip , hey o igina e om he long ones and a e no
men ioned anywhe e as widesp ead, which is cha ac e is ic o he sho lowe case
owels. In desc ibing he ansc ip ion, se e al sou ces e en emphasize ha hey
a e mo e o less ense, uppe , e en no iceably closed behind he co esponding sho
owels i, u, and only sligh ly less ense han he co esponding long owels (Gi denis
2012: 24[…]26). In he p e ious a icle dedica ed o he ansc ip ion o he lowe limbs,
he TFA ma king o he lowe limb limbs educed oices was le comple ely
unadd essed. In Copenhagen ansc ip ion, he ansc ibed ex s a e pa icula ly
ich in lowe case educed endings, whose educ ion o owels was common a leas in
he la e yea s, he end o he 20 h cen u y and he beginning o he 21s cen u y, o
gi e wo deg ees: he le e s we e w i en simply aised (a ew weak educ ion) and
aised (a educ ion o ension). In ea lie sou ces, he lowe -case educed ends also
con ained uncenso ed, only ci cumsc ibed owels […] (i), (e), (a) and so on (see LKA P
1956; LKT 1970). Some au ho s, such as he di e ences be ween s onge and weake
educ ion, indica e he unequal deg ee o sha pness o he whis le and he
ealiza ion o he unc ion o o ming a whis le: when he oice is silen (almos
inaudible) and does no o m a whis le, he whis le is aised in he claws, and when i is
s ill o med a whis le […] jus aised (Gi denis 2008: 24; 2012: 33; 2 Fo o wa d ma king.
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
130 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXVIII
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal
ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. When ansc ibing low-pi ched
owels in TFA cha ac e s, he diac i ic […] (lowe ed) is sys ema ically w i en a e
some o hem (a e age ise), indica ing g ea e openness, e.g. […]je[…]nɑ[…] […]je[…]n[…]
~j[…]no, […]bo[…]ɑ[…] […]bo[…]ɑ[…][…]bo[…][…], so he e is no possibili y o a diac i ic
diac i ic a e he aide. Thus, in he TFA sys em, he lowe case educed owels a e
ma ked in all cases wi h he diac i ic […] (ex a sho ) indica ing he special sho ness
o he owel, e.g. [2ˈɛnjiːkɑ] ~ niẽko, [1ˈsjuː je] ~ si i, e c., he deg ees o educ ion o he owels a e no di e en ia ed.
2.NOTES on he ad an ages o land
TRANSCRIPTIONS The sys em o lowe consonan s is simple in e ms o ansc ip ion han ha o
high consonan s, since he e a e no so many cases o a ious consonan s ha dening be o e he
consonan line. In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned, he e a e also a numbe o o he ac o s ha can
con ibu e o he de elopmen o he disease, such as he p esence o he disease in he body, he
maičių pa a mėms ansk ibuo i, nesama, a o ini isi ie pa ys, kaip i aukš-
ai iškųjų p iebalsių, ženklai. Čia p imin inas ik dialek ologams jau seniai ži-
p esence o he disease in he body, he p esence o he disease in he body, and he p esence o he
disease in he body. In such posi ions, hey a e so ened only i hey a e ollowed by a so accen , in
o he cases hey a e said o be hal o comple ely ha d. In ansc ibing such examples o k e ingian
and o he su ounding syllables, be o e he p eposi ions, al hough hey a e used be o e he
p eposi ion syllables [], [ɛ], [e], [e], [en], [em], [el], [e ], [e ], [e ] do no indica e he diac i ic j
(minkš alized), e.g. [ˈ e ɑ] ~ o, [ˈ ɛdo] ~ edù, [2en] ~ eñ, [be ems] ~ bi mas, [ˈ lks] ~ ikas, [deˈde b]
~ d ba, [pa ] and [pns] pan. Dialec ologis s who ha e w i en abou his phenomenon o en dis inguish
be ween he less so p eposi ions k, g, š, ž, l, and a ika os č, dž, so hei so ness is indica ed in all
posi ions be o e he p eposi ion bal, e.g. [1ˈkjɛːkeke] ~ike, [ˈgjɛ je] ~ke, [2ˈjens] ~kenas, [ˈjems]
~kemas, [ˈjɛk] ~keko, [ˈbɛjɛjjjɛjɛjɛ] ~kek] ~ke, k . y. y. y. y. y. y. As can be seen, he e is a gene al
lack o consis ency be ween he non-ha d lowe case owels and he sh, so he e is no need o use
di e en spellings o ha d and so owels when ansc ibing he TFA cha ac e is ic le e s [], []

S aipsniai / A icles 131
Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos
TFA ašmenimis a ejų
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
us, ap a iamoji ypa ybė palaipsniui nyks a, p ieš isus p iešakinės eilės p ie-
balsius dažniau įp as ai a ojami minkš ieji p iebalsiai, odėl ansk ibuo ina
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Going in o he mo ning, depending on wha sounds a e said in a pa icula case.
3. ŽEMAIČIŲ PROZODINĖ SISTEMA IR
DVIGARSINIŲ SKIEMENŲ ŽYMĖJIMAS
Howe e , he main ansc ip ion p oblems a e caused by he ansc ip ion o
Li huanian p ose as mens uni s, especially p eposi ions. The sys em o he
lowe slopes is undoub edly he mos complica ed, as hei main slope is
miai ski iasi nuo bend inės kalbos, i gausiai a ojama šalu inių ki čių, a si a-
damaged bo h by he emo al o he slope and by he emo al o he slope (see below). LChKT 2004: This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
198–200).
Due o low-le el access ansc ip ion, he TFA sys em equi es he same
essen ial cla i ica ion as high-le el ecommenda ions. In he p e ious publica ions
de o ed o he ansc ip ion o low-pi ched syllables, i was sugges ed o ma k
he syllables wi h he diac i ics o he one o he alling ca pe , bu ecen ly i
has become es ablished ha all syllables o he syllables a e ma ked wi h he
aised digi s 1 (acu e) and 2 (ci cum lex). The e o e, all landing gea alo ons a e
ma ked as well (see able 2).
The numbe s o he p eposi ions equi ed be o e he c ossed skiemen a e w i en in all cases (basic,
abs ac and e ical c ossing in he skiemenyse) when he acu e o ci cum lexion o he
p eposi ions is clea ly hea d. In o de o show mo e clea ly he di e en ia ion be ween he ha d and
so a icula ions o his g oup o owels, i would be possible o sugges o he lowe owels o say
di e en pos al TFA symbols: [], [] […] o he so , [], […] o he ha d o he owels. Howe e , he e is
no analogous depala aliza ion in lowland languages, and he a icula ion o lowland accen s in gene al
has no ye been desc ibed in de ail, ocusing mo e on acous ic and audi o y cha ac e is ics (see
Kliukienė 2011). I is expec ed ha he a icula ion o he low-pi ched ha d owels will be ma kedly
di e en om he co esponding high-pi ched, especially de-pala alized, sounds. I 's s ill a subjec
o u u e esea ch. 4 This a ian has been ecognized by dialec ologis s a e leng hy discussions
as mo e con enien because i does no indica e he one and o he ac ions (see Kazlauskienė 2018: 8,
požymių, kaip aiškių p iegaidės indika o ių, i ypač apib ėž os ono ki imo (kilimo a k i imo)
k yp ies, ku i a ian p iegaides gali bū i labai į ai i, labiausiai p iklausoma nuo azės in onacijos
19; VLKK k-25). The bounda y o he i h syllable is bes de e mined by he ule o he STR: he new
syllable begins whe e he la ges p eposi ional conjunc ion co esponding o he ini ial p eposi ional
model o he wo d is ound.
(Gi denis 2003: 134 […] 141) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
132 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (English ansla ion by he Li huanian au ho i ies)
(Supposedly a so-called middle incision, which may be bo h acu e and ci cum lex),
he digi s a e no w i en, only he main o la e al c oss ma ks. Two slowly.
Low-income households6
Tonema
T adi io-
Alo onas
p ance
nal-Acce-
is a whi ing
o he posi ion
Papli imas
pa a mėse Pa yzdžiai TFA
PŽ ŠŽ
akū as
p iegaidė ´
PK
AK (+) (+)
[I'm no su e i I'm going
[1ˈuɔ2kun]
[¹ˈduːusʲʊ] ~ dúosiu
~ ožk
o be able o do i , bu
lauž inė
I'm going o be able o do
i .] [I'm going o be able
[¹ˈʋʲiː¹ˌ ɑːʔ] ~ ý ai
o do i .] [I'm going o be
p iegaidė ˢAK (+) + [ˈbɑˑlʲˌ ʲe] ~ bal 
able o do i .]
AK (+) + con inuous
ex ension […] […] PK (+) […] […]
[…] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […]
[…] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […]
[…] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […]
[…] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […]
[…] […] […] […] […] […]
I he acu e is ealized as a loose p ojec ion, he balloon o ming he skimming cen e is aised by
he TFA glo al explosi e balloon ma k in he publica ions, bu once again s udying he ma king o
(angl. glo al s op). Šis simbolis jau bu o eik as anks esnėse žemaičiams ski ose
simila phenomena in o he languages (e.g. Basbøll 2005: 37, 8287; LVG 2013: 25, 105; see also Gi denis 2003:
28). In he TFA sys em, he diac i ics, w i en a e a pa icula symbol, desc ibe an addi ional
cha ac e o he sound p eceding he diac i ic, e.g. he ma king o a ious a ian s o he
p e-balance [ ]: [ h] […] aspi a ed, [ w] […] labialized, [ j] […] pala alized, [ >] […] pha yngalized, [ >] […]
elia ized (HIPA 1999: 15[…]17; IPA 2023). The cha ac e is ics o he Balsian quan i y a e conside ed o
be mo e he meaning o he six abb e ia ions and symbols used in Len el: PK […] main ki is, AK […]
abs ac ki is, NK […] e ical ki is, PŽ […] sou he n lowlands, ŠŽ […] no he n lowlands, + […]
cha ac e is ic; (+) pa ially cha ac e is ic, he a ian is no common in all syllables o is used only
in ce ain wo d posi ions; […] […] no p esen . The wes e n lowlands a e no included in he able,
because hei app oaches would be ma ked in he same way, and he pa a mė i sel has almos
disappea ed in he 21s cen u y.
A icles o he 133 d
Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos
TFA ašmenimis a ejų
inhe en , so i is mo e accu a e o w i e he cha ac e […] a e he owel leng h
symbol, e.g. [1ˈʋjiː s] ~ ý as, [1ˈdɑːk s] ~ dáik as. The lowe -case diph hongized [iɛ],
[uɔ], like he co esponding common language consonan owels, a e usually no
p onounced, hey a e conside ed a iable a icula ion owel phonemes, so in he case
o a loose syllable, he diac i ic is also sugges ed o be w i en a e he cen e o
he whole syllable, e.g. [1ˈbjiɛg] ~ bga, [1ˈkuɔje] ~ kója. Also ansc ibed a e he
lowe case [eɪ], [o], e.g. [1ˈpjeɪns] ~ penas, [1ˈjodɑ] ~ júodo7. In addi ion o he
ansc ip ion o he TFA, he e is a sepa a e discussion o he skele ons con aining
he nasal passages, he basis o which a e he compound owels (i hey a e no
i miš ieji d iga siai. Anks esniuose ch es oma iniuose lie u ių dialek ologijos
p onounced) in he wo ks. The signs o he nasal passages we e old only by hea ing,
la e he e we e also many expe imen s, low-pi ched passages, and almos he same
isų da bų au o ių, kaip pag indinis požymis, nu odomas balso „lūžis“, susijęs
su pag indinio ono ki imo s aigumu – p adžioje onas pakyla, o pasiekęs mak-
sudden all, due o he hea ing, a ling, and so on. I is also no ed ha when saying a
b oken hyme, he owel is sligh ly dis o ed (o e en b ie ly comple ely closed) and
his esul s in wo sounds, one a e he o he , an imp ession (see he o e iew). The
Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
52). The e is no clea indica ion in he wo ks which skiemens cen e is occupied by he men ion o
[…]lūžis[…], bu i is clea om such desc ip ions ha i should ake place in he inne pa (when
[…]lūžis[…] is ealized as a clea e glo aliza ion) o in he second pa (when i is mo e ealized
wi h a squeak, a squeak). Howe e , in ansc ibing he ea hquake, i would be mo e accu a e o
čios la ių kalbos y ėjai isais a ejais žymi ženklą ʔ po iso skiemens cen o,
p z.: [juːʔks] ‘juokas’, [meiʔ ɑ] ‘me gina’, [ce ʔ ] ‘gaudy i’, [ ɑlʔks] ‘upelis; pe -
w i e he glo aliza ion ma k a e he i s double-ba eled double-ba eled, because i is he e
ha he ene gy o he ea hquake is concen a ed, e.g. [1ɑː je] [1ɑɑ je] ~ š i, [1ˈkɑːlns]
[1ˈkɑlns] ~ knas, [1ˈdáls] [1 ps] [1ˈd bas ps] ~ dá , [1ˈˈdɪːːːː jpj] [1ˈdɪjpj] and so on. An
analogous ma king can also be ound in he phonological desc ip ions o he Danish language,
which ix he p onoun […]lūžį[…] (Danish: s ød […]s um i[…]), a e y p imi i e lowe case p onoun,
which is ma ked p ecisely a e he pa o he skiemens in which he p onoun uni is men ioned
and is ealized, e.g. […] bogˈknyga[…], […] bagˈkus[…], […] phɛn[…] […] p[…]halpu[…], […]
7 In ea lie Ge manic ex s w i en in he Copenhagen ansc ip ion, mos o he ime none o hese
sounds a e unde s ood, hei leng hening o he owels is no men ioned because o he a i al (see
Gi denis 1996; 2008; 2012; Babickienė, Jasiūnai ė, Pečeliūnai ė, Bagužy ė 2007; AAT 2018 and k .).
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII hals ‘kaklas, [ˈman] ~ mand
‘ y as (Basbøll 2005: 37, 8287; 2022; see also
Gi denis 2003: 282) 8. The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
Mo e examples o double-syllable double-syllable syllables w i en in TFA symbols ha
can mos o en be ound in lowe case syllables a e gi en in Annex 2 o he a icle. I
commen ed mo e ex ensi ely on some o he ansc ip ion issues. In cases o clea ly
exp essed opposi ional an icipa ion, he i s wo-dimensional duali y in lowe case
syllables can be bo h long and hal -leng h, ealizing duali y o bo h acu e and ci cula
o igin. A ha ime, he opposi ion o adjec i es is exp essed by o he signs, mos
likely he s agna ion o he main one e sus he con inui y, a he han he quan i y.
I should be emphasized ha he leng h o he sen ences due o he closely ma ched
a icula ion is unknown only in he common language, i.e. in he local equi alen s, as well
as in he sud i als, e.g. […]do[…]nɑ[…] […]ona, […] dúpje[…] […]nɑ[…], […] jiɛ[…]s[…] […] as,
[…]ku[…]je[…] […] kója, and . . . Since bo h phonological p e ixes o he lowe case spud
a e usually concen a ed on he i s owel, he wo-syllable au, used a e he ha d
owel, he coa icula ion wi h he second owel (labializa ion) is p onounced weakly,
much less han he a ea o he uppe case owels (especially he eas e n owels).
The e o e, he i s owel is usually ma ked wi h an unlabelled owel symbol [ɑ], e.g.
[1ˈgɑː je] [1ˈgɑ je] ~ gáu i, [2ˈlɑːks] [2ˈlɑːks] ~ laũkas. The lowe case balsio symbol []
is w i en only on a e occasions when he p e ix is p onounced aguely o in a aguely
spoken dialec .
Mo e de ailed commen a y on he double-edged swo d and he posi ion o he ma king on he
so -edged swo d. In he Middle Ages and he ea ly 20 h cen u y, he e was a widesp ead belie in he
use o he wo d "black" o e e o a pe son's skin colo , and he use o he wo d "black" o e e o
a pe son's skin colo was common in he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies. Howe e , in la e Lowland ex s
kaip [ɛ], p z.: [¹ˈkʲɛˑʊ ɑs] ~ kiáu as, [²ˈkʲɛʊˑlʲeˑ] ~ kiaũlė, [kʲɛʊˈlʲes] ~ kiaulès i pan.
(Gi denis 1996; 2008; 2012; Babickienė, 8 In cases whe e he owel […]lūžio[…] is no hea d, and he p e ix is
ealized mo e by a owel sound, a owel sound, e c., i would be possible o w i e a e he skiemens
cen o balsiu o he second owel sound o he double owel and he TFA-diag am […], he owel sound
(c ea i e oice). Howe e , his is no sys ema ically con enien , because he e a e many owels in he
lowe consonan s, when a diac i ic wi h a di e en pu pose is w i en a e he le e , o example,
ma king a mo e open sound, hen i is no longe possible o ha e wo diac i ics in one le e (see mo e
Bakšienė 2019: 18, 11).
A icles by A icles 141
Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos
TFA ašmenimis a ejų
The i s pa ag aph. TFA on s a e o e ed o low-pi ched sounds12
The ansc ip ion o he TFA TFA numbe is in Unicode.
Va iable owels and diph hongs
[i] 301 + 303 0069 + 025B
[i] 301 + 303 + 505 0069 + 025B + 0306 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[ his is] 301 + 505 + 303 0069 + 0306 + 025B
[iẹ][e] 301 + 505 + 302 + 430 0069 + 0306 + 0065 +
031E
[ his is] 302 + 430 + 319 0065 + 031E + 026A
[i] 301 + 503 + 301 + 505 [i] 301 + 503 + 505 [i] 301 + 503 + 505 [i] 301 + 505
+ 432
This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[i] 301 + 504 + 301 + 505 [i] 301 + 504 + 505 [i] 301 + 504 + 505 [i] 301 + 505
+ 432
This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[English] 308 + 306 0075 + 0254
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[English] 308 + 505 + 306 + 0075 + 0306 + 0254
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
031E
[ h ee] 307 + 430 + 321 006F + 031E + 028A
Ma ks o p oduc ion uni s
[…] (b oad-spoken, sha p- ongued,
supposed o ha e a clea glo aliza ion)
1 (be o e skiing) + (a e skiing
in he cen e o he cou se o
a e he i s double jump)
below double jump)
- + 660 00B9 + 0294
[…] (b oad, acu e allo ony, supposedly
wi hou clea glo aliza ion, wi h
[…] wi h a hoa se oice […]
1 (be o e skiemen) + (skiemens
cen o balsio o seconda y
- + 816 00B9 + 0330 - This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
12 P epa ed on he basis o he TFA w i en ecommenda ion on he ansc ip ion o he common language (see VLKK k-25). In he annex o he
g ound-le el ad ice, only hose sounds a e p esen ed whose ansc ip ion di e s om he high-le el sounds. T ansc ip ion symbols o high-pi ched
consonan s and hei signs see The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.

RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
142 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
2 PRIEDAS. Žemaičių d ibalsių / d iga sių pag indinių pozicinių a ian ų, susijusių su p ozodiniais iene ais, ansk ipcijos
examples13
Bk d ibalsis /
d iga sis (bk
in w i ing)
Žemai iškieji a i ikmenys
Ki čiuo as lauž ine p iegaide /
he ollowing
able is
inse ed:
Ki čiuo as ęs ine
a he dock
Ki čiuo as idu ine
[F om le o igh , op o bo om] [F om igh o le , op o
bo om] [F om igh o le , bo om o bo om] [F om igh o
bo om] [F om le o igh ] [F om igh o le ] [F om igh o
le ] [F om igh o le ] [F om igh o le ] [F om igh o
le ] [F om igh o le ]
[¹ɑːʔʊ] / [¹ɑˑʔʊ] / [¹ɑːʊ] / [¹ɑˑʊ] [²ɑːʊ] / [²ɑˑʊ] [²ɑˑʊˑ] [ɑʊ] / [ɒʊ]
This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Czech Republic by popula ion densi y.
[¹ʊˑɪ]
[O] [O] [O] [O]
[O] [O] [O] [O]
[O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
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[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
This is a lis o he
[²ɑːl], [²ɑː ] /
[²ɑˑl], [²ɑˑ ]
[²ɑˑlˑ], [²ɑˑ ˑ] [ɑl], [ɑ ] /
[l], [ ] an,
am and
(no u he wo ked han ho - olled)
municipali ies o he Au onomous Communi y o Ca alonia.
[N] [M] [N] [M] [N] [M] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N]
[²ɑːn], [²ɑːm] / [²ɑˑn],
[²ɑˑm]
[n] [m] [n] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m]
[n] and [m]
13 Only non-uni o m bilingual a ian s a e p esen ed in he able, as well as common language bilingual […]ė, and lowe case equi alen s ie, uo. The
co espondences o he common language's owels (e.g. [ɑɪ] > [ɑː], [ɛɪ] > [ɛː] and so on) a e ansc ibed as he co esponding owels, see he examples
in sec ion 1 o he a icle (see also o mo e in o ma ion abou he ansc ip ion o he Zemai ic diph hongs). Only he mos sys ema ic cases o
double ansc ip ion a e illus a ed, i is sel -e iden ha o he spoken a ian s ela ed o p edica es can also be ound in he lowe syllables.
A icles 143 and 143 in
Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos
TFA ašmenimis a ejų
Bk d ibalsis /
d iga sis (bk
w i ing)
Žemai iškieji a i ikmenys
Ki čiuo as lauž ine p iegaide /
he ollowing
able is
inse ed:
Ki čiuo as ęs ine
a he dock
Ki čiuo as idu ine
wai ing
una ended
an, am /
(sho ened),
un, um
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[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] []] [] [] []] [] []] [] []] [] [] []] [] []] [] [] []] [] []
[]] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] []
[]] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] []] [] [] []]
[un], [um] [m], [m] [one] [one] [one],
[one] [one], [one] [one], [one], [one],
[one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one],
[one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one]
[¹ɛːl], [¹ɛː ] / [¹ɛˑl], [¹ɛˑ ]
This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l]
[l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l]
(no u he wo ked han ho - olled)
[¹ɛːʔm], [¹ɛːʔn] / [¹ɛˑʔm], [¹ɛˑʔn] /
This is a lis o he municipali ies
This is a lis
o he municipali ies o he Czech Republic by popula ion densi y.
[N] [M] [N] [M] [N] [M] [M]
[M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M]
(sho ened),
in, im
o he Czech Republic by popula ion densi y.
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[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
This Regula ion
shall en e
in o o ce on
he wen ie h
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[²ɪˑnˑ], [²ɪˑmˑ] [en], [em] /
[in], [im] /
[ɪn], [ɪm] /
[ɪn], [ɪm]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one],
[one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one],
[one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one],
[*] [*] [*]
This
Regula ion
shall en e
in o o ce on
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Au onomous Communi y o Ca alonia.
[ul], [u ]
[l], [ ] [l],
[ ] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l]
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
144 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
Deli e ed on he 3 d day o Ap il in he yea wo housand and wen y- h ee.
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.