Keletas tikslintinų žemaičių patarmių transkripcijos TFA rašmenimis atvejų

126 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII RIMA BAKŠIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: ekspe imen inė one ika, onologija, geoling is ika. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. KELETAS TIKSLINTINŲ ŽEMAIČIŲ PATARMIŲ T ansc ip s o he TFA W i en by ATVEJ Se e al Cla i ied Cases in he T ansc ip ion o Žemai ian Subdialec s by IPA Symbols This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Ta p au inės one inės abėcėlės (TFA) ašmenų aikymas lie u ių a mių ansk ipcijai Dialec ology has been discussed since 2017, and in 2021 he TFA collec ion o he Li huanian common language was app o ed. Howe e , TFA ansc ip ion possibili ies ha e been examined in mo e de ail un il now, much less a en ion has been paid o lowlande s. The a icle discusses he less analyzed cases o TFA spelling o land snails, and ocuses on some o he ansc ip ion issues sugges ed in ea lie publica ions. The annex o he a icle p o ides speci ic lowland sounds, mainly diph hongs, examples o TFA ansc ip ions, indica es he numbe s o he cha ac e s in he TFA sys em and he s anda d uniqueness o he symbols. In e ms o he ocalism o he lowe consonan s and especially he ansc ip ion o he p osodic sys em, i is mo e complex han he highe ones, and he opposi ion o he consonan s is o en exp essed by a di e en complex o p osodic signs. These di e ences a e mos ele an when ansc ibing wo- oice skiemen, hey a e cha ac e ized by pa icula ly p onounced a iance due o he ealiza ion o p edic ions. The e o e, he a icle ocuses mainly on he ansc ip ion o he dual owels. The sugges ions made in his a icle should no be conside ed as inal and unchallenged. Wi h mo e esea ch, pe haps wi h sugges ions and new insigh s om o he esea che s, some aspec s o TFA ansc ip ion a e likely o be e ined in he u u e. ESMINIAI WORDS: phone ics, ansc ip ion, in e na ional phone ic abeceda y (TFA), Li huanian language, he lowe case. A icles o he 127 h Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos TFA ašmenimis a ejų This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Dialec ologis s ha e been discussing he use o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (IPA) symbols o he ansc ip ion o Li huanian dialec s since 2017, and he IPA collec ion o S anda d Li huanian was also app o ed in 2021, bu un il now, he possibili ies ha e been paid o o Aukš ai ian ansc ip ion ha e been examined in mo e de ail, and less a en ion has Zemai ic subdialec s. The a icle add esses he ques ions o ansc ibing he Zemai ic subdialec s o he Li huanian language by he symbols o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (IPA), e ises ce ain symbols om he ea lie se o IPA symbols o he sounds o Li huanian dialec s p esen ed in 2017 and ways o ansc ibing. In e ms o ansc ibing, he sys em o ocalism and especially o p osody in Žemai ian subdialec s is mo e complex han Aukš ai ian; he Zemai ic pi ch accen s ha e di e en cha ac e is ics. These di e ences a e mos ele an when ansc ibing diph hongs, which symbols will be u he e ised. a e cha ac e ized by a pa icula ly high a iabili y. The a icle gi es many examples o ansc ibing he syllables, which con ain diph hongs and bea di e en pi ch accen s. A e mo e in-dep h s udies on dialec al phonology a e conduc ed in he u u e and mo e heo e ical wo ks a e gene alized, he ansc ip ion o Li huanian dialec s by he IPA KEYWORDS: phone ics, ansc ip ion, In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (IPA), Li huanian dialec s, Žemai ian. No es o he pu poses o his Annex: In ecen yea s, he Li huanian dialec ology has seen an inc ease in he numbe o wo ks based on in e na ional phone ic alphabe s (IPA 2023), spelling ansla ions o a minių ga sų ansk ipcija, da ka ą g įž ina p ie 2017 me ais lie u ių a - he p oposed TFA se (Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2017) and a p ecise spelling o TFA as dalykų. Mokslo spaudoje jau gana išsamiai išdisku uo a aukš aičių pa a mių (apibend inimą Bakšienė 2022), bu he much mo e complex lowe -case sys em in e ms o new ansc ip ion will be discussed only in a single publica ion (Bakšienė 2018). The pu pose o his a icle is o e iew he ansc ip ion o he TFA o he unanalysed o less s udied Low Ge man ocalisms and p osodic uni s, o cla i y some o he p e iously p oposed ansc ip ion cases, and o p o ide examples o Low Ge man sounds w i en in he TFA (see Appendices 1, 2). Objec i es o he s udy: 1) o summa ize he ocal sys em o low-pi ched ad ice, o discuss he mos p oblema ic TFA ansc ip ion in e ms o ocal uni s; 2) an o e iew o he mos impo an p inciples o he TFA spelling o he land egis e s; 3) o p esen possible TFA me hods o he ansc ip ion o low-pi ched owels and o discuss he possibili ies o ansc ip ion o double owels, especially hose ela ed o owels. The s udy bene i ed om many ea lie publica ions RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 128 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII ma e ial om he wo ks o dialec ologis s: ad ice and explana ions, ansc ip ion in Copenhagen in w i en ex s. Analyzes and desc ibes he scien i ic li e a u e using analy ical me hods. 1. he Vocal Sys em o he Village This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The phone ic ep esen a ion o he lowe case consonan s, w i en in TFA symbols, is gi en in Table 1 ( o mo e in o ma ion see A kočai y ė, Rinkauskienė 2003; LKTCh 2004 and o he s; highe case consonan s see Bakšienė 2022: 168). One LENTEL. Low-pi ched ocal phonemes The Long T umpe s Fo he he pu poses ollowing o his de ini io- A imi p iešaki- No less A imi užpakali- han € 5 Annex, ns shall apply: I'm no going o ell you wha o do. O he he genus Eupho bia (Eupho biaceae) species o Close o he p isone s Nea es and he p isone s lowes o Kin amieji /iɛ/ /uɔ/ Closed žemesnieji mid- ange Vidu iniai mo e open /ɛː/ /ɛ/ The open ones. In Table 1, only owel uni s wi h he s a us o phonemes a e lis ed, he mos impo an phoneme a ian s a e discussed sepa a ely. The so-called " wo- oiced" phonemes, which a e no sys ema ically ound in any o he local dialec s, a e w i en in he acing slang. No o be included a e he common dialec s ie, uo, no he n lowland dialec s [eɪ], [oɪ], because hey a e conside ed bilingual by many au ho s. Thei ansc ip ion is discussed in he a icle abou he wins. A icles o he 129 h Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos TFA ašmenimis a ejų Mos o he TFA symbols equi ed o low-pi ched ocaliza ions coincide wi h he high-pi ched ones (see Bakshie , 2028, appendix 1), and he mos p oblema ic cases o low-pi ched ocaliza ions ha e al eady been b ie ly discussed (see Bakshie , 2018), so he e I commen only on a couple o hings ela ed o oices. Speaking abou he closed and close o hem g oups o oices, i should be emphasized once again ha Li huanian long and sho oices di e no only in quan i y, bu also in quali y, no o no hing in he wo ks o Li huanian phone ics he e is a well-es ablished double o hei names: long- empe ed and sho -un empe ed oices (Pake ys 2003: 24 […] 25; plg. Kazlauskienė 39 2018: […] 41). The ansli e a ion o he TFA is done by using he TFA-Closed owel symbols o long owels, semi owels, and, mos impo an ly, o comple ely sho ened owels, e.g. I'm no going o ell you wha I'm [ˈ¹ʋʲiːʔ s] ~ ý as, [ʋʲiˑˈ ʲɛˑlʲɪs] / [ʋʲiˈ ʲiɛlʲɪs] ~ y ẽlis, [ˈnɑˑk ʲi] ~ nãk į, [ˈʃuˑnʲi] ~ going o do. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o do. TFA nea -close owel symbols […] a e na u ally sho o sho o low-pi ched owels, e.g. [ˈjɪbɑ] [jɑbɑ] ~ žba, [bɑˈʋ] [ˈbɑˈˈˈ] ~ bù o. This dis inc ion has also been made in many ea lie land ex s (see Gi denis 1996; 2008; 2012; Babickienė, Jasiūnai ė, Pečeliūnai ė, Bagužy ė 2007; AAT 2018 and o he s). Al hough he symbols i and u a e w i en in he same way in all ansc ip ions o he adi ional Copenhagen sc ip , hey o igina e om he long ones and a e no men ioned anywhe e as widesp ead, which is cha ac e is ic o he sho lowe case owels. In desc ibing he ansc ip ion, se e al sou ces e en emphasize ha hey a e mo e o less ense, uppe , e en no iceably closed behind he co esponding sho owels i, u, and only sligh ly less ense han he co esponding long owels (Gi denis 2012: 24[…]26). In he p e ious a icle dedica ed o he ansc ip ion o he lowe limbs, he TFA ma king o he lowe limb limbs educed oices was le comple ely unadd essed. In Copenhagen ansc ip ion, he ansc ibed ex s a e pa icula ly ich in lowe case educed endings, whose educ ion o owels was common a leas in he la e yea s, he end o he 20 h cen u y and he beginning o he 21s cen u y, o gi e wo deg ees: he le e s we e w i en simply aised (a ew weak educ ion) and aised (a educ ion o ension). In ea lie sou ces, he lowe -case educed ends also con ained uncenso ed, only ci cumsc ibed owels […] (i), (e), (a) and so on (see LKA P 1956; LKT 1970). Some au ho s, such as he di e ences be ween s onge and weake educ ion, indica e he unequal deg ee o sha pness o he whis le and he ealiza ion o he unc ion o o ming a whis le: when he oice is silen (almos inaudible) and does no o m a whis le, he whis le is aised in he claws, and when i is s ill o med a whis le […] jus aised (Gi denis 2008: 24; 2012: 33; 2 Fo o wa d ma king. RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 130 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXVIII The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. When ansc ibing low-pi ched owels in TFA cha ac e s, he diac i ic […] (lowe ed) is sys ema ically w i en a e some o hem (a e age ise), indica ing g ea e openness, e.g. […]je[…]nɑ[…] […]je[…]n[…] ~j[…]no, […]bo[…]ɑ[…] […]bo[…]ɑ[…][…]bo[…][…], so he e is no possibili y o a diac i ic diac i ic a e he aide. Thus, in he TFA sys em, he lowe case educed owels a e ma ked in all cases wi h he diac i ic […] (ex a sho ) indica ing he special sho ness o he owel, e.g. [2ˈɛnjiːkɑ] ~ niẽko, [1ˈsjuː je] ~ si i, e c., he deg ees o educ ion o he owels a e no di e en ia ed. 2.NOTES on he ad an ages o land TRANSCRIPTIONS The sys em o lowe consonan s is simple in e ms o ansc ip ion han ha o high consonan s, since he e a e no so many cases o a ious consonan s ha dening be o e he consonan line. In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned, he e a e also a numbe o o he ac o s ha can con ibu e o he de elopmen o he disease, such as he p esence o he disease in he body, he maičių pa a mėms ansk ibuo i, nesama, a o ini isi ie pa ys, kaip i aukš- ai iškųjų p iebalsių, ženklai. Čia p imin inas ik dialek ologams jau seniai ži- p esence o he disease in he body, he p esence o he disease in he body, and he p esence o he disease in he body. In such posi ions, hey a e so ened only i hey a e ollowed by a so accen , in o he cases hey a e said o be hal o comple ely ha d. In ansc ibing such examples o k e ingian and o he su ounding syllables, be o e he p eposi ions, al hough hey a e used be o e he p eposi ion syllables [], [ɛ], [e], [e], [en], [em], [el], [e ], [e ], [e ] do no indica e he diac i ic j (minkš alized), e.g. [ˈ e ɑ] ~ o, [ˈ ɛdo] ~ edù, [2en] ~ eñ, [be ems] ~ bi mas, [ˈ lks] ~ ikas, [deˈde b] ~ d ba, [pa ] and [pns] pan. Dialec ologis s who ha e w i en abou his phenomenon o en dis inguish be ween he less so p eposi ions k, g, š, ž, l, and a ika os č, dž, so hei so ness is indica ed in all posi ions be o e he p eposi ion bal, e.g. [1ˈkjɛːkeke] ~ike, [ˈgjɛ je] ~ke, [2ˈjens] ~kenas, [ˈjems] ~kemas, [ˈjɛk] ~keko, [ˈbɛjɛjjjɛjɛjɛ] ~kek] ~ke, k . y. y. y. y. y. y. As can be seen, he e is a gene al lack o consis ency be ween he non-ha d lowe case owels and he sh, so he e is no need o use di e en spellings o ha d and so owels when ansc ibing he TFA cha ac e is ic le e s [], [] S aipsniai / A icles 131 Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos TFA ašmenimis a ejų The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in us, ap a iamoji ypa ybė palaipsniui nyks a, p ieš isus p iešakinės eilės p ie- balsius dažniau įp as ai a ojami minkš ieji p iebalsiai, odėl ansk ibuo ina acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Going in o he mo ning, depending on wha sounds a e said in a pa icula case. 3. ŽEMAIČIŲ PROZODINĖ SISTEMA IR DVIGARSINIŲ SKIEMENŲ ŽYMĖJIMAS Howe e , he main ansc ip ion p oblems a e caused by he ansc ip ion o Li huanian p ose as mens uni s, especially p eposi ions. The sys em o he lowe slopes is undoub edly he mos complica ed, as hei main slope is miai ski iasi nuo bend inės kalbos, i gausiai a ojama šalu inių ki čių, a si a- damaged bo h by he emo al o he slope and by he emo al o he slope (see below). LChKT 2004: This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 198–200). Due o low-le el access ansc ip ion, he TFA sys em equi es he same essen ial cla i ica ion as high-le el ecommenda ions. In he p e ious publica ions de o ed o he ansc ip ion o low-pi ched syllables, i was sugges ed o ma k he syllables wi h he diac i ics o he one o he alling ca pe , bu ecen ly i has become es ablished ha all syllables o he syllables a e ma ked wi h he aised digi s 1 (acu e) and 2 (ci cum lex). The e o e, all landing gea alo ons a e ma ked as well (see able 2). The numbe s o he p eposi ions equi ed be o e he c ossed skiemen a e w i en in all cases (basic, abs ac and e ical c ossing in he skiemenyse) when he acu e o ci cum lexion o he p eposi ions is clea ly hea d. In o de o show mo e clea ly he di e en ia ion be ween he ha d and so a icula ions o his g oup o owels, i would be possible o sugges o he lowe owels o say di e en pos al TFA symbols: [], [] […] o he so , [], […] o he ha d o he owels. Howe e , he e is no analogous depala aliza ion in lowland languages, and he a icula ion o lowland accen s in gene al has no ye been desc ibed in de ail, ocusing mo e on acous ic and audi o y cha ac e is ics (see Kliukienė 2011). I is expec ed ha he a icula ion o he low-pi ched ha d owels will be ma kedly di e en om he co esponding high-pi ched, especially de-pala alized, sounds. I 's s ill a subjec o u u e esea ch. 4 This a ian has been ecognized by dialec ologis s a e leng hy discussions as mo e con enien because i does no indica e he one and o he ac ions (see Kazlauskienė 2018: 8, požymių, kaip aiškių p iegaidės indika o ių, i ypač apib ėž os ono ki imo (kilimo a k i imo) k yp ies, ku i a ian p iegaides gali bū i labai į ai i, labiausiai p iklausoma nuo azės in onacijos 19; VLKK k-25). The bounda y o he i h syllable is bes de e mined by he ule o he STR: he new syllable begins whe e he la ges p eposi ional conjunc ion co esponding o he ini ial p eposi ional model o he wo d is ound. (Gi denis 2003: 134 […] 141) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 132 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (English ansla ion by he Li huanian au ho i ies) (Supposedly a so-called middle incision, which may be bo h acu e and ci cum lex), he digi s a e no w i en, only he main o la e al c oss ma ks. Two slowly. Low-income households6 Tonema T adi io- Alo onas p ance nal-Acce- is a whi ing o he posi ion Papli imas pa a mėse Pa yzdžiai TFA PŽ ŠŽ akū as p iegaidė ´ PK AK (+) (+) [I'm no su e i I'm going [1ˈuɔ2kun] [¹ˈduːusʲʊ] ~ dúosiu ~ ožk o be able o do i , bu lauž inė I'm going o be able o do i .] [I'm going o be able [¹ˈʋʲiː¹ˌ ɑːʔ] ~ ý ai o do i .] [I'm going o be p iegaidė ˢAK (+) + [ˈbɑˑlʲˌ ʲe] ~ bal  able o do i .] AK (+) + con inuous ex ension […] […] PK (+) […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] I he acu e is ealized as a loose p ojec ion, he balloon o ming he skimming cen e is aised by he TFA glo al explosi e balloon ma k in he publica ions, bu once again s udying he ma king o (angl. glo al s op). Šis simbolis jau bu o eik as anks esnėse žemaičiams ski ose simila phenomena in o he languages (e.g. Basbøll 2005: 37, 8287; LVG 2013: 25, 105; see also Gi denis 2003: 28). In he TFA sys em, he diac i ics, w i en a e a pa icula symbol, desc ibe an addi ional cha ac e o he sound p eceding he diac i ic, e.g. he ma king o a ious a ian s o he p e-balance [ ]: [ h] […] aspi a ed, [ w] […] labialized, [ j] […] pala alized, [ >] […] pha yngalized, [ >] […] elia ized (HIPA 1999: 15[…]17; IPA 2023). The cha ac e is ics o he Balsian quan i y a e conside ed o be mo e he meaning o he six abb e ia ions and symbols used in Len el: PK […] main ki is, AK […] abs ac ki is, NK […] e ical ki is, PŽ […] sou he n lowlands, ŠŽ […] no he n lowlands, + […] cha ac e is ic; (+) pa ially cha ac e is ic, he a ian is no common in all syllables o is used only in ce ain wo d posi ions; […] […] no p esen . The wes e n lowlands a e no included in he able, because hei app oaches would be ma ked in he same way, and he pa a mė i sel has almos disappea ed in he 21s cen u y. A icles o he 133 d Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos TFA ašmenimis a ejų inhe en , so i is mo e accu a e o w i e he cha ac e […] a e he owel leng h symbol, e.g. [1ˈʋjiː s] ~ ý as, [1ˈdɑːk s] ~ dáik as. The lowe -case diph hongized [iɛ], [uɔ], like he co esponding common language consonan owels, a e usually no p onounced, hey a e conside ed a iable a icula ion owel phonemes, so in he case o a loose syllable, he diac i ic is also sugges ed o be w i en a e he cen e o he whole syllable, e.g. [1ˈbjiɛg] ~ bga, [1ˈkuɔje] ~ kója. Also ansc ibed a e he lowe case [eɪ], [o], e.g. [1ˈpjeɪns] ~ penas, [1ˈjodɑ] ~ júodo7. In addi ion o he ansc ip ion o he TFA, he e is a sepa a e discussion o he skele ons con aining he nasal passages, he basis o which a e he compound owels (i hey a e no i miš ieji d iga siai. Anks esniuose ch es oma iniuose lie u ių dialek ologijos p onounced) in he wo ks. The signs o he nasal passages we e old only by hea ing, la e he e we e also many expe imen s, low-pi ched passages, and almos he same isų da bų au o ių, kaip pag indinis požymis, nu odomas balso „lūžis“, susijęs su pag indinio ono ki imo s aigumu – p adžioje onas pakyla, o pasiekęs mak- sudden all, due o he hea ing, a ling, and so on. I is also no ed ha when saying a b oken hyme, he owel is sligh ly dis o ed (o e en b ie ly comple ely closed) and his esul s in wo sounds, one a e he o he , an imp ession (see he o e iew). The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. 52). The e is no clea indica ion in he wo ks which skiemens cen e is occupied by he men ion o […]lūžis[…], bu i is clea om such desc ip ions ha i should ake place in he inne pa (when […]lūžis[…] is ealized as a clea e glo aliza ion) o in he second pa (when i is mo e ealized wi h a squeak, a squeak). Howe e , in ansc ibing he ea hquake, i would be mo e accu a e o čios la ių kalbos y ėjai isais a ejais žymi ženklą ʔ po iso skiemens cen o, p z.: [juːʔks] ‘juokas’, [meiʔ ɑ] ‘me gina’, [ce ʔ ] ‘gaudy i’, [ ɑlʔks] ‘upelis; pe - w i e he glo aliza ion ma k a e he i s double-ba eled double-ba eled, because i is he e ha he ene gy o he ea hquake is concen a ed, e.g. [1ɑː je] [1ɑɑ je] ~ š i, [1ˈkɑːlns] [1ˈkɑlns] ~ knas, [1ˈdáls] [1 ps] [1ˈd bas ps] ~ dá , [1ˈˈdɪːːːː jpj] [1ˈdɪjpj] and so on. An analogous ma king can also be ound in he phonological desc ip ions o he Danish language, which ix he p onoun […]lūžį[…] (Danish: s ød […]s um i[…]), a e y p imi i e lowe case p onoun, which is ma ked p ecisely a e he pa o he skiemens in which he p onoun uni is men ioned and is ealized, e.g. […] bogˈknyga[…], […] bagˈkus[…], […] phɛn[…] […] p[…]halpu[…], […] 7 In ea lie Ge manic ex s w i en in he Copenhagen ansc ip ion, mos o he ime none o hese sounds a e unde s ood, hei leng hening o he owels is no men ioned because o he a i al (see Gi denis 1996; 2008; 2012; Babickienė, Jasiūnai ė, Pečeliūnai ė, Bagužy ė 2007; AAT 2018 and k .). RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII hals ‘kaklas, [ˈman] ~ mand ‘ y as (Basbøll 2005: 37, 8287; 2022; see also Gi denis 2003: 282) 8. The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Mo e examples o double-syllable double-syllable syllables w i en in TFA symbols ha can mos o en be ound in lowe case syllables a e gi en in Annex 2 o he a icle. I commen ed mo e ex ensi ely on some o he ansc ip ion issues. In cases o clea ly exp essed opposi ional an icipa ion, he i s wo-dimensional duali y in lowe case syllables can be bo h long and hal -leng h, ealizing duali y o bo h acu e and ci cula o igin. A ha ime, he opposi ion o adjec i es is exp essed by o he signs, mos likely he s agna ion o he main one e sus he con inui y, a he han he quan i y. I should be emphasized ha he leng h o he sen ences due o he closely ma ched a icula ion is unknown only in he common language, i.e. in he local equi alen s, as well as in he sud i als, e.g. […]do[…]nɑ[…] […]ona, […] dúpje[…] […]nɑ[…], […] jiɛ[…]s[…] […] as, […]ku[…]je[…] […] kója, and . . . Since bo h phonological p e ixes o he lowe case spud a e usually concen a ed on he i s owel, he wo-syllable au, used a e he ha d owel, he coa icula ion wi h he second owel (labializa ion) is p onounced weakly, much less han he a ea o he uppe case owels (especially he eas e n owels). The e o e, he i s owel is usually ma ked wi h an unlabelled owel symbol [ɑ], e.g. [1ˈgɑː je] [1ˈgɑ je] ~ gáu i, [2ˈlɑːks] [2ˈlɑːks] ~ laũkas. The lowe case balsio symbol [] is w i en only on a e occasions when he p e ix is p onounced aguely o in a aguely spoken dialec . Mo e de ailed commen a y on he double-edged swo d and he posi ion o he ma king on he so -edged swo d. In he Middle Ages and he ea ly 20 h cen u y, he e was a widesp ead belie in he use o he wo d "black" o e e o a pe son's skin colo , and he use o he wo d "black" o e e o a pe son's skin colo was common in he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies. Howe e , in la e Lowland ex s kaip [ɛ], p z.: [¹ˈkʲɛˑʊ ɑs] ~ kiáu as, [²ˈkʲɛʊˑlʲeˑ] ~ kiaũlė, [kʲɛʊˈlʲes] ~ kiaulès i pan. (Gi denis 1996; 2008; 2012; Babickienė, 8 In cases whe e he owel […]lūžio[…] is no hea d, and he p e ix is ealized mo e by a owel sound, a owel sound, e c., i would be possible o w i e a e he skiemens cen o balsiu o he second owel sound o he double owel and he TFA-diag am […], he owel sound (c ea i e oice). Howe e , his is no sys ema ically con enien , because he e a e many owels in he lowe consonan s, when a diac i ic wi h a di e en pu pose is w i en a e he le e , o example, ma king a mo e open sound, hen i is no longe possible o ha e wo diac i ics in one le e (see mo e Bakšienė 2019: 18, 11). A icles by A icles 141 Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos TFA ašmenimis a ejų The i s pa ag aph. TFA on s a e o e ed o low-pi ched sounds12 The ansc ip ion o he TFA TFA numbe is in Unicode. Va iable owels and diph hongs [i] 301 + 303 0069 + 025B [i] 301 + 303 + 505 0069 + 025B + 0306 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [ his is] 301 + 505 + 303 0069 + 0306 + 025B [iẹ][e] 301 + 505 + 302 + 430 0069 + 0306 + 0065 + 031E [ his is] 302 + 430 + 319 0065 + 031E + 026A [i] 301 + 503 + 301 + 505 [i] 301 + 503 + 505 [i] 301 + 503 + 505 [i] 301 + 505 + 432 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [i] 301 + 504 + 301 + 505 [i] 301 + 504 + 505 [i] 301 + 504 + 505 [i] 301 + 505 + 432 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [English] 308 + 306 0075 + 0254 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [English] 308 + 505 + 306 + 0075 + 0306 + 0254 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 031E [ h ee] 307 + 430 + 321 006F + 031E + 028A Ma ks o p oduc ion uni s […] (b oad-spoken, sha p- ongued, supposed o ha e a clea glo aliza ion) 1 (be o e skiing) + (a e skiing in he cen e o he cou se o a e he i s double jump) below double jump) - + 660 00B9 + 0294 […] (b oad, acu e allo ony, supposedly wi hou clea glo aliza ion, wi h […] wi h a hoa se oice […] 1 (be o e skiemen) + (skiemens cen o balsio o seconda y - + 816 00B9 + 0330 - This is he i s ime I' e seen his. 12 P epa ed on he basis o he TFA w i en ecommenda ion on he ansc ip ion o he common language (see VLKK k-25). In he annex o he g ound-le el ad ice, only hose sounds a e p esen ed whose ansc ip ion di e s om he high-le el sounds. T ansc ip ion symbols o high-pi ched consonan s and hei signs see The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 142 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII 2 PRIEDAS. Žemaičių d ibalsių / d iga sių pag indinių pozicinių a ian ų, susijusių su p ozodiniais iene ais, ansk ipcijos examples13 Bk d ibalsis / d iga sis (bk in w i ing) Žemai iškieji a i ikmenys Ki čiuo as lauž ine p iegaide / he ollowing able is inse ed: Ki čiuo as ęs ine a he dock Ki čiuo as idu ine [F om le o igh , op o bo om] [F om igh o le , op o bo om] [F om igh o le , bo om o bo om] [F om igh o bo om] [F om le o igh ] [F om igh o le ] [F om igh o le ] [F om igh o le ] [F om igh o le ] [F om igh o le ] [F om igh o le ] [¹ɑːʔʊ] / [¹ɑˑʔʊ] / [¹ɑːʊ] / [¹ɑˑʊ] [²ɑːʊ] / [²ɑˑʊ] [²ɑˑʊˑ] [ɑʊ] / [ɒʊ] This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Czech Republic by popula ion densi y. [¹ʊˑɪ] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O]] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] This is a lis o he [²ɑːl], [²ɑː ] / [²ɑˑl], [²ɑˑ ] [²ɑˑlˑ], [²ɑˑ ˑ] [ɑl], [ɑ ] / [l], [ ] an, am and (no u he wo ked han ho - olled) municipali ies o he Au onomous Communi y o Ca alonia. [N] [M] [N] [M] [N] [M] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [N] [²ɑːn], [²ɑːm] / [²ɑˑn], [²ɑˑm] [n] [m] [n] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [n] and [m] 13 Only non-uni o m bilingual a ian s a e p esen ed in he able, as well as common language bilingual […]ė, and lowe case equi alen s ie, uo. The co espondences o he common language's owels (e.g. [ɑɪ] > [ɑː], [ɛɪ] > [ɛː] and so on) a e ansc ibed as he co esponding owels, see he examples in sec ion 1 o he a icle (see also o mo e in o ma ion abou he ansc ip ion o he Zemai ic diph hongs). Only he mos sys ema ic cases o double ansc ip ion a e illus a ed, i is sel -e iden ha o he spoken a ian s ela ed o p edica es can also be ound in he lowe syllables. A icles 143 and 143 in Kele as ikslin inų žemaičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos TFA ašmenimis a ejų Bk d ibalsis / d iga sis (bk w i ing) Žemai iškieji a i ikmenys Ki čiuo as lauž ine p iegaide / he ollowing able is inse ed: Ki čiuo as ęs ine a he dock Ki čiuo as idu ine wai ing una ended an, am / (sho ened), un, um [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] []] [] [] []] [] []] [] []] [] [] []] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] []] [] [] []] [un], [um] [m], [m] [one] [one] [one], [one] [one], [one] [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one, [one], [one], [one] [¹ɛːl], [¹ɛː ] / [¹ɛˑl], [¹ɛˑ ] This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] (no u he wo ked han ho - olled) [¹ɛːʔm], [¹ɛːʔn] / [¹ɛˑʔm], [¹ɛˑʔn] / This is a lis o he municipali ies This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Czech Republic by popula ion densi y. [N] [M] [N] [M] [N] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] [M] (sho ened), in, im o he Czech Republic by popula ion densi y. [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. [²ɪˑnˑ], [²ɪˑmˑ] [en], [em] / [in], [im] / [ɪn], [ɪm] / [ɪn], [ɪm] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [one], [*] [*] [*] This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Au onomous Communi y o Ca alonia. [ul], [u ] [l], [ ] [l], [ ] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] RIMA BAKŠIENĖ 144 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII Deli e ed on he 3 d day o Ap il in he yea wo housand and wen y- h ee. RIMA BAKŠIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.