S aipsniai / A icles 145
ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0001-5508-1555 Di ec ions o
scien i ic esea ch: e minology and e minology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Synonyms and ela ed wo ds
The e m 's uc u e'
This is SEMANTINIS NUOTOLIS
S uc u al Seman ic Dis ance
Be ween Synonymous Two-Wo d Te ms
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Fo he i s ime, he a icle examines he dis ance be ween Li huanian synonymic e ms,
which is e lec ed in hei s uc u e. The subjec o he s udy is […] wo-wo d synonyms,
eco ded in wo-wo d dic iona ies. Synonyms a e g ouped acco ding o he oo s ( o mal
c i e ion) and he p oximi y o he meanings o he wo ds ha di e in hei meanings
(seman ic c i e ion). An a emp is made o cla i y he lexically explicable seman ic dis ance
o wo-wo d synonymic e ms and i s ela ionship o synonym ypes.
ESMINIAL WORDS: compound e m, synonyms, seman ic dis ance, a iance, and
seman ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle discusses he dis ance be ween synonymous e ms in he Li huanian language
and how his dis ance is e lec ed in hei s uc u e. The s udy ocuses on wo-wo d
synonymous e ms lis ed in wo e minological dic iona ies. The compa ison o synonyms is
based on wo c i e ia: hei oo s ( o mal c i e ion) and he simila i y in meaning o he
wo ds ha di e en ia e synonyms (seman ic c i e ion). An a emp is made o elucida e
he lexically explicable seman ic dis ance be ween wo-wo d synonyms and i s co ela ion
wi h he ypes o synonyms.
KEYWORDS: complex e m, synonyms, seman ic dis ance, a ia ion and seman ics.
ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ
146 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
o he Ac o Accession o he Republic o Li huania
The na a i e abou he synonymy o e ms, and mo e b oadly […] abou a ia ion,
a ia ion, in Wes e n e minology has changed in mo e han wo decades. The e m
"synonymy" is used o e e o he ac ha he e m "synonymy" is used o
e e o a se o concep s o concep s, and ha he e m "synonymy" is used o
nikaciniai a ian iškumo mechanizmai. Te minologijos da bo s anda e (ISO
e e o a se o concep s o concep s. The synonymy o Li huanian e ms has
also been w i en abou qui e a bi in he Li huanian dialec only in he las en
yea s (e.g., Mi ke ičienė 2015, 2020; e iew). The la es wo k […] Ramunės
Vaskelai ės Science S udy (2022), which examines in de ail he causes o synonymy
in he e minology o Li huanian economics, is men ioned sepa a ely.
Aukso iū ė 2018; Vaskelai ė 2021 i k ., ž . i en nu ody ą li e a ū ą bei y imų
In his a icle, he as ye unexplo ed aspec o he synonymy o Li huanian
e ms […] he dis ance be ween synonymic e ms, e lec ed in hei s uc u e,
will be discussed.
The heo e ical basis. Te ms a e no only nouns, bu also meanings […] names p o ide seman ic
in o ma ion by di ec ing he concep in a ce ain way and exp essing changes in he noun o m can
dami (eksplikuodami) ik a ink us seman inius požymius (F eixa 2006: 67).
a ec he concep s because hey o ien he audience o a ce ain pe cep ion. They can also
highligh a comple ely di e en pe cep ion o he concep , and sub le changes in meaning ha can
ha dly be ea ed as changes in he concep (F eixa, Fe nández-Sil a 2017: 168). Gi en he
consequences o he a ia ion o he names (denomina ion) o he e ms used, he possible impac
on how he add essee pe cei es he concep , he a ia ion o he e ms is dis inguished wi hou
cogni i e consequences and he e ms 1 In Li huanian e minology, he e ms ha name he same
concep a e usually conside ed synonyms, and he a ian is usually unde s ood as a syllable […] as
he same e m. In gene al, a ia ion, a ia ion is also used loosely as a ia ion, di e si y.
o malių ( ašybos, one inių, mo ologinių, sin aksinių) ski umų u in i e mino a maina. Tai a-
dicinis i dominuojan is požiū is, ku io laikomasi i šiame da be. Ki a e us, kalbo y oje e minas
In his a icle, he concep s o a iance, a iance, a ia ion a e used o a oid con usion and con usion
o concep s (i seems ha e en in hese wo ks, a ia ion is unde s ood di e en ly, and i is no
always possible o accu a ely de e mine he scope o he concep s in scien i ic wo ks).
S aipsniai / A icles 147
Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis
a y wi h cogni i e e ec s. The i s ype o e ms con eys he same in o ma ion
abou he concep , hei meaning does no di e , e.g. sea p oduc and ma ine p oduc ,
while he second ype o e ms emphasises di e en ea u es o he concep , he
meaning o he e ms hemsel es di e s, al hough he same concep is used, e.g.
ma ine p oduc and ishing p oduc (Fe nández-Sil a, F eixa, Cab é 2009: 22[…]23).
koncep ualaus nuo olio (angl. concep ual dis ance) a p į a dijamųjų a ian ų
Recognising ha iden i ica ion is s ill a challenge, he g ea es dis ance is obse ed
when he a ian s a e composed o di e en lexical uni s3 (F eixa, Fe nández-Sil a
2017: 168[…]169). Sabela Fe nández-Sil a (2016, also see 2022) p esen ed a classi ica ion o
he a ia ion o e ms acco ding o he seman ic dis ance o he a ian s om he
main e m, de e mined by compa ing he concep ual in o ma ion con eyed by he
a ian s. I dis inguished h ee ca ego ies o seman ic dis ance: 1) minimum seman ic
dis ance, 2) a e age seman ic dis ance, and 3) maximum seman ic dis ance, which co e
eigh ypes o a ian s. The minimal seman ic dis ance a ia ion is a ibu ed o
o mal a ia ion and synonymy. I should be emphasised he e ha he o mal a ia ion
(as a as can be asce ained om he explana ion and he examples gi en) would
co e he a ian s in Li huanian e minology in he na ow sense (c . 1 inden a ion) and
he common oo synonyms, as well as he e ms and hei abb e ia ions, and he
synonymy […] only he synonyms o he lexicon, including he synonyms whose wo ds
a e p onounced as synonyms. S. Fe nández-Sil o conside s he a ian s o he minus
(no ze o) seman ic dis ance o be he mean seman ic dis ance associa ed wi h he
seman iškai lygia e čiais, nes jais neiš eiškiami koncep ualaus u inio pokyčiai.
la e al dimension and he maximum […] wi h he changes o he main dimension. Choice
o p ime o a ying he mean seman ic dis ance, change o concep ual con igu a ion.
ski iama edukcija, neapib ėžiančio požymio poky is i apib ėžiančio požymio
poky is, maksimalaus nuo olio – ka ego ijos poky is, hipe onimo a ba hiponi-
This classi ica ion is based on he s udy o he usage o ex ual e ms, and he e m
and i s a ian s a e associa ed wi h he same e e en , bu no necessa ily wi h he
same concep . I can be assumed ha he a ian s o medium and maximum seman ic
dis ance co espond o con ex ual synonyms, ex ual a ian s o a ian s in he
b oad sense. In addi ion, he s udy's examples show ha he e a e also names o he
same concep , such as he ype pai HIV-AIDS and HIV-AIDS disease, which a e classi ied
as examples o maximum seman ic dis ance ( a ia ion ype […] ca ego y change wi h
he addi ion o he wo d disease emphasizes he classi ica ion pe spec i e). No
seman ic, bu cogni i e e m dis ance (cogni i e dis ance) was analyzed by S.
Fe nández-Sil a oge he wi h Koen Ke emans (2011). Cogni i e
3 Examples o compound e ms in which one o he e bs is p onounced wi h di e en lexemes
a e discussed.
ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ
In Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXXIX, he dis ance is in e p e ed as he di e ence
in he concep ual in o ma ion o he e ms, which is e lec ed in he s uc u e o
he e ms. They examined he simila i ies and di e ences be ween he
co espondences […] explained he ela ionship be ween he a ying e ms o he
o iginal language (Gaelic) and he ansla ed language (English), exp essing hei
nėmis e ėmis (0 – nė a kogni y inio nuo olio, 0,5 – dalinis kogni y inis nuo-
cogni i e dis ance in h ee digi s, […] minimum co espondence). The e m " e minal
dis ance" was coined by Edwa d Clay in his 1922 pape , "The Dis ance Be ween
English and I alian." He dis inguished h ee e minological dis ances seman ic,
mo phosyn ac ic and cono acine, he la e p obably aking o e he speci ics o
he subjec a ea mig a ion. Wha is conside ed a seman ic dis ance and how i is
de e mined is no explained. Nu ody's wo k encou aged he compa ison o
Li huanian synonyms acco ding o hei seman ic equi alence. I is wo h
emphasizing ha hese s udies a e only a s a ing poin , because his wo k deals
wi h sys emic synonyms, no a ian s in he b oad sense (as can be seen om he
o e iew, hey a e no necessa ily called he same concep ) o co espondences.
Thus, o he i s ime, an a emp is made o apply he ca ego y o dis ance o
e ms o synonyms […] names o he same concep in he same language. O cou se,
he na u e o he subjec ma e i sel equi es a sligh ly di e en app oach.
The s udies discussed a e based on he ex ual ocabula y o e ms, and he da a
o he ocabula y o e ms is analyzed in his a icle. Objec and me hodology o
he s udy. The a icle examines wo-wo d synonymic e ms om wo newe
la ge-scale e minology dic iona ies […] A psychological e minology dic iona y
(PsichŽ, 2019) and he Li huanian-English language e minology dic iona y o lib a y,
in o ma ion and bookkeeping (BIK) (2021). These a e wo ks in he ield o social
sciences. The da a o he i s dic iona y a e published in he LR e minų banke
(LRTB), and he da a o he second dic iona y a e published in he Li huanian
e minų inkų po al. Synonyms a e au oma ically selec ed om he LRTB.
Va ian s and abb e ia ions a e also p o ided as synonyms in he LRTB e minology
ield o his dic iona y. Synonyms om BIK a e collec ed by e e ence, see, yes, as
posi i e in he p e ix o he wo d, ela ed synonyms (in addi ion, as seen om he
wo d i sel , and a ian s in he na owe sense and some imes he e m and i s
abb e ia ion). The s uc u e o his wo d is dis inguished by he ac ha i s
synonym (newbo n e m) is no longe gi en o he main e m ( he e a e a ew
excep ions). Thus, he BIK no m is s ic e han he PsichŽ, because he synonym is
no eco ded in he e m a icle (plg. p a a mę: siūloma a o i ki ą įp as esnį o
mo e Li huanian language no ms co esponding o he e m (BIK iii)). Synonyms,
eco ded in e minology a he han in ex s, should be analyzed accu a ely. This
a oided doub s abou he synonymi y o e ms ( he ques ion o con ex ual
synonymy did no need o be sol ed), as well as abou he e minology ( o conside
A icles by A icles 149
Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis
whe he a linguis ic uni is a e m o no ). These a e he main and mos p oblema ic
ma e ial selec ion issues in e minology s udies ha equi e he pa icipa ion o pa icipan s.
Ty imui im i ik ienodo dėmenų skaičiaus e minai4 siekian susi elk i ies
he lexical and seman ic di e ences and he ques ion o abb e ia ion and
leng hening o e ms, which a e una oidable in he examina ion o synonymous
e ms dis inguished by he numbe o clauses, a e le ou . I is composed o wo
e ms (522 pai s o hem a e analyzed). Compound e ms a e chosen ca e ully:
hey p e ail in he e minology o any ield, hei composi ion o en includes
monosyllabic e ms, and i is p ecisely he examples o compound e ms ha
mos o en illus a e he a iabili y o e ms (León A aúz, Cabezas Ga cía 2020:
214). Compound e ms a e hough o be mo e a ied han o he ixed compounds
because he o me a e less lexical (ibid, 212). The pu pose o he a icle is o
cla i y he lexically explicable seman ic dis ance o wo-wo d synonymic e ms
and i s ela ionship o synonymic ypes. The aim is o compa e synonyms
acco ding o wo pa ame e s o mal (shakni) and seman ic (signi ican
commonali y o nouns). An a emp is made o de e mine wha de e mines he
g ea e and lesse seman ic di e ences o synonymic e ms, o e alua e hei
seman ic equi alence. The main me hod o he s udy is he analy ical desc ip ion.
Using he opposi ion me hod, synonyms ( hei dis inc shapes) a e compa ed wi h
each o he . seman ic di e ences a e sol ed no om he meaning o he
compound e m, bu om i s s uc u al elemen s […] abou wo ds […] seman ics.
The meanings o wo ds a e de e mined based on dic iona ies. Quali a i e and
quan i a i e analysis a e no he same hing. I is di icul o a oid subjec i i y
when dealing wi h seman ics, so quan i a i e da a could be only app oxima e.
Al hough he o de o he e ms ha name he same concep in bo h
dic iona ies is clea acco ding o he wo ding, in his s udy he synonyms a e
no classi ied acco ding o linguis ic and e minological sui abili y, hey a e conside ed as equi alen names o concep s.
1.FORMAL OPPOSITION CRITERIUM: The
oo s (no he loca ion) o he
In Li huanian e minology, i has al eady become cus oma y (since hen) o classi y synonymous
e ms acco ding o hei oo (non-cohe ence). In addi ion o he numbe o e ms, he e a e ou
synonyms ha do no di e in he numbe o wo ds. The la ges g oup is made up o wo-wo d
e ms, and wo-wo d e ms, and one-wo d e ms. This is in luenced no only by he speci ics o he
science and i s e minology, bu also by he na u e o he ocabula y, he c i e ia o selec ing and
p esen ing e ms, he in en ion o he au ho s and o he ex alinguis ic c i e ia.
5 Auxilia y wo ds a e no conside ed sepa a e en i ies.

ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ
150 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
ienas bend iausių sinonimų ski ybių k i e ijų. Nuo o, a sinonimų šaknis su-
becomes, o does no , depend on which o he synonyms a e ele an o he
opposi ion c i e ia. Since he subjec o he s udy is […] ocabula y e ms ( hey
a e selec ed by he compose s and (o ) sugges ed e minology), as could be
expec ed, among he synonymic wo-wo d e ms, he mos p ominen a e hose
whose dis inc e bs a e non- e bal oo s (negiminiški). The esea ch ma e ial
allows o dis inguish i e ypes o wo-wo d synonyms acco ding o he
pas i iamojoje medžiagoje); 2) abu dėmenys nebend ašakniai; 3) nebend ašak-
nio pusė dėmens; 4) nė a nebend ašaknių dėmenų; 5) bend ašak niai, be ski iasi
opposi ion o he oo s: 1) he mos abundan one-wo d (see able 1 o he mos abundan numbe o syllables).
Non-synonymous e ms a e cha ac e ized by a g ea e lexical seman ic
dis ance han common oo s. The la e a e linked by he same oo , he wo k
ela ionships, and hey belong o he same hema ic pa adigm, and he same
oo s a e no necessa ily he same. Thus, based on he oo c i e ion alone, i
can be a gued ha he mo e non- oo pieces he e a e, he g ea e he
dis ance. Acco dingly, he lexical seman ic dis ance inc eases in he ollowing
o de acco ding o he po ipius: 4, 3 and 5, 1, 2.
The i h ca ego y o synonyms e lec s he sepa a ion o he lexical c i e ia and
he oo c i e ion o he e ms […] in he subjunc i e is exp essed by mo e
adjec i es han in he co esponding non-subjunc i e. This ype is conside ed an
in e media e a ian be ween he synonyms o he e ms o he same numbe o
pieces and he di e en numbe o pieces. Acco dingly, he lexical seman ic
dis ance o such synonyms is g ea e han ha o o he common oo synonyms,
on he o he hand, and his g oup o synonyms is no uni o m. Among hem a e
mainly pai s o synonyms wi h non-synonymous common oo s (cogni i e
psycho he apy and cogni i e he apy, physical addic ion […] physiological addic ion
PsichŽ), and he seman ic dis ance o such synonym e ms is g ea […] pa allel ex
nis nei ų, ku ių besiski iančiais dėmenimis eina sinoniminiai žodžiai (g e u inis
BIK.
By sugges ing synonyms acco ding o he oo , i was poin ed ou ha he main oo
o one o he e ms may be he common oo o he synonym o he seconda y oo ,
e.g. psychological well-being […] good sel -es eem, g aphomo o ap axia […] ap axia
ag aphy, esidual hea ing […] hea ing loss PsichŽ and o he s. Synonyms ha a e
s uc u ally and seman ically dis an om each o he , ha con ey di e en
są oką, o kadangi pag indiniai dėmenys (seman inė dominan ė i klasi ikacinis
in o ma ion abou he noun (no synonyms, no he same noun) a e conside ed o be
he g ea es dis ance be ween synonyms (see sec ion 2.2).
As can be seen om he examples in able 1, he opposi ion in he pai s o synonyms
is o med by bo h seconda y and main clauses, and he wo-wo d synonyms
de e mine he synonymic ela ionships o he co esponding single-wo d e ms
A icles by A icles 151
Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis
( elease, in oduc ion → supplemen a y in oduc ion, supplemen a y in oduc ion;
subse ies, se ies → subse ies da a, se ies da a). Acco ding o he ypology o
a ian s o S. Fe nández-Sil o, such common synonyms would be ea ed as
a ian s o minimal seman ic dis ance ( o mal a ia ion ypes). I is no enough o
es ablish a o mal c i e ion o de e mining he g ea e seman ic dis ance o he
e ms hemsel es by he synonymy o common oo wo ds […] main o seconda y
[…]. One LENTEL. Opposi ion o wo synonymic e ms acco ding o he oo o
di e en wo ds
Tipas Pa yzdžiai
synonyms 1) addi ional heading […] al e na i e heading, websi e s uc u e […] websi e
ee BIK, emo ional s abili y […] emo ional s abili y, cogni i e ha m […] cogni i e
dissonance PsichŽ
2) isual agnosia […] psychic blindness PsichŽ 3) in e phasic ela ionship […]
in e phasic ela ionship BIK common synonyms 4) pa en applica ion […] pa en
applica ion, supplemen a y au ho isa ion […] supplemen a y en y BIK
5) kogni y ioji psicho e apija – kogni y ioji e apija PsichŽ,
g e u inis eks as – lygiag e usis eks as BIK
2. C i e ia o he Seman ic Opposi ion:
D[…]MEN[…] LEXINIO TURINIO This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o Tu in, I aly.
(NE) ARTIMUMAS is he name o he game.
A ce ain […] explici […] pa o he concep , he ea u es o he concep eme ge
om he lexical meaning o he e m, he s uc u e o he e m, he mo i a ion.
Mo i a ion in e minology, as is well known, is signi ican because i helps o ealize
he equi emen s o accu acy and sys ema ici y h ough exp ession and allows
e ek y umo (pa eikumo) i loginio sis emiškumo p incipus. Mo y uo i e mi-
nai a e ia du is į są okų sup a imą, nes leidžia g ei ai i eiksmingai jas iden i-
he implemen a ion o ex alinguis ic icus (Fe nández-Sil a, F eixa, Cab é 2009: 24),
which is pa icula ly ele an o compound e ms […] all compound e ms should
be conside ed as mo i a ed (Gai eny ė 2000: 20). I is wo h emphasizing ha i is
necessa y o dis inguish be ween e minological mo i a ion ( he e m as a pa o
he e minology sys em) and linguis ic mo i a ion ( he lexical uni ha pe o ms
ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXXIX) is a book o linguis ic and linguis ic
ex s. Compound e ms a e cha ac e ized by s uc u al (mo phological,
syn ac ic) and seman ic mo i a ion and hei combina ions6. In o de o ind ou
whe he synonymic compound e ms exp ess he same cha ac e is ic o he
concep , o mo e p ecisely whe he he concep is named on he same basis, in
he same aspec , i s o all, he lexical meanings o he wo ds ha a e di ided
in o synonyms a e de e mined by commonali y and di e ence. In his way, h ee
ypes o synonyms we e iden i ied: 1) synonyms wi h simila o e y close lexical
meanings (i.e. synonyms) in dis inc clauses; 2) synonyms wi h dis inc lexical
meanings; 3) synonyms wi h ela ed lexical meanings in dis inc clauses (see
able 2). The seman ic dis ance be ween he dis inc i e ypes […] he smalles
among he i s ype, he la ges […] among he second ype o synonyms
di e s acco dingly. Two slowly. Opposi ion o wo synonymic e ms acco ding
o he ela ionship o he con en o he lexicon o di e en wo ds
Tipas Pa yzdžiai
he unc ion o he e m o he e b o he e m). The e m o i s meaning may
synonymous wi h di e en e e yday psychology […] non-p o essional non-equal
e minai
become seman ically synonymous wi h emo ional s abili y […] emo ional s abili y,
meaning psychology, gene al in ellec […] gene al e ms ac o s, classical
dėmenimis
equi alen synonyms o a ga sio memo y […] psychic memo y; seman ically
condi ioning […] Pa lo 's condi ioning o he psyche; o ice pape […] p in ing pape ,
žinių isuma – žinių uni e sumas, s ačiasis
sudės ymas – e ikalusis sudės ymas BIK
adhesi e binding […] loose binding, a ge hesau us […] seconda y hesau us BIK
poin , g aphic in o ma ion isual in o ma ion BIK
synonymous wi h ela ed subjec game […] p o essional game, seman ically limi ed
concep ual hinking […] ca ego ical hinking PsichŽ; place o counselling counselling
2.1. synonymous e ms, exp essed as synonymous ga men s, in o a ious mo i a ional
dija uos pačius są okos požymius. Pagal S. Fe nández-Sil os ipologiją jie
classi ica ions ( e iews see Gai eny ė 2000, G i ėnienė 2006 and o he s). An ex ended ypology o
mo i a ion has been compiled by he e minologis Johan Myking (see Myking 2009, also Myking 2020).
He also poin ed ou ha he concep s o mo i a ion a y, and he e m "mo i a ion" i sel
ep esen s a leas ou concep s.
A icles by A icles 153
Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis
o be classi ied as a a ia ion o he minimum seman ic dis ance. Such synonyms
can be classi ied acco ding o hei o igin when combined wi h hei dis inc
o ms: Li huanian schoolboy (emo ional cons ancy emo ional s abili y), Li huanian
schoolboy (use guide use guide), schoolboy schoolboy (au hen ic w i ing o iginal
w i ing)7. He belie es ha only he opposi ion o synonyms in his g oup is a
signi ican c i e ion o he o igin o wo ds. Synonyms include no only lexical
synonyms, bu also hose ha , s ic ly speaking, would no be classi ied as
lexical synonyms […] non-adjec i e adjec i e o adjec i e wo d and noun
p onoun, such as […] social no m PsichŽ. Synonyms a e wo ds om he same pa
o he language (LHomme 2020: 17), as well as wo ds ha pe o m simila
g amma ical unc ions in o he pa s o he language (Jakai ienė 2010: 122), and
syn ac ic synonyms a e syn ac ic cons uc ions o he same (o almos he
same) lexical composi ion (Valiuly ė 1998: 3; Župe ka 2012: 47). Thus, synonyms such
as public no m and social no m a e a mix u e o lexical synonyms and syn ac ic
synonyms (nei he pu e lexical no syn ac ic synonyms). Howe e , such
synonyms a e no only o mally, bu also seman ically mo e dis an om each
o he . The meaning o belonging is mo e p onounced in he conjunc ion o he
indica ed pai wi h he c escen , and wi h he adjec i e […] species. Thus, he
seman ic dis ance o synonymic e ms is no ze o.
In o de o a oid con usion wi h he e m "synonyms," he e m "synonyms" is
used o e e o synonyms ha do no ha e he same meaning (e.g., "synonyms"
is used o e e o synonyms ha do no ha e he same meaning, e.g.,
"synonyms" is used o e e o synonyms, e.g., "synonyms" is used o e e o
synonyms, e.g., "synonyms" is used o synonyms, e.g., "synonyms" is used o
synonyms. The e a e seman ic di e ences be ween such synonyms. Howe e , in
he con ex o synonymy o e ms, i does no seem app op ia e o go deepe
and analyze he mo i a ion o he cons i uen pa s o he compound e ms.
Igno ing he seman ic di e ence o such compounds, i is signi ican ha synonymous e ms, p onounced synonymously, a e used o e e o he same aspec , he same sign is p onounced by hem.
As men ioned, he iden i y o he sign o he explici concep o synonymic e ms
is de e mined by he lexical meaning o he dis inc wo ds. When hese wo ds,
especially species a ibu es, a e mo e common wo ds o he gene al lexicon
(exhaus i e indexing […] de ailed indexing), i is easy o pe cei e he meaning o he
concep wi hou ha ing speci ic subjec knowledge. The synonymy o such
compound e ms is based on he synonymy o he gene al lexicon. In some species
niu dėmeniu į a dijamas są okos požymis eiškiamas siau os (ap ibo os dalyki-
a eas, i is used as a special lexical uni , especially an in e na ional one (hap inė 7).
Hyb id wo ds wi h a bo owed oo a e also included he e.
ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ
160 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The dic iona y o he Li huanian language, edi ed by D. Liu ke ičienė, D.
Mu mulai y ė, V. Sakalauskienė, A. G i ėnienė, A. Gaidienė, D. Daugi dienė, L. Jonušys,
edi ed by D. Liu ke ičienė, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 2013-2022. I is
a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.ekalba.l /bend ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/
[ iewed in Ap il 2023].
Cabezas-Ga cía Melania, León-A aúz Pila 2023: Te m and concep a ia ion in he
communica ion o clima e change. The T ansla o 28(4), 429449. Edwa d Clay: A
co pus-based app oach o examining e minological a ia ion in EU law. In e na ional
Jou nal o Language & Law 11, 142162. This is no he case. I is a ailable online a :
h ps: www.languageandlaw.eu jll/a icle:// iew/136. DLKŽ […] Con empo a y
Li huanian language dic iona y, ed. S . Keynes, he eigh h amendmen . and
supplemen s. Published by he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, Vilnius, 2021. I is
a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps:
www.ekalba.l /daba ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas. E many ė I ena 1995:
Opposi eness as a seman ic and logical basis o an onymy. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 35, 9[…]31.
Fabe , Pamela, León-A auz, Pila , 2016 Specialized knowledge ep esen a ion and he
pa ame e iza ion o con ex . […] F on ie s in psychology 7 (196), 1[…]20. This is he
i s ime ha his has been done. I is also impo an o no e ha he
Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks
ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. Fe nández-Sil a Sabela 2016: The Cogni i e and Rhe o ical Role o Te m Va ia ion and I s Con ibu ion o Knowledge Cons uc ion in Resea ch A icles. –
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Sab ina, Ph.D. - Cogni i e app oaches o he s udy o e m a ia ion. […] Theo e ical
Pe spec i es on Te minology: Explaining Te ms, Concep s and Specialized Knowledge,
eds. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Fe nández-Sil a Sabela, F eixa Judi , Cab é M. Te esa 2009: Mul iple Mo i a ions in
he Denomina ion o Concep s: The Case o […]P oduc ion A ea[…] in he
Te minology o Aquacul u e in F ench and Galician. […] Te minology and science
Resea ch 20, 21 and 38.
Fe nández-Sil a Sabela, Ke emans Koen 2011: Te minological a ia ion in sou ce
ex s and ansla ions: a pilo s udy. This is a pilo s udy. Goal 56(2), 318335. I is
a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps:
www.e udi .o g/en/jou nals/me a/2011- 56-n2-me a1821316/1006179a . F eixa Judi
2006: Causes o Denomina i e Va ia ion in Te minology: A Typology P oposal. This is a lis o e minology used in he Uni ed S a es. Te minology 12(1), 5177. This is no he case.

S aipsniai / A icles 161
Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis
F eixa Judi 2022: Causes o Te minological Va ia ion. – Theo e ical Pe spec i es
on Te minology: explaining e ms, concep s and specialised knowledge, eds. P. Fabe ,
M.-C. L[…]Homme, Ams e dam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, F eixa
399–420.
Judi , Fe nández-Sil a Sabela 2017: Te minological Va ia ion and he Unsa u abili y o
Concep s. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. […] Mul iple
Pe spec i es on Te minological Va ia ion, ed. by he au ho This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Benjamins Publishing Company, 155–180.
Gai eny ė Jolan a 2000: Sudė inių izikos e minų mo y acija. – Li uanis ica 3/4(43/
44), 19–25.
G i ėnienė Au elija 2006: Mo i a ion o he names o plan s in he no he n
Pane ėžys council, Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
ISO 704:2022 […] Te minology wo k […] P inciples and me hods. Jakai ienė E alda 2010:
Leksikologija: s udy book, Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house. She is also
he au ho o he book "Leksikologija: s udy book".
Leon-A aúz Pila , Cabezas-Ga cía Melania 2020: Te m and T ansla ion Va ia ion o Mul i-Wo d
Te ms. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in he Spanish language.
Mul idisciplina y analysis o he phenomenon o ph asal a ia ion in ansla ion and
in e p e ing, MonTI Special Issue 6, ed. This is P. Mogo ón Hue a, 210.247.
L[…]Homme Ma ie-Claude 2020: Lexical Seman ics o Te minology: An In oduc ion, which was
published by he John Benjamins Publishing Company in Ams e dam, Philadelphia. Lonča Maja,
Os oški Anić Ana 2014: Eponymous medical e ms as a sou ce o e minological a ia ion. […]
Languages o Special Pu poses in a Mul ilingual, T anscul u al Wo ld, P oceedings o he 19 h
Eu opean Symposium on Languages o Special Pu poses, eds. G. Budin, V. Lušicky, Vienna:
Uni e si y o Vienna, 36[…]44. He is a membe o he Boa d o Di ec o s o he Vienna Ins i u e
o Economics. Masa yk-Nijolė, An onin's ansla ion, Vilnius Uni e si y, 2013, which was published by he Vilnius Uni e si y P ess.
Myking Johan 2009: (Ye Ano he ) Taxonomy o Mo i a ions. – Te minology
Science and Resea ch 20, 39 o 53.
Myking Johan 2020: Te m Fo ma ion […] Is he e a s a e o he a ? […] Te minology 27,
6–30.
Miliūnai ė Ri a 2009: Va ian s o he cu en use o he Li huanian language, Vilnius,
2009. Mi ke ičienė As a 2015: Some aspec s o he synonymy o e ms. The e minology is 22,
39–60.
ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ
162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX and i s annexes
Mi h ida es is a synonym o he wo d. […] Bend inė speaks a 93, 1[…]18. I is a ailable
on he In e ne a : h ps: jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba/a icle iew/899/1112. The
Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26
o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his
Regula ion. da a o Li huanian new wo ds. Con inued online knowledge since 2011, sud. and a s. ed. R. Miliūnai ė, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e. This is a lis o he membe s o he Eu opean Pa liamen who we e elec ed o he Eu opean Pa liamen om he Uni ed Kingdom.
mėn.].
Ani a Nuopponen 2011: Me hods o Concep Analysis […] Tools o Sys emic Concep
Analysis. This is he i s ime ha his has been done. This Regula ion shall en e
in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: auli.cbs.dkindex.php lspcog/a icle/ iew/3302/3500.
Ani a Nuopponen is he au ho o Concep ual Rela ions: F om he Gene al Theo y o
Te minology o Knowledge Bases. […] Theo e ical Pe spec i es on Te minology: Explaining
Te ms, Concep s and Specialized Knowledge, eds. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. TŽ […] In e na ional dic iona y o wo ds, ed. D. S e ikienė, Vilnius: Alma
Valiuly ė Elena 1998: Daba inės lie u ių kalbos sin aksiniai sinonimai. Vie os, laiko i
li e a, 2013. The eason o he link, Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Publishing o Science and
Encyclopedias. Vasilie a Ramona is he au ho o "The Causes in he Te minology o As ology." –
Te minology 28, 192-223. This is he i s ime I' e hea d o his.
Vasilie a Ramone, The Mak oeconomics o he Wo ld: The Causes o Synonyms,
Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p:
lki.l /wp-con en /uploads/2023/05/Vaskelai e_Mak oekonomikos_ e minija.pd . I is
also a ailable on he In e ne a : Zsuzsa Menzel 2012: The A o he Deal, Pa 3 and
supplemen s. he publishing house, Šiauliai: Šiauliai Uni e si y Publishing House.
S uc u al Seman ic Dis ance
Be ween Synonymous Two-Wo d Te ms
Summa y
The a icle deals wi h a p e iously unexplo ed aspec o Li huanian e m synonymy […] he
seman ic dis ance be ween synonymous e ms, as e lec ed in hei s uc u e. The s udy
ocuses on wo-wo d synonyms ex ac ed om wo dic iona ies: he Explana o y Dic iona y o
Psychology (2019) and he Dic iona y o Lib a ianship (2019). The o mal pa ame e o he
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A icles o he T ea y
Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis
The esea ch e ealed a spec um o seman ic dis ances among synonymous e ms,
synonymic opposi ion, speci ically he (non-) iden i y o he oo , dis inguishes be ween
common- oo and non-common oo synonyms. Non-common- oo synonyms exhibi g ea e
seman ic dis ance due o he absence o a sha ed oo and, consequen ly, a simila lexical
composi ion. Howe e , i s no jus he (non-)iden i y o he oo i sel ha holds signi icance;
he numbe o
(non-)iden ical oo s also plays a c ucial ole.
The opposi ion o synonymous e ms acco ding o he seman ic pa ame e […] he closeness o
he lexical meaning o he wo ds by which he wo-wo d synonyms a e dis inguished […] has
shown ha synonymous e ms designa e a concep bo h on he same basis (when synonymous
e ms[…] cons i uen s a e lexemes o synonymous meaning) and on a di e en basis (when
synonymous e ms[…] cons i uen s a e lexemes o di e en meanings) al oge he . The la e
synonymous e ms […] aspec ual synonyms […] a e complemen a y denomina ions o he same
concep , and hei di e ence lies in hei cogni i e basis. The dis ance be ween aspec ual
synonyms is much g ea e han ha be ween synonymous e ms wi h synonymous
cons i uen s. Be ween hese wo ypes o synonyms […] e ms wi h synonymous lexemes and
e ms wi h lexemes o di e en meanings […] e ms wi h lexemes o ela ed meanings a e
posi ioned in e ms o he deg ee o synonyms […] seman ic dis ance. These lexemes a e linked
by hype nyms, me onyms, o associa i e (including con e sion) ela ionships, so ha he
synonymy o e ms can be explained by me onymy. Synonyms exhibi di e en combina ions o
synonym ypes based on he oo and meaning o hei componen s, a ying in e ms o he
head, modi ie , o bo h. The esea ch he seman ic dis ance be ween hese e ms is a i s
suppo s he no ion ha when he heads o synonymous e ms a e no hemsel es synonyms,
maximum.
Deli e ed on 28 July 2023.
ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.