Sinoniminių dvižodžių terminų struktūrinis semantinis nuotolis

S aipsniai / A icles 145 ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0001-5508-1555 Di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch: e minology and e minology. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Synonyms and ela ed wo ds The e m 's uc u e' This is SEMANTINIS NUOTOLIS S uc u al Seman ic Dis ance Be ween Synonymous Two-Wo d Te ms This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Fo he i s ime, he a icle examines he dis ance be ween Li huanian synonymic e ms, which is e lec ed in hei s uc u e. The subjec o he s udy is […] wo-wo d synonyms, eco ded in wo-wo d dic iona ies. Synonyms a e g ouped acco ding o he oo s ( o mal c i e ion) and he p oximi y o he meanings o he wo ds ha di e in hei meanings (seman ic c i e ion). An a emp is made o cla i y he lexically explicable seman ic dis ance o wo-wo d synonymic e ms and i s ela ionship o synonym ypes. ESMINIAL WORDS: compound e m, synonyms, seman ic dis ance, a iance, and seman ics. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The a icle discusses he dis ance be ween synonymous e ms in he Li huanian language and how his dis ance is e lec ed in hei s uc u e. The s udy ocuses on wo-wo d synonymous e ms lis ed in wo e minological dic iona ies. The compa ison o synonyms is based on wo c i e ia: hei oo s ( o mal c i e ion) and he simila i y in meaning o he wo ds ha di e en ia e synonyms (seman ic c i e ion). An a emp is made o elucida e he lexically explicable seman ic dis ance be ween wo-wo d synonyms and i s co ela ion wi h he ypes o synonyms. KEYWORDS: complex e m, synonyms, seman ic dis ance, a ia ion and seman ics. ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ 146 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX o he Ac o Accession o he Republic o Li huania The na a i e abou he synonymy o e ms, and mo e b oadly […] abou a ia ion, a ia ion, in Wes e n e minology has changed in mo e han wo decades. The e m "synonymy" is used o e e o he ac ha he e m "synonymy" is used o e e o a se o concep s o concep s, and ha he e m "synonymy" is used o nikaciniai a ian iškumo mechanizmai. Te minologijos da bo s anda e (ISO e e o a se o concep s o concep s. The synonymy o Li huanian e ms has also been w i en abou qui e a bi in he Li huanian dialec only in he las en yea s (e.g., Mi ke ičienė 2015, 2020; e iew). The la es wo k […] Ramunės Vaskelai ės Science S udy (2022), which examines in de ail he causes o synonymy in he e minology o Li huanian economics, is men ioned sepa a ely. Aukso iū ė 2018; Vaskelai ė 2021 i k ., ž . i en nu ody ą li e a ū ą bei y imų In his a icle, he as ye unexplo ed aspec o he synonymy o Li huanian e ms […] he dis ance be ween synonymic e ms, e lec ed in hei s uc u e, will be discussed. The heo e ical basis. Te ms a e no only nouns, bu also meanings […] names p o ide seman ic in o ma ion by di ec ing he concep in a ce ain way and exp essing changes in he noun o m can dami (eksplikuodami) ik a ink us seman inius požymius (F eixa 2006: 67). a ec he concep s because hey o ien he audience o a ce ain pe cep ion. They can also highligh a comple ely di e en pe cep ion o he concep , and sub le changes in meaning ha can ha dly be ea ed as changes in he concep (F eixa, Fe nández-Sil a 2017: 168). Gi en he consequences o he a ia ion o he names (denomina ion) o he e ms used, he possible impac on how he add essee pe cei es he concep , he a ia ion o he e ms is dis inguished wi hou cogni i e consequences and he e ms 1 In Li huanian e minology, he e ms ha name he same concep a e usually conside ed synonyms, and he a ian is usually unde s ood as a syllable […] as he same e m. In gene al, a ia ion, a ia ion is also used loosely as a ia ion, di e si y. o malių ( ašybos, one inių, mo ologinių, sin aksinių) ski umų u in i e mino a maina. Tai a- dicinis i dominuojan is požiū is, ku io laikomasi i šiame da be. Ki a e us, kalbo y oje e minas In his a icle, he concep s o a iance, a iance, a ia ion a e used o a oid con usion and con usion o concep s (i seems ha e en in hese wo ks, a ia ion is unde s ood di e en ly, and i is no always possible o accu a ely de e mine he scope o he concep s in scien i ic wo ks). S aipsniai / A icles 147 Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis a y wi h cogni i e e ec s. The i s ype o e ms con eys he same in o ma ion abou he concep , hei meaning does no di e , e.g. sea p oduc and ma ine p oduc , while he second ype o e ms emphasises di e en ea u es o he concep , he meaning o he e ms hemsel es di e s, al hough he same concep is used, e.g. ma ine p oduc and ishing p oduc (Fe nández-Sil a, F eixa, Cab é 2009: 22[…]23). koncep ualaus nuo olio (angl. concep ual dis ance) a p į a dijamųjų a ian ų Recognising ha iden i ica ion is s ill a challenge, he g ea es dis ance is obse ed when he a ian s a e composed o di e en lexical uni s3 (F eixa, Fe nández-Sil a 2017: 168[…]169). Sabela Fe nández-Sil a (2016, also see 2022) p esen ed a classi ica ion o he a ia ion o e ms acco ding o he seman ic dis ance o he a ian s om he main e m, de e mined by compa ing he concep ual in o ma ion con eyed by he a ian s. I dis inguished h ee ca ego ies o seman ic dis ance: 1) minimum seman ic dis ance, 2) a e age seman ic dis ance, and 3) maximum seman ic dis ance, which co e eigh ypes o a ian s. The minimal seman ic dis ance a ia ion is a ibu ed o o mal a ia ion and synonymy. I should be emphasised he e ha he o mal a ia ion (as a as can be asce ained om he explana ion and he examples gi en) would co e he a ian s in Li huanian e minology in he na ow sense (c . 1 inden a ion) and he common oo synonyms, as well as he e ms and hei abb e ia ions, and he synonymy […] only he synonyms o he lexicon, including he synonyms whose wo ds a e p onounced as synonyms. S. Fe nández-Sil o conside s he a ian s o he minus (no ze o) seman ic dis ance o be he mean seman ic dis ance associa ed wi h he seman iškai lygia e čiais, nes jais neiš eiškiami koncep ualaus u inio pokyčiai. la e al dimension and he maximum […] wi h he changes o he main dimension. Choice o p ime o a ying he mean seman ic dis ance, change o concep ual con igu a ion. ski iama edukcija, neapib ėžiančio požymio poky is i apib ėžiančio požymio poky is, maksimalaus nuo olio – ka ego ijos poky is, hipe onimo a ba hiponi- This classi ica ion is based on he s udy o he usage o ex ual e ms, and he e m and i s a ian s a e associa ed wi h he same e e en , bu no necessa ily wi h he same concep . I can be assumed ha he a ian s o medium and maximum seman ic dis ance co espond o con ex ual synonyms, ex ual a ian s o a ian s in he b oad sense. In addi ion, he s udy's examples show ha he e a e also names o he same concep , such as he ype pai HIV-AIDS and HIV-AIDS disease, which a e classi ied as examples o maximum seman ic dis ance ( a ia ion ype […] ca ego y change wi h he addi ion o he wo d disease emphasizes he classi ica ion pe spec i e). No seman ic, bu cogni i e e m dis ance (cogni i e dis ance) was analyzed by S. Fe nández-Sil a oge he wi h Koen Ke emans (2011). Cogni i e 3 Examples o compound e ms in which one o he e bs is p onounced wi h di e en lexemes a e discussed. ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ In Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXXIX, he dis ance is in e p e ed as he di e ence in he concep ual in o ma ion o he e ms, which is e lec ed in he s uc u e o he e ms. They examined he simila i ies and di e ences be ween he co espondences […] explained he ela ionship be ween he a ying e ms o he o iginal language (Gaelic) and he ansla ed language (English), exp essing hei nėmis e ėmis (0 – nė a kogni y inio nuo olio, 0,5 – dalinis kogni y inis nuo- cogni i e dis ance in h ee digi s, […] minimum co espondence). The e m " e minal dis ance" was coined by Edwa d Clay in his 1922 pape , "The Dis ance Be ween English and I alian." He dis inguished h ee e minological dis ances seman ic, mo phosyn ac ic and cono acine, he la e p obably aking o e he speci ics o he subjec a ea mig a ion. Wha is conside ed a seman ic dis ance and how i is de e mined is no explained. Nu ody's wo k encou aged he compa ison o Li huanian synonyms acco ding o hei seman ic equi alence. I is wo h emphasizing ha hese s udies a e only a s a ing poin , because his wo k deals wi h sys emic synonyms, no a ian s in he b oad sense (as can be seen om he o e iew, hey a e no necessa ily called he same concep ) o co espondences. Thus, o he i s ime, an a emp is made o apply he ca ego y o dis ance o e ms o synonyms […] names o he same concep in he same language. O cou se, he na u e o he subjec ma e i sel equi es a sligh ly di e en app oach. The s udies discussed a e based on he ex ual ocabula y o e ms, and he da a o he ocabula y o e ms is analyzed in his a icle. Objec and me hodology o he s udy. The a icle examines wo-wo d synonymic e ms om wo newe la ge-scale e minology dic iona ies […] A psychological e minology dic iona y (PsichŽ, 2019) and he Li huanian-English language e minology dic iona y o lib a y, in o ma ion and bookkeeping (BIK) (2021). These a e wo ks in he ield o social sciences. The da a o he i s dic iona y a e published in he LR e minų banke (LRTB), and he da a o he second dic iona y a e published in he Li huanian e minų inkų po al. Synonyms a e au oma ically selec ed om he LRTB. Va ian s and abb e ia ions a e also p o ided as synonyms in he LRTB e minology ield o his dic iona y. Synonyms om BIK a e collec ed by e e ence, see, yes, as posi i e in he p e ix o he wo d, ela ed synonyms (in addi ion, as seen om he wo d i sel , and a ian s in he na owe sense and some imes he e m and i s abb e ia ion). The s uc u e o his wo d is dis inguished by he ac ha i s synonym (newbo n e m) is no longe gi en o he main e m ( he e a e a ew excep ions). Thus, he BIK no m is s ic e han he PsichŽ, because he synonym is no eco ded in he e m a icle (plg. p a a mę: siūloma a o i ki ą įp as esnį o mo e Li huanian language no ms co esponding o he e m (BIK iii)). Synonyms, eco ded in e minology a he han in ex s, should be analyzed accu a ely. This a oided doub s abou he synonymi y o e ms ( he ques ion o con ex ual synonymy did no need o be sol ed), as well as abou he e minology ( o conside A icles by A icles 149 Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis whe he a linguis ic uni is a e m o no ). These a e he main and mos p oblema ic ma e ial selec ion issues in e minology s udies ha equi e he pa icipa ion o pa icipan s. Ty imui im i ik ienodo dėmenų skaičiaus e minai4 siekian susi elk i ies he lexical and seman ic di e ences and he ques ion o abb e ia ion and leng hening o e ms, which a e una oidable in he examina ion o synonymous e ms dis inguished by he numbe o clauses, a e le ou . I is composed o wo e ms (522 pai s o hem a e analyzed). Compound e ms a e chosen ca e ully: hey p e ail in he e minology o any ield, hei composi ion o en includes monosyllabic e ms, and i is p ecisely he examples o compound e ms ha mos o en illus a e he a iabili y o e ms (León A aúz, Cabezas Ga cía 2020: 214). Compound e ms a e hough o be mo e a ied han o he ixed compounds because he o me a e less lexical (ibid, 212). The pu pose o he a icle is o cla i y he lexically explicable seman ic dis ance o wo-wo d synonymic e ms and i s ela ionship o synonymic ypes. The aim is o compa e synonyms acco ding o wo pa ame e s o mal (shakni) and seman ic (signi ican commonali y o nouns). An a emp is made o de e mine wha de e mines he g ea e and lesse seman ic di e ences o synonymic e ms, o e alua e hei seman ic equi alence. The main me hod o he s udy is he analy ical desc ip ion. Using he opposi ion me hod, synonyms ( hei dis inc shapes) a e compa ed wi h each o he . seman ic di e ences a e sol ed no om he meaning o he compound e m, bu om i s s uc u al elemen s […] abou wo ds […] seman ics. The meanings o wo ds a e de e mined based on dic iona ies. Quali a i e and quan i a i e analysis a e no he same hing. I is di icul o a oid subjec i i y when dealing wi h seman ics, so quan i a i e da a could be only app oxima e. Al hough he o de o he e ms ha name he same concep in bo h dic iona ies is clea acco ding o he wo ding, in his s udy he synonyms a e no classi ied acco ding o linguis ic and e minological sui abili y, hey a e conside ed as equi alen names o concep s. 1.FORMAL OPPOSITION CRITERIUM: The oo s (no he loca ion) o he In Li huanian e minology, i has al eady become cus oma y (since hen) o classi y synonymous e ms acco ding o hei oo (non-cohe ence). In addi ion o he numbe o e ms, he e a e ou synonyms ha do no di e in he numbe o wo ds. The la ges g oup is made up o wo-wo d e ms, and wo-wo d e ms, and one-wo d e ms. This is in luenced no only by he speci ics o he science and i s e minology, bu also by he na u e o he ocabula y, he c i e ia o selec ing and p esen ing e ms, he in en ion o he au ho s and o he ex alinguis ic c i e ia. 5 Auxilia y wo ds a e no conside ed sepa a e en i ies. ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ 150 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX ienas bend iausių sinonimų ski ybių k i e ijų. Nuo o, a sinonimų šaknis su- becomes, o does no , depend on which o he synonyms a e ele an o he opposi ion c i e ia. Since he subjec o he s udy is […] ocabula y e ms ( hey a e selec ed by he compose s and (o ) sugges ed e minology), as could be expec ed, among he synonymic wo-wo d e ms, he mos p ominen a e hose whose dis inc e bs a e non- e bal oo s (negiminiški). The esea ch ma e ial allows o dis inguish i e ypes o wo-wo d synonyms acco ding o he pas i iamojoje medžiagoje); 2) abu dėmenys nebend ašakniai; 3) nebend ašak- nio pusė dėmens; 4) nė a nebend ašaknių dėmenų; 5) bend ašak niai, be ski iasi opposi ion o he oo s: 1) he mos abundan one-wo d (see able 1 o he mos abundan numbe o syllables). Non-synonymous e ms a e cha ac e ized by a g ea e lexical seman ic dis ance han common oo s. The la e a e linked by he same oo , he wo k ela ionships, and hey belong o he same hema ic pa adigm, and he same oo s a e no necessa ily he same. Thus, based on he oo c i e ion alone, i can be a gued ha he mo e non- oo pieces he e a e, he g ea e he dis ance. Acco dingly, he lexical seman ic dis ance inc eases in he ollowing o de acco ding o he po ipius: 4, 3 and 5, 1, 2. The i h ca ego y o synonyms e lec s he sepa a ion o he lexical c i e ia and he oo c i e ion o he e ms […] in he subjunc i e is exp essed by mo e adjec i es han in he co esponding non-subjunc i e. This ype is conside ed an in e media e a ian be ween he synonyms o he e ms o he same numbe o pieces and he di e en numbe o pieces. Acco dingly, he lexical seman ic dis ance o such synonyms is g ea e han ha o o he common oo synonyms, on he o he hand, and his g oup o synonyms is no uni o m. Among hem a e mainly pai s o synonyms wi h non-synonymous common oo s (cogni i e psycho he apy and cogni i e he apy, physical addic ion […] physiological addic ion PsichŽ), and he seman ic dis ance o such synonym e ms is g ea […] pa allel ex nis nei ų, ku ių besiski iančiais dėmenimis eina sinoniminiai žodžiai (g e u inis BIK. By sugges ing synonyms acco ding o he oo , i was poin ed ou ha he main oo o one o he e ms may be he common oo o he synonym o he seconda y oo , e.g. psychological well-being […] good sel -es eem, g aphomo o ap axia […] ap axia ag aphy, esidual hea ing […] hea ing loss PsichŽ and o he s. Synonyms ha a e s uc u ally and seman ically dis an om each o he , ha con ey di e en są oką, o kadangi pag indiniai dėmenys (seman inė dominan ė i klasi ikacinis in o ma ion abou he noun (no synonyms, no he same noun) a e conside ed o be he g ea es dis ance be ween synonyms (see sec ion 2.2). As can be seen om he examples in able 1, he opposi ion in he pai s o synonyms is o med by bo h seconda y and main clauses, and he wo-wo d synonyms de e mine he synonymic ela ionships o he co esponding single-wo d e ms A icles by A icles 151 Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis ( elease, in oduc ion → supplemen a y in oduc ion, supplemen a y in oduc ion; subse ies, se ies → subse ies da a, se ies da a). Acco ding o he ypology o a ian s o S. Fe nández-Sil o, such common synonyms would be ea ed as a ian s o minimal seman ic dis ance ( o mal a ia ion ypes). I is no enough o es ablish a o mal c i e ion o de e mining he g ea e seman ic dis ance o he e ms hemsel es by he synonymy o common oo wo ds […] main o seconda y […]. One LENTEL. Opposi ion o wo synonymic e ms acco ding o he oo o di e en wo ds Tipas Pa yzdžiai synonyms 1) addi ional heading […] al e na i e heading, websi e s uc u e […] websi e ee BIK, emo ional s abili y […] emo ional s abili y, cogni i e ha m […] cogni i e dissonance PsichŽ 2) isual agnosia […] psychic blindness PsichŽ 3) in e phasic ela ionship […] in e phasic ela ionship BIK common synonyms 4) pa en applica ion […] pa en applica ion, supplemen a y au ho isa ion […] supplemen a y en y BIK 5) kogni y ioji psicho e apija – kogni y ioji e apija PsichŽ, g e u inis eks as – lygiag e usis eks as BIK 2. C i e ia o he Seman ic Opposi ion: D[…]MEN[…] LEXINIO TURINIO This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o Tu in, I aly. (NE) ARTIMUMAS is he name o he game. A ce ain […] explici […] pa o he concep , he ea u es o he concep eme ge om he lexical meaning o he e m, he s uc u e o he e m, he mo i a ion. Mo i a ion in e minology, as is well known, is signi ican because i helps o ealize he equi emen s o accu acy and sys ema ici y h ough exp ession and allows e ek y umo (pa eikumo) i loginio sis emiškumo p incipus. Mo y uo i e mi- nai a e ia du is į są okų sup a imą, nes leidžia g ei ai i eiksmingai jas iden i- he implemen a ion o ex alinguis ic icus (Fe nández-Sil a, F eixa, Cab é 2009: 24), which is pa icula ly ele an o compound e ms […] all compound e ms should be conside ed as mo i a ed (Gai eny ė 2000: 20). I is wo h emphasizing ha i is necessa y o dis inguish be ween e minological mo i a ion ( he e m as a pa o he e minology sys em) and linguis ic mo i a ion ( he lexical uni ha pe o ms ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXXIX) is a book o linguis ic and linguis ic ex s. Compound e ms a e cha ac e ized by s uc u al (mo phological, syn ac ic) and seman ic mo i a ion and hei combina ions6. In o de o ind ou whe he synonymic compound e ms exp ess he same cha ac e is ic o he concep , o mo e p ecisely whe he he concep is named on he same basis, in he same aspec , i s o all, he lexical meanings o he wo ds ha a e di ided in o synonyms a e de e mined by commonali y and di e ence. In his way, h ee ypes o synonyms we e iden i ied: 1) synonyms wi h simila o e y close lexical meanings (i.e. synonyms) in dis inc clauses; 2) synonyms wi h dis inc lexical meanings; 3) synonyms wi h ela ed lexical meanings in dis inc clauses (see able 2). The seman ic dis ance be ween he dis inc i e ypes […] he smalles among he i s ype, he la ges […] among he second ype o synonyms di e s acco dingly. Two slowly. Opposi ion o wo synonymic e ms acco ding o he ela ionship o he con en o he lexicon o di e en wo ds Tipas Pa yzdžiai he unc ion o he e m o he e b o he e m). The e m o i s meaning may synonymous wi h di e en e e yday psychology […] non-p o essional non-equal e minai become seman ically synonymous wi h emo ional s abili y […] emo ional s abili y, meaning psychology, gene al in ellec […] gene al e ms ac o s, classical dėmenimis equi alen synonyms o a ga sio memo y […] psychic memo y; seman ically condi ioning […] Pa lo 's condi ioning o he psyche; o ice pape […] p in ing pape , žinių isuma – žinių uni e sumas, s ačiasis sudės ymas – e ikalusis sudės ymas BIK adhesi e binding […] loose binding, a ge hesau us […] seconda y hesau us BIK poin , g aphic in o ma ion isual in o ma ion BIK synonymous wi h ela ed subjec game […] p o essional game, seman ically limi ed concep ual hinking […] ca ego ical hinking PsichŽ; place o counselling counselling 2.1. synonymous e ms, exp essed as synonymous ga men s, in o a ious mo i a ional dija uos pačius są okos požymius. Pagal S. Fe nández-Sil os ipologiją jie classi ica ions ( e iews see Gai eny ė 2000, G i ėnienė 2006 and o he s). An ex ended ypology o mo i a ion has been compiled by he e minologis Johan Myking (see Myking 2009, also Myking 2020). He also poin ed ou ha he concep s o mo i a ion a y, and he e m "mo i a ion" i sel ep esen s a leas ou concep s. A icles by A icles 153 Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis o be classi ied as a a ia ion o he minimum seman ic dis ance. Such synonyms can be classi ied acco ding o hei o igin when combined wi h hei dis inc o ms: Li huanian schoolboy (emo ional cons ancy emo ional s abili y), Li huanian schoolboy (use guide use guide), schoolboy schoolboy (au hen ic w i ing o iginal w i ing)7. He belie es ha only he opposi ion o synonyms in his g oup is a signi ican c i e ion o he o igin o wo ds. Synonyms include no only lexical synonyms, bu also hose ha , s ic ly speaking, would no be classi ied as lexical synonyms […] non-adjec i e adjec i e o adjec i e wo d and noun p onoun, such as […] social no m PsichŽ. Synonyms a e wo ds om he same pa o he language (LHomme 2020: 17), as well as wo ds ha pe o m simila g amma ical unc ions in o he pa s o he language (Jakai ienė 2010: 122), and syn ac ic synonyms a e syn ac ic cons uc ions o he same (o almos he same) lexical composi ion (Valiuly ė 1998: 3; Župe ka 2012: 47). Thus, synonyms such as public no m and social no m a e a mix u e o lexical synonyms and syn ac ic synonyms (nei he pu e lexical no syn ac ic synonyms). Howe e , such synonyms a e no only o mally, bu also seman ically mo e dis an om each o he . The meaning o belonging is mo e p onounced in he conjunc ion o he indica ed pai wi h he c escen , and wi h he adjec i e […] species. Thus, he seman ic dis ance o synonymic e ms is no ze o. In o de o a oid con usion wi h he e m "synonyms," he e m "synonyms" is used o e e o synonyms ha do no ha e he same meaning (e.g., "synonyms" is used o e e o synonyms ha do no ha e he same meaning, e.g., "synonyms" is used o e e o synonyms, e.g., "synonyms" is used o e e o synonyms, e.g., "synonyms" is used o synonyms, e.g., "synonyms" is used o synonyms. The e a e seman ic di e ences be ween such synonyms. Howe e , in he con ex o synonymy o e ms, i does no seem app op ia e o go deepe and analyze he mo i a ion o he cons i uen pa s o he compound e ms. Igno ing he seman ic di e ence o such compounds, i is signi ican ha synonymous e ms, p onounced synonymously, a e used o e e o he same aspec , he same sign is p onounced by hem. As men ioned, he iden i y o he sign o he explici concep o synonymic e ms is de e mined by he lexical meaning o he dis inc wo ds. When hese wo ds, especially species a ibu es, a e mo e common wo ds o he gene al lexicon (exhaus i e indexing […] de ailed indexing), i is easy o pe cei e he meaning o he concep wi hou ha ing speci ic subjec knowledge. The synonymy o such compound e ms is based on he synonymy o he gene al lexicon. In some species niu dėmeniu į a dijamas są okos požymis eiškiamas siau os (ap ibo os dalyki- a eas, i is used as a special lexical uni , especially an in e na ional one (hap inė 7). Hyb id wo ds wi h a bo owed oo a e also included he e. ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ 160 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The dic iona y o he Li huanian language, edi ed by D. Liu ke ičienė, D. Mu mulai y ė, V. Sakalauskienė, A. G i ėnienė, A. Gaidienė, D. Daugi dienė, L. Jonušys, edi ed by D. Liu ke ičienė, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 2013-2022. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.ekalba.l /bend ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/ [ iewed in Ap il 2023]. Cabezas-Ga cía Melania, León-A aúz Pila 2023: Te m and concep a ia ion in he communica ion o clima e change. The T ansla o 28(4), 429449. Edwa d Clay: A co pus-based app oach o examining e minological a ia ion in EU law. In e na ional Jou nal o Language & Law 11, 142162. This is no he case. I is a ailable online a : h ps: www.languageandlaw.eu jll/a icle:// iew/136. DLKŽ […] Con empo a y Li huanian language dic iona y, ed. S . Keynes, he eigh h amendmen . and supplemen s. Published by he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, Vilnius, 2021. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.ekalba.l /daba ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas. E many ė I ena 1995: Opposi eness as a seman ic and logical basis o an onymy. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 35, 9[…]31. Fabe , Pamela, León-A auz, Pila , 2016 Specialized knowledge ep esen a ion and he pa ame e iza ion o con ex . […] F on ie s in psychology 7 (196), 1[…]20. This is he i s ime ha his has been done. I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. Fe nández-Sil a Sabela 2016: The Cogni i e and Rhe o ical Role o Te m Va ia ion and I s Con ibu ion o Knowledge Cons uc ion in Resea ch A icles. – This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Sab ina, Ph.D. - Cogni i e app oaches o he s udy o e m a ia ion. […] Theo e ical Pe spec i es on Te minology: Explaining Te ms, Concep s and Specialized Knowledge, eds. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Fe nández-Sil a Sabela, F eixa Judi , Cab é M. Te esa 2009: Mul iple Mo i a ions in he Denomina ion o Concep s: The Case o […]P oduc ion A ea[…] in he Te minology o Aquacul u e in F ench and Galician. […] Te minology and science Resea ch 20, 21 and 38. Fe nández-Sil a Sabela, Ke emans Koen 2011: Te minological a ia ion in sou ce ex s and ansla ions: a pilo s udy. This is a pilo s udy. Goal 56(2), 318335. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.e udi .o g/en/jou nals/me a/2011- 56-n2-me a1821316/1006179a . F eixa Judi 2006: Causes o Denomina i e Va ia ion in Te minology: A Typology P oposal. This is a lis o e minology used in he Uni ed S a es. Te minology 12(1), 5177. This is no he case. S aipsniai / A icles 161 Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis F eixa Judi 2022: Causes o Te minological Va ia ion. – Theo e ical Pe spec i es on Te minology: explaining e ms, concep s and specialised knowledge, eds. P. Fabe , M.-C. L[…]Homme, Ams e dam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, F eixa 399–420. Judi , Fe nández-Sil a Sabela 2017: Te minological Va ia ion and he Unsa u abili y o Concep s. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. […] Mul iple Pe spec i es on Te minological Va ia ion, ed. by he au ho This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Benjamins Publishing Company, 155–180. Gai eny ė Jolan a 2000: Sudė inių izikos e minų mo y acija. – Li uanis ica 3/4(43/ 44), 19–25. G i ėnienė Au elija 2006: Mo i a ion o he names o plan s in he no he n Pane ėžys council, Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. ISO 704:2022 […] Te minology wo k […] P inciples and me hods. Jakai ienė E alda 2010: Leksikologija: s udy book, Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house. She is also he au ho o he book "Leksikologija: s udy book". Leon-A aúz Pila , Cabezas-Ga cía Melania 2020: Te m and T ansla ion Va ia ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in he Spanish language. Mul idisciplina y analysis o he phenomenon o ph asal a ia ion in ansla ion and in e p e ing, MonTI Special Issue 6, ed. This is P. Mogo ón Hue a, 210.247. L[…]Homme Ma ie-Claude 2020: Lexical Seman ics o Te minology: An In oduc ion, which was published by he John Benjamins Publishing Company in Ams e dam, Philadelphia. Lonča Maja, Os oški Anić Ana 2014: Eponymous medical e ms as a sou ce o e minological a ia ion. […] Languages o Special Pu poses in a Mul ilingual, T anscul u al Wo ld, P oceedings o he 19 h Eu opean Symposium on Languages o Special Pu poses, eds. G. Budin, V. Lušicky, Vienna: Uni e si y o Vienna, 36[…]44. He is a membe o he Boa d o Di ec o s o he Vienna Ins i u e o Economics. Masa yk-Nijolė, An onin's ansla ion, Vilnius Uni e si y, 2013, which was published by he Vilnius Uni e si y P ess. Myking Johan 2009: (Ye Ano he ) Taxonomy o Mo i a ions. – Te minology Science and Resea ch 20, 39 o 53. Myking Johan 2020: Te m Fo ma ion […] Is he e a s a e o he a ? […] Te minology 27, 6–30. Miliūnai ė Ri a 2009: Va ian s o he cu en use o he Li huanian language, Vilnius, 2009. Mi ke ičienė As a 2015: Some aspec s o he synonymy o e ms. The e minology is 22, 39–60. ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ 162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX and i s annexes Mi h ida es is a synonym o he wo d. […] Bend inė speaks a 93, 1[…]18. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba/a icle iew/899/1112. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. da a o Li huanian new wo ds. Con inued online knowledge since 2011, sud. and a s. ed. R. Miliūnai ė, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e. This is a lis o he membe s o he Eu opean Pa liamen who we e elec ed o he Eu opean Pa liamen om he Uni ed Kingdom. mėn.]. Ani a Nuopponen 2011: Me hods o Concep Analysis […] Tools o Sys emic Concep Analysis. This is he i s ime ha his has been done. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: auli.cbs.dkindex.php lspcog/a icle/ iew/3302/3500. Ani a Nuopponen is he au ho o Concep ual Rela ions: F om he Gene al Theo y o Te minology o Knowledge Bases. […] Theo e ical Pe spec i es on Te minology: Explaining Te ms, Concep s and Specialized Knowledge, eds. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. TŽ […] In e na ional dic iona y o wo ds, ed. D. S e ikienė, Vilnius: Alma Valiuly ė Elena 1998: Daba inės lie u ių kalbos sin aksiniai sinonimai. Vie os, laiko i li e a, 2013. The eason o he link, Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Publishing o Science and Encyclopedias. Vasilie a Ramona is he au ho o "The Causes in he Te minology o As ology." – Te minology 28, 192-223. This is he i s ime I' e hea d o his. Vasilie a Ramone, The Mak oeconomics o he Wo ld: The Causes o Synonyms, Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: lki.l /wp-con en /uploads/2023/05/Vaskelai e_Mak oekonomikos_ e minija.pd . I is also a ailable on he In e ne a : Zsuzsa Menzel 2012: The A o he Deal, Pa 3 and supplemen s. he publishing house, Šiauliai: Šiauliai Uni e si y Publishing House. S uc u al Seman ic Dis ance Be ween Synonymous Two-Wo d Te ms Summa y The a icle deals wi h a p e iously unexplo ed aspec o Li huanian e m synonymy […] he seman ic dis ance be ween synonymous e ms, as e lec ed in hei s uc u e. The s udy ocuses on wo-wo d synonyms ex ac ed om wo dic iona ies: he Explana o y Dic iona y o Psychology (2019) and he Dic iona y o Lib a ianship (2019). The o mal pa ame e o he This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. A icles o he T ea y Sinoniminių d ižodžių e minų s uk ū inis seman inis nuo olis The esea ch e ealed a spec um o seman ic dis ances among synonymous e ms, synonymic opposi ion, speci ically he (non-) iden i y o he oo , dis inguishes be ween common- oo and non-common oo synonyms. Non-common- oo synonyms exhibi g ea e seman ic dis ance due o he absence o a sha ed oo and, consequen ly, a simila lexical composi ion. Howe e , i s no jus he (non-)iden i y o he oo i sel ha holds signi icance; he numbe o (non-)iden ical oo s also plays a c ucial ole. The opposi ion o synonymous e ms acco ding o he seman ic pa ame e […] he closeness o he lexical meaning o he wo ds by which he wo-wo d synonyms a e dis inguished […] has shown ha synonymous e ms designa e a concep bo h on he same basis (when synonymous e ms[…] cons i uen s a e lexemes o synonymous meaning) and on a di e en basis (when synonymous e ms[…] cons i uen s a e lexemes o di e en meanings) al oge he . The la e synonymous e ms […] aspec ual synonyms […] a e complemen a y denomina ions o he same concep , and hei di e ence lies in hei cogni i e basis. The dis ance be ween aspec ual synonyms is much g ea e han ha be ween synonymous e ms wi h synonymous cons i uen s. Be ween hese wo ypes o synonyms […] e ms wi h synonymous lexemes and e ms wi h lexemes o di e en meanings […] e ms wi h lexemes o ela ed meanings a e posi ioned in e ms o he deg ee o synonyms […] seman ic dis ance. These lexemes a e linked by hype nyms, me onyms, o associa i e (including con e sion) ela ionships, so ha he synonymy o e ms can be explained by me onymy. Synonyms exhibi di e en combina ions o synonym ypes based on he oo and meaning o hei componen s, a ying in e ms o he head, modi ie , o bo h. The esea ch he seman ic dis ance be ween hese e ms is a i s suppo s he no ion ha when he heads o synonymous e ms a e no hemsel es synonyms, maximum. Deli e ed on 28 July 2023. ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.