scieee Science in your language
[ru] (orig) [lt] [de] [fr] [it] [es] [pt]

О критериях выделения лексических интернационализмов (преимущественно евроязычного ареала)

Read accessible full text

О критериях выделения лексических интернационализмов (преимущественно евроязычного ареала)

Author: Ояр Буш; Юрис Балдунчикс
Year: 1985
Source: https://journals.lki.lt/actalinguisticalithuanica/article/download/1668/1766
MOKSLO
KALBOS
KULTUROS
IR
TERMINOLOGIJOS
PROBLEMOS
LIETUVIU
KALBOTYROS
KLAUSIMAI,
XXIV(1985)
OAP
BYU,
IOPHC
BAI
AYHUMKC
O
KPHTEPHAX
BbIEIEHHA
JIEKCHYECKHX
MHTEPHALLHOHAJIH3MOB
(HIPEMMYUULECTBEHHO
EBPOS3bINHOTO
APEAJIA‘)
7lna
coppemMennod
anoxn,
snoxn
Hay4HO-TEXHHYeCKOH
PeBOIONHH,
xapak-
TepHO
BeCbMa
3HAYHTeIbHOe
KOMHYeCTBEHHOe
yBeIHYeHHe
H
yHKUHOHanbHAaA
SKCHAHCHA
COA
TaK
Ha3.
HHTePHAUMOHAAbHOH
JeKCHKU
TOYTH
BO
BCex
pa3-
BHTHIX
A3bIKaX
(B
KaKOli-TO
Mepe
HCKmO¥eHHe
cocTaBAaIOT
A3bIKH,
B
KO-
TOPBIX
TpaXHUMOHHO
CHJIbHbI
NYPHCTCKHe
HacTpoeHHA,
Kak
HClaHAckHi,
PHH-
CKHH,
BeHTepCKHi,
HO
H
STHM
A3bIKaM
He
ynaeTca
nomHOCTBIO
OcTaTECA
B
cTopoHe
OT
ocnojcTByiomeH
TeHzenuHH).
OcobeHHo
aKTHBHO
mpowece
HH-
TepHallHOHaIHSalHH
JCKCHKH
NPOHCXOZUT
B
MocAeqHHe
20—30
se .
K
sTomy
%Ke
BPEMCHH
OTHOCATCH
Bce
HaHOomee
cepbesHEIe
NOMBITKA
AMHTBACTHYeCKOI
HHTepnpeTauHH
HHTepHalMOHabHOk
aeKcuKu.
Ha
cmeny
NlepBOHayabHOMY
HHTYHTHBHOMY
OULyINeHHIO
ClelMHKH
LaHHO O
COA
AeKCHKH
MpAUINO
uE-
TEHCHBHOe
ASLIKOBEMYeCKOe
H3yYeHHe
e o.
Oguaxo
218
ycnemHo o
HayyHo o
aHanmsa
HeOOxo_UMO
ACHOe
mpeyc as-
weHHe
O
panullax
OObeKTa
Tako o
aHawM3a.
B
OTHOMeHAH
eKCHUeCKHX
HH-
TEPHAUHOHAIH3MOB
STO
NOKa
He
HMEeT
MeCTa,
IpescTaBAeHHA
O
KpHTepHax
BEIACICHHA
LAHHOTO
COA
OTMHYAIOTCH
He
TOKO
y
PaSHIX
aBTOpOB,
HO
He-
PeAKO
H
B
pasHbIxX
pa6oTax
O HO O
HW
TOTO
Ke
AHHTBUCTA.
Yac uquoe,
40
Ha iaqHoe
MpexcTap en e
06
STHX
OTAMYHAX
MOXKHO
NOYYHTH,
CONOCTAaBHB
OnpeweleHHA
HHTePHAHOHaTH3MOB
B
SHIMKIONe_UAx
(BCS,
BeaCd,
LPE)
HJIH,
Hallp.,
O3HAKOMUBIHCh
C
pasHO
HHTepnpe Tanuel
OObeKTa
cBOe o
HC-
CA€XOBAHHA
ABTOPAaMH
KOJICKTHBHOM
MOHO padHH,
NocBAMeHHO
HHTepHa-
uHoHa H3sMam
*
(B.
B.
Axys enxo,
IO.
A.
)Kayx enxo,
9.
l .
TyMausu
u
ap.).
Kouewno,
Bce
onpexesenua
uHTepHallMOHanH3MOB
MMeOT
H
KaKHe-TO
OGmHE
SI€MCHTH,
OTPaKalollHe
OCHOBHOM
NpHsHak
COB
STON
KaTe opuH
—
u3BecT-
Hy10
OOMHOCTL
BHelHel
opMbI
H
CMBICMOBOTO
COMepxKAaHHA
B3aHMHO
cooT-
BeTCTBYIOUMX
JKCEM
Pa3SHBIX
ASbIKOB.
Takada
OpMyMpOBKa
cooTBeTCTBY-
€T
TOMY
NOJYHHTYHTHBHOMY
MpecTaBseHHIO
O
CyUHOCTH
JeKCHYCCKHX
HH-
*
OGosnayenne
<espossnann i
apeail>
TOUHee
COOTBeTCTBYeT
CyTH
ABJeHHA,
4eM
OOBIEHO
ucHOMb3yeMbIe
C
TCM
2Ke
3Ha eliMeM—
<eBponelickHi
apeam>
nan
«eBpo elicKo-amepHKaH-
ckHi
apeaa.
*
Wu epuaywonasbnne
a emenTH
B
leKcuKe
H
TepMHHOJO HH.—
XapbKos:
Buna
wKoza,
1980.—
208
c.
34
TepHallHOHaJIH3MOB,
KOTOPOe
K
HaCTOALLeMy
BPeMeHH
yCMeNO
COMKHTLCA
B
ASHIKO3HAHHH
(H
B
KaKOii-TO
Mepe
MOXeT
ObITh
HA3BaHO
HHBapHaHTOM
pa3-
HEIX
ONpe enenuii).
PasHo macua
B
OCHOBHOM
KacaloTca
6osee
YaCTHEIX
MO-
MeHTOB,
OMHAKO
HMCHHO
OT
HHX
3aBHCHT
MpOBeweHHe
TpaHHUb!
HHTepHAaLHO-
HasIbHOH
JI€KCHKH,
BO3MOXKHOCTH
MOPMYIHPOBKH
GOoee
HH
MeHeEe
YeTKHX
KPHTepHeB
ONO3HABaHHA
H
BHIeNeHHA
STOM
eKCHKH.
PacnapBuaTocTh
paHHi,
BeCbMa
3aTpyHAeT
Hay4yHOe
OCMBICNeHHe
MaH-
HOTO
COA
JEKCHKH,
H
NOTOMY
aBTOpaMH
CTaTbH
NpeANpHHATA
elle
O1Ha
NO-
TIbITKa
YTOYHCHHA
STHX
pau,
(c
MPHBeYeHHeM
OMNbITa
H3yYeHHA
A3bIKOB
CpaBHHTeIbHO
MaJIOUHCeHHEIX
Hapo os).
[1a
9TOFO
MpHINOCh
HCKaTb
pe-
WeHHe
HEKOTOpPLIX
Ooee
YaCTHHIX
BOMpocoB:
1)
06
OTHOWeHHH
HCKOHHEIX
H
3aHMCTBOBAHHHIX
9JIEMeHTOB
B
HHTepHallHOHabHON
weKcHKe;
2)
06
apeasb-
HOH
XapaKTepHCTHKe
HHTePHallHOHAIbHON
JeKCHKH, BKJIOYaA
OnpewemeHHe
MHHHMaJbHO O
Mpe eia
pacnpoc pakeHua
HHTepHalMOHanH3MOB;
3)
0
TeMa-
THUeCKOH
XapaKTePHCTHKe
HHTePHAallHOHabHOM
JICKCHKH,
BKJIOUaA
BbIACHE-
Hue
OTHOWMeHHM
MeXxKAy
HHTepHANHOHAMbHOM
H
SK3OTHYeCKOH
TeKCHKOH.
B. B.
AkyneHKO
nOwa aeT
BOS3MOKHBIM
CUHTATb
JIEKCHYCCKHMH
HHTepHa-
I[HOHANH3MaMH
CXOAHBIe
Mo
3Ha eHHIO
H
POpMe
COBa
POACTBEHHEIX
ASHIKOB
TlaxKe
H
B
TOM
CJly4ae,
CCH
JaHHbIe
COBa
BO
BCeX
STHX
ASbIKAX
OTHOCATCA
K
eHeTHuecKH
OOuleli
mekcuke*.
TakHmM
OOpa30M,
HHTepHallHOHaH3MaMH
«OnmxKaiie o
pacnpocTpaHeHHa>
MOTH
Obl
CUHTATECA
H,
HaNp.,
TAT.
upe
«peka>
H
JITH.
upe
HIM_9CT.
H
uHCK.
pad
< onoBa>.
Takad
TpakTOBKa
BIOA-
He
COOTBeETCTBYeT
BHYTPeHHeli
(opMe
(STHMONOTHH)
TepMHHa,
OMHAKO
BPA
1H
MOXeT
OLITb
IIpH3HaHa
WeMecoobpasHou
c
yyeTOM
COKUBIMe ocA
B
HayKe
TIpe cTaBeHHA
O
JKCHYeCKUX
HHTepHAHOHAM3MaXx
Kak
MIpeHMylUlecTBEHHO
3aHMCTBOBAHHHIX
COBax
(Cp.:
«...
JIA
KaxkJOi
KOHKPeTHOM
ASBIKOBOH
CH-
CTeMbI
HHTePHallHOHaJH3MbI
—
9TO
MpeHMYULCCTBEHHO
3aHMCTBOBAHHA.
.
.>
—
TO. A.
)Kayx euko*).
B
To
xe
Bpema
GesycnoBHO
OnpaBaHHO,
OOOCHOBaH-
Ho
aBase ca
MbIcab
B.
B.
AkysleHko:
Takue
eHeTHYECKH
POACTBEHHBIC
CO-
Ba
CO
CXOJHBIM
3Ha eHHEM
H
OpMOM
AOJDKHHI
OBITh
BHITCeHBI
B
oco6y10
KaTe opHW,
YTOOLI
CTaTh
MpeAMeTOM
CHelHaIbHO O
HCCIeLOBAHHA.
Yaauna
TakxKe
NpesOKeHHaA
HM
MOJeNb
OOpasOBaHHA
COOTBETCTBYIOMMHX
TePMH-
HOB,
Hallp.:
HHTepCaBAHHSMBI,
HHTePpCKaHAHHaBH3MBl,
HHTepTIOPKHSMHI
°;
aHaJO H4HO
MO yT
ObITh
OOpa3z0BaHbI
TakHe
OOO3HaYeHHA,
KaK
nHTepOasiTH3-
MbI,
HHTep@HHAHSMbI,
HHTeEPHHAOeBPOMeHsMBI.
OTa
%Ke
MOMeAb
MOKET
6nITb
HCMOb30BaHa
AIH
COB
CO
CXOMHBIM
3HAYeCHHeM
H
opMOi
B
HECKOMbKHX
s3biKaX
B
Mpeyemax
O HOTO
Tocy apcTBa,
Halp.,
HHTeplO OCaBHSMbI
(no:
HHTepiOX%KHOCAABAHUSMbI
—
PeHeTHYECKH
OOMLHe
CIOBa
1OKHOCMABAHCKAX
A3bI-
KOB),
HHTePKHTaH3MbI
H
T. 1.
B
TOM
xe
acileKTe,
noxa yH,
MOXKHO
TOBOPHTb
w
06
uHTepcoseTu3max.
IIpaBomepHocTs
Ke
OGosHaTeHHA
<HHTepHanHOHa-
3
Wu epHanuona bibie
SeMeHTHI
B
JieKCHKe
H
TepMHHOMO HH,
Cc.
27, 37.
*
Tam
xe,
c.
47.
5
Tam
me,
c.
27.
JIMSMBI
COBeTCKO O
apeawa>
elle
Tpe6yeT
yTouHeHHsa
B
cBeTe
o6pasopanua
€AMHOTO
COBeTCKO O
Haposa.
:
Hasbipa
uuTepHaynonanu3mamn
sup
TIPCHMYUICCTBEHHO
3auMCTBOBa-
HHA,
CleyeT
YeTKO
MpescTaBUTh
ceGe
ellie
OHH
MOMEHT,
CBA3aHHbI
Cc
OT-
HOUICHHEM
Me2KAY
3aHMCTBOBaHHBIM
H
HCKOHHBIM:
B
«MaJIbIX>
ASbIKaX
BCe
JKCHYECKHE
HHTePHAlHOHaTH3MBI
(3a
eLHHMUHEIMU
HCKJIOUCHHAMH)
ABAA-
1OTCA
34MMCTBOBAHMAMH,
NOSTOMY
OHH
MO yT
paccMaTpHBaTbCA
B
HHTepsHH -
BHCTHYECKOM
CONOCTaB/eHAH
KaK
OcOOad
NOATpynna
3auMcTBOBaHHOH
weK-
CHKH,
B
H3BeCTHOH
Mepe
coBNamalolad
c
TaK
Ha3.
«“HHOCTPaHHBIMH
CIOBa-
MH>,
MPH
aHamHse
2Ke
J€KCHKM
TOTO
HAH
MHOTO
<«6ombUIO O»
sagEIKa
MPHXOAUTCA
OCO6O
YUHTHIBaTb
cBOeOOpasHe
c10B,
KOTOpPble
ABIAIOTCH
JIeK-
CHY€CKHMH
HHTepHaHOHaTM3MaMH
C
apeasbHO
TOUKH
S3peHHA,
OJHAaKO
B
AaHHOM
ASEIKE
BXOAAT
B
COCTAB
HCKOHHOM
weKcuKu
§,
B
coo se c Buu
c
4ucTO
«sTHMOMO H4eCKOi
TOYKOH
speHuA
Ha
TepMHH
<HHTEPHAHOHAINSMbI>
COBA
MHTePHANHOHAabHO
eKCHKH
(Tak
Ha3.
nomH-
wleKceMbl)
MOTYT
ObITb
NpescTaB eHD
naxKe
nHIUD
TOJIbKO
B
JBYX
A3bIKax
7,
Cymec syio
u
Apy ue
mpennoxenua
o
MHHHMAJIbHOM
Ipewene
pacnpoc pa-
HCH
HHTePHAaWHOHaIbHO
eKcCHKY
(eBpOA3EIUHOFO
apeaa);
yale
Bce o
B
Ka eCTBe
KpHTepua
BbIBHTaeTcA
Mpenc aBeHHOcTD
HHTEPJIeKCeMbI
B
Tpex
ASbIKaX
MeKTyHapORHO o
3sHayeHHA
(an auiickuii,
HeMeUKHH,
pannyscKui,
HcHaHCKMli,
HTaTbaAHCKHH,
pyccKuil)
8.
Ha
Ham
BSPIAL,
Weecoo6pasHo
yxec Th
OcOOeHHOCT
HHTepHAalHOHamM3MOB
Kak
IIPCHMYULECTBEHHO
3aHMCTBOBAHHEIX
cloB
H
chopMy.HpoBaT
9TO
c enLyiouluM
o6pasom:
c oBo
(1omHeKcema)
MOXKeT
ObITh
Ha3BaHO
HHTepHanHonau3MoM
€BPOA3HIYHO O
apeawa,
ecnH
OHO
B
Ka¥ecTBe
3aHMCTBOBaHMA
MpexcTaBeHo
10
kpaiineli
Mepe
B
yByx
ASHIKAX
M€%KTYHAPOXHOTO
SHaYeHHA
MH
B
OAHOM
A3bIKe
Me2K
LyHapozHo o
SHa eHHA
H
He
MeHee
4eM
B
AByX
Apy ux
sAsbIKax
(He
B lomHe
ACHO,
Kak
OUCHHBATh
NOJHIeKCeMy,
3A2HMCTBOBaHHYIO
B
pa e
HeGONbIIHX
S3bIKOB,
HO
He
Ip€ACTaBJeHHYIO
B
KaYeCTBe
34MMCTBOBAHHA
HH
B
OLHOM
13
ASbIKOB
MCX-
AyHapoaHo o
sHa enus).
Tipu
s om
ne
cale yeT
3a6BIBaTb,
YTO
wO6aa
TOMH-
JeKCeMa,
ECTECTBEHHO,
IPHCYTCTByeT
HM
B
TOM
A3bIKe
(B
Tex
ASbIKaX),
B
KO-
TOPOM
OHA
IIPHHayexKUT
K
HCKOHHOM
weKcHKe
HAH
B
‘KOTOpOM
Ona
6bINa
cosqaHa
(41M
Nomy4Ha
coBpemeHHoe
sHa4yeHHe).
C
yue om
xpu epua
Pac ipoc paneHHoc y
nomueKcemE
emecoo6pasHo
BBINCIHTb
Ba
NOLTHNA
WHTepHalMOHANLHO
meKcHKU:
cyOapeabubli
un
apeambubi.
Munumaspuoe
Pacnpoc pa eH e
ocTaTowHo
zaa
oTHeceHHA
ACKCHYECKO O
HHTePHAallNOHaH3Ma
K
cyOapeanbuomy
nog uny;
aa
o nece-
HHA
2Ke
K
apeabHOMy
NoATHNy
nosuseKcema
WOmxKHA
OLITD
mpejc apyiena,
Kak
MHHUMYM,
B
O2HOM
ASbIKe
MEXKAyHapomHo o
sHayeHua
Kako
u3
Tpex
KpymHelimux
epponelicxux
Tpyllll
HHLOeBponelickol
CeMbH
A3EIKOB
( epman-
*Cp.:
Copoxun
WO.
C.
Passu ue
cioBapHo o
cocTaBa
pyccKo o
a«HTepa ypHo o
13bIKa
B
30—90-e
ou
XIX
nexa.—
M.—JI.,
1965,
c.
158,
7
Wu epwanuonanbHnie
sileMeHTi
B
seKcHKe
1
TepMHHOJo HH,
c.
15.
®
Cm.
Laua
A,
La iedu
leksikologija—
Riga:
Z aigzne,
1981,
114, Ipp.
36
cKOH,
POMAHCKOH,
ClaBAHCKOH;
B
MaHHOM
cyly4ae
K
WeCTH
BbIWMenepeyncseH-
HHIM
A3bIKaM
MOKET
ObITh
NPUpPaBHeH
TaK2Ke
NOMbCKHH
H,
BOSMOXKHO,
LIBeL-
ckui).
Tlonuaekcema
MoxeT
ObITh
IpeAcTaBeHa
H
B
ASbIKAaX
JBYX
HIM
He-
CKOIbKHX
apeasoB,
Hanp.,
eBposSbl4yHO o
H
MHAMIicKo O.
Ecam
sekcnueckHi
HHTCPHallHOHaNH3M
BCTpe aeTca
B
A3bIKAaX
(ASHIKe)
Apy o o
apeaia,
OH
MO-
2KeT
ObITh
OTHECeH
K
TPaHcapeadbHOl
HHTepHalMOHabHOM
eKcuKe®;
ecuH
CAOBO
ABACTCA
APeaJbHbIM
JEKCHYCCKUM
HHTEPHANHOHAJIH3MOM
B
Byx
(HH
Gonee)
apea ax,
TO
OHO
BXOAHT
B
cocTaB
OuapeasbHO
(nomMapeambHoi)
HHTepHallHOHaJbHO
seKcHKu.
BeposTHo,
mpu
BbIemeHHH
JeKCH4eCKUX
HH-
TepHallHOHaH3MOB
He
C/e yeT
YIHTHIBATb
JIEKCeMHI,
MpeACTaBJIeHHbIe
JHIUIb
B
HaHOonee
nepudbepHinbix
NoAcHcTeMax
TOTO
HAH
HHOFO
A3bIKa,
OMHAKO
AaHHbI
BOMpoc
elile
TpeOyeT
AaibHelime o
usyyeHua.
B
uacTHOCTH,
BPA,
JH
BCe-TaKH
MOXKHO
B
3TOM
ACHEKTe
NOJHOCTbIO
HTHOPHPOBaTb
TaKOM
CO
eK-
CHKH,
Kak
oOulHii
cneH ;
OombUO
HHTepec
MpescTaBAeT
Take
CHelMaJb-
HBIM
CCH?
MOPAKOB,
WIHPOKO
UCHOMb3yIOuHNi
MeKCH4YeCKHe
3aHMCTBOBAHHA
(oco6eHHO
aH HunsMbI).
HaBepHo,
uMeeT
CMBICA
B
PAE
CLyyaeB
TOBOPHTb
06
MHTepCeH H3MaXx,
XOTH
TaKaad
KaTe opua
HeH36exKHO
Oy eT
MepeKpeu u-
BaTbCA
C
OCTAaJIbHOM
HHTepHAalHOHAIbHOH
JeKCHKON.
Vino ga
Bbi emen e
JleKCHYeCKHX
HHTePHAalHOHAIH3MOB
OOyCIOBMBaeTCA
HW
T€MaTHUCCKHMH
KPHTepHAMH,
NPHYeM
HHTePHAlHOHAJH3MaMH
IIpHsHaloTCA
HWb
COBa
TepMHHOMO HYecKo o
xapakTepa
(BC9;
BeaC9)
uau
cosa,
OOo3Ha alolHe
NOHATHA
Me
AyHaponHo o
MacuiTaba
".
[lo
muenuio
A.
Jay,
TaKad
MOCTaHOBKa
BOMpoca
He
ABAAeTCA
IpHeMAeMOM,
TAK
KaK
NlOAMeHAeT
ASLIKOBLIe
(aKTH
KaTe opHamu
so uKH
“.
[IpaBaa,
3HayeHUA
cOBa
—
9TO,
Ge3yc0BHO,
PaKT
ASKIKOBOM,
OMHAKO
elicTBUTeIbHO
elecooOpasHee
Ka-
%KeTcd
CUHTATh
TeMATHYeCKyIO
CielHPHKy
BTOPHYHOM,
packpHIBalollelica
IIpH
aHaJiu3e
TOH
HHTepHaHOHANbHO
JIeKCHKH,
KOTOpad
Bbie eHa
Ha
OC-
HoBe
ye
cbOpMy/IMpOBaHHEIX
KpuTepHeB.
B
To
2%xe
BpeMs#
OcoGo o
NoAxoZa
Tpe6y!0T
SK30TH3MHI,
KOTOPble
HOO
He
JOJXKHBI
ObITb
BKJIOYeHLI
B
COCTaB
HHTepHallHOHAJIbHOM
JIEKCHKH,
HOO
Ke
MOMKHI
PACCMATPHBATLCA
KaK
BeCb-
Ma
cBoeoOpasHas
ee
4acTb
#2
H3-3a
<OOASATEbHOCTH>
HX
3AHMCTBOBAHHA
MIP
ONHCaHHH
COOTBETCTBYIONIAX
peasHii.
Takum
06pa30M,
OCHOBHBIM
KPHTepHeM
BbIMeJIeCHHA
@KCHYCCKUX
HHTePHa-
WHOHAMH3MOB
MpeAcTaBsAeTCA
WeecOOOpasHbIM
MPHSHAaTb
PacipocTpaHeH-
HOCTh
3aHMCTBOBaHUA
(PyKOBOACTBOBATECA
CylehyeT
HMeHHO
leslecoobpas-
HOCTbIO
HJM
HelleecooOpasHocTb,
Tak
KaK
HHTepHaUHOHaJbHad
JIeKCHKAa
—
9TO
BCe-TakH
KaTe opHa
Goble
ASHIKOBeAYeECKaAA
—
H,
KOHCYHO,
HHTCPJHHT-
®Cp.:
Baldunéiks
J.
Anglicismu
unkcionalais
aks u ojums
miisdienu
la ieSu
aloda.—
LPSR
ZA
Vés is,
1981,
N .
11,
64.
Ipp.
40
Axyaeuko
B.
B.
Cymec sye
au
uHTepHalHOHa bHad
seKcuka?
—BSA,
1961,
Ne
3,
¢.
61.
Bnocneac sun
B. B.
Akynenko,
10-BHqHMOMY,
OT
STO O
KpHTepHsA
oTKa3aucs.
"
Laua
A,
La ieSu
leksikologija,
114.
Ipp.
2 Cp.:
Kpucuu
JI.
MI.
Wuosspnpe
copa
B
coppemeHHoM
pyCcKoM
JlMTepaTypHOM
sas ike.—
M.:
Hayxa,
1968,
c.
47.
37