О критериях выделения лексических интернационализмов (преимущественно евроязычного ареала)

MOKSLO KALBOS KULTUROS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIV(1985) OAP BYU, IOPHC BAI AYHUMKC O KPHTEPHAX BbIEIEHHA JIEKCHYECKHX MHTEPHALLHOHAJIH3MOB (HIPEMMYUULECTBEHHO EBPOS3bINHOTO APEAJIA‘) 7lna coppemMennod anoxn, snoxn Hay4HO-TEXHHYeCKOH PeBOIONHH, xapak- TepHO BeCbMa 3HAYHTeIbHOe KOMHYeCTBEHHOe yBeIHYeHHe H yHKUHOHanbHAaA SKCHAHCHA COA TaK Ha3. HHTePHAUMOHAAbHOH JeKCHKU TOYTH BO BCex pa3- BHTHIX A3bIKaX (B KaKOli-TO Mepe HCKmO¥eHHe cocTaBAaIOT A3bIKH, B KO- TOPBIX TpaXHUMOHHO CHJIbHbI NYPHCTCKHe HacTpoeHHA, Kak HClaHAckHi, PHH- CKHH, BeHTepCKHi, HO H STHM A3bIKaM He ynaeTca nomHOCTBIO OcTaTECA B cTopoHe OT ocnojcTByiomeH TeHzenuHH). OcobeHHo aKTHBHO mpowece HH- TepHallHOHaIHSalHH JCKCHKH NPOHCXOZUT B MocAeqHHe 20—30 se . K sTomy %Ke BPEMCHH OTHOCATCH Bce HaHOomee cepbesHEIe NOMBITKA AMHTBACTHYeCKOI HHTepnpeTauHH HHTepHalMOHabHOk aeKcuKu. Ha cmeny NlepBOHayabHOMY HHTYHTHBHOMY OULyINeHHIO ClelMHKH LaHHO O COA AeKCHKH MpAUINO uE- TEHCHBHOe ASLIKOBEMYeCKOe H3yYeHHe e o. Oguaxo 218 ycnemHo o HayyHo o aHanmsa HeOOxo_UMO ACHOe mpeyc as- weHHe O panullax OObeKTa Tako o aHawM3a. B OTHOMeHAH eKCHUeCKHX HH- TEPHAUHOHAIH3MOB STO NOKa He HMEeT MeCTa, IpescTaBAeHHA O KpHTepHax BEIACICHHA LAHHOTO COA OTMHYAIOTCH He TOKO y PaSHIX aBTOpOB, HO He- PeAKO H B pasHbIxX pa6oTax O HO O HW TOTO Ke AHHTBUCTA. Yac uquoe, 40 Ha iaqHoe MpexcTap en e 06 STHX OTAMYHAX MOXKHO NOYYHTH, CONOCTAaBHB OnpeweleHHA HHTePHAHOHaTH3MOB B SHIMKIONe_UAx (BCS, BeaCd, LPE) HJIH, Hallp., O3HAKOMUBIHCh C pasHO HHTepnpe Tanuel OObeKTa cBOe o HC- CA€XOBAHHA ABTOPAaMH KOJICKTHBHOM MOHO padHH, NocBAMeHHO HHTepHa- uHoHa H3sMam * (B. B. Axys enxo, IO. A. )Kayx enxo, 9. l . TyMausu u ap.). Kouewno, Bce onpexesenua uHTepHallMOHanH3MOB MMeOT H KaKHe-TO OGmHE SI€MCHTH, OTPaKalollHe OCHOBHOM NpHsHak COB STON KaTe opuH — u3BecT- Hy10 OOMHOCTL BHelHel opMbI H CMBICMOBOTO COMepxKAaHHA B3aHMHO cooT- BeTCTBYIOUMX JKCEM Pa3SHBIX ASbIKOB. Takada OpMyMpOBKa cooTBeTCTBY- €T TOMY NOJYHHTYHTHBHOMY MpecTaBseHHIO O CyUHOCTH JeKCHYCCKHX HH- * OGosnayenne <espossnann i apeail> TOUHee COOTBeTCTBYeT CyTH ABJeHHA, 4eM OOBIEHO ucHOMb3yeMbIe C TCM 2Ke 3Ha eliMeM— <eBponelickHi apeam> nan «eBpo elicKo-amepHKaH- ckHi apeaa. * Wu epuaywonasbnne a emenTH B leKcuKe H TepMHHOJO HH.— XapbKos: Buna wKoza, 1980.— 208 c. 34 TepHallHOHaJIH3MOB, KOTOPOe K HaCTOALLeMy BPeMeHH yCMeNO COMKHTLCA B ASHIKO3HAHHH (H B KaKOii-TO Mepe MOXeT ObITh HA3BaHO HHBapHaHTOM pa3- HEIX ONpe enenuii). PasHo macua B OCHOBHOM KacaloTca 6osee YaCTHEIX MO- MeHTOB, OMHAKO HMCHHO OT HHX 3aBHCHT MpOBeweHHe TpaHHUb! HHTepHAaLHO- HasIbHOH JI€KCHKH, BO3MOXKHOCTH MOPMYIHPOBKH GOoee HH MeHeEe YeTKHX KPHTepHeB ONO3HABaHHA H BHIeNeHHA STOM eKCHKH. PacnapBuaTocTh paHHi, BeCbMa 3aTpyHAeT Hay4yHOe OCMBICNeHHe MaH- HOTO COA JEKCHKH, H NOTOMY aBTOpaMH CTaTbH NpeANpHHATA elle O1Ha NO- TIbITKa YTOYHCHHA STHX pau, (c MPHBeYeHHeM OMNbITa H3yYeHHA A3bIKOB CpaBHHTeIbHO MaJIOUHCeHHEIX Hapo os). [1a 9TOFO MpHINOCh HCKaTb pe- WeHHe HEKOTOpPLIX Ooee YaCTHHIX BOMpocoB: 1) 06 OTHOWeHHH HCKOHHEIX H 3aHMCTBOBAHHHIX 9JIEMeHTOB B HHTepHallHOHabHON weKcHKe; 2) 06 apeasb- HOH XapaKTepHCTHKe HHTePHallHOHAIbHON JeKCHKH, BKJIOYaA OnpewemeHHe MHHHMaJbHO O Mpe eia pacnpoc pakeHua HHTepHalMOHanH3MOB; 3) 0 TeMa- THUeCKOH XapaKTePHCTHKe HHTePHAallHOHabHOM JICKCHKH, BKJIOUaA BbIACHE- Hue OTHOWMeHHM MeXxKAy HHTepHANHOHAMbHOM H SK3OTHYeCKOH TeKCHKOH. B. B. AkyneHKO nOwa aeT BOS3MOKHBIM CUHTATb JIEKCHYCCKHMH HHTepHa- I[HOHANH3MaMH CXOAHBIe Mo 3Ha eHHIO H POpMe COBa POACTBEHHEIX ASHIKOB TlaxKe H B TOM CJly4ae, CCH JaHHbIe COBa BO BCeX STHX ASbIKAX OTHOCATCA K eHeTHuecKH OOuleli mekcuke*. TakHmM OOpa30M, HHTepHallHOHaH3MaMH «OnmxKaiie o pacnpocTpaHeHHa> MOTH Obl CUHTATECA H, HaNp., TAT. upe «peka> H JITH. upe HIM_9CT. H uHCK. pad < onoBa>. Takad TpakTOBKa BIOA- He COOTBeETCTBYeT BHYTPeHHeli (opMe (STHMONOTHH) TepMHHa, OMHAKO BPA 1H MOXeT OLITb IIpH3HaHa WeMecoobpasHou c yyeTOM COKUBIMe ocA B HayKe TIpe cTaBeHHA O JKCHYeCKUX HHTepHAHOHAM3MaXx Kak MIpeHMylUlecTBEHHO 3aHMCTBOBAHHHIX COBax (Cp.: «... JIA KaxkJOi KOHKPeTHOM ASBIKOBOH CH- CTeMbI HHTePHallHOHaJH3MbI — 9TO MpeHMYULCCTBEHHO 3aHMCTBOBAHHA. . .> — TO. A. )Kayx euko*). B To xe Bpema GesycnoBHO OnpaBaHHO, OOOCHOBaH- Ho aBase ca MbIcab B. B. AkysleHko: Takue eHeTHYECKH POACTBEHHBIC CO- Ba CO CXOJHBIM 3Ha eHHEM H OpMOM AOJDKHHI OBITh BHITCeHBI B oco6y10 KaTe opHW, YTOOLI CTaTh MpeAMeTOM CHelHaIbHO O HCCIeLOBAHHA. Yaauna TakxKe NpesOKeHHaA HM MOJeNb OOpasOBaHHA COOTBETCTBYIOMMHX TePMH- HOB, Hallp.: HHTepCaBAHHSMBI, HHTePpCKaHAHHaBH3MBl, HHTepTIOPKHSMHI °; aHaJO H4HO MO yT ObITh OOpa3z0BaHbI TakHe OOO3HaYeHHA, KaK nHTepOasiTH3- MbI, HHTep@HHAHSMbI, HHTeEPHHAOeBPOMeHsMBI. OTa %Ke MOMeAb MOKET 6nITb HCMOb30BaHa AIH COB CO CXOMHBIM 3HAYeCHHeM H opMOi B HECKOMbKHX s3biKaX B Mpeyemax O HOTO Tocy apcTBa, Halp., HHTeplO OCaBHSMbI (no: HHTepiOX%KHOCAABAHUSMbI — PeHeTHYECKH OOMLHe CIOBa 1OKHOCMABAHCKAX A3bI- KOB), HHTePKHTaH3MbI H T. 1. B TOM xe acileKTe, noxa yH, MOXKHO TOBOPHTb w 06 uHTepcoseTu3max. IIpaBomepHocTs Ke OGosHaTeHHA <HHTepHanHOHa- 3 Wu epHanuona bibie SeMeHTHI B JieKCHKe H TepMHHOMO HH, Cc. 27, 37. * Tam xe, c. 47. 5 Tam me, c. 27. JIMSMBI COBeTCKO O apeawa> elle Tpe6yeT yTouHeHHsa B cBeTe o6pasopanua €AMHOTO COBeTCKO O Haposa. : Hasbipa uuTepHaynonanu3mamn sup TIPCHMYUICCTBEHHO 3auMCTBOBa- HHA, CleyeT YeTKO MpescTaBUTh ceGe ellie OHH MOMEHT, CBA3aHHbI Cc OT- HOUICHHEM Me2KAY 3aHMCTBOBaHHBIM H HCKOHHBIM: B «MaJIbIX> ASbIKaX BCe JKCHYECKHE HHTePHAlHOHaTH3MBI (3a eLHHMUHEIMU HCKJIOUCHHAMH) ABAA- 1OTCA 34MMCTBOBAHMAMH, NOSTOMY OHH MO yT paccMaTpHBaTbCA B HHTepsHH - BHCTHYECKOM CONOCTaB/eHAH KaK OcOOad NOATpynna 3auMcTBOBaHHOH weK- CHKH, B H3BeCTHOH Mepe coBNamalolad c TaK Ha3. «“HHOCTPaHHBIMH CIOBa- MH>, MPH aHamHse 2Ke J€KCHKM TOTO HAH MHOTO <«6ombUIO O» sagEIKa MPHXOAUTCA OCO6O YUHTHIBaTb cBOeOOpasHe c10B, KOTOpPble ABIAIOTCH JIeK- CHY€CKHMH HHTepHaHOHaTM3MaMH C apeasbHO TOUKH S3peHHA, OJHAaKO B AaHHOM ASEIKE BXOAAT B COCTAB HCKOHHOM weKcuKu §, B coo se c Buu c 4ucTO «sTHMOMO H4eCKOi TOYKOH speHuA Ha TepMHH <HHTEPHAHOHAINSMbI> COBA MHTePHANHOHAabHO eKCHKH (Tak Ha3. nomH- wleKceMbl) MOTYT ObITb NpescTaB eHD naxKe nHIUD TOJIbKO B JBYX A3bIKax 7, Cymec syio u Apy ue mpennoxenua o MHHHMAJIbHOM Ipewene pacnpoc pa- HCH HHTePHAaWHOHaIbHO eKcCHKY (eBpOA3EIUHOFO apeaa); yale Bce o B Ka eCTBe KpHTepua BbIBHTaeTcA Mpenc aBeHHOcTD HHTEPJIeKCeMbI B Tpex ASbIKaX MeKTyHapORHO o 3sHayeHHA (an auiickuii, HeMeUKHH, pannyscKui, HcHaHCKMli, HTaTbaAHCKHH, pyccKuil) 8. Ha Ham BSPIAL, Weecoo6pasHo yxec Th OcOOeHHOCT HHTepHAalHOHamM3MOB Kak IIPCHMYULECTBEHHO 3aHMCTBOBAHHEIX cloB H chopMy.HpoBaT 9TO c enLyiouluM o6pasom: c oBo (1omHeKcema) MOXKeT ObITh Ha3BaHO HHTepHanHonau3MoM €BPOA3HIYHO O apeawa, ecnH OHO B Ka¥ecTBe 3aHMCTBOBaHMA MpexcTaBeHo 10 kpaiineli Mepe B yByx ASHIKAX M€%KTYHAPOXHOTO SHaYeHHA MH B OAHOM A3bIKe Me2K LyHapozHo o SHa eHHA H He MeHee 4eM B AByX Apy ux sAsbIKax (He B lomHe ACHO, Kak OUCHHBATh NOJHIeKCeMy, 3A2HMCTBOBaHHYIO B pa e HeGONbIIHX S3bIKOB, HO He Ip€ACTaBJeHHYIO B KaYeCTBe 34MMCTBOBAHHA HH B OLHOM 13 ASbIKOB MCX- AyHapoaHo o sHa enus). Tipu s om ne cale yeT 3a6BIBaTb, YTO wO6aa TOMH- JeKCeMa, ECTECTBEHHO, IPHCYTCTByeT HM B TOM A3bIKe (B Tex ASbIKaX), B KO- TOPOM OHA IIPHHayexKUT K HCKOHHOM weKcHKe HAH B ‘KOTOpOM Ona 6bINa cosqaHa (41M Nomy4Ha coBpemeHHoe sHa4yeHHe). C yue om xpu epua Pac ipoc paneHHoc y nomueKcemE emecoo6pasHo BBINCIHTb Ba NOLTHNA WHTepHalMOHANLHO meKcHKU: cyOapeabubli un apeambubi. Munumaspuoe Pacnpoc pa eH e ocTaTowHo zaa oTHeceHHA ACKCHYECKO O HHTePHAallNOHaH3Ma K cyOapeanbuomy nog uny; aa o nece- HHA 2Ke K apeabHOMy NoATHNy nosuseKcema WOmxKHA OLITD mpejc apyiena, Kak MHHUMYM, B O2HOM ASbIKe MEXKAyHapomHo o sHayeHua Kako u3 Tpex KpymHelimux epponelicxux Tpyllll HHLOeBponelickol CeMbH A3EIKOB ( epman- *Cp.: Copoxun WO. C. Passu ue cioBapHo o cocTaBa pyccKo o a«HTepa ypHo o 13bIKa B 30—90-e ou XIX nexa.— M.—JI., 1965, c. 158, 7 Wu epwanuonanbHnie sileMeHTi B seKcHKe 1 TepMHHOJo HH, c. 15. ® Cm. Laua A, La iedu leksikologija— Riga: Z aigzne, 1981, 114, Ipp. 36 cKOH, POMAHCKOH, ClaBAHCKOH; B MaHHOM cyly4ae K WeCTH BbIWMenepeyncseH- HHIM A3bIKaM MOKET ObITh NPUpPaBHeH TaK2Ke NOMbCKHH H, BOSMOXKHO, LIBeL- ckui). Tlonuaekcema MoxeT ObITh IpeAcTaBeHa H B ASbIKAaX JBYX HIM He- CKOIbKHX apeasoB, Hanp., eBposSbl4yHO o H MHAMIicKo O. Ecam sekcnueckHi HHTCPHallHOHaNH3M BCTpe aeTca B A3bIKAaX (ASHIKe) Apy o o apeaia, OH MO- 2KeT ObITh OTHECeH K TPaHcapeadbHOl HHTepHalMOHabHOM eKcuKe®; ecuH CAOBO ABACTCA APeaJbHbIM JEKCHYCCKUM HHTEPHANHOHAJIH3MOM B Byx (HH Gonee) apea ax, TO OHO BXOAHT B cocTaB OuapeasbHO (nomMapeambHoi) HHTepHallHOHaJbHO seKcHKu. BeposTHo, mpu BbIemeHHH JeKCH4eCKUX HH- TepHallHOHaH3MOB He C/e yeT YIHTHIBATb JIEKCeMHI, MpeACTaBJIeHHbIe JHIUIb B HaHOonee nepudbepHinbix NoAcHcTeMax TOTO HAH HHOFO A3bIKa, OMHAKO AaHHbI BOMpoc elile TpeOyeT AaibHelime o usyyeHua. B uacTHOCTH, BPA, JH BCe-TaKH MOXKHO B 3TOM ACHEKTe NOJHOCTbIO HTHOPHPOBaTb TaKOM CO eK- CHKH, Kak oOulHii cneH ; OombUO HHTepec MpescTaBAeT Take CHelMaJb- HBIM CCH? MOPAKOB, WIHPOKO UCHOMb3yIOuHNi MeKCH4YeCKHe 3aHMCTBOBAHHA (oco6eHHO aH HunsMbI). HaBepHo, uMeeT CMBICA B PAE CLyyaeB TOBOPHTb 06 MHTepCeH H3MaXx, XOTH TaKaad KaTe opua HeH36exKHO Oy eT MepeKpeu u- BaTbCA C OCTAaJIbHOM HHTepHAalHOHAIbHOH JeKCHKON. Vino ga Bbi emen e JleKCHYeCKHX HHTePHAalHOHAIH3MOB OOyCIOBMBaeTCA HW T€MaTHUCCKHMH KPHTepHAMH, NPHYeM HHTePHAlHOHAJH3MaMH IIpHsHaloTCA HWb COBa TepMHHOMO HYecKo o xapakTepa (BC9; BeaC9) uau cosa, OOo3Ha alolHe NOHATHA Me AyHaponHo o MacuiTaba ". [lo muenuio A. Jay, TaKad MOCTaHOBKa BOMpoca He ABAAeTCA IpHeMAeMOM, TAK KaK NlOAMeHAeT ASLIKOBLIe (aKTH KaTe opHamu so uKH “. [IpaBaa, 3HayeHUA cOBa — 9TO, Ge3yc0BHO, PaKT ASKIKOBOM, OMHAKO elicTBUTeIbHO elecooOpasHee Ka- %KeTcd CUHTATh TeMATHYeCKyIO CielHPHKy BTOPHYHOM, packpHIBalollelica IIpH aHaJiu3e TOH HHTepHaHOHANbHO JIeKCHKH, KOTOpad Bbie eHa Ha OC- HoBe ye cbOpMy/IMpOBaHHEIX KpuTepHeB. B To 2%xe BpeMs# OcoGo o NoAxoZa Tpe6y!0T SK30TH3MHI, KOTOPble HOO He JOJXKHBI ObITb BKJIOYeHLI B COCTaB HHTepHallHOHAJIbHOM JIEKCHKH, HOO Ke MOMKHI PACCMATPHBATLCA KaK BeCb- Ma cBoeoOpasHas ee 4acTb #2 H3-3a <OOASATEbHOCTH> HX 3AHMCTBOBAHHA MIP ONHCaHHH COOTBETCTBYIONIAX peasHii. Takum 06pa30M, OCHOBHBIM KPHTepHeM BbIMeJIeCHHA @KCHYCCKUX HHTePHa- WHOHAMH3MOB MpeAcTaBsAeTCA WeecOOOpasHbIM MPHSHAaTb PacipocTpaHeH- HOCTh 3aHMCTBOBaHUA (PyKOBOACTBOBATECA CylehyeT HMeHHO leslecoobpas- HOCTbIO HJM HelleecooOpasHocTb, Tak KaK HHTepHaUHOHaJbHad JIeKCHKAa — 9TO BCe-TakH KaTe opHa Goble ASHIKOBeAYeECKaAA — H, KOHCYHO, HHTCPJHHT- ®Cp.: Baldunéiks J. Anglicismu unkcionalais aks u ojums miisdienu la ieSu aloda.— LPSR ZA Vés is, 1981, N . 11, 64. Ipp. 40 Axyaeuko B. B. Cymec sye au uHTepHalHOHa bHad seKcuka? —BSA, 1961, Ne 3, ¢. 61. Bnocneac sun B. B. Akynenko, 10-BHqHMOMY, OT STO O KpHTepHsA oTKa3aucs. " Laua A, La ieSu leksikologija, 114. Ipp. 2 Cp.: Kpucuu JI. MI. Wuosspnpe copa B coppemeHHoM pyCcKoM JlMTepaTypHOM sas ike.— M.: Hayxa, 1968, c. 47. 37