LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXVII (1988)

LIETUVIŲ KALBA IR BILINGVIZMAS

KAZIMIERAS EIGMINAS

SURNAMES OF THE GERVĖČIAI AREA¹

When examining the surnames of the people of Gervėčiai from a semantic perspective, we divide them into two groups: those derived from personal names and those derived from nicknames. Examining the origins and meanings of surnames in both groups and seeking to identify the derivational elements, we further subdivide them into smaller groups.

Personal-name-derived surnames. Our surnames derived from personal names originate from ancient pagan Lithuanian names and Christian names introduced after Lithuania’s conversion to Christianity. These Christian names derive mainly from Hebrew, Ancient Greek, Latin, Germanic, and other languages.

Personal-name-derived surnames originating from Lithuanian pagan names. There are relatively few surnames among the people of Gervėčiai derived from the very oldest two-stem Lithuanian names. These include: Atminis: Lithuanian at+min- (cf. atminti, atmintis. Būga, 1958, p. 223, Kuzavinis, Savukynas, 1971, p. 119); Būtvilà: Lithuanian but- (cf. būtas “house,” būti “to be”) + vil- (cf. viltis “to hope”) (Kuzavinis, Savukynas, 1971, p. 66, 152); Ūlvinas: Lithuanian ul-+vin- “cause, fault” (cf. vaina “cause”) (Kuzavinis, Savukynas, 1971, p. 152).

No surnames derived from old Lithuanian simplex or shortened names have been found in the Gervėčiai area.

A few surnames are derivatives formed with suffixes of old Lithuanian names, for example, Mileišis: Lithuanian mil- (cf. pa-milti) + -eišis, or derivatives with diminutive-affectionate patronymic suffixes: Giedraitis and its Dzūkian variant Giedraičius: Lithuanian giedr- (cf. giedras) (Kuzavinis, Savukynas, 1971, p. 89) + -aitis; Radžiūlis (dialectal Dzūkian form Radžiulis): Lithuanian rad- (cf. rādo) (Kuzavinis, Savukynas, 1971, p. 128) + -iulis (dj > dž > dz).

Personal-name-derived surnames originating from Christian names. There are a few surnames among the people of Gervėčiai derived directly from Christian names, without any derivational elements. These are usually various forms of baptismal names.

The following surnames derived from shortened variants, found mainly in Slavic languages, are attested from the Greek-origin name Aleksandras: Aliòchna (cf. Bel. Алёхна), Aliòksa (cf. Bel. Алёкса), Aliòkša (cf. Bel. Алекша, Олекша), Aliòcha (cf. Bel. Алёха). The surname Amilionas. is found in Gervėčiai, derived from the name Emilijonas of Roman origin (Latin Aemilianus; Kuzavinis, Savukynas, 1971, p. 79).

¹ The surnames were collected by Marytė Razmukaitė; the list was supplemented by Kazimieras Eigminas, Julius Šalkauskas, Aloyzas Vidugiris, and Angelė Žalalytė.

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The surname Jefremas derives from the Orthodox baptismal name Ефрем, while Jeŕmakas derives from the Orthodox baptismal name Ермолай, specifically its colloquial variant Ермак.

The surname Jeraminas may, in our view, be a Latinized variant of the Greek name Hieronymus (cf. Polish Jaromin || Hieronim), while Zidòras is a variant of the Christian, Latinized Greek name Izidorius, which is fairly common in Lithuanian dialects.

Several Gervėčiai-area surnames are short forms of Christian names: Bazỹs is a shortened form of the Latinized Greek Bazilijus (Bazilius) (cf. Polish Bazyli); Jõčius is shortened from Jaci̇̃ntas, itself a variant of the name Hiacìntas (derived from Latinized Hyacinthus, gr. Hyákinthos) (cf. Polish Jac, Jacek, Belarusian Яцко, Яцук, Яц); Jõčas is, in our view, of the same origin as Jõčius; Mikìsas derives from Mikalõjus (cf. Polish Mikłaś, Belarusian Міклаш, Міхлік), and Miklùšà derives from Mikalõjus (cf. Polish Miktoszek); Mìziejùs derives from Michailas (cf. Belarusian Міц, Міс, Lithuanian surname Misius). Ramỹs || Remỹs || Remis || Rėmis may be a shortened form of the baptismal name Jeremijas (cf. Polish Remiaz from Jeremiasz). The variant Ramỹs could be considered a shortened form of a longer name or derived directly from Lithuanian ramùs ‘calm’. However, this assumption is unreliable, since Ramỹs alternates with Remỹs || Remis || Rėmis. Admittedly, some variants may simply result from differing spellings.

Juškà yra krikštavardžio Юрий trumpinys: brus. Юшка, Юшко (Бірыла, 1966, c. 56); Lukšà — krikštavardžio Lùkas trumpinys (plg. brus. Лукаш, Лука, lenk. Łukasz (Бірыла, 1966, c. 110); mat Baltarusijoje įsigalėjo bažnytinė slavų kalbos forma Лука iš lenk. Lukasz (Бірыла, 1966, c. 110). Pavardę Lukšà galima sieti ir su mūsų bendriniu žodžiu lùkšas „nulinkusiomis ausimis; žioplys, ištižėlis“. Mockà — krikštavardžio Motiejus trumpinys (plg. brus. Мацко, Матвей, lenk. Maciewicz, Maciej) (Бірыла, 1966, c. 117); Sáukà — Sava || Savẽlijus trumpinys (plg. brus. Саўка, Савелій Бірыла, 1966, c. 142), lenk. Saw-czyk, Saw-icki, Sawa (Bystrón, 1936, p. 275), rus. Савицкий (Петровский, 1966, c. 351). Bet galima sieti ir su veiksmaž. šaukti „tęsiamu balsu šaukti“.

The origin of the surname Valeikà and its variants Veleikà, Valaikà, Velaikà, Vėlaikà is not entirely clear. The root most likely derives from the short-form names Valys, Valius, formed from names of Latin origin such as Valentinas, Valėrijus, among others.

In the Gervėčiai area, there are quite a number of surnames derived from baptismal names with diminutive, endearing patronymic suffixes.

A derivative with the suffix -aitis is Bazáitis, from Bazỹs; Česnáitis (Belarusian form Часноў) from Čėsius, Česỹs (a short form of the name Čėslovas; cf. Polish Czesław); Ilijáitis (|| Ilijõitis) from the Orthodox baptismal name Ilija; Jackáitis from Jacka (a short form of the baptismal name Jokūbas; cf. Belarusian Яцько, Яць, Polish Jacek, Jack-owski); Jurkáitis (Belarusian form Юркой derives from Júrka, a short form of the baptismal name Jūrijus (cf. Belarusian Юрко, Russian Юрка); Lukáitis (|| Lukõitis) from Lùkas; Marcin káitis — Marciñkus (derived from the baptismal name Martýnas; Latin Martīnus <, Latin Martius; Mars “Mars” (Kuzavinis, Savukynas, 1971, p. 116), cf. Belarusian Марции, Марцинкой, Марцінкевіч, Polish Marcinek, Marcink-iewicz, Marcink-owski); Matuláitis (|| Matulõitis, Belarusian form Матулоў) from Matùlis, a variant of the baptismal name Motiejus; Pacáitis from Pãcas (a short form of the baptismal name Игнатий; cf. Belarusian Пац (Бірыла, 1966,

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p. 90); it is unclear whether Vilōitis (*Vilāitis) derives from Vilius (a short form of Lithuanian Vilmantas, Viltautas, etc.) or from Vilius (a short form of German Wilhelm).

Only one derivative with the patronymic suffix -ūnas has been found in the Gervėčiai area: Morkūnas, Belarusian form Маркун, derives from the baptismal name Mōrkus.

Several surnames are derivatives with the suffix -ulis: Augulis derives from Aūgus (a short form of the baptismal name Augūstas, Augūstalis); Janulis derives from the baptismal name Jōnas (cf. Belarusian Ян, Polish Jan); Paliulis may derive from Palys (a short form of the name Palemōnas, itself derived from the Latinized Greek Palaimōn); Vaičiulis derives from Vaičius [a short form of the old Slavic name Vaitiekus (Belarusian Войтех, Polish Wojciech)].

There are also a couple of derivatives with the suffixes -elis, -elė: Petrėlis derives from the baptismal name Pētras; Mackelė (|| Mackelė) derives from Mōckas (a short form of the baptismal name Motiejus; cf. Belarusian Мацько, Мацько).

There is only one surname with the suffix -ikas: Pētrikas (|| Pētrikas), derived from the baptismal name Pētras (cf. Russian Петрик, Belarusian Петрок, Polish Pietrzyk).

A derivative with the suffix -utis is the surname Damūtis, with the dialectal Dzūkian variant Damūcis (Belarusian form Дамурь), deriving from Dōmas (probably a short form of the baptismal name Dominykas || Domininkas).

Quite a number of Gervėčiai-area surnames derive from Christian names with Slavic suffixes:

With the suffixes -avičius, -evičius: Adamāvičius (|| Belarusian form Адамович (Бірьіла, 1966, c. 22); cf. Belarusian Адам, Polish Adam); Bagdonāvičius (cf. Belarusian Багдан, Polish Bogdan, which is probably a calque of Greek Theodosius: Greek Theos “god” and dotos “gift” (LPŽ, 1985, p. 154); Baltrukāvičius derives from Baltrus (a shortened form of Baltramiejus) with a double patronymic suffix: Lithuanian -ukas and Slavic -avičius; Bazāvičius (|| Bazēvičius) derives from Bazys; Brazāvičius (|| Brazevičius) derives from Brazys (a short form of Ambraziejus); Česnāvičius (Belarusian form given as Часнович) derives from Česys || Česus, short forms of Česlovas; Grigarāvičius derives from Grigorijus (cf. Belarusian Грыгор); Janāvičius (cf. Belarusian Ян, Polish Jan); Jankāvičius (cf. Belarusian Янка, Янко, Polish Jankiewicz, Belarusian Янкович); Jančēvičius (cf. Belarusian Янцевич: Иоанн); Kasandrāvičius (Belarusian form Касандрович); Aleksandravičius: Aleksandrovīčius derives from Aleksandras (LPŽ, 1985, p. 937); Laurināvičius (|| Laurynāvičius) derives from Laurynas; Petrāvičius (|| Petrevičius) derives from Pētras; Steponāvičius derives from Stēponas; Urbonāvičius (|| Urbanāvičius) derives from Ūrbonas; Ustināvičius (Belarusian form Устынович; cf. colloquial Russian Устин < Юстин); Valansāvičius (cf. Polish Wotąsiewicz, from the name Walenty); Andriuškēvičius [cf. Belarusian variants Андрушкевич: Андрей (Бірьіла, 1966, c. 29), Polish Andruszkiewicz: Andrzej (Bystron, 1936, p. 266)]; Grinēvičius (cf. Belarusian Грыневич: Григорий (Бірьіла, 1966, c. 55), Polish Hryniewicz: Grzegorz); Havrilkēvičius (Belarusian form Гаўрылкевіч (Гаўрылкевич); cf. the Belarusian diminutive Гаўрылка from Гаврила); Habrukēvičius (Belarusian form Габрукевич: Габрук, Гаврила); Ivaškēvičius | Belarusian form Івашкевич: Иван (Бірьіла, 1966, c. 86); Polish Iwaszkiewicz: Belarusian Іваш, Івашка; Juknēvičius: Juknà (Polish Juchna, Juchno: Juryj, Jurij); Juodžēvičius (with phonetic variants Jedžēvičius, Jadžēvičius; Belarusian form Юдзевич); Juodz- may sometimes derive from Юда (Бірьіла, 1966, c. 22), but may also derive from the Lithuanian root Juod-; Marcinķēvičius (cf. Polish

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Marcin, Marčinėk, Marcinkiewicz, Belarusian Марцін); Petkevičius (cf. Belarusian Пяткевіч, Пятко); Rinkēvičius (the Belarusian form Рынкевич, cf. the diminutive variant Рымка of the Belarusian name Рыма and the surname formed from it with a patronymic suffix Рымкевич); Sienkevičius (Belarusian form Сенкевич, cf. Сёмка, Сень, Сенка, Сенko, Сенько, derived from Simeon); Stankēvičius (cf. Belarusian Станко, Станько, derived from Станислав; Polish Stanieк, Stankiewicz – from Stanisław); Tunkelēvičius (Belarusian form Тункелевич, Belarusian Томка (?), derived from Томас; Russian Томка – from Том). This surname has two suffixes: Lithuanian -elis and Slavic -evičius. Vaitkēvičius (cf. the variant of the name Vaitiekus, Russian Войтко, Войтка – from Войтех; Polish Wojtek; the surname Wojtkiewicz – from Wojciech).

With the suffix -(i)auskas: Petkāuskas (cf. Belarusian Петко, Петько – from Петр); Petrāuskas (cf. Belarusian Пятроўскі, Polish Petrowski); Stakauskas (cf. Belarusian Стах, Стахій, the surname Стахоўскі – from Стахій); Vitkauskas (cf. Belarusian Вітка, Вітко, Lithuanian Vitkus from But, Polish Wit).

Jанčiauškas (baltarusiška forma Янчэўскі: Іоанн (Бірыла, 1966, c. 87); plg. lenk. Janczewski, Janczowski: Janczak, Janczyk, Janczyk – iš Jan, brus. Янчук, Янчык – iš Іоанн); Tamašiauskas (plg. lenk. Tomaszewski: Tomasz); Vasiliauskas (baltarusiška forma Васілеўскі; plg. brus. Васіль – iš Василий); Zacharauskas (plg. brus. Захария).

With the suffixes -eckas, -ickas: Janēckas (Belarusian form Янецкі, cf. Polish Janecki: Jan, Belarusian Ян); Jakovickas (cf. Polish Jakowicki: Jakub, Belarusian Якавіцкі: Иаков, Яков); Savickas || Savickis (cf. Belarusian Сава, Савенка, Савеня; Polish Sawicki is associated with the name Sawa).

Nickname-based surnames. There are many nickname-based surnames among the people of Gervėčiai. They are divided into several semantic groups.

Ethnonym-derived surnames. A few of these have been recorded in the Gervėčiai area. The following surnames are formed from the ethnonym gūdas with Lithuanian and Slavic patronymic suffixes: Gudaitis, Gudauskas, Gudinskas (only feminine surnames were recorded: Gudinskaitė and Gudinskienė), with the dialectal Dzūkian variant Gudzińskas (|| Gudzinskas) and the Belarusian form Гудзінскі.

Surnames denoting an occupation, various duties, social status, or a particular group of people. There are also few such surnames in this area: Karadys (|| Karadis; cf. kárudas); Kareivis (the form recorded has a non-Lithuanian ending: Kareivy; Kare iwo; cf. kareivis); Kazōkas (cf. kazōkas); Slūžulis (|| Belarusian variant Slūželi; cf. slūžyti); Šaulys (cf. šaulys); Ulōnas (cf. ulōnas).

Animal-derived surnames. There are more surnames of this type here. Some have unextended stems, while others are suffixal derivatives. For example: Avienis (the Belarusian form Авен? is given; cf. avis); Kiškėlis (cf. kiškis); Kurmėlis (cf. kūrmis); Meškà (in the Gervėčiai cemetery it was probably erroneously recorded as Meska; cf. meškà); Meškys (|| Meškis, Miesz kis; cf. meškà); Vilkas (cf. vilkas); Būblys (cf. būblȳs), Bublēvičius; Gaigalas (only the plural form Gaigalai was recorded in the Gervėčiai cemetery; cf. gaigalas); Kikilis (cf. kikilis); derivatives of the gulbė root: Gulbināvičius, Gulbinskis (recorded as Gulbinskij), Gulbickis (recorded as Gulbickij); Paukštienė (cf. paukštis).

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Surnames denoting various physical defects and flaws. The surnames recorded in this group are: Bukelis (cf. būkas); Kairys (cf. kairys); Mažeika (cf. mažas); Maknočius² (cf. maknoti); Miklys (cf. miklus); Mikna (cf. mikseti, also Mikna in Slavic, cf. Belarusian Mixna, Mixnevič); Pūiša (cf. pūiša); Pukšta || Pūkštas (cf. pūkš, pūkšti); Pliauga (cf. pliaugoti); Šėmis || Šėmys (cf. šėmus, šėmis); Tridūlis (cf. triesti).

Surnames denoting various objects, their properties, characteristics, etc. Kūlys (cf. kūlys); Kuolaitis (cf. kuolas); Reketys || Rekėtis || dialectal Dzūkian Rekėkis (cf. rekėtis, reketys); Statinis (cf. status, statinis); Šukelis (cf. šukė).

Nickname-based surnames denoting various qualities. Gražulis (|| Gražūl, cf. gražus); Glaudėlis (cf. glaustis, glaudūs); Raudonovičius (Belarusian form Paўdонаві, cf. raudonas); Skirūtis || Škirūtis (cf. skirti); Trepšys (cf. trepšėti?).

Nickname-based surnames of non-Lithuanian origin. There are quite a number of such surnames in the Gervėčiai area. Most are suffixal derivatives.

With the suffix -ka: Apriškė; Buckà (|| Bùcka), Bucko (we also include Bùckus here, cf. Belarusian Будзька, Будзько, Буцько: дз > ц); Gluska, cf. Russian Глушко, Глушок; Kaharka, Kocharko; Kučka (we also include Kùckus in this group; cf. Belarusian Куць, Куцько); Meleszka (cf. Polish Meleszko); Mereška (cf. Polish Mereszka); Palaika; Popka (cf. Belarusian Папко, Попка, Russian Попко); Rožko (cf. Belarusian Рожка, Рожко); Skurka (cf. Скурка, Скурко).

With the suffix -yčius: Babičius (cf. Belarusian Бабіч).

With the suffixes -avičius, -evičius: Šafranovičius; Černušėvičius (Belarusian form Чарнушэвіч, cf. Belarusian Чарнушевич); Subatkėvičius (|| Subotkėvičius; cf. Belarusian Субаткевич); Šaškevičius (cf. Belarusian Шашкевич).

With the suffix -auskas: Astrauskas (Belarusian form Астроўскі, cf. Polish Ostrowski, Russian Островский); Baranauskas (Belarusian form Бараноўскі; cf. Polish Baranowski, Belarusian Бараноўскі, Russian Барановский); Barauskas (cf. Polish Barowski); Barkauskas (cf. Polish Barkowski, Borkowski); Bučiauskas; Chmieliauskas (cf. Polish Chmielewski, Belarusian Хмялеўскі, Russian Хмелевский); Čaikauskas (cf. Polish Czajkowski, Belarusian Чайкоўскі, Russian Чайковский); Čiulauškas (Belarusian form Чулоўскі; Dambrauskas (cf. Polish Dąbrowski); Jarauskas (Belarusian form Яроўскі); Kalinauskas (cf. Belarusian Каліноўскі, Russian Калиновский, Polish Kalinowski); Katkauskas (cf. Belarusian Хаткоўскі, Polish Kotkowski); Kavaliauskas (cf. Belarusian Кавалеўскі, Russian Ковалевский, Polish Kowalewski); Kazlauskas (cf. Belarusian Казлоўскі, Russian Козловский, Polish Kozłowski); Koženiauskas || Kaženiauskas (cf. Belarusian Казаневецкі, Polish korzeń); Kulikauskas (cf. Belarusian Кулікоўскі, Russian Куликовский, Polish Kulikowski); Labačiauskas (cf. Belarusian Лабачэўскі, Russian Лобачевский); Lisauskas (cf. Belarusian Лісоўскі, Malinauskas (cf. Belarusian Малноўскі, Russian Малиновский, Polish Malinowski); Mankauskas (cf. Belarusian Манкоўскі, Polish Mankowski); Mlinkauskas (cf. Belarusian Млынкоўскі); Sadauskas (cf. Belarusian Садоўскі, Russian Садовский, Polish Sadowski); Saikauskas (cf. Belarusian Сайкоўскі, Šab-

¹ This surname is probably of Slavic origin (see pp. 62 ff. of this publication). – Ed.

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lauškas (cf. Bel. Шаблоўскі); Šalauškas (cf. Bel. Шалойскі); Zdanaūskas (cf. Bel. Здан, Pol. Zdanowski, Żdanowski).

With the suffix -ickas: Katkavickas (only the feminine surname with the double suffix Katkavickaitė was recorded; cf. Bel. Хадко, Хадкевич); Muchnickas (recorded as Muchnickaja?); Sinickas (cf. Bel. Сініцкі, Rus. Синицкий, Pol. Sinicki); Žimnickas || Zimnickis (cf. Bel. Зімніцкі, Rus. Зимницкий).

With the suffix -eckas: Paneckas (cf. Bel. Пана仔ька); Zalėckas / cf. Bel. Залецкі, Pol. Zaleski (z Zalesia) /.

With the suffix -ockis: Zablòckis (cf. Bel. Заблоцкі, Pol. Zablocki).

With the suffix -skis: Lipskis (cf. Bel. Лінскі, Rus. Липский, Pol. Lipski).

With the suffix -inskas, -inskis: Bučinskas || Bučinskis (cf. Bel. Бучынскі); Ripinskas (Belarusian form Рыпінскі) / Ripìnskas; Rudzinskis || Rudzińskas (cf. Bel. Рудзінскі, Rus. Рудзинский); / Rusińskas (cf. Bel. Русінскі); Sečinskas (Belarusian form Сячынскі || Siečynskas (recorded as Siečynska) || Sičińskas || Sečinskas (cf. Bel. Шыць, Шыцік, Шыцікаў).

With the suffix -onskis: Polònskis (Belarusian form Палонскі).

With the suffix -uckas: Prauluckas (Belarusian form Праулучкі).

К. ЭЙГМИНАС

FAMILY NAMES IN THE VICINITY OF GERVĖČIAI (GERVĖTY)

Abstract

The article examines the family names of the vicinity of Gervėčiai (Gervėty) from a semantic perspective. The family names are divided into two large groups: those of personal-name origin and those derived from nicknames. When the origin and meaning of the family names in these two groups are analyzed, they are further divided into smaller groups according to their word-formation elements.

K. EIGMINAS

FAMILY NAMES IN THE GERVĖČIAI SPEECH AREA

Abstract

The article examines and characterizes the family names in the Gervėčiai speech area from a semantic perspective. In this connection, the family names are divided by origin into two large groups: family names derived from personal names and family names derived from nicknames. In examining the origin and meaning of these family names, the two groups are further divided into smaller groups to show the elements of word formation.

LITERATŪRA

Bystron. Nazwiska polskie. Lwów-Warszawa, 1936.

Būga K. Rinktiniai raštai. V., 1958. T. 1.

Kuzavinis K., Savukynas B. Lietuvių vardų etimologinis žodynas // Vardai ir žodžiai. V., 1971. Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas. A-K. V., 1985 (LPŽ).

Бирила М. Б. Беларуская антрапанімія. Мінск, 1966.

Петровский И. А. Словарь русских личных имен. М., 1966.

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