149 Co po a e o e sigh insigh s
zigMas zinkeViČius
The di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch a e: Bal ic s udies, his o y
o Li huanian language, dialec ology, onomas ics.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
Linguis ic analysis o
Liz and he eal asMenVa ds
His o ically, he O ice o he Inspec o Gene al has encoun e ed his p oblem on a
egula basis. I will y o discuss i in his a icle, aking ad an age o he long
expe ience I ha e gained in s udying Li huanian an h oponyms. I ha e he mos da a
on my own and my ela i es' su names, so ha 's wha we' e going o alk abou .
This is Zinke ičius. Linguis ic analysis o his su name indica es ha i is […] a
o me su name, which o igina ed om he G eek spelling Zeno (G eek Zeus, clon
Zenos […]dzeusas[…]) a olk a ian […] sho ened wi h he p e ix k, wi h he oo
Zen-k-. I was ecei ed by he Eas Sla s om Byzan ium and he e o e became
Zin-k- (G eek […] > Byzan ine G eeks ī, sla s i). Plg. he a ian o he same su name
Zenk ičius wi h he oo Zen-k-, de i ed om he Wes om he Roma h ough he
Ge mans, he Czechs, he Poles. o he same o igin om sho ened o ms wi hou
p e ix: Z[…]nas, Z[…]nius, Zin-iùkas and k . (bo n in he eas ) and Z[…]nas, Z[…]nius and k . (bo n in he wes ).
P iesaga -e ičius is o eas e n Sla ic (no Polish!) o igin, used in he w i en language
o he old Li huanian s a e o e e o indi iduals, ega dless o he na ionali y and
o igin o he pe son. La e , when su names became su names, his p e ix los i s
su name unc ion and became an indica o o "nobili y". Today, i no longe
ep esen s any hing and is a o eign elemen in Li huanian an h oponymy. o examine
he eal his o y o my su name, i.e. o de e mine whe he i is a di ec con inua ion o
my a he 's su name, o whe he i s su ix -e ičius appea ed la e , in o de o make
he su name […]kilnesne[…], wi hou genealogical esea ch is impossible. Bu we ha en'
been able o ga he much genealogical da a.
1 Fo mo e in o ma ion on his p ecep and he su name Zinke ičius, see zinke ičius 2003: 124126.
150 ac a
zigMas zinkeViČius
Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI
Acco ding o my a he Pe o Zinke ičius, his ances o s came om Vilnius
(Zinke ičius 1999: 812). Howe e , such a saying can e e no only o he Vilnius egion,
bu also o an ancien adminis a i e uni ela ed o Vilnius, such as he Vilnius
Diocese o e en he Vilnius Voi odeship. The e o e, he place o o igin o he amily is
e y ague. Judging om he s o ies o neighbo s I hea d as a child ha my
g and a he And ius was Polish and ha his wi e, who came om an elde ly and
backwa d Ba a ian amily, had no been able o each he husband Polish, e en o
ansla e, i would be di icul o belie e ha his Li huanian pa en s o g andpa en s
jos s e imą p iesagą -e ičius. g eičiausiai jų pa a dei p adžią da ė pa eldė as senasis
ė a a dis, o oks galėjo a si as i iš k ikš o a do be ku ioje Lie u os ie o ėje. ea-
would ha e added hei own […]ilminė[…] su name o he su name o explain he his o y
o genealogy, bu no only linguis ic s udies. bu hey a e di icul o ob ain because
o he di icul accessibili y o he mos impo an sou ces - bap ismal and ma iage
me ics and es a e in en o ies - in a ious a chi es and ins i u ions, and especially
because o he lack o sys ema iza ion o he da a con ained in hem, he absence o
de ailed egis e s. di icul ies in sea ching o su names in w i en sou ces will s ill
be discussed. I 's unclea when he zinc mines came o he Ukme ge a ea. A he end
o he 15 h cen u y, he e we e ce ainly no blacks he e, a leas no in he a eas
whe e hey now li e. This is indica ed by he in en o y ac s o he black mansions o
1765 and 1791, which do no men ion zinc. So i 's he 19 h cen u y, because a he end o
ha cen u y, my g and a he And ew was al eady wo king as an o dina y membe o
he black cou (highes anked commande ). When he mano bu ned down, he was
gi en a plo o land in he mano es a e nea es o Ukme ge. Tha 's whe e I was bo n.
Some imes ou su names changed o andom easons. My uncle S asys (my a he 's b o he ) changed his su name om Zink ičius o Zenk ičius, mis akenly belie ing i o be a dialec , plg. I was pink.
I 's a shell. I 's my g andmo he 's las name on my a he 's side: Linguis ic analysis
allows his su name o be de i ed om he ancien wo-syllable pe sonal name
Žã-gelas, con aining he i s syllable Ža-, plg. Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba ,
Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba ,
Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba ,
Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba ,
Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba ,
Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba ,
Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba , Zhaba Ba -gel, Da-gel, Ja-gel, M-gel, Nó -gel, Vós-gel, Žý-gel and he like, as well as Gél-bu as, Gél-gaudas, Gél-kan as, Gél-minas, Gél- ydas and he like. and he sho and hei ma ied names Gel-gel, Gel-ái is, Gel-ónis. The cas le o Gelsie, wi h i s gél i […] e y pain ul[…], was also owned by he P ussians, so i can be conside ed a legacy o dis an an iqui y. The pe sonal name Žaglis can also be o noble o igin (li le p obabili y), plg.
he oak ee, he oak ee.
The name Žaglis could also be unde s ood as a ansla ion om Žioglis (mo e likely),
because in he ansla ion i is no p onounced as a (plg. a la ‘ o elė nex o a
‘ o à), and he diminu i e could be p onounced as a esul o he Polish ansla ion
(?). The su names Žiog-lis and Žiógas, Žiógis, Žiogs, Žiog-nas: a e also used.
The insigh s in o he da a showing he eal his o y o my g andmo he 's su name ha e
an oponimijos ling is inė analizė
i eali asmen a džių is o ija
been collec ed in a ela i ely la ge numbe , bu no all o hem a e eliable, some o hem
a e jus conjec u es. Acco ding o he and he neighbo s, he g andmo he , who had
wo ked as a blacksmi h in he black cou ya d be o e i bu ned down, came om
Ku klys (a own abou 30 km om Ukme ge) om a well-known noble amily o
blacksmi hs who had li ed o a long ime. In he pas , he e we e amous people o his
ibe. One o hem, Ignace Zagel (bo n in Pa i inches, died in 1891), was a amous physician
who a eled o A ica and Asia, li ed o a long ime in Egyp (as an oph halmologis in
su senele neaiškus), lenkiškai ašęsis Żagiel, gimęs 1826 m. ne oliese esančiame
he palace), and swam he Nile o i s sou ce. Un o una ely, a chi al da a on he
ances o s o he g andmo he has no ye been s udied, so he e is a lack no only o
genealogical knowledge, bu also o in o ma ion ha would help o cla i y he o igin o
he su name. I 's a ap. My mo he 's maiden name is Skap-ai e. Linguis ic analysis allows
his su name o be de i ed om such ancien wo-wo d pe sonal names as Skã-pa as
sho ened, which had he i s le e Ska-, plg. Skãbu as, Skã- ydas, Skã- i as (?), and
he second pa o he -pa , plg. Da-pa , Liu-pa , ž-pa and so on. and Pá -gaudas,
Pá -skaudas, Pá - ains and so on, as well as Pa à, Pa -ùlis, Pa -eikà and so on. i coincided
wi h he wo d skãpas ‘buil animal. now usually his su name o people is e imologized.
The pe sonal name Skãpas and i s a ian s Skapa, Skapis, Skapai is we e used as ea ly
as he 15 h cen u y, ound in w i en sou ces. In he pas , i was a popula pe sonal
name, used no only in he Ukme gė egion. i ga e ise o many se lemen names, e.g.
he name o he own Skãp-iškis. I e en en e ed he language o he Guda, possibly he
Polish language, plg. g. Skopje, in he no h. Skop, i hei p ima y sou ce o sp ead is
he o me Bal ic lands.
I should be no ed ha his pe sonal name is no used o make su names ha ha e
de i a i e (p ose) o ms. Apa om Skap-nskas and Skap-èckas, who ecei ed o eign
ows, only one a e su name o pa e nal o igin is known, Skap-ónis. Thus, he o iginal,
non-he edi a y pe sonal name Skãpas is al eady used. da a showing he eal his o y o
my mo he 's su name, managed o so mo e han he co esponding da a o he
su name Zinko ić. The in en o y o he Black House in 1765 and 1791 indica es ha a he
end o he 15 h cen u y he e we e e en a ew amilies li ing in he Black House, called
Skapais. One o hose amilies (I don' know which one) was supposed o be my mo he 's
(see Zinke ičius 1999: 1215). Pe haps in he u u e, black Skapai will be ound in e en
ea lie w i en sou ces, i any. I 's an old i s name. 2 on o he signi ican sawmills see
Zinkiewicz 1999: 21.
152 ac a
zigMas zinkeViČius
Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI
My g and a he 's sis e -in-law go ma ied o Adam (unknown name) Balzac. Tha 's an
in e es ing las name. he su names Balžėkas and Balžkas, bu no Balžkas, al hough
elsewhe e in Li huania he e is also he su name oka, wi h he p e ix -kas, added o
he oo Balž-, plg. he su names Balžis, Balžus, Balž-ai is, Balž-ūnas, Balž-inas ( he
spelling o all o hem is unknown). The oo Balžsie ina wi h he owel […]blai us, song,
dėje Balžkas lie u iams neįp as a p iesaga -kas ie oj -kas galė ų bū i a si adu-
si iš -kas dėl lenkiškos a ies, plg. gy en ie ės pa adinimą K ikš nai, ku į ie os
blue[…]. The coun yside was su ounded by he K ikš anai. bu in ha case, he
unclea spelling Balžekas wi h -ekas would emain, because è indica es a possible
non-Li huanian o igin o he su name. I eminds me o a F ench su name, plg. I 's called
Balzac. The e o e, i is no excluded ha he o igin o his su name may be ela ed o
Napoleon's ma ch h ough Li huania. I could ha e been s a ed by a F ench soldie who
was apped in he icini y o Ukme ge. whe he such assump ion is co ec , should be
shown by esea ch o he eal his o y o su name and amily in w i en sou ces.
Un o una ely, he a ailable genealogical da a do no each he ime o Napoleon. So i 's
necessa y o look o olde da a. My mo he was bo n no only o he a o emen ioned
Balzek child en Pe e and Vaclo ( hey a e he cousins), bu also o his b o he 's wi e,
he mo he o he well-known beekeeping specialis habil. d . jono balzek (whose son is
he well-known ennis coach emigijus balzekas). This is he so-called ma iage, o
ma iage o so s, which mus be kep in mind and no con used wi h genealogical
ela ionships. The c ane. My g andmo he 's su name on my mo he 's side is Že uol-ý ė.
Linguis ic analysis o he su name Že uõlis allows o dis inguish he oo Že -, plg.
su names Že as, Že -eikà, Že -iolis (w i ing is unknown, people also call i Že -ùlis),
Že -õlis, Že - -õnas, Že -skis (w i ing is unknown) and wi h he su ix: Že -ka (w i ing is
unknown), Že -k-á. The oo Že g eičiausiai om he olde Žė -, plg. su names Žė s,
Žė -õnas and o he s. i could be ela ed in e ms o o igin o he wo ds žė -úo i, žė - i
and so on. The oo Žė šio in he su name is ex ended by he su ix -uõlis, wi h which
usually he names o cha ac e s (nomina agen is) a e made om e bs, e.g.
en ious-uõlis, skenduõlis, know-uõlis […]who knows a lo […]. and he noun is "who ea s".
so Žė uõlis is conside ed a su name o noble o igin. he ini ial sou ce o i s sp ead […]
abou ukme g. This explains he oo Žė i imą Že -, because he long owels ha a e
no p onounced in he language a e p onounced as sho owels, and o, ė coincides wi h
a, e. he e a e e y ew da a showing he eal his o y o g andmo he Že uoly ės
su name. All ha is known is ha my g and a he , Kazys Skapas, led a he d o ca le
om he illage o Baubli, nea S . Ma y's (we used o say om Anashali). he o igin o
he g ea -g andpa en s is unclea , a chi al da a ha e no ye been in es iga ed. 3 Fo
mo e in o ma ion on his genus and he names o i s membe s, see Bui ydienė 1997.
Insigh s
an oponimijos ling is inė analizė
i eali asmen a džių is o ija
om he inspec ion
I 's called Lisa. My wi e's maiden name is Lis-Ai e. Linguis ic analysis sugges s ha
he su name Lsas is de i ed om he G eek wo d Aloýzas, a a ian o Alsas, a los
wo d beginning wi h A-. The ini ials Alsas we e gi en by he La in Ge manic name
Aloysius, Aloisius, which a ose om he Ge manic wo-syllable pe sonal name Alwis:
old Ge manic high-pi ched al ‘ isa + wīsi ‘wise. The oo A(lis) o he Li huanian c eek
had o come om he eas , om Byzan ium h ough he eas e n Sla s. This
indica es he non-in e up ion o he p o e b, as opposed o he now-used
c osswo d puzzle Aloys, which we ge om he Wes om he Romani h ough he
Polish, wi h he in e up ion s, ansla ed z, indica ing he media ion o he Ge man
language. In Li huania, he e a e a numbe o su names de i ed om he abb e ia ed
oo Lis- (wi hou A) o he su name o he su name: Liss, Lis-ái is, Lis- ičius,
Lis-nskas, Lis-ckas, Lis-ckas, Lisáuskas, e c. and wi h he p e ix k: Lskus, Lisk-ái is,
Lisk- ičius, e c. The plg. Liz-ai is wi h a cu ed s, acing wes . The da a showing he
ac ual o igin o my wi e's su name is only as a back as he mid-nine een h cen u y.
He g and a he , Joseph Lisa (1855-1939), was om a cou ie amily. He bough land in
Tu konys ( his se lemen no longe exis s). La e she mo ed o Pupónis. She
ma ied Juozapa ą Vai iekūnai ė (1872-1957) om Ju koni. Jus be o e he Fi s
Wo ld Wa , a ound 1911-1912, she mo ed wi h h ee o he a me s om he Kup i
egion o li e in he lowlands, in he dis ic o Upynos, in he pa ish o Upynos, nea
he upynos pa ish. his is how he island o Kupyshky appea ed in he su oundings o
he lowlands. Now you can' see he su ounding illages on any map o Li huania. Due
o land eclama ion and o he disas e s, no a single sign o he illage's exis ence
has su i ed. Joseph Lisa's sons: Po ilas (bo n in 1897), Pe e (bo n in 1899), Joseph
(bo n in Reginos), John (bo n in 1913) and his daugh e Ona (bo n in 1900) mo ed o he
lowlands as child en. The only younges son, S asys, was bo n in he land o he
landlo ds in 1914, bu he na i e language o he landlo ds, a leas he mos
impo an elemen s o i , hey all main ained well. Bu he same canno be said o
hei child en: hese we e decei ed, and in hei speech he na i e language o he
pa en s le no ace. As a dialec ologis , I was in e es ed in obse ing he language
o he olde gene a ion o he "Jemai ic Kupiškėnai", in which he linguis ic elemen s
o Kupiškėnai and he lowlands compe e. This ga e ise o e lec ions on he gene al
p oblems o linguis ics, especially in de e mining he esis ance o indi idual language
elemen s o o eign in luence. The a he o he egen , who had ecen ly mo ed o
he coun yside, had al eady mo ed o he coun yside in 1924, in he language o he
coun yside elemen s, you could say, no a all. he didn lea n his dialec , al hough
his wi e is om he coun yside. The bigges in luence on his language was made by
he language o he ci ies o Kaunas and la e Vilnius, whe e he li ed o he longes ime. The b igh elemen s o he coins emained.
Almos he same can be said o his olde b o he Po ils speech. Fo cen u ies,
Pe e 's b o he s li ed among he peasan s in he icini y.

154 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI s a ion (wo ked on he i gini y o he Ku ys) and
zigMas zinkeViČius
his sis e (who an o he illage o Ki kli, down he i e , and li ed all he ime in he
lowlands), whose dialec was e y ich in lowlands and highlands, mo e p ecisely, he
elemen s o he Ku ys. B o he Jonah wen o A gen ina in 1929 and he e's no hing
o say abou his speech. The names made om he oo o he nickname Lis-,
appa en ly, we e less ypical o he lowlande s han o he highlande s in ancien
imes. I 's an in e es ing li le hing. The name L[…]sas kupiškėnai is said o ha e an
elonga ed c oss-sec ional sound and (l[…]sas) […]liesas[…]. hey e en suspec ed his
su name o be o noble o igin and de i ed om […]liesas žmogus[…]. The lack o olde
genealogical da a makes i di icul o de e mine whe he Lisė's ances o s ha e a
su name (pe haps no ye a su name) wi h he i s owel A-, i.e. *Alsas, o a o m
wi hou A-: Lsas, possibly coming o Li huania wi hou A-. The s a ion. he name o he
wi e's ma e nal g andpa en s. The linguis ic analysis o he su name S asiúlis is
based on he Sla ic-o igin nickname S anislo as ( om he Sla ic double pe sonal name
S ani-sla : s ani ‘s ok, apk + sla a ‘šlo ė) sho ened S ass, ex ended diminu i e
su ix -ulis. such a su name and i s subsequen adjec i es ediniai (S asiul-ái is,
S asiul-iónis, S asiul- ičius and o he s) a e widesp ead h oughou Li huania: hey
ha e bo h lowe and highe su names. The da a showing he eal his o y o he
su name o Reginos' g and a he S asiùlis, a ailable only om he second hal o he
19 h cen u y, a e blu ed om he middle o ha cen u y. Regino's g and a he , Tom
S asiulis, was bo n in 1864 in he illage o Ba ydzi, abou 5 km om Luoke, on he way
o Viekšnāļi ( hey usually call i Beibele). His ances o s p obably li ed he e, oo. Now
his illage is on he e ge o ex inc ion. Tomáš S asiulis ma ied Vik o ija Čėsny ė,
he sis e o he well-known p o esso and ice- ec o Blažije Čėsnio (1884-1944).
Thei child en: P anas (bo n 1912, died in 1952 in a Bolshe ik camp somewhe e in he
A changel egion), Kazė (Lisienė, mo he o Regina, 1904 […] 2000), Ona ( as enienė, 1906
[…] 1976, she le o A gen ina in 1929), Vik o ija (jogeni, 1908 […] 1989), Alexande (1911
[…] 1960). Regine's mo he , Kazė S asiuly ė-Lisienė, who had s udied a a home school,
became he mis ess o he uncle's and godmo he 's house in he illage o Blažiejaus
Čėsnio. In hei cou ya d was an unob usi e ed b ick house inhabi ed by P o esso
Kazimie Booga, who had e u ned om Russia. The cashie 's wi e, he housekeepe 's
wi e, she ma ied his p o esso . They bo h li ed wi h P o esso Chesney o a while.
Čėsnį, susipažino su juozu Lisu, a likusiu ka inę a nybą i gy enusiu kaune, i už
Kazė s asiuly ė-Lisienė well main ained he na i e sou he n lowland dialec (he
husband, as men ioned, did no lea n i by hea ). He's a good alke and a good eade .
She lea ned i om he mo he and he Ge man-speaking g andpa en s, who li ed in
summe co ages. Regine's b o he s and sis e s, who we e bo n la e and g ew up
a e hei pa en s mo ed o Telšiai, lea ned no hei mo he 's […]dūnininkiška[…],
bu he elšiai […]dounininkiška[…] language o he lowlands om he en i onmen in
which hey li ed.
155 In he absence o olde genealogical da a, i is impossible o de e mine when
an oponimijos ling is inė analizė
i eali asmen a džių is o ija
and in wha way he su name o he egina's g and a he S asiùlis o igina ed:
whe he i s i s meaning was […]s asios sūnus[…], o […]mažas s asys[…], o some
o he . We'll discuss some o he mo e app op ia e su names o ou opic, whose
holde s a e no ela ed o us.
I 's called Bal ush. The name o he p o esso Romualdo Bal ušio in he
gymnasium o my classma e Ukme ge.
Linguis ic analysis indica es ha i is de i ed om he G eek wo d Bal amiejus ( om
he A amaic Ba -Talmai […]son o P olemy[…]) abb e ia ed Bal as + p e ix -usis, used
o he su names o ac o s (nomina i e agen ) o make, e.g. he su names Bal us,
Tolius and k ., he daik a a dis gailius […] whe eas e e y hing else is gaili[…], ė ėšis […]
and p o . bal u, showing he eal his o y o he su name. Romualdo's a he , S asys
(S anislo ) was a eache , a eache a he school in Ukme gė. His a he , Ma as […] a
a me , owned a a m nea by, be ween Kaunas and Vei e i. The a me s we e he e,
and so we e his ances o s. Some o hem we e called he double Bal ushi and he
Bal u shai chio. The a ian wi h he su name p e ix -ai is in he dis ic o Ukme ge
would no be possible unless he pe son has mo ed om somewhe e else. The e a e
ou known gene a ions o whi e- ailed dee . he ea lie o igin o his amily is s ill in
he a chi es, i has no been in es iga ed. I 's he Jo ian. he name o he
a chaeologis p o esso Eugenio Jo aichos. Linguis ic analysis shows ha i comes
om he ancien Li huanian wo-syllable pe sonal name Jó- aiša espec i ely. I 's a
igh . The i s d ess is Jó-, plg. Jó-gailas, Jó-gaudas, Jó-kan as, Jó-man as, Jó- au as,
Jó- ydas and o he s. The P ussians also had such a ga men , so i is a e y ancien
he i age (sha ed wi h jó- i). The second piece o clo h is a ase, plg. The e's also a lo o
o he hings, such as he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he
V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he
V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped, he V-shaped.
The e's no a lo o da a ha shows he eal his o y o he name P o . Jo aichos.
his a he Leonas […] p o esso o educa ion, was bo n in Lieplaukė ( elšiai .), so
k aš e. senelis an anas (g. 1875 m.) adinosi d ejopa pa a de: Jó aiša i Jó aišas .
jis bu o muzikas, a gonininka o Lieplaukėje i en e ėsi p ekyba. ačiau gimė
he landlo ds no in Lieplaukė, bu in he highland egion o Pãs alys, whe e his
g ea -g andpa en s came om. Since he su name Jó aiša is an old double
pe sonal name, mo e p ecisely, i s ā-kamienė o m, i is likely ha he e we e no
majo changes in his su name in he pas , excep , as we ha e seen, he change
be ween he a-kamieni and ā-kamieni o ms. This should be shown by a chi al documen s om ea lie imes, which a e s ill unexamined.
156 ac a
zigMas zinkeViČius
Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI
I 's common sense. The easonable name o he p esiden o he Li huanian Academy o
Sciences Valdema . The p ima y sou ce o he sp ead o his su name is […] abou
ukme ge. The su name P õ as is also used he e a ely. So i 's na u al o hink ha
Rãzumas could be he su name P õ as. he associa ion o he su name wi h he noun
p õ as in ha case would be a olk e ymological ac , because in ac he o igin o he
su name P õ as is qui e di e en . i o igina ed om he La in G eek wo d o c oss
P o asius: g . p o ássō ‘in on o he s a ue. Plg. made om he su names
P o as ičius, P a as ičius and o he s o he same o igin, he pe sonal name was also
used by he Gudai, o example, P a as → P a asiy. The e is also a a ian o he nickname
P o ãzas wi h a sho ened p e ix s, indica ing a eceip om he Wes h ough he
Polish (plg. le. P o azy), Czechs, Ge mans (ie s and sho ened) om he Roma.
The "s" o m o he name came o us om he eas h ough he Eas e n Sla s
om Byzan ium. We s ill ha e he wo-le e pe sonal p onouns -b ain: Nó-b ain.
Howe e , his pe sonal name may be a p onoun, so he e is li le chance ha i s
p e ix -mind is hidden in he su name we ca e abou .
When conside ing he o igin o he su name Rãzumas, i should no be o go en ha he
su name Rozum has a goody, which in u n could indica e he ole o he Bal ic (li . "li "
subs a e) in i s o igin. he same should be said abou he Polish su name Rozum in he
e en ha i o igina ed om hose a eas ha belonged o he old Li huanian s a e o in
which people o Li huanian o igin (Li huanian-speaking) li ed in he pas . The his o y o
Valdema 's easonable su name has no ye been in es iga ed. abou h ee o ou
gene a ions a e known. a genealogical examina ion should con i m o e u e he
assump ions made.
F om wha has been said, i can be seen ha linguis ic analysis e eals he
possible o igin o a pe sonal name o se e al a ian s o ha o igin. The only way
o de e mine which o hese i s ou ca e ul su name is o cla i y i s eal
his o y, which is impossible o do wi hou genealogical esea ch.
Li huanians usually know he o igin o hei ibe in he pas only o h ee o ou
gene a ions. Excep ions a e a e. The e's a lo o specula ion, a lo o specula ion, a
lo o specula ion, a lo o specula ion.
jeigu kas no i sa o olimąją kilmę iš i i emdamasis ašy iniais šal iniais – ai
and he e a e eal genealogical s udies […] encoun e g ea di icul ies. such
documen s a e no uni o m: he mos impo an a e he bi h and ma iage
egis a ion me ics. Since ancien imes, me ics ha e been done only in chu ches,
because ci il me ics in Li huania was in oduced ela i ely ecen ly. In he yea s o
157 Insigh s me ics we e anspo ed o Vilnius, whe e a special a chi e o hem
an oponimijos ling is inė analizė
i eali asmen a džių is o ija
was c ea ed. Bu his one s ayed in he chu ches. Many o he books on me ics
o olde pe iods a e also kep in scien i ic lib a ies and a ious a chi es. So i 's
no an easy job o ind hem.
So ie occupa ion, he pe sonal names eco ded in he me ics o he old pe iods o
he chu ches (XVII-XIX cen u y) (i does no ma e whe he hey a e no ye in use o
a e al eady pe o ming he unc ion o su names) a e no cha ac e ized by
au hen ici y, because he Polish and Sulenkė Li huanian p ies s bowed o hem and
e en " ansla ed" hem in o Polish. The s udy o hese su names no only helps o
cla i y he his o y o he su name's declension and i s spelling, bu also p o ides
impo an da a ha allows o illumina e he eal (no only in documen s) de elopmen
o a pa icula su name. a lo o signi ican genealogical da a can be ound in chu ch
isi a ion ac s, in a chi es. The Li huanian Ca holic Academy o Sciences has ecen ly
begun o allow hese ac s, he eby doing a g ea se ice o Li huanian an h oponymy s udies.
he second mos impo an sou ce o genealogical esea ch is he in en o ies o
mano s. only pa o hem ha e been published, o he s a e s ill manusc ip s, kep in
scien i ic lib a ies o a chi es. In mano in en o ies, as in legal documen s, exis ing
su names a e cha ac e ized by condi ional au hen ici y: mo e han in ecclesias ical
me ics, such o ms o su names (li u gical o ex ended) a e w i en, which we e
hen used by he owne s o su names and hei neighbo s. I 's e y impo an .
Howe e , i should ne e be o e looked ha he pe sonal names o all sou ces ha e
in luenced he use o he "o icial" hal -Polish an h oponym by he Sulenkin os
socie y. The e o e, he e is a cons an need o he elimina ion o pe sonal names
and he p oblems o elimina ing hem ha equi e addi ional wo k. i is necessa y o
econs uc he eal Li huanian o ms, o he wise i will no be possible o cla i y
hei eal de elopmen .
The di icul ies o in es iga ing all kinds o documen s begin wi h he a emp o
de e mine which adminis a i e uni , usually a pa ish o a mano , belonged o us in
he pas as a esiden ial a ea, and he e o e which pa ish o mano was named in
he documen s.
The sea ch is a e y di icul and pains aking ask. I is necessa y o e iew he
kumen ų, pa ašy ų spėjamu (sunkiai nus a omu) laiko a piu, kol pa yks a as i
ieškomą pa a dę. ne isuome leng a būna i ją iden i ikuo i, . y. susie i su ū-
doping gene pool, cla i y he deg ee o kinship and de e mine whe he i belongs o
a genealogical line o e lec s only one o he species o kinship. I 's e y
impo an . All hese wo ks equi e a lo o ime and e o , especially since he
su names o he sou ces ha e no ye been egis e ed, hei de ailed lis s ha e
no been compiled, no o men ion he egis e o summa ies co e ing he whole o Li huania.