RAIMONDA ŠARKYTĖ

Klaipėda University

Research areas: Baltic studies, the history of the verb.

VERBS OF THE STA STEM WITH A LONG ROOT IN THE WRITINGS OF MIKALOJUS DAUKŠA

Sta Stem Verbs with Long Roots Attested in the Texts of Mikalojus Daukša

A N N O T A T I O N

The article analyzes verbs of the sta stem with a long root in the writings of Mikalojus Daukša. Attested verbs of the type under investigation are analyzed from various perspectives: the morphology of the verbs (the structure of the present and past tenses), morphonology (vocalism, consonantism, cases of vowel alternation), and features of constructional coding in relation to categorial semantics are discussed. Daukša’s verbs are compared with the verb systems of Martynas Mažvydas and Jonas Bretkūnas, as well as data from Lithuanian dialects and contemporary Lithuanian, in order to establish the localization and chronology of the lexemes and the motivations for changes in their structure.

A N N O T A T I O N

The article explores sta stem verbs with long root attested in the scripts of Mikalojus Daukša. The verbs in question are analyzed in respect of different aspects: morphological (the structure of present and past tense forms), morphonological (vocalism, consonantism, the cases of vowel gradation), also the peculiarities of constructive coding regarding categorical semantics are taken into account. The structure of verbs registered in Daukša’s works is further compared to that found in old scripts of Bretkūnas and Mažvydas, also in Lithuanian dialects and current Lithuanian language. The research is intended to determine the localization and chronological layers of registered lexemes, to propose the motives for change of the verbs in question.

K E Y W O R D S: Daukša, verb, infix, sta stem, root structure, dialects, old texts.

K E Y W O R D S: Daukša, verb, infix, sta stem, root structure, dialects, old texts.

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0. INTRODUCTORY NOTES

0.1. The subject of this article is the long-root Postilla and Catechism verbs with the sta stem recorded in the writings of Mikalojaus Daukša¹. In this author's works, 87 infixed verbs and sta-stem verbs have been identified, of which 30 are infixed and 57 have the sta stem; 49 of the latter have a long vowel in the root. For a broader contextual perspective, Daukša's verb system is compared with those of his contemporaries, Martynas Mažvydas and Jonas Bretkūnas. Mažvydas's writings contain 17, while Bretkūnas's Bible attests 43 long-root sta-stem verbs. The features of these authors' verb systems are further compared with data from Lithuanian dialects and contemporary Lithuanian.

Daukša's writings, which illustrate the Middle Lithuanian variety, have been studied from various perspectives², but a comprehensive description of long-root sta-stem verbs in this author's writings is still lacking. Sta-stem verbs form a large group of verbs, most widely distributed in the East Baltic languages and possessing specific features that distinguish them from other structural types. Categorial semantics played a particularly important role in the development of Sta-stem verbs: in contemporary Lithuanian, the formant sta most often establishes an intransitive, terminative action and a gradual change of state; some sta-stem verbs form a causative / resultative opposition (cf. turns / turns into, twists / returns, sours / sours, implants / sprouts, etc.) and denote a resultative process (for more on sta-stem verbs and their development, see Pakalniškienė 1995; see also Kazlauskas 1968: 333, Kuiper 1937: 202–203). A considerable proportion of sta-stem verbs are denominal or deadjectival, and therefore usually denote a transformational state or its change associated with the base word: to grow warm, to toil, to become hungry, to grow long, to become hard (for more, see Pakalniškienė 2000: 71–89). In contemporary Lithuanian (with rare exceptions), sta-stem forms optimally realize the asymmetry of semantic and morphological encoding and reflect the principle of constructional iconicity, since the sta stem marks the meaning of an intransitive action and/or the category of intransitivity³. From the perspective of morphonological structure, sta-stem verbs may have a short or long root vowel (pas-

¹ Short-root, infixed, and sta-stem verbs found in Mikalojaus Daukša's works have already been discussed; see Pakalniškienė, Šarkytė 2012.

² Pranas Skardžius investigated questions of Daukša's accentology; Albertas Rosinas (2001) described the structure of pronouns; Jonas Palionis (1979, 1995) and Jurgis Lebedys (1963, 1977) analyzed Daukša's writing style, lexicon, and features of the language of translation; Algirdas Sabaliauskas studied athematic verbs (1957: 77–114); Audronė Kaukienė (2006) presented an analysis of reflexive verbs in old writings; and Vitalija Kapsevičienė (2002, 2003) described particular types of infixed and sta-stem verbs.

³ The category of transitivity is characteristic of only a few verbs and is most often found in prefixed forms, cf.: išvysta, užmiršta, išgirsta, mėgsta.

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII

Mikalojaus Daukšos raštų ilgosios šaknies sta kamieno veiksmažodžiai

This type includes sta-stem verbs whose root vocalism remains unchanged—the base consists of a long vowel, diphthong, or mixed diphthong—and which have o-stem forms in the past tense. Sta-stem verbs of a more recent layer (with double morphological characteristics) have lengthened vowels q, ę, y, ū in the present-tense root; these arose when the infix n disappeared before s, š, z, ž: mąžta, šąšta, gęsta, vysta, dūžta. Vowel alternation in the principal forms of sta-stem verbs is atypical; vocalism is generally leveled across all principal forms. The consonantal structure of sta-stem verbs is highly varied, with more complex root structures especially characteristic of long-root verbs.

1. VERBS OF MIKALOJUS DAUKŠA’S LONG-ROOT STA STEM

1.1. Forty-nine long-root verbs are recorded in Daukša's writings: 25 have a long vowel in the root, the root nucleus of 4 verbs is a diphthong, and 20 verbs have a mixed diphthong in the root. Only sta-stem verbs belong to this structural verb type. Table 1 presents all examples recorded in the texts of Daukša, Mažvydas, and Bretkūnas.

Marking the length of the root vowel in the writings of the author under study is problematic: in many cases the vowel is marked with a diacritic accent sign, which is unlikely to reflect vowel length, so there is no distinctive graphic representation of long vowels (cf. the forms nulūf-ta DP 213,44, plūfta DP 580,14, užrikbta DP 463,10, wikfta DP 508,46, iždikfta DP 487,11 / iždigfta DP 99,33, etc.). Comparing the verbs in question with data from other old writings also raises uncertainties, since neither Mažvydas's nor Bretkūnas's writings have consistent graphic representations of long vowels, apart from some forms used by Bretkūnas that appear to reflect a long root vowel, cf. papijkfti BB12, 6, pakljda BB154, 3 (j and ij = y), plūfta BB293, 25, įchplūdę BB141, 31.⁴ The verbs under study may be classified as long-root verbs on the basis of comparison with data from Lithuanian dialects and Standard Lithuanian: in the dialects and in Modern Lithuanian, the structure of these verbs is stable, the long vowel is retained throughout the paradigms, and there are no alternating forms; therefore, there is no reason to assume that short-root vocalism predominated in the forms attested by Daukša.

Below is a register of present-tense forms in old writings, organized according to the verbs' root vocalism:

⁴ On the other hand, the length of the vowel ū is marked very inconsistently in this author's writings; cf. the BB forms plu-ftanczę, plūftanczę, plūftanczę; standard pakūrti – past tense pakūrė; see Raudienė 2001: 16 for more.

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RAIMONDA ŠARKYTĖ

TABLE 1. Register of present-tense forms in old writings

Daukša

Mažvydas

Bretkūnas

1 A. VERBS WITH A LONG VOWEL IN THE ROOT

užblė̇tancʒė^a DK 161,13

–

–

iždįgłta DP 99,33 iždįkłta DP 487,11

–

įſchdigłta BB552, 23

iufſta DP 462,29 iſijūſta DP 312,15

–

–

ſulįgłta DP 59,28 ſulįgłtame DP 296,5 ſulįgłtancʒius DP 217,27

–

–

pralobſta DP 4,9

–

pralobſta BB326, 47

nuluſta DP 213,44 nulū́ta DP 484,19

–

–

megſta DP 40,13 mêgſti DP 10,28 [mêgėme DP 110,26] [panegįáma DP 623,50] pamêgſta DP 378,4; DP 435,38 pamêkſta DP 213,48; pamêgſta DP 395,5

megſta GK II 452 mekſta GKII 338

mekſta BB551, 19

panókſta DP 489(490),22 panókſtama DP 406,21 prinókſtami DP 389,47 [nepanókamoy’ DP 46,39]

–

nokſta BBJoz2,16

–

–

papijękſti BB12, 6

plūſta DK 180,19 pluſta DP 238(138),48; DP 370,1; DP 580,14 pluſtá DP 580,40 apiplūſta DP 626,23; išplūſta DP 251,2; nūplūſta DP 626,23

–

plūſta BB293, 25 [plūduncʒius BB354, 2]

užrikſta DP 463,10

–

–

aprūgſta DP 86,42∞

–

–

ſprogſta DP 13,1∞

–

–

praʒókſta DP 104,8 praʒokſta DP 500,17, DK 169,4 praʒókſtu DK 169,3

–

[praſchoka BB18, 10]

trokſt’ DK 175,16 trokſta DP 36,10

trokſcht GKII 447

–

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII

The long-root verbs in Mikalojaus Daukšos’s writings

sta stem verbs

Daukša

Mažvydas

Bretkūnas

trôkβta DK 104,17; DK 155,22 trôkβtu DK 135,7; DK 140,22 trôkβtamę DK 51,10 trôkβtanti DK 106,4; trôkβtaſis DP 399,20

wikſta DP 508,46

–

–

iβwſſta DP 287,4

–

iſchwilſta BB284, 50

prazílta DP 303,42

–

–

1B. VERBS WITH A MIXED DIPHTHONG IN THE ROOT

alkſta DP 533,39, DK 104,16 alkſtáncžius DP 475,29; alkſtancžiam DP 523,5

to be deceived GAm to deceive GK I 170

–

âlpſta DP 66,11, âlpſtati DK 162,20

–

to deceive BB544, 32

nugáltáś DP 80,40 nenugſgaſt’ DP 446,37∞

teſſinūſigſt GK II 514

–

ižgîrſta DP 248,22

–

–

grîβta DP 236,4; DP 162,45 griβta DP 236,4 apgrîβta DP 9,16; atgrîβta DP 549,1; nugriβta DP 328,50; pagrîβta DP 382,45; fugriβta DP 120,36; DP 188,32; DP 433,30; DP 477,48; fugriβta DP 206,25; DP 280,2; DP 282,42; fugriβtancžius DP 542a(542),29

sugriſcht GK I 153 tegrîſcht GK II 514

grinſchta BB334, 24 fugrinſchta BB290, 43 tegrinſchta BB529, 11

pailſt DP pailſtamę DP 357,19

–

atſilſta BB12, 7

użmirβta DP 560,25, DK 114,9 użmirβta DP 274,35; DP 586,33 użmirβtamę DP 18,37

ußumirſta GK II 522 ußchmirſtam GK II 452

–

ſkêſta DP 222,36 skeſtancžia DP 78,20

–

–

patârpſta DP 61,13

–

–

ižtirpſtaſis DP 615,40

iſchtirpſt GK II 278

–

wârgſtáte DP 32,4

wargſtancziu 136 wargſtanczę GK II 39

pawargſta BB324, 25

pawirſta DP 39,39; DK 12,1 pawirſta DK 11,13; DK 99,3

pawirſti GK II 334

pawirſta BB280, 16

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RAIMONDA ŠARKYTĖ

Daukša

Mažvydas

Bretkūnas

1 C. VERBS WITH A DIPHTHONG IN THE ROOT

–

–

aūfta BB73, 25 aūftant BB73, 24

ižgãiβta DP 582,33 nopgãiβta DP 81,3

–

is cleared BB400, 12

is revived DP 369,45

–

–

1.2. Daukšos raštuose dominuoja reguliarios paradigmos, semantinis ir konstrukcinis tiriamųjų veiksmažodžių kodavimas yra optimalus – semantinės veiksmažodžių charakteristikos (savaiminis / terminatyvinis veiksmas) įtvirtinamos morfologiniu žymikliu –sta. Daukšos darbuose dominuoja stabilios sta kamieno esamojo laiko formos (žr. 1 lentelę), kurios paklūsta paradigmų struktūros sąlygoms, dauguma autoriaus paliudytų sta kamieno ilgosios šaknies veiksmažodžių įsitvirtino ir dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje. Tik du veiksmažodžiai tiriamojo autoriaus raštuose turi dvejopas esamojo laiko formas pamėgſta DP ‖ mėgeme DP; nepanókſtama ‘nesuvokiama’ DP ‖ nepanókamoý ‘neprilygstamoje’ DP, kurios leidžia daryti prielaidą, jog sta kamieno ekspansija lietuvių kalboje vyko palaipsniui, konkuruojant kelioms formoms. Veiksmažodis drįsti Daukšos Postilėje tebebuvo a kamienis (plg. dręſa DP 23,47).⁵

1.3. The collected data show that the past-tense forms in the writings of the author under study do not vary; only o-stem forms are attested, corresponding to the paradigm conditions of sta-stem verbs (see Table 2). On the other hand, past-tense forms are unattested for a considerable number of verbs, or do not reveal their stem.

TABLE 2. Inventory of past-tense forms

Daukša

Mažvydas

Bretkūnas

Áłko DP 242,49, iβálko DP 106,40; iβalkuſi DK 162,18

–

is dug up BB546, 48

Iβáuβo DP 427,15

–

praauſcha BB90, 8

vžáuβuſiu DK 93,2

–

–

iždĩgo DP 82,35∞; DP 84,13; DP 610,44 iždĩgús DP 97,21∞; iždĩge DP 97,22∞

–

iſchdiga BB91, 23

⁵ In contemporary Lithuanian, this verb already has a new morphological structure. It can be argued that the development of this verb was determined not only by categorical semantics but also by the aim of leveling the paradigm; consequently, the same vowel was generalized across all forms of this verb, and it shifted to the sta stem.

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII

Long-root verbs with the stem

sta

Daukša

Mažvydas

Bretkūnas

ižgandós DP 440,38; ižgándos DP 41,16; ižgandotes DP 194,14∞; nugándos DP 6,36; nugándos DP 337,14; nufigado DP 590,29

nūfiganda GK II 277

įsiganda BB95, 28 nūfsiganda BB101, 3 persiganda BB95, 28

fugėdo DP 576,52 fugigėdes DP 400,25

–

–

pragido DP 159,2

–

–

grīmzdo DP 290,3 grīmždo DP 288,3∞ nugrimzdus DP 595,4

nogrimzdij GK II 522

–

grīžo DP 179,14 grīžo DP 61,37 pagrīžo DP 189,33; pagrīžo DP 444,53; pagrīžulios DP 393,28; sugrīžo DP 213,1; fugrīžo DP 390,6; fugrižo DP 49,16; DP 65,38; DP 479,47 fugrižo DP 65,38; DP 58,18∞; DP 63,27∞; DP 381,9∞ fugrižo DP 49,16; DK 121,10; DP 122,38; DP 189,38∞; DP 193,50; DP 195,10; DP 302,33; DP 386,22∞; DP 471,23∞; DP 591,4; fugrižo DP 384,13; fugrižo DP 63,11; DP 93,28; DP 185,23; DP 228,42; DP 229,21; DP 229,36; DP 311,35; DP 465,21; fugrižo DP 419,44; fugrižomę DP 282,7; fugrižome DP 58,35; fugrižes DP 149,8; DP 385,24 fugrižes DP 381,22∞; fugrižes DP 274,18∞; fugrižes DP 296,11; DP 496,40; fugrižes DP 391,19; fugrižés DP 385,25; fugrižés DP 204,35; fugriže DP 188,35; fugriže DP 276,54; DP 412,17; fugrižulios DP 180,11; fugrižuliam’ DP 561,43; fugrižuliu DP 280,6

fugrijbai GK II 462

atgriba BB20,10 atgrinba BB20, 9 apsigriba BB142, 6 palsigriba BB95, 24

pailfūju DP 174,33

nūilfau GK II 513 ifchilis GK II 447 apilfa GK II 528

–

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RAIMONDA ŠARKYTĖ

Daukša

Mažvydas

Bretkūnas

paiúko DP 285,29 paiúk au DP 308,6; paiúkes DP 168a

paiunkai GK II 359 paiunkta GK II 481 paiunktojes GK II 501

–

nukaltės DP 432,29

–

–

paklído DP 136,39; DP 136,41; DP 165,39; DP 218,4 paklido DP 469,47; paklìdules DP 246,37; paklìdúlios DP 218,13; DP 232,12 paklìdújus DP 534,16; paklìdúliai DP 441,2

–

pakljda BB154, 3

palìnke DP 422,3 palinkus DP 52,21; palìnkusí DP 189,33

–

–

fulìgo DP 344,2

–

–

pralòbė DP 290,31; pralòbes DP 579,12

–

praloba BB57, 13

Nulūdo DP 359,10∞; nulūdote DP 216,8; nulūde DP 191,11; nulūdúsi DK 106,19; nulūdúsi DP 334,43

–

–

mego DP 492,42 pamego DP 598,47; pamégo DP 27,5; pamégos DP 625,28; pamêgo DP 28,32; DP 35,5; DP 46,8; DP 280,35; DP 425,35; DP 595,31; pamégau DP 591,42∞; pamégai DP 435,7 pamegau DP 593,8; pamégau DP 432,17; pamęgtąs DP 397,23

pamega GKI 216

–

vȝmìrɓo DK 124,16; vȝmîrɓo DP 355,36; DP 602,21 vȝmîrɓome DP 135,2 vȝmîrɓes DK 122,6; vȝmîrɓes DP 77,20; DP 361,4; vȝmîrɓe DP 94,36

vɓmirſcha GK II 525 vɓmirſchau GK II 472 nevɓmirſcha GK II 431

uɓumirſcha BB90, 23 uɓmirſchai BB533, 19

pranóko DP 399,43; 602,33; pranóko DP 602,29; DP 616,25

–

nunokens BB566, 14 panoka BB69, 23 panoko BB1Moz31,23

plìɓo DP 288,1∞ perplìɓo 179,1

–

perplifcha BB397, 31

plúdo DP 169,2 iɓplúdo DP 176,2; iȝplúdo DK 142,5

–

ifchplūde BB141, 31

iɓrîɓko DP 33,8 vȝrîɓko DP 418,23

iffirifka GKII 280

–

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII

Mikaloj aus Daukšos raštų ilgosios šaknies

sta kamieno veiksmažodžiai

Daukša

Mažvydas

Bretkūnas

paſkendo DP 60,48 paſkėdo DP 523,13; DP 418,43

–

–

užſprīngo DP 140,5

–

–

paſwėiko 113,36∞

–

–

praſóko DP 5,2; praſókulius DP 474,25

–

–

tróbko DP 144,32

troſka GKII 451

itroſchkens BB546, 48

nuwargę DP 8,14 pawargėsis DP 206,30

pawarguſi GK II 524 pawarguſiuu GK II 522

pawargufio BB181, 6

užwėllūsiu DK 93,2; užwėles DP 353,18; užwėluf eis DP 404,26

–

–

Ißwīdo DP 117,36∞; Ißwīdau DK 144,9; Iß3wide DP 208,13

iſchwida GKII 462

iſchwida BB117,6 iſwjda BB118, 11

iwiko DP 50,31

–

–

pawirto DP 491,14; pawîrto DP 43,9∞; pérwirtufius DP 416,27

pawirtes GK I 182

pawirta BB42, 26

pawito DP 463,14 pawîte DP 582,39

–

–

prażīdo DP 398,22

–

–

1.4. The root structure of Daukša’s verbs varies. Verbs with a fairly simple consonantal structure predominate, cf.: CVC (twenty verbs), CCVC (plūdo DP 169,2; paklido DP 469,47; plūpo DP 288,1∞, paſwėiko 113,36∞), twelve verbs have a complex coda (the CVCC type). Rarer structures also occur, more commonly in verbs with a mixed diphthong in the verb root, cf.: CCCVCC (užſprīngo DP 140,5), CCVCCC (grįmždo DP 290,3), VCC (ilg tis DP 454,22, pailfujiu DP 174,33, ãlpfta DP 66,11, Álko DP 242,49), CCCVC (ſprógſta DP 13,1), VC (Ißâußo DP 427,15). No vowel alternations are attested in the principal forms of the verbs under study⁶.

1.5. The sta-stem verbs of the authors compared—Daukša, Mažvydas, and Bretkūnas—show no marked structural differences; in most cases, the present- and past-tense forms coincide in the writings of all three authors: sta-stem present-tense forms and o-stem past-tense forms are used consistently. The only notable form is the a-stem form praſchoka BB 18, 10, used by Bretkūnas, although Daukša’s writ-

⁶ Only one verb, dreſa (historically an a-stem verb), illustrates qualitative vowel alternation in the writings of the author under study: dreſa DP 23,47 – driffo DP 76,35. The form drinſa attested in Bretkūnas’s writings indicates that the process of leveling the paradigm of this verb had already begun.

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RAIMONDA ŠARKYTĖ

in which the sta-stem form prabõksta DP 104,8 is used. Both forms occur with an intransitive meaning, ‘pass, run by, disappear’. Such competition between forms testifies to the expansion of the sta stem and the establishment of a morphosemantically transparent form in terms of semantic encoding. “[…] the transition to the sta-stem type was determined by the semantic branching of the lexeme, whereby a verb that acquired mutative and intransitive meanings also acquires sta-stem forms in the present tense” (Kiseliūnaitė 1991: 122).

No cases of vowel alternation among the principal forms of the verbs under study are attested in the texts of Mažvydas and Bretkūnas. Like Daukša, Bretkūnas used a-stem forms of the verb dristi, with the older vowel alternation nedrenła BB98, 32, and with levelled vocalism drinflat BB99, 15.

1.6. In Lithuanian dialects, long-root verbs generally have present-tense forms with the sta stem. Non-iconic alternating forms can be explained in various ways: some preserve older infixed forms (skẽnda Š, Kz, Aps, Ad, viñta Er, Krk, Kkl, ruñga Glv), perhaps also ia-stem forms (mẽgia Ob, V.Krev, Brž, Pš, Slm, Užp, Vaižg, Sv, Všk, Lnkv, SD137, Ds); in others, the present-tense root vocalism has changed through the generalization of the past-tense vocalism (príruga Zt), and contaminated forms also occur (vỹma Lz).

1.7. In present-day Lithuanian, the forms of all long-root verbs have the sta stem; there is no motivation for the emergence of alternative forms.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Daukša’s works are dominated by stable present-tense forms with the sta stem, which conform to the conditions of paradigm structure. Only a few alternative present-tense forms are attested (mẽgsta ‖ mẽgia, nòka ‖ noksta ‘catch up, equal’), indicating expansion of the sta stem.

1.1. The constructional encoding of the verbs recorded by Daukša is uniform and optimal; most of the attested verbs are morphosemantically transparent, since categorical semantics (mutative, intransitive, often resultative) is expressed by a morphological marker—the formant sta.

2. The present- and past-tense forms attested in the writings of Mažvydas and Bretkūnas correspond to those used by Daukša; their verbs show no marked structural differences. Only Bretkūnas’s Biblijoje attests alternative forms of one verb, plūsta ‖ plūdžia. This author used the a-stem form prašoka with the meaning ‘passes, runs by’, for which Daukša’s works use a sta-stem form.

3. In Lithuanian dialects, long-root verbs generally occur in sta-stem forms; only a few verbs attested by Daukša have alternative present-

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVII

Mikalojaus Daukšos raštų ilgosios šaknies

sta kamieno veiksmažodžiai

forms of the past tense, all of which are recorded in the Aukštaitian area; their morphological structure is quite diverse: these include old infixed forms skėnda Š, Kz, Aps, Ad, vūnta Ėr, Krk, Kkl and rūnga Glv, as well as ia- and a-stem forms sveikia Lz, mėgia Ob, V.Krėv, Brž, Pš, Slm, Užp, Vaižg, Sv, Všk, Lnkv, SD137, Ds, plūdžia, prirūga Zt, and the contaminative form vỹma Lz.

In present-day Lithuanian, only optimally transparent and maximally iconic sta stem forms are used, reflecting the asymmetry of semantic and morphological encoding.

ŠALTINIAI

DK – Kathechismas, arba Mokslas kiekvienam krikščioniui privalus. Parasitas per D. Jaku-ba Ledesma Theologa Societaitis Iesu. Ižgulditas iš Liežuvio Lankiškio ing Lietuviška per Kuniga Mikaloju Daukša Kanonika Žemaičiu. Išspaustas Vilniuje Metuose užgimimo Viešpaties 1595. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lki.lt/seniejirastai/db.php.

DP – Postilla Catholicka: Tai esti izguldymas Ewangeliujų kiekvienos nedelos ir szvetes per vissus metus / Per kuniga Mikloiv Davksza Kanonika Mednikų- [Vilnius: Akademijos sp.], 1599. Prieiga per internetą: http://www.lki.lt/seniejirastai/db.php.

Mž – D o m i n y k a s U r b a s. Martyno Mažvydo raštų žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996.

G i e d r ė N o r v i l a i t ė 2004: Intarpiniai ir sta-kamieniai veiksmažodžiai M. Mažvydo raštuose. Magistro baigiamasis darbas. Klaipėdos universitetas.

Transliteruotas J. Bretkūno Biblijos (I-oji ir III-ioji dalys) rankraštinis tekstas. – Lina Raudienė 2001: Jono Bretkūno „Biblijos“ šakniniai veiksmažodžiai. Magistro baigiamasis darbas. Klaipėdos universitetas.

LITERATŪRA

K a p s e v i č i e n ė V i t a l i j a 2002: Morfologinė intarpinių ir sta-kamienių veiksmažodžių (grūva, gyja tipu) struktūra senojoje lietuvių raštijoje. – Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti: Rakstu krājums 6. Liepāja.

K a p s e v i č i e n ė V i t a l i j a 2003: Morfologinė intarpinių ir sta-kamienių veiksmažodžių (kyla, byra tipų) struktūra senuosiuose lietuvių raštuose. – Vakarų Baltų kalbos ir kultūros reliktai (Tiltai, priedas Nr.14). Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla.

K a r a l i ū n a s S i m a s 1987: Baltų struktūrų bendrybės ir jų kilmė. Vilnius: Mokslas.

K a u k i e n ė A u d r o n ė 1994: Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžio istorija. Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla.

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Kaukienė Audronė 2002: Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžio istorija 2. Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla.

Kaukienė Audronė 2006: Sangražinių veiksmažodžių istorija. Klaipėda: Druka.

Kazlauskas Jonas 1968: Lietuvių kalbos istorinė gramatika. Vilnius: Mintis.

Kiseliūnaitė Dalia 1991: Šakninių veiksmažodžių struktūros įvairavimas baltų kalbose. Daktaro disertacija. Vilnius.

Kolln Hernan 1969: Oppositions of voice in Greek, Slavic and Baltic. – Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Historisk - filosofiske Meddelelser 43(4).

Kuiper F. B. J. 1937: Die Indogermanishen Nasalprasentia. Amsterdam.

Lebedys Jurgis 1963: Mikalojus Daukša. Vilnius: Valstybinė grožinės literatūros leidykla.

Lebedys Jurgis 1977: Senoji lietuvių literatūra. Vilnius.

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, elektroninis variantas, redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. red.), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008. www.lkz.lt.

Pakalniškienė Dalia 1996a: Lietuvių kalbos intarpinių ir sta-kamieninių veiksmažodžių diachroniniai sluoksniai. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 36, 83–85.

Pakalniškienė Dalia 1996b: Naujausias intarpinių ir sta-kamieninių veiksmažodžių sluoksnis: imitatyvai. – Baltistica 31(1).

Pakalniškienė Dalia 1997: Senosios baltų kaitos atspindžiai intarpinių veiksmažodžių šaknyse. – VIII tarptautinio baltistų kongreso „Baltų kalbos XVI ir XVII amžiuje“ pranešimų tezės. Vilnius.

Pakalniškienė Dalia 2000: Lietuvių kalbos intarpiniai ir sta-kamieniai denominatyvai. – Veiksmažodžio raidos klausimai (Tiltai, priedas Nr. 1). Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla, 71–89.

Pakalniškienė Dalia 2004: Bendrieji baltų kalbų veiksmažodžiai. Morfologinė struktūra. – Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti (Rakstu krājums 8). Liepāja, 201–210.

Pakalniškienė Dalia 2005: Intarpiniai resp. sta-kamieniai veiksmažodžiai bendrinėje lietuvių ir latvių kalboje. – Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti (Rakstu krājums 9). Liepāja.

Pakalniškienė Dalia 2005: Rytų baltų CiR tipo veiksmažodžiai (Baltistica, priedas Nr. 6).

Pakalniškienė Dalia 2008: Lietuvių kalbos intarpinių veiksmažodžių su e šaknyje kilmė. – Baltistikos problemos 3. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos instituto leidykla, 250–263.

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Mikalojaus Daukšos raštų ilgosios šaknies sta kamieno veiksmažodžiai

P a k a l n i š k i e n ė D a l i a, Š a r k y t ė R a i m o n d a 2012: Mikalojaus Daukšos raštų intarpiniai ir sta kamieno veiksmažodžiai natūraliosios morfologijos požiūriu. – Res humanitariae 11. Klaipėda, 149–170.

P a l i o n i s J o n a s 1979: Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos istorija. Vilnius: Mokslas.

P a l i o n i s J o n a s 1995: Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos istorija. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

R a u d i e n ė L i n a 2001: Jono Bretkūno „Biblijos“ šakniniai veiksmažodžiai. Magistro baigiamasis darbas. Klaipėdos universitetas.

R o s i n a s A l b e r t a s 2001: Mikalojaus Daukšos tekstų įvardžių semantinė ir morfologinė struktūra. Vilnius: MELI.

S a b a l i a u s k a s A l g i r d a s 1957: Atematiniai lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžiai. – Kai kurie lietuvių kalbos gramatikos klausimai, 77–114.

S k a r d ž i u s P r a n a s 1996–1999: Rinktiniai raštai 1–5. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla (1), Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas (2–5).

V i d u g i r i s A l o y z a s 1973: Zietelos tarmės veiksmažodžio kaityba. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 14, 199–219.

Sta Stem Verbs with Long Root Attested in the Texts of Mikalojus Daukša

S U M M A R Y

The aim of this article was to explore long rooted sta stem verbs attested in the old texts of Mikalojus Daukša. 49 verbs in question have been found, 25 of which have a long vowel, 4 verbs have a diphtong and 20 verbs have tautosyllabic combinations with n in their root.

The analysis of attested verbs allowed highlighting the most prominent peculiarities of usage of verbs in the texts of Daukša and his contemporaries Mažvydas and Bretkūnas, also in Lithuanian dialects and contemporary Lithuanian language:

1. In the works of the aforementioned author stable sta stem structures, complying with the paradigm structure requirements, prevail, thus the majority of them correspond to the forms used in the contemporary Lithuanian language. The only complementary forms found in the works of Daukša megsta || megia, noka || noksta testify the expansion of sta stem. Semantic and constructional coding in the majority of attested verbs is optimal, that is, semantic characteristics of verbs in question (namely, spontaneous, reflexive, intransitive, and frequently resultative action) are reinforced by a morphological marker sta.

2. The present and past forms found in the texts of Mažvydas and Bretkūnas in the majority of cases correspond to those attested in Daukša’s texts, the verbs do not have any prominent

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structural differences in the works of all three authors, the only complementary forms plūsta || plūdžia have been found in the texts of Bretkūnas. This author used a stem verb prašoka differently from Daukša, who preferred sta stem forms for the same meaning.

3. In Lithuanian dialects complementary forms vary in their morphological root structure, that is, several infix forms, a and ia stem forms have been registered in Aukštaitija region as substitutes for stable sta stem forms. In the current Lithuanian language only optimally transparent and iconic sta stem forms, complying with asymmetry of semantic and morphological coding are being used.

Įteikta 2012 m. liepos 30 d.

RAIMONDA ŠARKYTĖ

Klaipėdos universitetas

Herkaus Manto g. 84, LT-92294 Klaipėda, Lietuva

[email protected]

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