246 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI
i a MiLiŪnai ė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include no ma i e linguis ics, sociolinguis ics,
and In e ne linguis ics.
The new con en s o he Mine als in Li huanian a e discussed in he a icle "Anno a ion in he
Li huanian language" abou he ecen inc ease in he numbe o con amina ed mine als in he
new blendings in he Li huanian Language
Li huanian language, he causes and sou ces o hei occu ence, he peculia i ies o hei
composi ion and unc ioning. is based on he la es ac s o he elec onic Li huanian language
ocabula y collec ed by he Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Un il now, he e ha e been no such
s udies in he Li huanian dialec due o he a i y o da a and he p o ision ha hese a e ma ginal
phenomena ha do no dese e mo e a en ion. he con ex o English-language con amina ion
s udies and hei p oblems is b ie ly p esen ed. he annex o his A icle con ains a lis o some 80
con amina ing subs ances eco ded in he cu en Li huanian qua an ine.
The a icle analyses he cu en abundan occu ence o blendings in he Li huanian language,
he easons and sou ces o occu ence as well as peculia i ies o composi ion and unc ioning.
he esea ch is based on he la es ac s om he elec onic da abase o Li huanian Neologisms
p epa ed by he ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. The esea ch o his kind has ne e been
conduc ed in Li huanian linguis ics due o sca ci y o da a and he a i ude ha he blendings
a e ma ginal phenomena no wo h g ea e a en ion o be paid. he con ex o english blendings
de i a ion esea ch and p oblems caused is b ie ly p esen ed. he lis o 80 blending o ma ions
eco ded in con empo a y Li huanian language is p esen ed in he annex o he a icle.
Essen ial wo ds: wo d wo k, new wo d, con amina ing wo d, common language,
s ylis ics.
Keywo ds: wo d- o ma ion, neologism, blend, s anda d language, and s ylis ics
naujieji kon aminaciniai da iniai lie u ių kalboje
247 a icles by a icle
1.The new lexicon o he Li huanian language o he Public Pos O ice is ecei ing
inc easing in e es om esea che s and he public, as apid and in ensi e changes
ha e aken place in his a ea in ecen decades. Su p ised by he new phenomena o he
cu en en i onmen , esea che s' a en ion is p ima ily ocused on he new deb s.
hei adap a ion o he Li huanian language's spelling, punc ua ion, g amma , lexical and
g amma ical sys ems, hei ela ionship o possible Li huanian equi alen s (pa o
which a e also new wo ks o new meanings o he a s) a e examined. The pe manen
įgiję žodžiai), kalbos a o ojų kalbinės nuos a os dėl naujųjų skolinių i jų a i ik-
s udy o he new Li huanian language phenomena ca ied ou by he S a e Li huanian
nių no minimo da bas.
Language Commission emains la gely un ela ed o he newcome s di ec ly ela ed o
he bo owings. Some o hem, which a e al eady es ablished in he po a ea, will be
included in he Li huanian language dic iona y p epa ed by he Li huanian Language
Ins i u e. The ollowing is a summa y o he case s udies o indi idual, au ho , and
si ua ional inno a ions in he ield o demons a ion wo k. such de ices belong mo e o
he ield o s ylis ics as colo ed ligh ing de ices. They all in o sepa a e gene al s udies
o con ex s, such as desc ibing an au ho 's lexicon o ea u es o unc ional s yles and
gen es, bu he e is almos no de ailed, pu ely no ice esea ch. This is unde s andable,
because i 's no easy o ga he s a is ically signi ican da a om a a ie y o sou ces
on he ma ginal phenomena o e ospec i e esea ch wi hou digi al ools. When he
Li huanian Language Ins i u e began o sys ema ically egis e and s udy he new
lexicon o he 20 h cen u y, i was no iced ha a small bu in e es ing g oup o new
wo ds s ands ou om he o al s eam […] con amina ing e bs, one species o
occasional e bs (pa aph asing, labo is , occupa ional, miaujiena, e c.). Al hough
con amina ed e bs in he Li huanian language unc ion as a e indi idual wo ds, he
accumula ion o mo e ibe shows he exp essi eness o many o hem and some
common occu ences o e bs. The pu pose o his a icle […] is o examine, on he basis
o he la es ac s o he elec onic Li huanian language ocabula y (pd ) collec ed by
he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, he ecen ly obse ed con aminan s in he Li huanian
language, he causes and sou ces o hei occu ence, he peculia i ies o he
s uc u e and unc ioning o he language, as well as o b ie ly show he esea ch
con ex o he opic o o eign wo ks (in English). The e is a sense in alking abou he
con amina ed p oduc s ha ha e appea ed in he ga den, bo h hose ha ha e
appea ed in he soil o one's own language, and hose ha ha e been ansla ed o
bo owed, in o de o enew he concep o hem in he Li huanian language and he
und o examples o hese ypes ha unc ion in scien i ic and educa ional li e a u e.
248 o he
i a MiLiŪnai ė
Li huanian Linguis ic Ac LXXI
2.Minacine compounds a e mos likely o be misunde s ood because o he di e si y
o he phenomenon i sel . Thei meaning may a y widely e en in he same language.
The e was no much basis o di e ences o opinion in Li huanian dialec , because
hese wo ks hemsel es we e almos unexplo ed. The e m "con amina ion" was
coined by he Ge man linguis He mann Paul in he 1880s o e e o he unin en ional
con amina ion o wo ds by he ongue, and la e ex ended o simila syn ac ic
e ms.
da inių (plg. ishe 1998: 34).
In Li huanian, li le is w i en abou con amina ed objec s in he Li huanian language due
o hei e y a i y. In he case o Li huanian-language wo ds, P anas Ska džius
discusses hem in ela ion o de i a i e new wo ds and assigns a pa ag aph o hem
(ska džius 1943: 21): con amina ed wo ds a e hose ha a e composed o wo synonyms
o some kind o ela ed wo ds. Fo example, eke ìs, eke jž i 6951 is con amina ed
om eke ìs (-) + ke a, kako ý popo y č. om kaka ýkū + ý as, su isaĩ iski Lb 228
om su isu + isai, žabaga aĩ smulkūs ogs, om which hey make dumplings, slice,
ample he ogs Šd ., ob. F om ja ai + jaga ai and k . is also a possible hing ha is low.
ambol […] abal […] i s oo amb u i is o med om ab- + bamb- (in he e b ba[…]balas),
see endzelin MLV iV 467.
In Vinco U bucio's book The Theo y o Wo d Making, he con amina ed de i a i es a e
p ima ily educed o sample de i a i es, bu i is empha ically s a ed ha his ype
o "speech phenomena" has no hing o do wi h wo d making (u bu is 2009: 324): Wo d
make s a e e upi de i a i es, no phone ic o o he al e a ions, he eplacemen o
one ex wo d by ano he , con amina ion de i a i es and he like. In he explana ion
o con amina ion gi en in he o ewo d o his quo e, V. u bu is e e s o W.
d essle iu and looks a his phenomenon as a "phone ic mix u e o wo o mo e
closely ela ed wo ds in speech", i.e. as a one- ime occu ence in he ac o speaking.
In ano he place in he book, V. U bu is dis inguishes be ween ue con amina ion
( ha is, he unexpec ed mixing o wo wo ds in speech ha a e close o each o he )
and he conscious mixing o wo wo ds (blending, blending) by combining hei
agmen s in o one wo d (u bu is 2009: 354 […] 355). in he la e case, he e1 o he
sou ce abb e ia ions as o he au ho .
naujieji kon aminaciniai da iniai lie u ių kalboje
In he 249 a icles on o eign language s udies, i is no ed ha i is d awn om he
desc ip ions o he o ma ion o wo ds in some languages, bu i can be seen ha
"some imes he o m o he conjuga e agmen s is e y i egula , hei occu ence
is o en aced om he con ex o has o be lea ned", so he e is a g amma ical
(mo phological) p ocess, and i s de i a i es, he so-called mix u es, a e only e bally
unin elligible wo ds and he objec o lexical esea ch. Only one example o packages is
gi en: English k. b unch […]pus yčiai sykiu su p iešpiečiais[…] ( om b ick/ as
[…]pus yčiai[…] and lunch […]p iešpiečiai[…]) (u bu is 2009: 355).
Con amina ed p oduc s a e also discussed in wo in o ma i e publica ions o he
Li huanian Language Ins i u e: he Dic iona y o Li huanian Te ms and he
Pi majame kon aminacijos eiškinys apib ėžiamas gana apibend in ai – kaip sąmai-
Encyclopedia o Li huanian Language. (gai enis, keinys 1990: 108): he eme gence o a
new wo d o sen ence by combining wo wo ds o pa s o a sen ence: og → og
and oad, angl. mo el […]mo el[…] → mo o and ho el. In he Li huanian Language
Encyclopedia ( he a icle is signed V. u., i.e. Vinco u bučio), con amina ion is e e ed o
bo h as a language and as a speech phenomenon (Lke 2008: 282): con amina ion […] a
mix u e o wo close speech o language uni s, a c ossing ha c ea es a new,
in e media e uni (mix u e). Howe e , u he explana ion ha he basis o he
eme gence o mix u es is […] psychological, i.e. […] he speake 's indecision o choose a
compe ing uni […], indica es ha , when alking abou cases o lexical con amina ion,
he na ow concep o mix u es is ollowed: […] con amina ion […] is usually
unde s ood as a linguis ic e o and a ely occu s in speech. Examples a e gi en
somewha mo e han in he a o emen ioned sou ces: om he spi i and again; down.
The c adle, he c adle, and he c adle o he c adle o he c adle o he c adle o he
c adle.
blẽzdingà i k ẽgžd; žãbaga as iš žãbas i žãga as; ž ìzd as iš žìzd as, žiẽzd as i
In addi ion, his encyclopedia no only men ions syn ac ic con amina ion (as in he
Kalbo y os e m wo d […] occu ing in he mixing pa o he sen ence), bu also
gi es one example o i : pick up he oas om pick up he bull and (on) ask, o e he
oas . Thus, while acknowledging ha he analysis o mo phemic con aminan
compounds is no possible o only possible o a limi ed ex en , since new lexemes a e
o med by combining a pa o a mo pheme o a single mo pheme wi h ano he pa ,
he mix u e is no conside ed pa o he adi ionally unde s ood wo d-making
p ocess in Li huanian. Tha 's all he e is o ind in he Li huanian language abou
con amina ed p oduc s, o bags.
In English li e a u e, when i comes o con amina ed p oduc s, i is cus oma y o say
i a MiLiŪnai ė
ha hey a e wo meanings w apped up in one wo d. I is unde s ood ha he language
is looking o ways o p onounce a phenomenon ha occu s as a hyb id o wo o he
phenomena. I is a gued ha he success and e ec i eness o he c ea ion o
con amina ed wo ks depends on he abili y o ecognize agmen s o di e en
wo ds om he wo k. Howe e , he lexical meaning o no all con amina ed objec s,
e en a e ecognizing hose agmen s, can be wa ned wi hou con ex , bu his is
he peculia i y o specimen objec s. The image o a "packaged hing" is no c ea ed by
chance. In English, i is used as a p ocess, as well as a blend (as a esul o making) and a
po man eau (mos ly o name one ype o con amina ed p oduc )2.
du ski ingi kon aminacinius da inius į a dijan ys žodžiai: blending (kaip da ybos
The e m "blending" can be ansla ed as a combina ion, a mix u e: a new lexeme is
c ea ed by combining a leas wo pa s o he base wo ds, when a leas one o
hose wo ds is sho ened, omi ing some phonemes (G ies 2004: 639, e.g. no
b [eak as ] ‘pus yčiai’ + [l]unch ‘p iešpiečiai’ → b unch ‘ ėly ieji pus yčiai’, ool
‘k ailys’ + [phi]losophe ‘ iloso as’ → oolosophe ‘k ailoso as’3), aigi suda omas
necessa ily om heal hy mo phemes and hus di e s om adi ional ways o
wo d making. he esul o making a blend […] mix u e, o a con amina ed mix u e.
some imes mixed (as al eady men ioned, and in Li huanian dialec ) a e called no only
seconda y wo ds, bu also capi al language uni s.
The wo d "po man eau" in English began o be used in he combina ion "po man eau luggage",
" wo-piece sui case", so he Li huanian wo d "po man eau" is "swimsui ". The e m "speech
diso de " was i s used by he B i ish w i e Lewis Ca oll in his book Alice in Wonde land (1871). Fo
example, he wo d he c ea ed, sli hy, is o med by combining he wo ds sli[m]y ‘gli us and li h[e]
‘lanks us; o : umious om uming ‘smiling, smoking; P o ec i e and u ious. 2 Plg. blend […] […] wo d,
made om pa s o o he wo ds by combining hei meanings, e.g. mo el om mo o and ho el[…]
(access o he In e ne : h p://www.ox o ddic iona ies.com); a wo d ( o example, b unch) made by
mixing o he wo ds o pa s o wo ds; po man eau […] […] wo d o mo pheme whose o m and
meaning a ise om wo di e en o ms (in he case o smog, smog om smoke and og) (access o
he In e ne : h p: www.me iam-webs e .com/dic iona y). 3 The wo d "k ailoso " in he Li huanian
e sion (Google sea ch ool and Vdu ex ) could no be ound ( iew 2014 09 24), bu his is one o he
examples how i would be easy o make o ansla e such a wo d i necessa y; The wo d oolosophe is
conside ed o be he ea lies (XVI cen u y) ixed con aminan o English (Leh e 2007: 116).
4 Plg. F ench. po e-man eau (po e […]neš i[…], man eau […]pal as[…]) in mode n F ench means a bundle o
clo hes, sc ubs, and sca es.

naujieji kon aminaciniai da iniai lie u ių kalboje
251s aipsniai / a icles
sma kus’, o ai, ieno šios knygos eikėjo žodžiais, i y a „d i eikšmės, supa-
I'm going o pu i in one wo d.
F om hen on, in English, he wo d po man eau (wo ds) is used o e e o wo ds
ha a e made up o wo o mo e pa s o wo ds (no necessa ily mo phemes, wi h
some phonemes omi ed) ha a e p ima ily based on simila sounds and meanings
jų p adėjo pas ebimai as is da XiX a.). no s kalbinėje li e a ū oje jų apibūdinimas
( he meaning a ies somewha (some imes mo e widely han in his ype o speech),
such as […]su ož iniai[…] a e pa o kon aminacinių da inių (blends); po man eau
blends a e some imes used o indica e con amina ed p oduc s. I should be no ed
ha con amina ion compounds should be dis inguished om compounds, which a e
usually c ea ed by me ging a wo d compound in o one wo d. This is no e y common
in Li huanian, bu due o he in luence o he Russian language, in he second hal o
he 20 h cen u y, he e was a no iceable inc ease in he use o such e bs (and
common, and eal wo ds […] company names) in bo h bo owing and ansla ing ( o
example, kolūkis is a collec i e a m acco ding o kolkhoz ← collec i e a m). Simila
ac ions, wi h mino excep ions, a e conside ed iola ions o no ms in Li huanian
(gen ango as → gene al con ac o , e punk as → e e ina y poin , e c.)5. 2.2. he
p oblem o con amina ion s udies he o eign li e a u e on con amina ion is no
compa able o Gausesne, only he English-language esea ch is much mo e de ailed
and ex ensi e […] he e and he con amina ion s udies hemsel es a e much be e .
The use o he wo d "mix u e" in he English language was conside ed a phenomenon
associa ed wi h new wo ds un il a ew decades ago, bu has ecen ly been
ecognized as one o he mos common and p oduc i e ways o making English
wo ds, and he s udy o con amina ed wo ds has become e y popula . The amoun
o con aminan s in English is de e mined by he ecognizabili y o he base wo ds
and he simplici y o hei syn ax (G ies 2004: 639). As can be seen om he esea ch
o a ious au ho s, he olume o he da a s udied (mos ly accumula ed wi hou he
use o digi al ools) is usually es ima ed in e ms o (plg. ishe 1998: 35[…]43), spelling
daugiau kaip 100–600 i iamųjų žodžių. s a is iškai i iama kon aminacinių da i-
and phone ic cha ac e is ics, hei seman ics and seman ic ela ionships o he
basic wo ds a e examined by hei mix u e, psycholinguis ic con amina ion
pe cep ion expe imen s a e ca ied ou (plg.
2007: 115[…]133) and o he s.
5 See pa ag aph 2.3.2 o he Lis o Majo Language E o s in he Dic iona y: "Sudu iniai
su auk iniai wo ds, consis ing o one o mo e wo ds beginning and ending wi h a whole wo d" (on he
In e ne : h p: www. lkk.l /l /klaidos li zodziu).
Linguis ica Li uaniana, LXXI, pp. 252 and 252, and he p oblem is explained in de ail by
i a MiLiŪnai ė
S e ano Th. In he a icle "G eece", how do you dis inguish a mix u e om o he
wo ds in he p ocess o making i ? 2) Wha a e he c i e ia o dis inguishing
2004: 639–667 i en nu ody ą li e a ū ą). ji nusakoma aip:
con aminan s o one ype om o he s? 3) wha de e mines he s uc u e o
con aminan s (why a e hey c ea ed in one way o ano he )?
The e is mainly a p oblem o he i s and second aspec s o he esea ch
conce ned. The c i e ia o he classi ica ion o con aminan s a e a ied, bu i is
ecognised ha he c ea ion o uni o m classi ica ion in o g oups is hampe ed by
hei a ia ion acco ding o he same pa ame e s and a ious condi ions. The mos
commonly used classi ica ion is based on he phone ic s uc u e o he wo ds
( hey a e also classi ied acco ding o he place and ype o mo pheme abb e ia ion
and syn ax, and whe he he phone ic s uc u e is he main o only auxilia y way o
hei o ma ion). (2) de i a i es esul ing om he abb e ia ion o base wo ds; 3)
de i a i es ha a ise in a mixed way, combining he i s and second modes. These
cha ac e is ics a e supplemen ed by o he pa ame e s (pa s o speech, leng h
o syllables, mo phological ea u es o basic wo ds, cha ac e is ics o he
deno a ion o seman ic con amina ion, e c.). A he same ime, i is ecognised ha
each con amina ion o ma ion is speci ic and has indi idual cha ac e is ics
(pa e ns, hy hms) in addi ion o he common o ma ion pa e ns.
The hi d ques ion is pe haps he mos in e es ing one ela ed o he p oblem o con amina ed was e.
Since such a o ma ion can heo e ically occu by combining se e al wo ds in di e en ways and
c ea ing di e en a ian s, i is impo an o ind ou wha de e mines he conc e e esul . One o
he hypo heses, a om being always alid, is ha he longe o he base wo ds dic a es i s own
e ms, and in o de o make he o ma ion mo e ecognizable, he longe agmen o ha base wo d is
le . S a is ical s udies pa ially con i m his endency: he second de i a i e wo d is o en longe , and
a la ge agmen is eleased. he equency o he basic wo ds has a meaning in he manne o he
sen ence ( um6 Plg. English k. o e lap […]dalinis coincidence, sanklo a[…] (b onislo as Piesa skas.
Anglonas, 2005); This is he case when se e al base wo ds ha e he same combina ion o phonemes o
g aphemes, and when c ea ing a mix u e, one o he
pasika ojančių de inių išleidžiamas.
The e a e se e al English-language con amina ion si es on he In e ne . I you y hem, you'll see ha ,
o example, he e could heo e ically be a dozen o so a ian s o he wo-wo d conjunc ion in English
(one o which can be ound on he In e ne a www.po man eau .com). T ying o w i e wo Li huanian
wo ds wo k and holidays in he dic iona y, we go 18 possible combina ions o English-language mixed-use
dic iona ies (pa y ies, das ogos, da os ogos), including one ha was ac ually ixed in he cu en
Li huanian-language dic iona y […] da bogos → (as ansla ed om English […] wo liday wo k + holiday).
naujieji kon aminaciniai da iniai lie u ių kalboje
253 lines o a icles song and in he middle o he song mo e o en, indica ing he
p o o ype ca ego y in he cou ya d mo e o en is he i s ). he place o he
conjunc ion is la gely de e mined by he phone ic p ope ies o he co esponding
i s wo ds, especially he p eposi ions ha make hem up. I is also a gued ha
con amina ing e bs a e c ea ed by main aining a balance be ween he ecognizabili y
o wo opposing ac ions […] he basic wo ds and he simplici y o he e b sanda as
(speech, spelling), which p e en s he c ea ion o a gene al syn ac ic model explaining
hese p ocesses. The e o e, i is likely o be ecognized ha con amina ed wo ds a e
one o he mos unp edic able ca ego ies o new wo d o ma ion.
2.3. Con aminan compounds Al hough con aminan compounds a e o med acco ding o he
s uc u al and seman ic p ope ies o speci ic compound wo ds, common compound
compounds can be ound. In di e en sou ces, acco ding o he me hod o composi ion, he
mos common g oups o English con amina ion de i a i es a e such la ge (di ided and
smalle ) g oups: 8 1) bo h base wo ds a e abb e ia ed, o example: obo[ ] […] obo […] +
[kanga] → […]kanga oo[…] […] obo […], wi h he o m […]kanga oo[…] 9; sk[i ] […]sjon[…] […] […]
sho […] + […] sho […] […] ee […] + [p emium] […] p emium […] → eemium […] business model
whe e some goods o se ices a e p o ided ee o cha ge in o de o a ac mo e use s
o paid goods o se ices[…];
2) only he beginning o he second base wo d is abb e ia ed: boy ‘boyish +
[bu ]lesque < i alic k. bu lesco ‘bu leska → boylesque, lie. boileska10 […] a male
bu lesque (a dance in which a dancing woman gundomai emphasizes he eminini y)
[…]; […]ma a hon[…]→ hacka hon, lie. […]Ma a hon[…] is he name o he game. haka on
‘a mul i-day e en o so wa e de elope s o pu sue c ea i e and educa ional
goals oge he wi h g aphic designe s;
hack ‘įsilauž i į kompiu e io sis emą; ais ingai užsiim i p og ama imu’ + [ma ]a hon
8 Since he English spelling is no phone ic, he o ma ion o con amina ed compounds is a sepa a e
p oblem ela ed o bo h phone ic and g aphical cha ac e is ics o he basic wo ds, bu i is excluded in
his a icle.
he meanings o he con amina ed p oduc s se ou in A icle 9 and i s Annex can be ound in he Li huanian
language's new ocabula y (h p: www.naujazodziai.lki.l ); hose whose meaning may be comple ely unclea
wi hou con ex a e b ie ly desc ibed in he a icle.
10 i is indica ed i such a loan is unc ioning in he Li huanian cus oms o ice.
he Li huanian
i a MiLiŪnai ė
Linguis ic Ac LXXI 254
3) only he end o he i s basic wo d is abb e ia ed: co [ee] ‘ca a + o ice ‘biu as
→ co ice, lie. a co ee shop whe e people engaged in indi idual ac i i ies usually
ga he and spend hei days wo king (using a ee In e ne connec ion) and enjoying
co ee. Ra ely, h ee basic wo ds can be used o o m con amina ed e bs, bu he
p inciples o he conjunc ion a e usually he same, o example: spo [ ] + po [no] +
sexsual → spo nosexual lie. A spo nosexual is a second-gene a ion me o sexualis , a
man who clea ly wan s o be despised o his a hle ic body.
I can be seen ha i he phonemes a he end o he i s base wo d co espond o he
phonemes a he beginning o he second base wo d ( he co esponding g aphemes in
he images a e b oken), he a o emen ioned wo-wo d conjunc ion is o med. The
de ini ions o he meanings o con amina ed e bs a e usually qui e b oad, which
indica es ha con amina ion is a con enien way o summa ize a phenomenon. he
aminaciniai da iniai ampa i lie u ių kalbos skoliniais, ik p ide inami p ie lie u-
g amma ical sys em o he con eyancing language.
The classi ica ion o con amina ed objec s o med in Li huanian would only
be possible i he la ge s uc u e o hei ibe s was ho oughly e ased.
3.Con ac wi h mine s
Li huanian language
newsle e duoMenyne
The e is no abundance o new esea ch in he Li huanian language, which would
ocus no on indi idual phenomena, bu on hei la ge collec ions, mo e gene al
habi s o ac ion and consump ion and would be based on he la es compu e
echnologies, […] and wi hou which lexical esea ch is gene ally di icul o imagine
oday […] (see Mikelionienė 2000: 15 […]21). Al hough mo e and mo e Li huanian
į ankių jiems i i kol kas aip pa s okojama. odėl s aipsniui duomenys im i iš
dic iona ies a e being digi ized, compu e digi iza ion, bu by collec ing he ac s
o he pas , accumula es he Li huanian language's new ocabula y (www.nd).
3.1. na u e o he domain
Li huanian language new wo ds da abase un inished, s a ed o be published on
he In e ne a he end o 2011 and is cons an ly supplemen ed wi h a da a
collec ion ha eco ds om
In he la e 20 h cen u y, he Li huanian language de eloped in he p esen -day public sphe e.
naujieji kon aminaciniai da iniai lie u ių kalboje
Al hough he numbe o a icles con aining con amina ed subs ances is inc easing
in he Li huanian language, a leas o he ime being hey should no be
signi ican ly a ec ed by he p oduc ion o Li huanian-language wo ds, as mos o
hem a e isola ed, si ua ional, so hey a e no likely o sp ead widely. One o he
weakes chains ha can spa k, especially in English, is he uncom o able
nių gausėjimą – ne inkami (pe ilgi, nepa ogūs, neadek a ūs) skolinių a i ikmenys.
Pa yzdžiui, skolinys hospisas laikomas ne eik inu bend inei kalbai žodžiu, be ie-
compound o pallia i e ca e hospi als. This may encou age he eme gence o simila
con amina ion e en s as ha o he slaugh e house.
6. The ollowing able is inse ed:
1. in he cu en Li huanian ocabula y, he no iceably inc easing numbe o new
wo ds is made up o con amina ed wo ds (mišiniai), which ha e been bo owed o
ansla ed om o he languages, and also somewha occu in he Li huanian
language i sel . so he p e ailing ype o hese e bs is no he indi idual speech
pa e ns, bu he new wo ds as he esul o conscious language ac i i y.
The e o e, in he Li huanian scien i ic, in o ma ion and educa ional li e a u e, mo e
a en ion should be paid o hese e en s and a mo e de ailed desc ip ion o hei
na u e, he easons o hei occu ence, as well as supplemen ing he sample und
wi h eal da a unc ioning in he u u e. 2. bo owing con amina ed e bs depending
on whe he he Li huanian language ecognizes (i.e. whe he hey unc ion
au onomously) he basic wo ds ha make hem up, can be ea ed di e en ly:
ei he as one, pa ially indis inguishable wo ds, i.e. o be conside ed as simple
loanwo ds a he han e bs, o as o eign con amina ed e bs.
3. he eme gence o con amina ed p oduc s in he Li huanian po is mainly
p omo ed by he endency o look o exp essi e means o communica ion, as well as
a mo e concise way o communica ion, when he Li huanian equi alen s o e ed a e
oo long, a elle s. Howe e , due o hei a i y, a leas o he ime being, hese
de i a i es should no pose a h ea o he Li huanian language wo d-making sys em
and can be ega ded as a ool o s ylis ic exp ession. he common language no ms
may be a ec ed, albei indi ec ly, by hose bo owings o con amina ing e bs
which a e ecognised as unin en ional by he cons i uen basic wo ds. When hey
en e he Li huanian language as con amina ed pa s, hey can also ac i a e he use
o he independen oo s o o eigne s. 4. o e ime, wi h he accumula ion o mo e
da a (p esumably using la ge ex s o es and compu e ools o he cu en use), i
would be possible o p o ide a mo e sys ema ic and in-dep h classi ica ion o
Li huanian language con aminan s, o examine hei s uc u e in mo e de ail and o
e eal a ious aspec s o hei unc ioning in he use.

262
i a MiLiŪnai ė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI
ŠaL iniai
DLK […] Tex o he cu en Li huanian language. Kaunas: he Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea in Kaunas.
Access o he In e ne : h p:
ex . du.l / ex ynas.index.jsp nd
[…]Li huanian language new wo ds da a. he
online da abase. I 's called suda y oja
i a Miliūnai ė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://naujazo-
dziai.lki.l
L.A. Fishe -Rosswi z, Lec u es: A co pus-based s udy o he mo i a ion, ins i u ionaliza ion,
and p oduc i i y o c ea i e neologisms. […] Tübingen: Na . […] Tübingen is he capi al o he
Ge man s a e o Tübingen. The e m "Kalbo y os" is de i ed om he wo d "Kalbo y os"
(Kalbo y os) which is de i ed om he wo d "Kalbo y os" (Kalbo y os) which is de i ed om
he wo d "Kalbo y os" (Kalbo y os). The ligh .
I'm he s e a n h. 2004: shouldn i be b eak unch? a quan i a i e analysis o blend
s uc u e in English.
Linguis ics
423, 639667.
Le h e a d i e nn e 2007: blendalicious. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . […] Lexical
c ea i i y, ex s and con ex s. S udies in unc ional and s uc u al linguis ics, 58 h ed. by
Judi h Muna . This a icle will help you o see how you can do so. Lke 2008: Encyclopedia o
he Li huanian language. 2 e ised and supplemen ed au ho isa ion. I was p epa ed by
Kazys Mo kūnas, edi ed by Vy au as Amb azas. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing.
Mikelionienė ju gi a 2000: new wo ds in he compu e
ex book o Vy au as he G ea Uni e si y ( es ing,
selec ion and classi ica ion)
. […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 42, Mikelionienė
15–21.
ju gi a 2002: analogy in he p oduc ion o wo ds in
he Li huanian language. Po en ial and specimens
. – Ac a linguis ica Li huanica 46, 73–80.
Milenė Ri a (Li huanian: Milenė Ri a) is a Li huanian language ele ision se ies. Vilnius:
Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
P ana's Scandal (1943): The c ea ion o wo ds in Li huanian language. Vilnius:
Li huanian Academy o Sciences, Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
U quha , The Theo y o he Making o Wo ds. Pe mission numbe wo. Vilnius:
Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing
2008: […] ealis ic P esc ip i ism[…]: he academy o he Heb ew language, i s campaign o
[…]good g amma […] and Lexpionage, and na i e Is aeli speake s. This is a lis o academic
Is ael S udies in Language and Socie y 1 (1), 135–154. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://www.zuk-
disciplines in he ield o p esc ip i ism.
naujieji kon aminaciniai da iniai lie u ių kalboje
263 a icles by a icles
The annex
Lis o con amina ed objec s eco ded in he Li huanian language in he 2011-2014
a chi es abenomika aqua lon banks e blog boileska boliga chas bo elis b ančas
b andalizmas b es o anas da bos ogos dykonomika do anomika džeginsai elek ukas
ene giholikas es al as emicidas lexi a as lomo o elo a igebudas haka holomas
hak y os in e komis kaimobilis as keis anomika he ki le is was eplaced by he
communis labsaudelis lop adomika he mechanical class
in o onika
ko isas
Me cozi
me osexual
miaujiena, also known as Me cozi me osexual
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
pos kapi alipsė
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo,
Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo, Moby-Doo-Doo, Moby-Doo-Doo, Moby-Doo-Doo-Doo, and Moby-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-Doo-D
In addi ion, he use o he e m " e-enginee ing" in he con ex o he use o he e m
" e-enginee ing" in he con ex o he use o he e m " e-enginee ing" in he con ex o he
use o he e m " e-enginee ing" in he con ex o he use o he e m " e-enginee ing" in he
con ex o he use o he e m " e-enginee ing" in he con ex o he use o he e m
" e-enginee ing". The blendings om o he languages can be ea ed in wo ways, depending on
he ecogni ion o he base wo ds om i s agmen s and hei unc ioning as independen
loanwo ds: hey can be ei he in eg al ( hus conside ed simple loanwo ds and no blends) as,
o example, blogos, lomas, p osume is, o as blendings o alien o igin ( o example banks e is,
seks ingas
haka on, sexpe ).
new blendings in he Li huanian Language
The e a e wo main easons o blending occu ences as neologisms in he language: 1) he
need o name new eali ies; 2) he need o gi e names o exis ing eali ies. some blendings a e
Linguis ica Li huaniana LXXI, easily adap ed, some imes hey become e ms (ka omas, kubi as,
i a MiLiŪnai ė
spin onika), s ill o he s ne e emain ins an aneous, daily o si ua ional, and a e used in speci ic
con e sa ional ac s o gi e peculia names o i ems o phenomena, hus hey se e as exp essi e
means in a language.
he echniques o mixing blendings in Li huanian language a e simila as o hose in English
language. The mos popula echnique is blending wo wo ds con aining iden ical o simila
phoneme combina ions when he beginning o he i s wo d blends wi h he end o he second
wo d. Due o i s sca ci y, hese blends do no pose a h ea o he wo d; he esea ch
de i a ion sys em in Li huanian language and can be ea ed as a sma s ylis ic means.
esul s allow o expand and sys ema ize he issues o blending de i a ion, which has no been
analyzed in linguis ic wo k up o now, as well as complemen ing he und o examples by adding
eal unc ioning da a. he collec ed ac s p o ide u he basis o he esea ch o
de i a ion and unc ioning o blendings.
Deli e ed on 31 Oc obe 2014
i a MiLiŪnai ė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
[Email p o ec ed]