130 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
ILGA JANSONE
La ian Language Ins i u e, Uni e si y o La ia
Fields o esea ch: onomas ics, seman ics, lexicology,
dialec ology.
HOUSENAMES OF FAUNA
(BIRD NAMES) SEMANTICS
IN VIDZEME: MATERIALS
OF HISTORICAL (SOULS)
REVISIONS IN VIDZEME
GUBERNIYA 18261
Vidžemės sodybų pa adinimai, suponuo i
o ni onimų (paukščių pa adinimų): 1826 m.
Vidžemės gube nijos kadas o duomenys2
ANNOTATION
A o al o 505 housenames o Vidzeme con aining a bi d name and men ioned in he
Vidzeme Gube nya (souls) e ision ma e ials o 1826 ha e been analyzed in he a icle.
Mos o ni holexemes used in Vidzeme housenames a e widely known and used appela-
i es in he mode n La ian language, o example, balodis, bezdelīga, dzenis, kaija, s azds,
ā na, anags, žaga a, cī ulis, z i bulis, ālodze, laks īgala. A o al numbe o La ian lex-
emes in Vidzeme housenames amoun s o 43 uni s and hey e e o wild bi ds, whe eas
h ee La ian lexemes e e o domes ic bi ds, and also he gene al lexeme pu ns and he
lexeme wi h a high deg ee o gene aliza ion – gailis oge he wi h compounds pu ( a)gai-
lis, mež(a)gailis, eze gailis, udz(u)gailis and sil(a)gailis. The bi d names used only in ce ain
subdialec s such as pelēda, s ads and s ods, žīgu s, and žēgu s ha e seldom been used. I
1 The a icle has been w i en wi hin he amewo k o he p ojec “S udies in he La ian Lan-
guage in he 21s Cen u y Con ex ” o he S a e unded esea ch p og amme “Le onica – His-
o y, Languages, Cul u e, Values o La ia”.
2 S aipsnio engimas inansuo as La ijos Respublikos Nacionalinės mokslinių y imų p o-
g amos „Le onica – La ijos is o ija, kalba, kul ū a, e ybės“ p ojek o „La ių kalbos y imai
XXI a. kon eks e“ lėšomis.
S aipsniai / A icles 131
Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma-
e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826
was obse ed ha some o he lexemes om mode n subdialec s we e mo e widely known
and used in he beginning o he 19 h cen u y, o example, housenames wi h bi d names
pelēda and s azds. Bo owings om ela ed and con ac languages ha e been used in he
nomina ion o Vidzeme housenames e y seldom, only possible bo owings om Li hu-
anian (an is ʻduckʼ), Ge man (En e ʻduckʼ), Es onian (kajakas ʻgullʼ, subdial. kikas (possibly,
Li ’s kik) ʻ oos e ʼ, kukk ʻ oos e ʼ, luik ʻswanʼ), and Russian (утка ʻduckʼ, курица ʻhenʼ) lan-
guages ha e been es ablished.
The appela i es o bi d names used in he nomina ion o housenames in he La ian
language a e mos ly o he de i ed e ymology linked wi h ei he onoma opoeic e bs and/
o designa ions o sounds emi ed by bi ds; mos o hose wo ds ha e a common o igin in
La ian and Li huanian languages.
KEYWORDS: His o ical (Souls) Re isions, Vidzeme, Housenames, Bi d Names.
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje analizuojami 505 sodybų pa adinimai, už iksuo i Vidžemės gube nijos
1826 m. kadas e, suda y i iš o ni onimų. Daugelis paukščių pa adinimų, supona usių
Vidžemės sodybų į a dijimus, plačiai a ojami kaip apelia y ai ne ik bend inėje la ių
kalboje, be i jos šnek ose. Skoliniai iš y ų bal ų a kaimyninių kalbų Vidžemės sodybų
pa adinimų da ybai a ojami labai e ai.
Dauguma la ių sodybų pa adinimų, e lek uojančių apelia y inės kilmės o ni oni-
mus, y a onoma opėjinės kilmės. Daugelis šių apelia y ų, a ojamų la ių i lie u ių kal-
bose, y a os pačios kilmės.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: kadas as, Vidžemė, sodybų pa adinimai, paukščių pa adinimai
(o ni onimai).
In his o ical onomas ics, his o ical (souls) e ision ma e ials con aining
bo h oponyms and an h oponyms a e impo an . The e ision ma e ials om
Vidzeme ha e been p ese ed be e and collec ed mo e accu a ely, ha is why
he pape p o ides an insigh in o he housenames o auna (bi d) seman ics
om one egion o La ia – Vidzeme; besides, simila i ies ha e also been ob-
se ed in Ku zeme.
The i s his o ical (souls) e ision in Vidzeme Gube nya ook place in 1782,
and i was ecognized as he ou h e ision o Russian gube nyas. Subsequen
e isions ook place a ei he sho e o longe in e als: he i h e ision – in
ILGA JANSONE
132 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
1795, he six h e ision – in 1811, he se en h e ision – in 1816, he eigh h e-
ision – in 1834, he nin h e ision – in 1850, and he las e ision – in 1858.
In he e ision documen s o mansions, he esiden s o p i a e and c own
mansions and o associa ed household s uc u es (semi-mansions, a ms eads,
pubs, mills, and o he s), as well as o pas o al mansions we e lis ed. By 1816 on-
ly men had been lis ed, and i is e y likely ha he da e is no accu a e. Since
1816 all pe sons i espec i e o hei sex and age we e lis ed. The e ision o
1826 was no ega ded as a sepa a e e en (i is conside ed a epe i ion o he
e ision o 1816); howe e , i was o pa amoun impo ance as peasan s wi h
hei su names we e egis e ed, namely, his o ical e ision ma e ials included
bo h housenames and ull names – i s names, las names, pa onyms ac oss
Vidzeme Gube niya o he i s ime, hus allowing o es ablish a connec ion
be ween housenames and su names.
I would be wo h w i ing an o e iew abou he spelling in he ma e ials
o he his o ical e ision o ploughs and names because hei o hog aphy had
3 La ian S a e His o ical A chi es.
PICTURE 1. Exce p om he his o ical e ision ma e ials o Vidzeme Gube niya in
1826 om Aloja p i a e mansion. (LVVA3 ounda ion n . 199, desc ip ion n . 1, ile
n . 17, p. 8.)
S aipsniai / A icles 133
Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma-
e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826
been in luenced no only by cle ks’ w i ing skills bu also o en imes low skills
o he La ian language as e idenced by many pa allel o ms and also he spell-
ing o sepa a e names in he Ge man language, o example, he designa ions
o he objec s – Gesinde, Ho lage, Buschwäch e , Lande, K ug, Mühle, desc ip i e
da a o a pe son – Wi scha , Sohn, F au, e c., in some cases desc ip i e and de-
ining designa ions o housenames – Al , Neu we e usually w i en in Ge man.
The 18 h and 19
h cen u y his o ical e isions in Vidzeme ook place in
686 mansions, and se e al ones we e uni ed du ing he e isions in 1826 and
1834.
The numbe o household names included in he lis s o he his o ical e-
isions o Vidzeme Gube niya in 1826 each 14,500, including independen
a ms eads e aining hei o iginal household name, o example, in 1826 he e
we e six houses wi h he same name Dſe wan in he Vecbeb u p i a e mansion
o Koknese Pa ish bu in he Piņķu mansion o Piņķu Pa ish ou houses wi h
he name Dſilne we e men ioned, and ou ones wi h he name Dumpe.
The numbe o housenames o auna seman ics o als 1,065 uni s, which is
7.34 pe cen o he o al numbe o Vidzeme housenames, p o ided ha e e y
uni eco ded by he his o ical e ision o Vidzeme is conside ed a sepa a e
housename. The da a we e also ob ained om hose mansions ha did no ha e
he egis e ed ma e ials o 1826, and so hey we e ob ained om he e isions
o 1816 and 1834.
O he men ioned 1,065 uni s, 560 o 3.86 pe cen a e mo i a ed housenames
con aining an animal name (mammals, ep iles, amphibians, and o he s), bu
505 o 3.48 pe cen a e mo i a ed housenames con aining a bi d name.
I is possible o w i e abou he o ma ion o peasan s’ a ms eads in Vidzeme
since he 15 h cen u y. I is likely ha he i s housenames we e hen c ea ed;
howe e , ela i ely eliable in o ma ion is a ailable om he i s hal o he
17 h cen u y. The numbe o peasan s’ a ms eads inc eased in he 19 h cen u y
as a esul o kin spli ing leading o new own a ms eads and also as a esul o
buying ou enancy houses. Thus, i is ypical o he cul u al en i onmen o
o eg ound a ms eads well me ged wi h he na u al scene y. The p oximi y o
La ians o na u e as e lec ed bo h in La ian olk songs and belie s and also
in he choice o sac ed places and abode could no bu in luence housenames.
Al hough he housename g oup o auna seman ics is no big, i does show
he La ian modus i endi a he ime when houses go hei names.
When choosing a housename, he owne s did no usually p e e a speci -
ic species o bi ds ( o example, bal pie es zoss ʻwhi e- on ed gooseʼ, meža zoss
ʻg ey-lag gooseʼ, īsknābja zoss ʻpink- oo ed gooseʼ); a lexeme ha co esponds o
a designa ion o a species used in common La ian o a subdialec (o en bu
no consequen ly i may co espond o a genus o a subspecies) is p ac ically
ILGA JANSONE
134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
always used (in he a o emen ioned example zoss – ‘goose’), and also a lex-
eme o a species ha co esponds o a gene alized no ion abou a speci ic bi d
ha is usually nes ing close o a peasan ’s house o he lexemes o hose bi ds
hun ed as game. In some cases, bi ds making dis inc sounds became used in
housenames. The lexeme ha is a gene alized join designa ion o se e al spe-
cies in common La ian and / o subdialec s will be e e ed o as o ni holex-
eme in he p esen a icle ( he o ni holexeme o he a o emen ioned example
is zoss).
Al hough he classi ica ion o o ni holexemes poses di icul ies connec ed
wi h he iden i ica ion o speci ic bi d species, namely, hei a ibu ion o a spe-
ci ic genus, o example, bi ds sā ais s azds ʻSwainson’s h ushʼ, mājas s azds
ʻs a lingʼ and aibais zemess azds ʻg oundsc ape h ushʼ belong o he u didae
amily, bu nied u s azds ʻ eed wa ble ʼ, melnais meža s azds ʻ o es ock h ushʼ,
dziedā ājs azds ʻsong h ushʼ, pelēkais s azds ʻg ey-cheeked h ushʼ, meln īkles
s azds ʻblack h oa ed h ushʼ, apkakles s azds ʻ ing h ushʼ and sila s azds ʻwood
h ushʼ belong o he lyca che s (Muscicapidae) amily. The a icle e e s o he
o ni hological classi ica ion acco ding o he o de . O 18 bi d o de s (La ijas
daba 4, 203–207) es ablished in La ia, bi d names o 13 di e en o de s we e
used in he designa ion o housenames.
A di e en analysis was done wi h e e ence o mo i a ed housenames
con aining poul y names, o example, is a ʻa henʼ, cālis ʻa chickʼ, and also
housenames wi h a gene alized bi d name pu ns ʻa bi dʼ and a lexeme gailis ʻa
oos e ʼ. Mo i a ed housenames wi h an o ni holexeme gailis ʻa oos e ʼ belong
o a sepa a e g oup because many compound names con ain his lexeme and
can be designa ions o a ious bi d amilies in colloquial and / o hun e s’ p o-
essional lexicon.
TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES
OF THE PASSERIFORMES ORDER
P e e ence was gi en o he s udy o bi d names o he passe i o mes o de
in Vidzeme housenames, which al oge he make up 147 uni s o 29 pe cen o
all mo i a ed housenames con aining bi d names. Howe e , in he nomina ion
o housenames con aining wel e designa ions o bi d species o his o de , he
mos popula amily was he pa idae amily ep esen ed by such lexemes as
zīle ʻ om i ʼ and zīlī e ʻ i ʼ.
The li e a y name zīle is he mos widesp ead bi d name in he nomina ion
o housenames; i appea s in 32 housenames al oge he . I should be admi ed
ha he lexeme zīle in he La ian language has homonyms, and i is possible

S aipsniai / A icles 135
Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma-
e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826
ha in he nomina ion o housenames a homonym designa ing an aco n – an
oak ee ui – had been used.
The housename lexeme zīle is used in he base o m (Sihle4, Siehle, Siele), and
compound names (Jaun Sihl5, We z Sihl, Wezs Sihle, Kaln Sihle, Kalne Sihle, Leies
Sihle, Leijes Sihle, Meſche Sihle, Siehle Alksne, Siehle Kaln Jahn, Siehle Pu e Tanne,
Siehle Wawu , Siele Gus , Siele Jahn, Siele Ja ze, Siele Pe e ).
The appella i e zīle was included in he i s La ian dic iona ies o he 17 h
and 18 h cen u ies6 (c . Sihle a, die Meiʃe Lange 1773: 296). The name o om i
is he same bo h in La ian and Li huanian (c . Li h. zlė o žlė); howe e , i is
di e en in Old P ussian (c . P us. sineco Mažiulis IV 110–111) which has an-
alogue names in Sla ic languages (c . e. g., Czech sinice, Polish sinica, Uk ain-
ian синця, Old Sla onic синица). The e a e di e en hypo heses abou he
e ymology o he name7. Jānis Endzelīns links he o igin o zīle wi h he name
o he colou zils – ‘blue’ (ME IV 732). This hypo hesis is suppo ed by E ns
F aenkel (LEW 1309) and admi ed by Max Vasme who indica ed ha ini ial-
ly he name designa ed a speci ic species – zilzīlī e (Pa us cae uleus). The link
be ween he o ni holexeme wi h he bi d’s sounds, namely he onoma opoe ic
o igin, has been men ioned in M. Vasme ’s Russian Dic iona y o E ymolo-
gy and Kons an īns Ka ulis’ La ian Dic iona y o E ymology (ЭСРЯ III 625,
LEV II 559). K. Ka ulis men ions he possible link be ween he lexeme zīle wi h
he e b zinā ʻ o knowʼ, and his obse a ions a ise om he ac ha in La -
ian and Li huanian olklo e zīle is adi ionally connec ed wi h o une- ell-
ing (LEV II 559). The mos plausible o all hypo heses abou he lexeme zīle is
onoma opoe ic.
4 The pa an heses indica e he es ablished spelling o ms o o ni holexemes om he e ision
ma e ials om he whole Vidzeme Gube nya.
5 The a icle does no analyze wo d o ms and compounds in de ail because hei second compo-
nen s usually ha e no connec ion wi h a speci ic bi d name; hese componen s usually di e en-
ia e housenames.
6 Fo he sake o compa ison, he i s dic iona ies Le us wi h Ph aseologia Le ica o he La ian
language w i en by Geo gius Mancelius and he La ian–Ge man Dic iona y edi ed by Jakob
Lange li ing in Vidzeme we e used. In some cases o he dic iona ies o he 17 h and 19 h cen-
u ies we e e e ed o.
7 Fo explana ion o e ymologies, mainly dic iona ies o he Bal ic languages indica ing e ymol-
ogy (ME, LEV, LEW, Smoczyński 2007), some e ymological dic ona ies o language con ac s
(EES, ЭСРЯ) as well as some comp ehensi e s udies on he e ymologies o Bal ic and o he In-
do-Eu opean languages (Sabaliauskas 1990, Гамкрелидзе & Иванов 1984, Sehwe s 1953) we e
used. Indi idual au ho s’ a icles abou he e ymology o a speci ic lexeme we e occassionally
e e ed o.
ILGA JANSONE
136 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
Only h ee housenames can be linked wi h he e minological designa ion
o he ep esen a i e species o zīlī e.
The lexeme zīlī e in housenames occu s only in he p incipal o m (Sihlih ,
Sihli ).
The appella i e zīlī e had al eady been included in he i s 17 h–18 h cen u-
y dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . ein Meißchen/Sieli e/nedʃe Ph as.
Le ica 1638: 279) whe e i appea s along wi h he name sniedze ʻsnow bi dʼ, bu
i s Ge man designa ion co esponds o he name zīlī e. A lexeme zīlī e is he
diminu i e o m o he lexeme zīle ha was o med wi h a adi ional deminu-
i e su ix -ī e.
The second mos popula bi d names appea ing in Vidzeme housenames
belong o he co idae bi d names ep esen ed as o ni holexemes ka akuls
‘ a enʼ, aga e ‘magpieʼ, ko a is ‘jackdawʼ. The appella i e ka akuls is connec ed
wi h 19 housenames.
The lexeme k auklis appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m, usu-
ally in he eminine (K aukle, K auckle), in de i a i e o ms (K aukel, K aukli ,
K auklin), and wo d g oups (K aukle K ug, K auckle K ug, K auklu K ug, K isch
K aukle je z Jaun K aukle genann , We z K aukle je z Jahn K aukle genann ).
The appella i e k auklis had al eady been included in he i s 17 h–18 h cen-
u y dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . Raab/K aucklis Le us 1638: 138;
Rabe/K auklis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; K auklis as, eine Rabe Lange 1773: 156);
i is common bo h in La ian and Li huanian (c . Li h. k aukls ʻc owʼ and k iau-
kls ʻ a enʼ) and can be linked wi h sound e bs La . k aucinâ , k aukâ , kŗauk ,
Li h. k aũk i ʻk ächzen ( o caw)ʼ imi a ing bi d sounds (ME II 263, LEW 290,
LEV I 420). All he men ioned sou ces indica e ha he Sla ic k ukъ ʻ a enʼ is
o onoma opeic o igin.
O less equen appea ance in Vidzeme’s housenames is he o ni holexeme
žaga a ʻmagpieʼ (13 uni s al oge he ).
The lexeme žaga a appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Saga ,
Sagga , Schaga , Schagga ), in de i a i es (Schagga en), and in wo d g oups (Kaln
Schagga , Lei Schagga ).
The appella i e žaga a had al eady been included in he i s 17 h and 18 h dic-
iona ies o he La ian language (c . Spech /Schagga a Le us 1638: 171; Eeʃ e /
Hechʃ e /Schagga a Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; Schagga a a, ein Heiʃ e Lange 1773:
272). J. Endzelīns conside s he wo d žaga a o be a bo owing om Li huanian
žaga a ME IV 786; K. Ka ulis admi s he o igin o his wo d as a c ea ion om
sound imi a ion (LEV II 575).
Only one housename con ains an o ni holexeme ko ā nis ʻjackdawʼ.
The lexeme ko ā nis appea s only as an app op ia e o m o he co espond-
ing appella i e (Kowah n).
S aipsniai / A icles 137
Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma-
e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826
The appella i e ko ā nis had al eady been included in he i s 17 h and 18 h
cen u y dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . Kohwah s as, eine Dohle Lange
1773: 155). The oo o he wo d co esponds o he designa ion o a wo d ā na
o he co acii o mes o de o he co acidae amily, and in some language g oups
(Bal ic, Sla ic, Tocha ian languages) i is a new phone ic o ma ion wi h he
ini ial sound *- om he p o o- oo *k[h]o -n-, e. g., Li h. á na, P us. wa ne8
(Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540). K. Ka ulis indica es ha an appella i e
ko ā nis is a compound (LEV II 489), bu J. Endzelīns only e e s o analogous
o ms in o he languages, e. g., Small Russ. кáворон ʻSaa sk äheʼ, Slo enian
kâ an ʻKolk abeʼ (ME II 350).
The hi d mos popula amily o bi ds used in he nomina ion o housenames
is ha o he s u nidae o he passe i o mes o de ep esen ed in such o -
ni holexemes as s azds and s ads/ s ods. An appella i e s azds appea s in
12 housenames.
The lexeme s azds appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m – usu-
ally in he eminine gende (S asde), in de i a i e o ms (S asdin), and in wo d
g oups (Leel S asd, Leel S asde, Mas S asda, Mas S asde, Kalne S asde, Leijes
S asde).
The appella i e s azds ʻ h ush; s a lingʼ had al eady been included in he
i s 17 h and 18 h dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . D ohʃʃel/Sp een/S aʃ-
da Ph as. Le ica 1638: 280; S aʃds as, ein K amme s ogel Lange 1773: 328). As
indica ed by Vyachesla I ano and Tamaz Gamk elidze, he name in se e al
old Indo-Eu opean dialec s in Eu ope o igina ed om sound imi a ion, o ex-
ample, P us. esde, Li h. s ãzdas, La . s azds; howe e , i a G eek στρουϑός
ʻspa owʼ can be conside ed a sound imi a ion, i means ha in old Indo-Eu-
opean dialec s o Eu ope he name o s azds would be conside ed a seman ic
inno a ion (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 541; see also ME III 1083, LEW
920).
Less han 9 housenames connec ed wi h he dialec al lexemes s ads and
s ods appea in he Eas o Vidzeme and also La gale (see ME III 1080).
Dialec ical lexemes s ads and s ods in housenames appea in he p incipal
o m, usually in he eminine (S adde, S odde), in de i a i e o ms (S adding),
and in wo d g oups (Isſand S adde, Leies S odde).
The appella i e s ads o igina ed as a esul o he sound changes o s azds
(ME III 1080).
8 La ian ã na can be added o he Li huanian and P ussian o ms, and his ac has no been
men ioned in Vyachesla I ano ’s and Tamaz Gamk elidze’s s udy.
ILGA JANSONE
138 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
In he nomina ion o housenames only a ew bi d names o he alaudidae
amily appea , and he co esponding o ni holexeme is cī ulis ʻla kʼ. The appel-
la i e cī ulis appea s in 19 housenames.
The lexeme cī ulis appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Zi ul,
Zih ul, Zie ul, Zie ull), and in wo d g oups (Wezz Zih ul, Al Zie ul, Jaun Zih ul,
Neu Zie ul).
The appella i e cī ( )ulis had al eady been included in he i s 17 h and 18 h
cen u y dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . Le ch/Zie wuls Le us 1638:
116; ein Le che/Zih wulis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 277; Zih ulis as, eine Le che Lange
1773: 402). The e is no gene al ag eemen as o he o igin o he wo d cī u-
lis, howe e , mos esea che s hink ha i o igina ed om a sound imi a ion
(ME I 291–292, LEW 70, LEV I 181). Li huanian c ulis, cy uls is hough
o be bo owed om La ian o Cou onian languages (ME I 291–292, LEW
70, Sabaliauskas 1990: 270). Ojā s Bušs in his analysis o he Cou onian and
quasi-Cou onian wo ds in s anda d La ian indica es ha he wo d cī ulis in
he La ian language should no be conside ed a Cou onian wo d (Bušs 2008
[1988]: 186), bu he sp ead o he o ni holexeme in Li huanian is shown in he
p ospec us o he A las o he Bal ic languages (BVA 2009: 94–95).
The bi d names o he passe idae amily a e used o o e en imes in
he nomina ion o housenames and ep esen ed by he s anda d o ni holexeme
z i bulis and i s dialec ical a ia ion žīgu s. The appella i e z i bulis ʻspa owʼ
appea s in he nomina ion o h ee housenames.
The lexeme z i bulis in housenames appea s in he p incipal o m (Swi bul)
and wo d g oups (Kallne Swi bul, Leijes Swi bul).
The appella i e z i bulis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies
o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Spe ling/Swi buls Le -
us 1638: 171; ein Spe ling/Swi bulis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 280; Swi bulis as, de
Spe ling Lange 1773: 339). The e ymology o z i bulis is no clea . I is ela ed o
Li huanian ž ì blis (ME IV 776–777, LEW 1328); howe e , i s u he de elop-
men has been widely s udied. E. F aenkel links i wi h he Old Chu ch Sla on-
ic abii ʻz i bulisʼ, Czech abec, Polish w óbel, e c. (LEW 1328), J. Endzelīns
indica es he possible con amina ion be ween he wo ds o he oo i b- and
he wo ds o he ini ial sound z-, namely, ž- (ME IV 777), whe eas Wojciech
Smoczyński es o es he common oo appea ing in he Bal ic and Sla ic lan-
guages *a b-/*i b- (Smoczyński 2007: 796).
A mo e popula e sion is he dialec al žīgu s (a ī žēgu s) ha appea s in
11 housenames.
Dialec al lexemes žīgu s and žēgu s appea in housenames bo h in he p in-
cipal o m (Schigu , Schiggu , Sihgu ) and in wo d g oups (Kalne Schägu , Kalne
Schiggu , Kalne Leies Schägu , Leijes Schiggu , Leies Leies Schägu , Kaup Schehgu ,
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Topo o indica es ha on he basis o he designa ion Ay egenis (lesse spo ed
woodpecke ) in P ussian, genis (in P ussian) can be conside ed Nomen ac . om
he Bal ic *gen- ʻsis ʼ (bea , hi ) (Топоров E–H 205–206).
The appella i e dzilna appea s in he nomina ion o eigh housenames.
The lexeme dzilna appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Dſilne),
in de i a i e o ms (Dſilnan), and in wo d g oups (Jaun Dſilne, We z Dſilne,
Meſche Dſilne, Tih um Dſilne).
The appella i e dzilna had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . g ün Spech /Dʃillna Ph as.
Le ica 1638: 280; Dʃilna a, ein gelblich e Spech Lange 1773: 90); di e en opin-
ions ha e been exp essed abou i s e ymology. J. Endzelīns ela es La . dzilna
o La . dzl s ʻgelb (yellow)ʼ (ME I 550), E. F aenkel includes La . dzina, dzil-
nis, Li h. gilnà in he en y gél i ʻs echen, weh un (physisch und psychisch) ( o
punc u e, o ca e, o in lic pain (physically and psychically))ʼ (LEW 145–146).
K. Ka ulis also men ions i s ela ion o IDE *dhelbh- ʻ o dig, o hollow ou ʼ (LEV
I 253).
TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF
THE COLUMBIFORMES ORDER
Bi d names balodis ʻpigeonʼ and ūbele ʻ u ledo eʼ om he columbidae
amily o he columbi o me o de appea in he nomina ion o housenames.
Housenames o igina ing om bi d names o he columbi o me o de cons i u e
33 uni s o 6.5 pe cen o he objec s o he a ian seman ics.
The o ni holexeme balodis appea s in 19 housenames; i is he six h mos
popula o ni holexeme. The lexeme balodis appea s in housenames bo h in he
p incipal o m (Balod, Ballod, Ballohd, Ballohds, Ballosch), in de i a i e o ms
(Ballodan, Balloden, Ballodin), and in wo d g oups (Kallne Ballod, Leijes Ballod).
Ob iously, he es ablished o m Ballud is a dialec ical a ian o he lexeme
om Alūksne pa ish.
The appella i e balodis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies
o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . aub/ ballohdis Le us
1638: 181; Taube/Ballohdis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; ballodis as, die Taube Lange
1773: 49); i is possible o ela e i o he common lexicon o he Bal ic languag-
es (c . Li h. balañdis), and he common designa ion in he Bal ic languages is
ha o a colou (c . La . bal s, Li h. bãlas, bál as) (see ME I 259–260, LEW 31,
Smoczyński 2007: 42). The e was an endea ou o ela e bo h names in he
Bal ic languages wi h he Osse ian bælon ʻmājas balodisʼ in he 20 h cen u y hus
b oadening he e ymological link om he a ea o he Bal ic languages o he

ILGA JANSONE
146 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
a eas o he Bal ic and Indo-I anian languages (see Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984
(2)I 602; Sabaliauskas 1990: 29; Ka aliūnas I 77; ME I 259–260).
The appella i e deno ing pigeons – dūja wi h a ce ain p esen -day conno a-
ion appea s in he nomina ion o en housenames.
The lexeme dūja in housenames appea s in he p incipal o m (Duije, Duijes)
and wo d g oups (Mesche Duije, Kalne Duije/ Kalne Duje, Leijes Duje). In addi ion,
housenames wi h he lexeme ūja appea as well.
All housenames a e ei he wo d g oups (S upp Thujes, Ga Thujes, Jaun
Thujes, We z Thujes, Tuhjas Melſup) o combined g oups (La wan Tuhjan, And e
Tuhjan) used only in Lēdmane’s p i a e mansion o Liel ā de pa ish, Bučauska’s
p i a e mansion o Ces aine pa ish, and also in Alūksne mano house.
Ano he designa ion o a pigeon – dū e had al eady been included in he
i s dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . Duhwe, duhwiņa, eine zahme Taube
Lange 1773: 93).
I housenames wi h he lexeme dūja can de ini ely ela e o he seman ic
g oup o auna, he housenames wi h a pa allel lexeme ūja pose di icul ies.
Only o hog aphically hese housenames can be ela ed o he seman ic g oup
o lo a; howe e , in he colloquial speech he name dzī ībaskoks (in La in Thu-
ja occiden alis) appea s mo e equen ly. And i we conside he name o Tūja’s
mansion o Liepupe pa ish, we may conclude ha he name o he mansion
Tūja is no o he lo a seman ics, bu i is a name o he auna seman ics. The
Ge man name Taubenho (Ge man Taube ʻpigeonʼ, Ho ʻmansionʼ) is he eason
o he e ymological explana ion and can be ela ed o he name o a pidgeon –
dūja whe e : d shi could ha e been in luenced by Ge man Taube. The au ho s
o “Bal isches his o isches O slexikon” (see O slexikon II 637) indica e such
an e ymology. The Ge man name o he Tūja mansion K agenho in Alūksne
pa ish does no p o ide an answe , bu i s La ian name is also ela ed o he
name o dūja, namely, om 1631 ill 1791 he owne s o he he Tūja mansion
we e ep esen a i es o on Taub amily (see O slexikon II 298).
E ymologically, he lexeme dūja is a bo owing om MLG dū e, and hence
La ian dū e which u ned in o dūja as a esul o he deminu i e dū iņa > dū-
jiņa (ME I 524, Sehwe s 1953: 178).
The o ni holexeme ūbele appea s in ou housenames whe e i is bo h in he
p incipal o m (Ubel, Uhbels/ Uhbel/ Uhbele) and in wo d g oups (Ubel K ug,
Uhbel Gesinde).
The appella i e ūbele had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Tu el aube/Ubele Ph as.
Le ica 1638: 279; Uhbele a, eine Tu el aube Lange 1773: 362). This is an on-
oma opoeic wo d o igina ing om he sound e b ūbuô (ME IV 403, LEV II
448).
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TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF
THE FALCONIFORMES ORDER
Bi d names o he alconi o mes o de used o be ac i ely used in he nom-
ina ion o Vidzeme housenames; hey make up he o al o 32 uni s o 6.3 pe
cen o all he bi d names in mo i a ed housenames. The mos popula names
a e om he accipi idae amily and wo bi d names o his amily we e used;
he ollowing o ni holexemes a e anags ʻhawkʼ and ē glis ʻeagleʼ. The appella i e
anags appea s in he nomina ion o 30 housenames, and oge he wi h he ap-
pella i e dzenis i sha es he second place in he use o o ni holexemes.
The lexeme anags appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Wan-
ag, Wannag, Wannags, Waagge), in de i a i e o ms (Wannadſen), in compounds
(Pollowannag), and in wo d g oups (Kalne Vannag, Leies Vannag, Leijes Wannag,
Pu e Wannag, Ogelneck Wannag).
The appella i e anags had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Habich/Wannags Le us
1638,82; ein Habich /Wannags Ph as. Le ica 1638, 277; Wannags as, de Habich
Lange 1773, 377). A. Sabaliauskas ela es La . anags oge he wi h Li h. ãna-
gas, P us. spe gla anagis o he common lexical s a um o he Bal ic languag-
es (Sabaliauskas 1990: 152). The u he wo d e ymology is no clea enough
(possible a ian s o e ymolgy discussed in LEW 1194 and LEV II 481–482;
ME IV 468).
Only one housename con ains he lexeme ē glis, and i is only in he p inci-
pal o m o he eminine gende (E gle).
The appella i e ē glis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies
o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Adle /Eh ghle Le -
us 1638, 18; ein Adle /Eh gliß Ph as. Le ica 1638, 277; Eh glis as, de Adle
Lange 1773, 110); i has e ained he old oo *he/o - in all he Bal ic languages
om which La . ḕ glis, Li h. dial. a ẽlis, e ẽlis, P us. a elie (=a elis) o igina ed
(Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 538; conce ning he P ussian a elie see also
Топоров A–D 101–102).
Only one housename has he o ni holexeme piekūns ʻ alconʼ in he o m ap-
p op ia e o he appella i e Peekun om he alconidae amily.
I is possible ha he appella i e piekūns was included in Ca l Ch is ian Ul-
mann’s La ian-Ge man dic iona y o 1872 o he i s ime (c . peekuhns, ein
g oße Flake Ullmann 1872: 194). J. Endzelīns men ions he possible La h. Piec-
es ela ion o Go hic igu es inge ( inge )ʼ and a ghan anged (sna ch a , ca ch,
seize)ʼ (ME III 262).
ILGA JANSONE
148 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF
THE GALLIFORMES ORDER
Names o he galli o mes o de ha e been ac i ely used in Vidzeme
housenames; hey cons i u e a o al o 30 uni s o 5.9 pe cen o all he bi d
names in mo i a ed housenames. The mos popula o his o de we e wo des-
igna ions om he e aonidae amily ep esen ed in he housenames by such
o ni holexemes as mednis ʻwood g ouseʼ, ubenis ʻblack g ouseʼ and e e is ʻhea h-
cockʼ. The appella i e mednis appea s in he nomina ion o 11 housenames in
Vidzeme.
The lexeme mednis appea s in housenames in he p incipal o m, usually in
he eminine (Medna, Medne), and in wo d g oups (Medne Zenne, Muisches K i-
pan Mednes).
The appella i e mednis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies
o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Meddens Mednis, ein
Aue hahn Lange 1773: 187). La . mednis (wi h i s olde o m medenis) de i ed
om *medinis, which co esponds o Li h. adj. medinis ʻwooden,’ (ME II 590,
LEV I 575–576).
Bo h lexemes o he e ao e ix amily appea in he housenames o
Vidzeme: he appella i e ubenis was a mo i a ing wo d in eigh housenames
bu e e is – in se en housenames.
The lexeme ubenis appea s in housenames in he p incipal o m (Rubben,
Rubbin) and wo d g oups (G osz Rubben, Klein Rubben, Mas Rubben, Rubben
Ansch, Rubben Ma z, Tupeſchan Rubben).
The appella i e ubenis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Bi ckhun/Te e is/Rub-
benis Le us 1638: 35; Bi ckhan/Te e is/ Rubbenis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; Rub-
bens as, ein Bi khuhn Lange 1773: 253). J. Endzelīns and E. F aenkel exp essed
opposi e opinions abou La . Rubenis: J. Endzelīns hinks ha he name o
a bi d de i es om he sound e b ubinâ ʻu e ma ing-callsʼ (ME III 552),
whe eas E. F aenkel showed ha he sound e b de i ed om he subs an i e
La . ubenis (LEW 744). In he explana ion o he e ymology a mo e usual ap-
p oach is he di ec ion - ʽsound e bʼ → ʻbi d nameʼ.
The lexeme e e is appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Te e ),
in de i a i e o m (Te e i ), and in wo d g oups (Kaln Te e , Leijes Te e ).
The appella i e e e is had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Bi ckhun/Te e is/Rubbenis
Le us 1638: 35; Bi ckhan/Te e is/Rubbenis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; Te e is as,
Bi khahn Lange 1773: 348). The onoma opoeic eduplica ed oo * [h]e [h](e) is
S aipsniai / A icles 149
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equen in bi d names in all he main IDE dialec al g oups, e.g., P us. a a -
wis ‘ emale o he black g ouseʼ, Li h. e e à ʻ e e isʼ, La . e e is, bu he age o
he name does no pe mi o es ablish he ini ial meaning and he speci ic bi d
species ha we e designa ed by he lexemes o he oo (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов
1984(2): 540; see also Būga 1908: 138, ME IV 169, Sabaliauskas 1990: 35, LEW
1084–1085).
Bi d names o he phasianidae amily appea less equen ly in he nomina-
ion o housenames and hey a e ep esen ed by o ni holexemes i be ʻpa idgeʼ
and paipala ʻquailʼ. Housenames wi h he lexeme i be we e coun ed as hose be-
longing o he phasianidae amily o which lauki be ʻg ey pa idge, Pe dix pe dixʼ
belongs and is he mos popula pa idge species, whe eas sa ukā meži be
ʻhazel g ouse, Bonasia bonasiaʼ and bal i be ʻwillow p a migan, Lagopus lagopus,ʼ
acco ding o he las changes in he classi ica ion, belong o he e ao e ix
amily. The appella i e i be appea s in h ee Vidzeme housenames.
The lexeme i be appea s in housenames only in de i a i e o ms (I bih , I ben).
The appella i e i be had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he
La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Haʃelhun/I be Le us 1638:
85; Rebhun/I be Le us 1638: 140; Haʃelhun/I be Ph as. Le ica 1638: 278; I be
a, ein Feldhuhn Lange 1773: 132). The e is no ag eemen abou he e ymolo-
gy o he wo d. Mos e ymologis s hink ha La . i be, Li h. je ub (wi h a i-
an s) is he wo d o he same oo as in La . ubenis (see ME I 708–709, LEW
193–194); howe e , he e is an a emp o ela e La . i be o a colou name (see
LEV I 344).
The lexeme paipala appea s only in one housename whe e i is men ioned
wi h a di e en su ix – Paippul.
The appella i e paipala had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Wach el/Paipole Ph as.
Le ica 1638: 278; Paipala a, eine Wach el Lange 1773: 225). J. Endzelīns ela es
La . paipala o Li h. píepala, Old P ussian. penpalo and Rus. перепелъ (ME III
34), E. F aenkel ela es he u he e ymology wi h he IDE oo *pel- ʻ liegen,
la e n, schwimmen ( ly, ho e , swim)’, also, K. Ka ulis suppo s his explana-
ion (LEW 586, LEV II 10).
TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF
THE CORACIIFORMES FAMILY
Bi d names o he co acii o mes amily also con ibu ed o he choice o
housenames – a o al o 22 uni s o 4.4 pe cen o all he housenames o he
bi d seman ics. Bi d names belonging o he co aciidae amily a e only used
ILGA JANSONE
150 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
in he nomina ion o housenames and ep esen ed by an o ni holexeme ā na
ʻc owʼ.
The lexeme ā na appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Wah -
na, Wah ne, Wa ne), in de i a i e o ms (Wa nen), in compounds (Wah nak ug,
Wah nepo esch), and in wo d g oups (Wah ne K ug, Wa nes K ug, Wah n K ug,
Jaun Wah ne, Wezz Wah ne).
The appella i e ā na had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies
o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . K äe/Wah na Le us
1638, 106; eine K äe/Wah na Ph as. Le ica 1638, 279; Wah ns as, eine K ähe
Lange 1773, 371); in one language g oup (Bal ic, Sla ic, Tocha ian languages) i
is a phone ic inno a ion wi h an ini ial sound *- om he p o o- oo *k[h]o -n-,
e.g., Li h. á na, P us. wa ne10 (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540). A. Saba-
liauskas adds La . ã na, Li h. anas, á na, P us. wa nis, wa ne o he com-
mon lexical s a um o he Bal ic and Sla ic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 120).
TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF
THE ANSERIFORMES ORDER
Some imes, he p e e ence in he nomina ion o housenames was gi en o
bi d names o he picidae o de – a o al o 20 uni s o 4 pe cen o all he
housenames o he a ian seman ics. O he picidae o de , only bi ds o he
ana idae amily a e ep esen ed by o ni holexemes gulbis ʻswanʼ, gaigala ʻgold-
eneye bi dʼ, pīle ʻduckʼ and hei bo owed analogues in housenames.
The appella i e gulbis appea s in en housenames.
The lexeme gulbis appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m, usual-
ly in he eminine Gulbe, in de i a i e o ms (Gulban, Gulbi ), and in combined
o ms (Ans Gulben, Anz Gulben, Jahn Gulben, Ma ing Gulben).
The appella i e gulbis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Schwan/Ghullbis Le us
1638, 164; ein Schwan/Ghullbis Ph as. Le ica 1638, 279; Gulbis as, ein Schwan
Lange 1773, 126). A. Sabaliauskas adds his lexeme o he common lexical
s a um o he Bal ic and Sla ic languages and a he same ime he admi s ha
Ch is ian S ang ela es ha o he lexicon o Bal ic languages only (Sabaliau-
skas 1990: 117–118; mo e abou he ela ion o he o ms o he Sla ic languages
see also ME I 676, LEW 175). Howe e , Ana olij Nepokupnij b oadens he a ea
10 Also La . ã na can be added o he Li huanian and P ussian language o ms, and his ac is
no men ioned in Vyachesla I ano ’s and Tamaz Gamk elidze’s s udy.

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o use o Bal ic gulbis and Sla ic kъlpь by es ablishing co espondences in he
whole a ea a ound he Bal ic Sea (Непокупный 1966: 81–87).
Along wi h he La ian appella i e gulbis in one housename i is possible ha
an analogous Es onian lexeme luik ʻgulbisʼ appea s in a housename in Gaujiena
pa ish in he p incipal o m which ends in he inal uni ied ending o he La i-
an -e (Luike). Acco ding o Es onian e ymologis s, luik unde lies he Es . sound
e b luikama, Finnish luika a (EES 2012: 253).
In he nomina ion o one housename, he lexeme pīle appea s in he dimi-
ni u e o m (Pili ). Ce ainly, aking in o conside a ion ha he leng h o he
owel in his housename is no indica ed, he hypo hesis ha he housename
is ela ed o he appella i e pils should no be abandoned; howe e , such a hy-
po hesis is unlikely.
The appella i e pīle had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he
La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . An ogel/Piele Le us 1638,
21; En e/Piele Le us 1638, 53; eine zahme End e/Piele Ph as. Le ica 1638, 277;
En e die, a pihle Lange 1777: 207). E iden ly, La . pīle is a lexical inno a ion
ha eplaced an olde lexeme e ained in Li huanian and Old P ussian an is.
Pīle is he esul o onoma opoeisis (see ME III 232, LEV II 48). Some au ho s
hink his wo d is o Cou onian o igin, bu i was e u ed by O. Bušs (Bušs
2008 [1988]: 186).
An in e es ing couple is a housename En e in S aupe pa ish and An e in
Opekaln’s pa ish. The lexeme En e is a ela i ely ce ain bo owing om Ge -
man En e ʻduckʼ; ha ing in mind he in luence o Ge man landlo ds and pas o s,
he bo owings seem ob ious; bu An e is simila o Li h. an is ʻduckʼ and i s
ending is he uni ied -e. Could a Li huanian bo owing appea nea he Es oni-
an bo de ? D usku o Ko ne a cas le mound is loca ed no e y a om he place,
and he dic iona y “Placenames o he La ian SSR” includes he old name o a
a ms ead ha J. Endzelīns compa es wi h he name o he illage D ùskiai and
a hill name D ùska-kalnis in Li huania (L I (1) 230).
T. Gamk elidze and V. I ano w i e ha a he ime when sepa a e IDE di-
alec s had al eady been es ablished, pīles (ducks) we e domes ica ed poul y,
ha is why IDE *anḤ [h]- became a designa ion o a wild duck, and in se e -
al languages (including Old P us. an is ʻduckʼ also Li h. án is ʻduckʼ, OHG anu ,
Ge man En e ʻduckʼ, Rus. ýть, утка, утва ʻduckʼ) e ained he ela ion o he
p o o- oo (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 543).
The analogous Russian утка o he lexeme pīle in he nomina ion o
housenames is mo e popula , and i appea s in ou housenames men ioned in
he app op ia e o iginal o m (U ke, U ke). Such housenames appea ed in Sa-
laca and Ma īšu pa ishes as well as Opekalna and Ti za pa ishes. I he la e
pa ishes a e loca ed nea he bo de o Russia and belong o he High La ian
ILGA JANSONE
152 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
dialec wi h a la ge numbe o bo owings om he Russian language, hen Sa-
laca and Ma īšu pa ishes belong o Vidzeme Li onian dialec and hey a e lo-
ca ed nea Es onia so ha Sla ic wo ds did no ind hei way o he language.
I is possible ha ano he unes ablished lexeme appea ed in housenames.
The o ni holexeme gaigala appea s in he nomina ion o wo housenames,
and i is only in he p incipal o m (Gaigal).
The appella i e gaigala had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Teuche /Ghaighalis Ph as.
Le ica 1638, 278; Gaigale a, ein Fiʃchgeye Lange 1773, 114). La . gaigala, and
Li h. gagalas, P us. gegalis connec wi h sound e bs o he eduplica ed sound
imi a ion *ge-/*ghe-. Such sound e bs and hei de i a i e subs an i es a e
well known in Sla ic languages, e.g., Old Chu ch Sla onic glagolъ ʻwo dʼ, glago-
la i ʻspeakʼ, Rus. dial. gologoli ь ʻcha ʼ (ME I 583–584, LEW 128, LEV I 278,
Топоров E–H 187–189).
TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF
THE GRUIFORMES ORDER
Some imes, bi d names o he g ui o mes o de we e chosen o housenames –
a o al o 19 uni s o 3.8 pe cen o all housenames o he a ian seman ics. Only
names o he g uidae amily om he g ui o mes o de we e used in he nom-
ina ion o housenames ep esen ed by he o ni holexeme dzē e ʻc aneʼ.
The lexeme dzē e in housenames appea s bo h in he p incipal o m (Dse -
we, Dſe we, Dſeh we), in de i a i es (Dſe wi , Dſe wan, Dſe wen), in wo d g oups
(Kalna Dſeh we, Leies Dſeh we, Leel Dſe we, Mas Dſe we, Masſ Dſe we), and in
combined o ms (Jaun Dſe weneek Gesinde).
The appella i e dzē e had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . K anich/Dʃeh we Le us
1638, 106; (ein) K anich/Dʃeh we Ph as. Le ica 1638, 279, 280; Dʃeh we a, ein
K anich Lange 1773, 87); i e ained he old oo *kʼe - in all Bal ic languag-
es, om which u he de i a ions a e La . dzẽ e, Li h. gé ė, P us. ge we
(Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540; see also LEW 137–138, ME I 548, LEV
I 249, Топоров E–H 223–227).
S aipsniai / A icles 153
Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma-
e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826
TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES
OF THE STRIGIFORMES ORDER
Bi d names o he s igidae amily om he s igi o mes o de we e al-
so used in housenames – a o al o 15 uni s o 3 pe cen o all he mo i a ed
housenames con aining bi d names and ep esen ed by o ni holexemes pūce
ʻowlʼ, pelēda ʻ awny owlʼ and apogs ʻli le owlʼ. The appella i e pūce appea s in six
housenames.
The lexeme pūce appea s in housenames in he p incipal o m only (Pu ze,
Puhze, Puh ze).
The appella i e pūce had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he
La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . eine Eule/Uhpis/Puhza Ph as.
Le ica 1638, 280; Puhze a, eine Eule Lange 1773, 242). J. Endzelīns w i es abou
he onoma opoeic o igin o he wo d (ME III 444; ska . a ī LEW 660, LEV II
83, LVDA 1999: 100–101).
A dialec al lexeme pelēda appea s in ou housenames in Ē ģeme (2), Lim-
baži and Sun aži pa ishes. In he lexical pa o “The Dialec al A las o La i-
an” he wo d pelēda is popula in La gale and he Eas o Vidzeme and Zemgale
(LVDA 1999: 100–101; 38 h map), bu he sp ead o he men ioned o ni holex-
eme pelēda is much b oade including he no hwes e n pa o Vidzeme.
The lexeme pelēda in housenames appea s in he p incipal o m (Pellad, Pelle-
hdu) and in wo d g oups (Kalna Pellehd, Leies Pellehd).
The appella i e pelēda had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Flede mauß/ ickʃpah ni/
Pell=ahd Ph as. Le ica 1638, 280), bu i ela es o an animal name o he es-
pe ilionidae amily o he chi op e a o de .E ymologically, i is conside ed o
be a compound consis ing o La . pele, Li h. pel and La . ês , Li h. s i (ME
III 196, LEW 566, LEV II 35). Besides, E. F aenkel w i es ha i o igina ed as
a aboo wo d (LEW 566).
The appella i e apogs appea s in i e housenames.
The lexeme apogs appea s in housenames in he p incipal o m (Appog, Ap-
poga), and in wo d g oups (K[alna] Appog, L[ejas] Appog).
The appella i e apogs had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Eule/Appohx Le us 1638,
55; Kau z ode Eul/Apohx Le us 1638, 100; Appohgs as, eine Nach eüle Lange
1773, 23); i is common bo h in La ian and Li huanian languages (c . Li h.
apúokas ʻeagle owl; owlʼ) and ela es o he common lexical s a um o he Bal-
ic languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990, 148). The e ymology is no clea enough.
The oo o he wo d co esponds o he sound e bs La . ūkšuo , ūkšê ʻseu zen
ILGA JANSONE
154 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
(sigh)ʼ, lie . kau i ʻzu u en ( o haloo)ʼ (ME I 133, LEW 14), bu he p oblem
abou he meaning o he p e ix ap- discussed by J. Endzelīns emains unsol ed
(ME I 133, LEV I 73). Despi e he unce ain ies, he wo d apogs can be added
o he g oup o wo ds o onoma opoeic o igin.
TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES
OF THE CICONIIFORMES ORDER
A bi d name o he a deidae amily dumpis ʻbi e nʼ appea s in he nomina-
ion o housenames; i is men ioned 9 imes, which accoun s o 1.8 pe cen o
all he housenames con aining bi d names.
The lexeme dumpis appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m, usu-
ally in he eminine (Dumpe), and in wo d g oups (Dumpe Run ze).
The appella i e dumpis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Dumpis, ein Roh dom-
mel Lange 1773, 95). J. Endzelīns, e e ing o Johanns Sehwe s’ s udy, a gues
ha he lexeme dumpis is a bo owing om no OHG a edump ʻRoh dommel
(bi e n)ʼ (ME I 515; ska . a ī Sehwe s 1953: 29); K. Ka ulis, e e ing o Mid-
dle Low Ge man a edump ( he absence o he i s pa o he wo d in La ian),
hinks ha La . dumpis ʻpu nsʼ ela es o La . dumpis ʻ ebellion, insu ec ionʼ,
hus he conludes ha he bi d makes a noise (LEV I 240).
TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES
OF THE CUCULIFORMES ORDER
A bi d name o he cuculidae amily om he cuculi o mes o de dzeguze
is used in he nomina ion o housenames; i was men ioned i e imes and i
makes up one pe cen o all he bi d designa ions in housenames.
The lexeme dzeguze ʻcuckooʼ in housenames appea s in he p incipal o m
(Dsegus, Dſegus, Dseggus) and in wo d g oups (Kaln Dſeggus, Leis Dſeggus).
The appella i e dzeguze had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o
he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Guckuck/Dʃägguʃe Le us
1638, 81; de Kuckuck/Dʃägguʃe Ph as. Le ica 1638, 279; Dʃegguʃe a, de Gukkuk
Lange 1773, 86). A. Sabaliauskas ela es Li h. gegùžė and La . dzguze, and also
P us. geguse o he common lexical s a um o he Bal ic and Sla ic languages
(Sabaliauskas 1990: 117). Also, J. Endzelīns, E. F aenkel and M. Vasme in-
dica e he co espondence be ween Bal ic and Sla ic o ms; howe e , hey do
S aipsniai / A icles 161
Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma-
e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826
Bo owings om ela i e and con ac languages in he nomina ion o
housenames in Vidzeme a e e y a e. I is possible ha in he co pus o
14,500 housenames some may ha e emain unno iced; p esen ly, howe e , on-
ly bo owings om Li huanian (an is ʻduckʼ), Ge man (En e ʻduckʼ), Es onian
(kajakas ʻgullʼ, subdial. kikas (possibly, Li onian kik) ʻ oos e ʼ, kukk ʻ oos e ʼ, luik
ʻswanʼ), and Russian (утка ʻduckʼ, курица ʻhenʼ) we e es ablished. The appella-
i es o he La ian language (dūja, dumpis) we e no conside ed bo owings,
bu i is likely ha hey en e ed La ian as bo owings om Ge man.
The appella i es deno ing bi d names used in he nomina ion o housenames
a e mos ly wo ds o de i ed e ymology ei he connec ed wi h sound e bs and/
o designa ions o bi d sounds; mos o hem ha e he same e ymology in La -
ian and Li huanian.
The analysis o bi d names in mo i a ed housenames o Vidzeme may p o-
ide an insigh in o he seman ics o he men ioned lexicon in he beginning
PICTURE 3. The mos widesp ead o ni holexemes in La ian su names ( he diag am
has been p epa ed on he basis o in o ma ion p o ided in P. Balodis’ doc o al hesis
(Balodis 2012))
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Roos e
Pigeon
La k
Hawk
Swan
Wood g ouse
Bi d, bi die
Woodpecke
Black g ouse
Spa ow
Ra en

ILGA JANSONE
162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
o he 19 h cen u y as well as an insigh in o he c i e ia o choosing speci ic
housenames.
SOURCES
LVVA = ounda ion n . 199, desc ip ion n . 1 – His o ical (Souls) e ision ma e ials
o Vidzeme Gube niya (Vidzemes gube ņas d ēseļu e īziju ma e iāli ) o he La ian
S a e His o ical A chi es.
ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES
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Būga Kazimie as 1908: Ais iški s udijai. Ty inėjimai lygin injo p ūsų, la jų i liė u-
jų kalbômoksljo s i yję. I-oji dalis. Pe e bu gas: Impe a o iškosjos mokslų akademi-
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No ģe mānismiem līdz supe la ī am. Rīga: LU La iešu alodas ins i ū s, 2008, 185.–191.
Bušs Ojā s, Siliņa-Piņķe Renā e 2012: Pu gailis – pu ns, augs ai pā p a-
ums? – Bal is ica, VIII p iedas. Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e as.
BVA 2009: Bal u alodu a lan s. P ospek s. Rīga / Vilnius: La ijas Uni e si ā e, La -
iešu alodas ins i ū s, Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
EES 2012: Ees i e ümoloogia sõna aama . Koos anud ja oime anud I is Me smägi,
Meeli Sed ik, S en-E ik Soosaa . Pea oime aja I is Me smägi. Tallinn: Ees i Keele
Sih asu us.
ĒIV – Kagaine Elga. Ē ģemes izloksnes ā dnīca. 1.–3. sēj. Rīga: Zinā ne, 1977–1983.
Ka aliūnas Simas I: Bal ų p aei is is o inuose šal iniuose I. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos
ins i u as, 2004.
Lange Jacob 1773: Le iʃch-Deu ʃche Theil des olʃ ändigen Le iʃchen Lexici,
da innen nich nu säm liche S ammwö e dieʃe Sp ache ʃam ih en Abʃ ämlingen,
ʃonde n auch die ʃel ene, nu in gewißen Gegenden geb äuchliche Wö e , zum Na-
chʃchlagen, angezeig we den. Schloß Obe // Pahlen, 1773.
S aipsniai / A icles 163
Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma-
e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826
Lange Jacob 1777: Vollʃ ändiges deu ʃchle iʃches und le iʃchdeu ʃches Lexicon,
nach den Haup dialec en in Lie = und Cu land ausge e ig on Jacob Lange. Mi au:
J. F . S e enhagen.
La ijas daba: La ijas daba. Enciklopēdija. 1. 4. sēj. Rīga: La ijas enciklopēdija,
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Le us 1638: LETTUS, Das iʃ Wo buch / Samp angeheg em äglichem Geb auch
de Le iʃchen Sp ache; / Allen nd jeden Außheimiʃchen / die in Chu land / Semgal-
len nd Le iʃchem Lie lande bleiben / nd ʃich edlich neh en wollen / zu Nu ze
e e ig / Du ch / Geo gi m Manceli m Semgall. de H. Sch i Licen ia um &c.
E s e Theil. Ged uck nnd e leg zu Riga / du ch Ge ha d Sch öde / Anno M. DC
XXXVIII [1638].
LEV – Kons an īns Ka ulis. La iešu e imoloģijas ā dnīca 1–2. Rīga: A o s, 1992.
LEW – F aenkel E ns . Li auisches e ymologisches Wö e buch 1–2. Heidelbe g: Ca l
Win e Uni e si ä s e lag, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 1955–1962.
LVDA 1999: B igi a Bušmane, Beni a Laumane, Anna S a ecka. La iešu alodas dial-
ek u a lan s. Leksika. Da ba zin. ad. B. Laumane. Rīga: Zinā ne, 1999.
L I – Endzelīns Jānis. La ijas PSR ie ā di 1(2). Rīga: La ijas PSR Zinā ņu
akadēmijas izde niecība, 1961.
Mažiulis Vy au as: P ūsų kalbos e imologijos žodynas 1. A–H. Vil nius:
Mokslas, 1988; 2. I–K. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993; 3. L–P. Vilni-
us: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996; 4. R–Ž. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų
leidykla, 1997.
ME – Mülenbachs Kā lis. La iešu alodas ā dnīca. Rediģējis, papildinājis, u pinājis
J. Endzelīns. 1.–4. sēj., R., 1923.–1932.
Oken Lo enz 1837: Allgemeine Na u geʃchich e ü alle S ände, on P o eʃʃo Oken.
Sieben en Bandes e ʃ e Ab heilung. S u ga : Ho mannʼʃche Ve lags=Buchhandlung.
O slexikon: Bal isches his o isches O slexikon. II. Le land. H sg. on Hans Feldmann
und Heinz on zu Muhlen. Koln—Wien, 1990.
Ph as. Le ica 1638: Ph aseologia Le ica / Das is : Tägliche Geb auch de Le -
ischen Sp ache. Ve e ig / du ch Geo gium Mancelium Semgallum / De H. Sch i
Licen ia um &c. Ande Theil. Diesem is beyge üge das Sp uchbuch Salomonis. Zu
Riga Ged uck nnd Ve leg du ch Ge ha d Sch öde / 1638.
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nius: Mokslas, 1990.
ILGA JANSONE
164 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
Sehwe s Johannes 1953: Sp achlich-kul u his o ische Un e suchungen o nehmlich
übe den deu schen Ein luβ im Le ischen. Be lin, 1953.
Smoczyński Wojciech 2007: Słownik e ymologiczny języka li ewskiego. Vilnius: Vil-
niaus uni e si e o leidykla, 2007.
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Sp og. En sp oghis o isk Unde søgelse. Københa n: Bianco Lunos Kgl. Ho -Bog ykke i.
Ulmann Ca l Ch is ian 1872: Le isches Wö e buch. E s e Theil. Le -
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H. B u ze & Co.
Zeps Valdis 1962: La ian and Finnic linguis ic con e gences. Indiana Uni e si y.
Гамкрелидзе Тамаз В., Иванов Вячеслав В. 1984: Индоевропейский язык
и индоевропейцы 1–2. Тбилиси: Издательство Тбилисского университета, 1984.
Непокупный Анатолий Павлович 1966: Лингво- и зоогеографические
замечания к взаимосвязи балт. gulbis и слав. kъlpь. – Bal is ica 2(1). Vilnius: Min -
is, 81–87.
Сталтмане Велта 1981: Латышская антропонимия. Фамилии. Mосква: Наука.
Топоров Владимир Николаевич: Прусский язык. Словарь. A–L. Mосква:
Наука, 1975–1990.
ЭСРЯ – Фасмер Мaкс. Этимологический словарь русского языка 1–4. Москва:
Прогресс, 1964–1973.
Vidžemės sodybų pa adinimai, suponuo i
o ni onimų (paukščių pa adinimų): 1826 m.
Vidžemės gube nijos kadas o duomenys
SANTRAUKA
S aipsnyje ap a iami 505 Vidžemės gube nijos (1826 m. kadas o duomenimis) so-
dybų pa adinimai, suda y i iš o ni onimų. Daugelis paukščių pa adinimų, supona usių
Vidžemės sodybų į a dijimus, y a dažni bend inės la ių kalbos apelia y ai, p z.: balodis,
bezdelīga, dzenis, kaija, s azds, ā na, anags, žaga a, cī ulis, z i bulis, ālodze, laks īgala. Iš
iso Vidžemės sodybų pa adinimus supona usių o onimų suskaičiuo a 43, ku ių daugu-
ma – laukinių paukščių į a dijimai, 3 naminių paukščių a dai, hipe onimas pu ns, dažnas
hiponimas gailis, pasi aikan is dū iniuose pu ( a)gailis, mež(a)gailis, eze gailis, udz(u)gailis
S aipsniai / A icles 165
Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma-
e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826
and sil(a)gailis. Kai ku ie o ni onimai a ojami e ai i ik pa ienėse šnek ose, p z.: pelēda,
s ads i s ods, žīgu s bei žēgu s. Nus a y a, kad kai ku ie minė ų dialek izmų bu o ku
kas plačiau a ojami XIX a. p adžioje, plg., pa yzdžiui, sodybų pa adinimus su o ni on-
imais pelēda i s azds. Skoliniai iš y ų bal ų a kaimyninių kalbų Vidžemės sodybų pa-
adinimų da yboje a ojami labai e ai, plg. lie. an is „Anas“, o. En e „ . p.“, es. kajakas
„La us“, es. dial. kikas „Gallus“ (galbū i ly . kik „ . p.“), kukk „ . p.“, luik „Cycnus“, u.
утка „Anas“, курица „Gallina“.
Dauguma la ių sodybų pa adinimų, e lek uojančių apelia y inės kilmės o ni oni-
mus, y a onoma opėjinės kilmės. Daugelis šių apelia y ų, a ojamų la ių i lie u ių kal-
bose, y a os pačios kilmės.
Į eik a 2015 m. ugpjūčio 14 d.
ILGA JANSONE
LU La iešu alodas ins i ū s
Akadēmijas laukums 1, LV-1050 Rīga, La ija
ilgaja[email p o ec ed]