Housenames of Fauna (Bird Names) Semantics in Vidzeme: Materials of Historical (Souls) Revisions in Vidzeme Guberniya 1826

130 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII ILGA JANSONE La ian Language Ins i u e, Uni e si y o La ia Fields o esea ch: onomas ics, seman ics, lexicology, dialec ology. HOUSENAMES OF FAUNA (BIRD NAMES) SEMANTICS IN VIDZEME: MATERIALS OF HISTORICAL (SOULS) REVISIONS IN VIDZEME GUBERNIYA 18261 Vidžemės sodybų pa adinimai, suponuo i o ni onimų (paukščių pa adinimų): 1826 m. Vidžemės gube nijos kadas o duomenys2 ANNOTATION A o al o 505 housenames o Vidzeme con aining a bi d name and men ioned in he Vidzeme Gube nya (souls) e ision ma e ials o 1826 ha e been analyzed in he a icle. Mos o ni holexemes used in Vidzeme housenames a e widely known and used appela- i es in he mode n La ian language, o example, balodis, bezdelīga, dzenis, kaija, s azds, ā na, anags, žaga a, cī ulis, z i bulis, ālodze, laks īgala. A o al numbe o La ian lex- emes in Vidzeme housenames amoun s o 43 uni s and hey e e o wild bi ds, whe eas h ee La ian lexemes e e o domes ic bi ds, and also he gene al lexeme pu ns and he lexeme wi h a high deg ee o gene aliza ion – gailis oge he wi h compounds pu ( a)gai- lis, mež(a)gailis, eze gailis, udz(u)gailis and sil(a)gailis. The bi d names used only in ce ain subdialec s such as pelēda, s ads and s ods, žīgu s, and žēgu s ha e seldom been used. I 1 The a icle has been w i en wi hin he amewo k o he p ojec “S udies in he La ian Lan- guage in he 21s Cen u y Con ex ” o he S a e unded esea ch p og amme “Le onica – His- o y, Languages, Cul u e, Values o La ia”. 2 S aipsnio engimas inansuo as La ijos Respublikos Nacionalinės mokslinių y imų p o- g amos „Le onica – La ijos is o ija, kalba, kul ū a, e ybės“ p ojek o „La ių kalbos y imai XXI a. kon eks e“ lėšomis. S aipsniai / A icles 131 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 was obse ed ha some o he lexemes om mode n subdialec s we e mo e widely known and used in he beginning o he 19 h cen u y, o example, housenames wi h bi d names pelēda and s azds. Bo owings om ela ed and con ac languages ha e been used in he nomina ion o Vidzeme housenames e y seldom, only possible bo owings om Li hu- anian (an is ʻduckʼ), Ge man (En e ʻduckʼ), Es onian (kajakas ʻgullʼ, subdial. kikas (possibly, Li ’s kik) ʻ oos e ʼ, kukk ʻ oos e ʼ, luik ʻswanʼ), and Russian (утка ʻduckʼ, курица ʻhenʼ) lan- guages ha e been es ablished. The appela i es o bi d names used in he nomina ion o housenames in he La ian language a e mos ly o he de i ed e ymology linked wi h ei he onoma opoeic e bs and/ o designa ions o sounds emi ed by bi ds; mos o hose wo ds ha e a common o igin in La ian and Li huanian languages. KEYWORDS: His o ical (Souls) Re isions, Vidzeme, Housenames, Bi d Names. ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje analizuojami 505 sodybų pa adinimai, už iksuo i Vidžemės gube nijos 1826 m. kadas e, suda y i iš o ni onimų. Daugelis paukščių pa adinimų, supona usių Vidžemės sodybų į a dijimus, plačiai a ojami kaip apelia y ai ne ik bend inėje la ių kalboje, be i jos šnek ose. Skoliniai iš y ų bal ų a kaimyninių kalbų Vidžemės sodybų pa adinimų da ybai a ojami labai e ai. Dauguma la ių sodybų pa adinimų, e lek uojančių apelia y inės kilmės o ni oni- mus, y a onoma opėjinės kilmės. Daugelis šių apelia y ų, a ojamų la ių i lie u ių kal- bose, y a os pačios kilmės. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: kadas as, Vidžemė, sodybų pa adinimai, paukščių pa adinimai (o ni onimai). In his o ical onomas ics, his o ical (souls) e ision ma e ials con aining bo h oponyms and an h oponyms a e impo an . The e ision ma e ials om Vidzeme ha e been p ese ed be e and collec ed mo e accu a ely, ha is why he pape p o ides an insigh in o he housenames o auna (bi d) seman ics om one egion o La ia – Vidzeme; besides, simila i ies ha e also been ob- se ed in Ku zeme. The i s his o ical (souls) e ision in Vidzeme Gube nya ook place in 1782, and i was ecognized as he ou h e ision o Russian gube nyas. Subsequen e isions ook place a ei he sho e o longe in e als: he i h e ision – in ILGA JANSONE 132 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII 1795, he six h e ision – in 1811, he se en h e ision – in 1816, he eigh h e- ision – in 1834, he nin h e ision – in 1850, and he las e ision – in 1858. In he e ision documen s o mansions, he esiden s o p i a e and c own mansions and o associa ed household s uc u es (semi-mansions, a ms eads, pubs, mills, and o he s), as well as o pas o al mansions we e lis ed. By 1816 on- ly men had been lis ed, and i is e y likely ha he da e is no accu a e. Since 1816 all pe sons i espec i e o hei sex and age we e lis ed. The e ision o 1826 was no ega ded as a sepa a e e en (i is conside ed a epe i ion o he e ision o 1816); howe e , i was o pa amoun impo ance as peasan s wi h hei su names we e egis e ed, namely, his o ical e ision ma e ials included bo h housenames and ull names – i s names, las names, pa onyms ac oss Vidzeme Gube niya o he i s ime, hus allowing o es ablish a connec ion be ween housenames and su names. I would be wo h w i ing an o e iew abou he spelling in he ma e ials o he his o ical e ision o ploughs and names because hei o hog aphy had 3 La ian S a e His o ical A chi es. PICTURE 1. Exce p om he his o ical e ision ma e ials o Vidzeme Gube niya in 1826 om Aloja p i a e mansion. (LVVA3 ounda ion n . 199, desc ip ion n . 1, ile n . 17, p. 8.) S aipsniai / A icles 133 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 been in luenced no only by cle ks’ w i ing skills bu also o en imes low skills o he La ian language as e idenced by many pa allel o ms and also he spell- ing o sepa a e names in he Ge man language, o example, he designa ions o he objec s – Gesinde, Ho lage, Buschwäch e , Lande, K ug, Mühle, desc ip i e da a o a pe son – Wi scha , Sohn, F au, e c., in some cases desc ip i e and de- ining designa ions o housenames – Al , Neu we e usually w i en in Ge man. The 18 h and 19 h cen u y his o ical e isions in Vidzeme ook place in 686 mansions, and se e al ones we e uni ed du ing he e isions in 1826 and 1834. The numbe o household names included in he lis s o he his o ical e- isions o Vidzeme Gube niya in 1826 each 14,500, including independen a ms eads e aining hei o iginal household name, o example, in 1826 he e we e six houses wi h he same name Dſe wan in he Vecbeb u p i a e mansion o Koknese Pa ish bu in he Piņķu mansion o Piņķu Pa ish ou houses wi h he name Dſilne we e men ioned, and ou ones wi h he name Dumpe. The numbe o housenames o auna seman ics o als 1,065 uni s, which is 7.34 pe cen o he o al numbe o Vidzeme housenames, p o ided ha e e y uni eco ded by he his o ical e ision o Vidzeme is conside ed a sepa a e housename. The da a we e also ob ained om hose mansions ha did no ha e he egis e ed ma e ials o 1826, and so hey we e ob ained om he e isions o 1816 and 1834. O he men ioned 1,065 uni s, 560 o 3.86 pe cen a e mo i a ed housenames con aining an animal name (mammals, ep iles, amphibians, and o he s), bu 505 o 3.48 pe cen a e mo i a ed housenames con aining a bi d name. I is possible o w i e abou he o ma ion o peasan s’ a ms eads in Vidzeme since he 15 h cen u y. I is likely ha he i s housenames we e hen c ea ed; howe e , ela i ely eliable in o ma ion is a ailable om he i s hal o he 17 h cen u y. The numbe o peasan s’ a ms eads inc eased in he 19 h cen u y as a esul o kin spli ing leading o new own a ms eads and also as a esul o buying ou enancy houses. Thus, i is ypical o he cul u al en i onmen o o eg ound a ms eads well me ged wi h he na u al scene y. The p oximi y o La ians o na u e as e lec ed bo h in La ian olk songs and belie s and also in he choice o sac ed places and abode could no bu in luence housenames. Al hough he housename g oup o auna seman ics is no big, i does show he La ian modus i endi a he ime when houses go hei names. When choosing a housename, he owne s did no usually p e e a speci - ic species o bi ds ( o example, bal pie es zoss ʻwhi e- on ed gooseʼ, meža zoss ʻg ey-lag gooseʼ, īsknābja zoss ʻpink- oo ed gooseʼ); a lexeme ha co esponds o a designa ion o a species used in common La ian o a subdialec (o en bu no consequen ly i may co espond o a genus o a subspecies) is p ac ically ILGA JANSONE 134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII always used (in he a o emen ioned example zoss – ‘goose’), and also a lex- eme o a species ha co esponds o a gene alized no ion abou a speci ic bi d ha is usually nes ing close o a peasan ’s house o he lexemes o hose bi ds hun ed as game. In some cases, bi ds making dis inc sounds became used in housenames. The lexeme ha is a gene alized join designa ion o se e al spe- cies in common La ian and / o subdialec s will be e e ed o as o ni holex- eme in he p esen a icle ( he o ni holexeme o he a o emen ioned example is zoss). Al hough he classi ica ion o o ni holexemes poses di icul ies connec ed wi h he iden i ica ion o speci ic bi d species, namely, hei a ibu ion o a spe- ci ic genus, o example, bi ds sā ais s azds ʻSwainson’s h ushʼ, mājas s azds ʻs a lingʼ and aibais zemess azds ʻg oundsc ape h ushʼ belong o he u didae amily, bu nied u s azds ʻ eed wa ble ʼ, melnais meža s azds ʻ o es ock h ushʼ, dziedā ājs azds ʻsong h ushʼ, pelēkais s azds ʻg ey-cheeked h ushʼ, meln īkles s azds ʻblack h oa ed h ushʼ, apkakles s azds ʻ ing h ushʼ and sila s azds ʻwood h ushʼ belong o he lyca che s (Muscicapidae) amily. The a icle e e s o he o ni hological classi ica ion acco ding o he o de . O 18 bi d o de s (La ijas daba 4, 203–207) es ablished in La ia, bi d names o 13 di e en o de s we e used in he designa ion o housenames. A di e en analysis was done wi h e e ence o mo i a ed housenames con aining poul y names, o example, is a ʻa henʼ, cālis ʻa chickʼ, and also housenames wi h a gene alized bi d name pu ns ʻa bi dʼ and a lexeme gailis ʻa oos e ʼ. Mo i a ed housenames wi h an o ni holexeme gailis ʻa oos e ʼ belong o a sepa a e g oup because many compound names con ain his lexeme and can be designa ions o a ious bi d amilies in colloquial and / o hun e s’ p o- essional lexicon. TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE PASSERIFORMES ORDER P e e ence was gi en o he s udy o bi d names o he passe i o mes o de in Vidzeme housenames, which al oge he make up 147 uni s o 29 pe cen o all mo i a ed housenames con aining bi d names. Howe e , in he nomina ion o housenames con aining wel e designa ions o bi d species o his o de , he mos popula amily was he pa idae amily ep esen ed by such lexemes as zīle ʻ om i ʼ and zīlī e ʻ i ʼ. The li e a y name zīle is he mos widesp ead bi d name in he nomina ion o housenames; i appea s in 32 housenames al oge he . I should be admi ed ha he lexeme zīle in he La ian language has homonyms, and i is possible S aipsniai / A icles 135 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 ha in he nomina ion o housenames a homonym designa ing an aco n – an oak ee ui – had been used. The housename lexeme zīle is used in he base o m (Sihle4, Siehle, Siele), and compound names (Jaun Sihl5, We z Sihl, Wezs Sihle, Kaln Sihle, Kalne Sihle, Leies Sihle, Leijes Sihle, Meſche Sihle, Siehle Alksne, Siehle Kaln Jahn, Siehle Pu e Tanne, Siehle Wawu , Siele Gus , Siele Jahn, Siele Ja ze, Siele Pe e ). The appella i e zīle was included in he i s La ian dic iona ies o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies6 (c . Sihle a, die Meiʃe Lange 1773: 296). The name o om i is he same bo h in La ian and Li huanian (c . Li h. zlė o žlė); howe e , i is di e en in Old P ussian (c . P us. sineco Mažiulis IV 110–111) which has an- alogue names in Sla ic languages (c . e. g., Czech sinice, Polish sinica, Uk ain- ian синця, Old Sla onic синица). The e a e di e en hypo heses abou he e ymology o he name7. Jānis Endzelīns links he o igin o zīle wi h he name o he colou zils – ‘blue’ (ME IV 732). This hypo hesis is suppo ed by E ns F aenkel (LEW 1309) and admi ed by Max Vasme who indica ed ha ini ial- ly he name designa ed a speci ic species – zilzīlī e (Pa us cae uleus). The link be ween he o ni holexeme wi h he bi d’s sounds, namely he onoma opoe ic o igin, has been men ioned in M. Vasme ’s Russian Dic iona y o E ymolo- gy and Kons an īns Ka ulis’ La ian Dic iona y o E ymology (ЭСРЯ III 625, LEV II 559). K. Ka ulis men ions he possible link be ween he lexeme zīle wi h he e b zinā ʻ o knowʼ, and his obse a ions a ise om he ac ha in La - ian and Li huanian olklo e zīle is adi ionally connec ed wi h o une- ell- ing (LEV II 559). The mos plausible o all hypo heses abou he lexeme zīle is onoma opoe ic. 4 The pa an heses indica e he es ablished spelling o ms o o ni holexemes om he e ision ma e ials om he whole Vidzeme Gube nya. 5 The a icle does no analyze wo d o ms and compounds in de ail because hei second compo- nen s usually ha e no connec ion wi h a speci ic bi d name; hese componen s usually di e en- ia e housenames. 6 Fo he sake o compa ison, he i s dic iona ies Le us wi h Ph aseologia Le ica o he La ian language w i en by Geo gius Mancelius and he La ian–Ge man Dic iona y edi ed by Jakob Lange li ing in Vidzeme we e used. In some cases o he dic iona ies o he 17 h and 19 h cen- u ies we e e e ed o. 7 Fo explana ion o e ymologies, mainly dic iona ies o he Bal ic languages indica ing e ymol- ogy (ME, LEV, LEW, Smoczyński 2007), some e ymological dic ona ies o language con ac s (EES, ЭСРЯ) as well as some comp ehensi e s udies on he e ymologies o Bal ic and o he In- do-Eu opean languages (Sabaliauskas 1990, Гамкрелидзе & Иванов 1984, Sehwe s 1953) we e used. Indi idual au ho s’ a icles abou he e ymology o a speci ic lexeme we e occassionally e e ed o. ILGA JANSONE 136 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII Only h ee housenames can be linked wi h he e minological designa ion o he ep esen a i e species o zīlī e. The lexeme zīlī e in housenames occu s only in he p incipal o m (Sihlih , Sihli ). The appella i e zīlī e had al eady been included in he i s 17 h–18 h cen u- y dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . ein Meißchen/Sieli e/nedʃe Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279) whe e i appea s along wi h he name sniedze ʻsnow bi dʼ, bu i s Ge man designa ion co esponds o he name zīlī e. A lexeme zīlī e is he diminu i e o m o he lexeme zīle ha was o med wi h a adi ional deminu- i e su ix -ī e. The second mos popula bi d names appea ing in Vidzeme housenames belong o he co idae bi d names ep esen ed as o ni holexemes ka akuls ‘ a enʼ, aga e ‘magpieʼ, ko a is ‘jackdawʼ. The appella i e ka akuls is connec ed wi h 19 housenames. The lexeme k auklis appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m, usu- ally in he eminine (K aukle, K auckle), in de i a i e o ms (K aukel, K aukli , K auklin), and wo d g oups (K aukle K ug, K auckle K ug, K auklu K ug, K isch K aukle je z Jaun K aukle genann , We z K aukle je z Jahn K aukle genann ). The appella i e k auklis had al eady been included in he i s 17 h–18 h cen- u y dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . Raab/K aucklis Le us 1638: 138; Rabe/K auklis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; K auklis as, eine Rabe Lange 1773: 156); i is common bo h in La ian and Li huanian (c . Li h. k aukls ʻc owʼ and k iau- kls ʻ a enʼ) and can be linked wi h sound e bs La . k aucinâ , k aukâ , kŗauk , Li h. k aũk i ʻk ächzen ( o caw)ʼ imi a ing bi d sounds (ME II 263, LEW 290, LEV I 420). All he men ioned sou ces indica e ha he Sla ic k ukъ ʻ a enʼ is o onoma opeic o igin. O less equen appea ance in Vidzeme’s housenames is he o ni holexeme žaga a ʻmagpieʼ (13 uni s al oge he ). The lexeme žaga a appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Saga , Sagga , Schaga , Schagga ), in de i a i es (Schagga en), and in wo d g oups (Kaln Schagga , Lei Schagga ). The appella i e žaga a had al eady been included in he i s 17 h and 18 h dic- iona ies o he La ian language (c . Spech /Schagga a Le us 1638: 171; Eeʃ e / Hechʃ e /Schagga a Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; Schagga a a, ein Heiʃ e Lange 1773: 272). J. Endzelīns conside s he wo d žaga a o be a bo owing om Li huanian žaga a ME IV 786; K. Ka ulis admi s he o igin o his wo d as a c ea ion om sound imi a ion (LEV II 575). Only one housename con ains an o ni holexeme ko ā nis ʻjackdawʼ. The lexeme ko ā nis appea s only as an app op ia e o m o he co espond- ing appella i e (Kowah n). S aipsniai / A icles 137 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 The appella i e ko ā nis had al eady been included in he i s 17 h and 18 h cen u y dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . Kohwah s as, eine Dohle Lange 1773: 155). The oo o he wo d co esponds o he designa ion o a wo d ā na o he co acii o mes o de o he co acidae amily, and in some language g oups (Bal ic, Sla ic, Tocha ian languages) i is a new phone ic o ma ion wi h he ini ial sound *- om he p o o- oo *k[h]o -n-, e. g., Li h. á na, P us. wa ne8 (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540). K. Ka ulis indica es ha an appella i e ko ā nis is a compound (LEV II 489), bu J. Endzelīns only e e s o analogous o ms in o he languages, e. g., Small Russ. кáворон ʻSaa sk äheʼ, Slo enian kâ an ʻKolk abeʼ (ME II 350). The hi d mos popula amily o bi ds used in he nomina ion o housenames is ha o he s u nidae o he passe i o mes o de ep esen ed in such o - ni holexemes as s azds and s ads/ s ods. An appella i e s azds appea s in 12 housenames. The lexeme s azds appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m – usu- ally in he eminine gende (S asde), in de i a i e o ms (S asdin), and in wo d g oups (Leel S asd, Leel S asde, Mas S asda, Mas S asde, Kalne S asde, Leijes S asde). The appella i e s azds ʻ h ush; s a lingʼ had al eady been included in he i s 17 h and 18 h dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . D ohʃʃel/Sp een/S aʃ- da Ph as. Le ica 1638: 280; S aʃds as, ein K amme s ogel Lange 1773: 328). As indica ed by Vyachesla I ano and Tamaz Gamk elidze, he name in se e al old Indo-Eu opean dialec s in Eu ope o igina ed om sound imi a ion, o ex- ample, P us. esde, Li h. s ãzdas, La . s azds; howe e , i a G eek στρουϑός ʻspa owʼ can be conside ed a sound imi a ion, i means ha in old Indo-Eu- opean dialec s o Eu ope he name o s azds would be conside ed a seman ic inno a ion (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 541; see also ME III 1083, LEW 920). Less han 9 housenames connec ed wi h he dialec al lexemes s ads and s ods appea in he Eas o Vidzeme and also La gale (see ME III 1080). Dialec ical lexemes s ads and s ods in housenames appea in he p incipal o m, usually in he eminine (S adde, S odde), in de i a i e o ms (S adding), and in wo d g oups (Isſand S adde, Leies S odde). The appella i e s ads o igina ed as a esul o he sound changes o s azds (ME III 1080). 8 La ian ã na can be added o he Li huanian and P ussian o ms, and his ac has no been men ioned in Vyachesla I ano ’s and Tamaz Gamk elidze’s s udy. ILGA JANSONE 138 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII In he nomina ion o housenames only a ew bi d names o he alaudidae amily appea , and he co esponding o ni holexeme is cī ulis ʻla kʼ. The appel- la i e cī ulis appea s in 19 housenames. The lexeme cī ulis appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Zi ul, Zih ul, Zie ul, Zie ull), and in wo d g oups (Wezz Zih ul, Al Zie ul, Jaun Zih ul, Neu Zie ul). The appella i e cī ( )ulis had al eady been included in he i s 17 h and 18 h cen u y dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . Le ch/Zie wuls Le us 1638: 116; ein Le che/Zih wulis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 277; Zih ulis as, eine Le che Lange 1773: 402). The e is no gene al ag eemen as o he o igin o he wo d cī u- lis, howe e , mos esea che s hink ha i o igina ed om a sound imi a ion (ME I 291–292, LEW 70, LEV I 181). Li huanian c ulis, cy uls is hough o be bo owed om La ian o Cou onian languages (ME I 291–292, LEW 70, Sabaliauskas 1990: 270). Ojā s Bušs in his analysis o he Cou onian and quasi-Cou onian wo ds in s anda d La ian indica es ha he wo d cī ulis in he La ian language should no be conside ed a Cou onian wo d (Bušs 2008 [1988]: 186), bu he sp ead o he o ni holexeme in Li huanian is shown in he p ospec us o he A las o he Bal ic languages (BVA 2009: 94–95). The bi d names o he passe idae amily a e used o o e en imes in he nomina ion o housenames and ep esen ed by he s anda d o ni holexeme z i bulis and i s dialec ical a ia ion žīgu s. The appella i e z i bulis ʻspa owʼ appea s in he nomina ion o h ee housenames. The lexeme z i bulis in housenames appea s in he p incipal o m (Swi bul) and wo d g oups (Kallne Swi bul, Leijes Swi bul). The appella i e z i bulis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Spe ling/Swi buls Le - us 1638: 171; ein Spe ling/Swi bulis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 280; Swi bulis as, de Spe ling Lange 1773: 339). The e ymology o z i bulis is no clea . I is ela ed o Li huanian ž ì blis (ME IV 776–777, LEW 1328); howe e , i s u he de elop- men has been widely s udied. E. F aenkel links i wi h he Old Chu ch Sla on- ic abii ʻz i bulisʼ, Czech abec, Polish w óbel, e c. (LEW 1328), J. Endzelīns indica es he possible con amina ion be ween he wo ds o he oo i b- and he wo ds o he ini ial sound z-, namely, ž- (ME IV 777), whe eas Wojciech Smoczyński es o es he common oo appea ing in he Bal ic and Sla ic lan- guages *a b-/*i b- (Smoczyński 2007: 796). A mo e popula e sion is he dialec al žīgu s (a ī žēgu s) ha appea s in 11 housenames. Dialec al lexemes žīgu s and žēgu s appea in housenames bo h in he p in- cipal o m (Schigu , Schiggu , Sihgu ) and in wo d g oups (Kalne Schägu , Kalne Schiggu , Kalne Leies Schägu , Leijes Schiggu , Leies Leies Schägu , Kaup Schehgu , S aipsniai / A icles 145 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 Topo o indica es ha on he basis o he designa ion Ay egenis (lesse spo ed woodpecke ) in P ussian, genis (in P ussian) can be conside ed Nomen ac . om he Bal ic *gen- ʻsis ʼ (bea , hi ) (Топоров E–H 205–206). The appella i e dzilna appea s in he nomina ion o eigh housenames. The lexeme dzilna appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Dſilne), in de i a i e o ms (Dſilnan), and in wo d g oups (Jaun Dſilne, We z Dſilne, Meſche Dſilne, Tih um Dſilne). The appella i e dzilna had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . g ün Spech /Dʃillna Ph as. Le ica 1638: 280; Dʃilna a, ein gelblich e Spech Lange 1773: 90); di e en opin- ions ha e been exp essed abou i s e ymology. J. Endzelīns ela es La . dzilna o La . dzl s ʻgelb (yellow)ʼ (ME I 550), E. F aenkel includes La . dzina, dzil- nis, Li h. gilnà in he en y gél i ʻs echen, weh un (physisch und psychisch) ( o punc u e, o ca e, o in lic pain (physically and psychically))ʼ (LEW 145–146). K. Ka ulis also men ions i s ela ion o IDE *dhelbh- ʻ o dig, o hollow ou ʼ (LEV I 253). TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE COLUMBIFORMES ORDER Bi d names balodis ʻpigeonʼ and ūbele ʻ u ledo eʼ om he columbidae amily o he columbi o me o de appea in he nomina ion o housenames. Housenames o igina ing om bi d names o he columbi o me o de cons i u e 33 uni s o 6.5 pe cen o he objec s o he a ian seman ics. The o ni holexeme balodis appea s in 19 housenames; i is he six h mos popula o ni holexeme. The lexeme balodis appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Balod, Ballod, Ballohd, Ballohds, Ballosch), in de i a i e o ms (Ballodan, Balloden, Ballodin), and in wo d g oups (Kallne Ballod, Leijes Ballod). Ob iously, he es ablished o m Ballud is a dialec ical a ian o he lexeme om Alūksne pa ish. The appella i e balodis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . aub/ ballohdis Le us 1638: 181; Taube/Ballohdis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; ballodis as, die Taube Lange 1773: 49); i is possible o ela e i o he common lexicon o he Bal ic languag- es (c . Li h. balañdis), and he common designa ion in he Bal ic languages is ha o a colou (c . La . bal s, Li h. bãlas, bál as) (see ME I 259–260, LEW 31, Smoczyński 2007: 42). The e was an endea ou o ela e bo h names in he Bal ic languages wi h he Osse ian bælon ʻmājas balodisʼ in he 20 h cen u y hus b oadening he e ymological link om he a ea o he Bal ic languages o he ILGA JANSONE 146 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII a eas o he Bal ic and Indo-I anian languages (see Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984 (2)I 602; Sabaliauskas 1990: 29; Ka aliūnas I 77; ME I 259–260). The appella i e deno ing pigeons – dūja wi h a ce ain p esen -day conno a- ion appea s in he nomina ion o en housenames. The lexeme dūja in housenames appea s in he p incipal o m (Duije, Duijes) and wo d g oups (Mesche Duije, Kalne Duije/ Kalne Duje, Leijes Duje). In addi ion, housenames wi h he lexeme ūja appea as well. All housenames a e ei he wo d g oups (S upp Thujes, Ga Thujes, Jaun Thujes, We z Thujes, Tuhjas Melſup) o combined g oups (La wan Tuhjan, And e Tuhjan) used only in Lēdmane’s p i a e mansion o Liel ā de pa ish, Bučauska’s p i a e mansion o Ces aine pa ish, and also in Alūksne mano house. Ano he designa ion o a pigeon – dū e had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language (c . Duhwe, duhwiņa, eine zahme Taube Lange 1773: 93). I housenames wi h he lexeme dūja can de ini ely ela e o he seman ic g oup o auna, he housenames wi h a pa allel lexeme ūja pose di icul ies. Only o hog aphically hese housenames can be ela ed o he seman ic g oup o lo a; howe e , in he colloquial speech he name dzī ībaskoks (in La in Thu- ja occiden alis) appea s mo e equen ly. And i we conside he name o Tūja’s mansion o Liepupe pa ish, we may conclude ha he name o he mansion Tūja is no o he lo a seman ics, bu i is a name o he auna seman ics. The Ge man name Taubenho (Ge man Taube ʻpigeonʼ, Ho ʻmansionʼ) is he eason o he e ymological explana ion and can be ela ed o he name o a pidgeon – dūja whe e : d shi could ha e been in luenced by Ge man Taube. The au ho s o “Bal isches his o isches O slexikon” (see O slexikon II 637) indica e such an e ymology. The Ge man name o he Tūja mansion K agenho in Alūksne pa ish does no p o ide an answe , bu i s La ian name is also ela ed o he name o dūja, namely, om 1631 ill 1791 he owne s o he he Tūja mansion we e ep esen a i es o on Taub amily (see O slexikon II 298). E ymologically, he lexeme dūja is a bo owing om MLG dū e, and hence La ian dū e which u ned in o dūja as a esul o he deminu i e dū iņa > dū- jiņa (ME I 524, Sehwe s 1953: 178). The o ni holexeme ūbele appea s in ou housenames whe e i is bo h in he p incipal o m (Ubel, Uhbels/ Uhbel/ Uhbele) and in wo d g oups (Ubel K ug, Uhbel Gesinde). The appella i e ūbele had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Tu el aube/Ubele Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; Uhbele a, eine Tu el aube Lange 1773: 362). This is an on- oma opoeic wo d o igina ing om he sound e b ūbuô (ME IV 403, LEV II 448). S aipsniai / A icles 147 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE FALCONIFORMES ORDER Bi d names o he alconi o mes o de used o be ac i ely used in he nom- ina ion o Vidzeme housenames; hey make up he o al o 32 uni s o 6.3 pe cen o all he bi d names in mo i a ed housenames. The mos popula names a e om he accipi idae amily and wo bi d names o his amily we e used; he ollowing o ni holexemes a e anags ʻhawkʼ and ē glis ʻeagleʼ. The appella i e anags appea s in he nomina ion o 30 housenames, and oge he wi h he ap- pella i e dzenis i sha es he second place in he use o o ni holexemes. The lexeme anags appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Wan- ag, Wannag, Wannags, Waagge), in de i a i e o ms (Wannadſen), in compounds (Pollowannag), and in wo d g oups (Kalne Vannag, Leies Vannag, Leijes Wannag, Pu e Wannag, Ogelneck Wannag). The appella i e anags had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Habich/Wannags Le us 1638,82; ein Habich /Wannags Ph as. Le ica 1638, 277; Wannags as, de Habich Lange 1773, 377). A. Sabaliauskas ela es La . anags oge he wi h Li h. ãna- gas, P us. spe gla anagis o he common lexical s a um o he Bal ic languag- es (Sabaliauskas 1990: 152). The u he wo d e ymology is no clea enough (possible a ian s o e ymolgy discussed in LEW 1194 and LEV II 481–482; ME IV 468). Only one housename con ains he lexeme ē glis, and i is only in he p inci- pal o m o he eminine gende (E gle). The appella i e ē glis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Adle /Eh ghle Le - us 1638, 18; ein Adle /Eh gliß Ph as. Le ica 1638, 277; Eh glis as, de Adle Lange 1773, 110); i has e ained he old oo *he/o - in all he Bal ic languages om which La . ḕ glis, Li h. dial. a ẽlis, e ẽlis, P us. a elie (=a elis) o igina ed (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 538; conce ning he P ussian a elie see also Топоров A–D 101–102). Only one housename has he o ni holexeme piekūns ʻ alconʼ in he o m ap- p op ia e o he appella i e Peekun om he alconidae amily. I is possible ha he appella i e piekūns was included in Ca l Ch is ian Ul- mann’s La ian-Ge man dic iona y o 1872 o he i s ime (c . peekuhns, ein g oße Flake Ullmann 1872: 194). J. Endzelīns men ions he possible La h. Piec- es ela ion o Go hic igu es inge ( inge )ʼ and a ghan anged (sna ch a , ca ch, seize)ʼ (ME III 262). ILGA JANSONE 148 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE GALLIFORMES ORDER Names o he galli o mes o de ha e been ac i ely used in Vidzeme housenames; hey cons i u e a o al o 30 uni s o 5.9 pe cen o all he bi d names in mo i a ed housenames. The mos popula o his o de we e wo des- igna ions om he e aonidae amily ep esen ed in he housenames by such o ni holexemes as mednis ʻwood g ouseʼ, ubenis ʻblack g ouseʼ and e e is ʻhea h- cockʼ. The appella i e mednis appea s in he nomina ion o 11 housenames in Vidzeme. The lexeme mednis appea s in housenames in he p incipal o m, usually in he eminine (Medna, Medne), and in wo d g oups (Medne Zenne, Muisches K i- pan Mednes). The appella i e mednis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Meddens Mednis, ein Aue hahn Lange 1773: 187). La . mednis (wi h i s olde o m medenis) de i ed om *medinis, which co esponds o Li h. adj. medinis ʻwooden,’ (ME II 590, LEV I 575–576). Bo h lexemes o he e ao e ix amily appea in he housenames o Vidzeme: he appella i e ubenis was a mo i a ing wo d in eigh housenames bu e e is – in se en housenames. The lexeme ubenis appea s in housenames in he p incipal o m (Rubben, Rubbin) and wo d g oups (G osz Rubben, Klein Rubben, Mas Rubben, Rubben Ansch, Rubben Ma z, Tupeſchan Rubben). The appella i e ubenis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Bi ckhun/Te e is/Rub- benis Le us 1638: 35; Bi ckhan/Te e is/ Rubbenis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; Rub- bens as, ein Bi khuhn Lange 1773: 253). J. Endzelīns and E. F aenkel exp essed opposi e opinions abou La . Rubenis: J. Endzelīns hinks ha he name o a bi d de i es om he sound e b ubinâ ʻu e ma ing-callsʼ (ME III 552), whe eas E. F aenkel showed ha he sound e b de i ed om he subs an i e La . ubenis (LEW 744). In he explana ion o he e ymology a mo e usual ap- p oach is he di ec ion - ʽsound e bʼ → ʻbi d nameʼ. The lexeme e e is appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Te e ), in de i a i e o m (Te e i ), and in wo d g oups (Kaln Te e , Leijes Te e ). The appella i e e e is had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Bi ckhun/Te e is/Rubbenis Le us 1638: 35; Bi ckhan/Te e is/Rubbenis Ph as. Le ica 1638: 279; Te e is as, Bi khahn Lange 1773: 348). The onoma opoeic eduplica ed oo * [h]e [h](e) is S aipsniai / A icles 149 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 equen in bi d names in all he main IDE dialec al g oups, e.g., P us. a a - wis ‘ emale o he black g ouseʼ, Li h. e e à ʻ e e isʼ, La . e e is, bu he age o he name does no pe mi o es ablish he ini ial meaning and he speci ic bi d species ha we e designa ed by he lexemes o he oo (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540; see also Būga 1908: 138, ME IV 169, Sabaliauskas 1990: 35, LEW 1084–1085). Bi d names o he phasianidae amily appea less equen ly in he nomina- ion o housenames and hey a e ep esen ed by o ni holexemes i be ʻpa idgeʼ and paipala ʻquailʼ. Housenames wi h he lexeme i be we e coun ed as hose be- longing o he phasianidae amily o which lauki be ʻg ey pa idge, Pe dix pe dixʼ belongs and is he mos popula pa idge species, whe eas sa ukā meži be ʻhazel g ouse, Bonasia bonasiaʼ and bal i be ʻwillow p a migan, Lagopus lagopus,ʼ acco ding o he las changes in he classi ica ion, belong o he e ao e ix amily. The appella i e i be appea s in h ee Vidzeme housenames. The lexeme i be appea s in housenames only in de i a i e o ms (I bih , I ben). The appella i e i be had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Haʃelhun/I be Le us 1638: 85; Rebhun/I be Le us 1638: 140; Haʃelhun/I be Ph as. Le ica 1638: 278; I be a, ein Feldhuhn Lange 1773: 132). The e is no ag eemen abou he e ymolo- gy o he wo d. Mos e ymologis s hink ha La . i be, Li h. je ub (wi h a i- an s) is he wo d o he same oo as in La . ubenis (see ME I 708–709, LEW 193–194); howe e , he e is an a emp o ela e La . i be o a colou name (see LEV I 344). The lexeme paipala appea s only in one housename whe e i is men ioned wi h a di e en su ix – Paippul. The appella i e paipala had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Wach el/Paipole Ph as. Le ica 1638: 278; Paipala a, eine Wach el Lange 1773: 225). J. Endzelīns ela es La . paipala o Li h. píepala, Old P ussian. penpalo and Rus. перепелъ (ME III 34), E. F aenkel ela es he u he e ymology wi h he IDE oo *pel- ʻ liegen, la e n, schwimmen ( ly, ho e , swim)’, also, K. Ka ulis suppo s his explana- ion (LEW 586, LEV II 10). TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE CORACIIFORMES FAMILY Bi d names o he co acii o mes amily also con ibu ed o he choice o housenames – a o al o 22 uni s o 4.4 pe cen o all he housenames o he bi d seman ics. Bi d names belonging o he co aciidae amily a e only used ILGA JANSONE 150 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII in he nomina ion o housenames and ep esen ed by an o ni holexeme ā na ʻc owʼ. The lexeme ā na appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m (Wah - na, Wah ne, Wa ne), in de i a i e o ms (Wa nen), in compounds (Wah nak ug, Wah nepo esch), and in wo d g oups (Wah ne K ug, Wa nes K ug, Wah n K ug, Jaun Wah ne, Wezz Wah ne). The appella i e ā na had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . K äe/Wah na Le us 1638, 106; eine K äe/Wah na Ph as. Le ica 1638, 279; Wah ns as, eine K ähe Lange 1773, 371); in one language g oup (Bal ic, Sla ic, Tocha ian languages) i is a phone ic inno a ion wi h an ini ial sound *- om he p o o- oo *k[h]o -n-, e.g., Li h. á na, P us. wa ne10 (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540). A. Saba- liauskas adds La . ã na, Li h. anas, á na, P us. wa nis, wa ne o he com- mon lexical s a um o he Bal ic and Sla ic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 120). TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE ANSERIFORMES ORDER Some imes, he p e e ence in he nomina ion o housenames was gi en o bi d names o he picidae o de – a o al o 20 uni s o 4 pe cen o all he housenames o he a ian seman ics. O he picidae o de , only bi ds o he ana idae amily a e ep esen ed by o ni holexemes gulbis ʻswanʼ, gaigala ʻgold- eneye bi dʼ, pīle ʻduckʼ and hei bo owed analogues in housenames. The appella i e gulbis appea s in en housenames. The lexeme gulbis appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m, usual- ly in he eminine Gulbe, in de i a i e o ms (Gulban, Gulbi ), and in combined o ms (Ans Gulben, Anz Gulben, Jahn Gulben, Ma ing Gulben). The appella i e gulbis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Schwan/Ghullbis Le us 1638, 164; ein Schwan/Ghullbis Ph as. Le ica 1638, 279; Gulbis as, ein Schwan Lange 1773, 126). A. Sabaliauskas adds his lexeme o he common lexical s a um o he Bal ic and Sla ic languages and a he same ime he admi s ha Ch is ian S ang ela es ha o he lexicon o Bal ic languages only (Sabaliau- skas 1990: 117–118; mo e abou he ela ion o he o ms o he Sla ic languages see also ME I 676, LEW 175). Howe e , Ana olij Nepokupnij b oadens he a ea 10 Also La . ã na can be added o he Li huanian and P ussian language o ms, and his ac is no men ioned in Vyachesla I ano ’s and Tamaz Gamk elidze’s s udy. S aipsniai / A icles 151 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 o use o Bal ic gulbis and Sla ic kъlpь by es ablishing co espondences in he whole a ea a ound he Bal ic Sea (Непокупный 1966: 81–87). Along wi h he La ian appella i e gulbis in one housename i is possible ha an analogous Es onian lexeme luik ʻgulbisʼ appea s in a housename in Gaujiena pa ish in he p incipal o m which ends in he inal uni ied ending o he La i- an -e (Luike). Acco ding o Es onian e ymologis s, luik unde lies he Es . sound e b luikama, Finnish luika a (EES 2012: 253). In he nomina ion o one housename, he lexeme pīle appea s in he dimi- ni u e o m (Pili ). Ce ainly, aking in o conside a ion ha he leng h o he owel in his housename is no indica ed, he hypo hesis ha he housename is ela ed o he appella i e pils should no be abandoned; howe e , such a hy- po hesis is unlikely. The appella i e pīle had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . An ogel/Piele Le us 1638, 21; En e/Piele Le us 1638, 53; eine zahme End e/Piele Ph as. Le ica 1638, 277; En e die, a pihle Lange 1777: 207). E iden ly, La . pīle is a lexical inno a ion ha eplaced an olde lexeme e ained in Li huanian and Old P ussian an is. Pīle is he esul o onoma opoeisis (see ME III 232, LEV II 48). Some au ho s hink his wo d is o Cou onian o igin, bu i was e u ed by O. Bušs (Bušs 2008 [1988]: 186). An in e es ing couple is a housename En e in S aupe pa ish and An e in Opekaln’s pa ish. The lexeme En e is a ela i ely ce ain bo owing om Ge - man En e ʻduckʼ; ha ing in mind he in luence o Ge man landlo ds and pas o s, he bo owings seem ob ious; bu An e is simila o Li h. an is ʻduckʼ and i s ending is he uni ied -e. Could a Li huanian bo owing appea nea he Es oni- an bo de ? D usku o Ko ne a cas le mound is loca ed no e y a om he place, and he dic iona y “Placenames o he La ian SSR” includes he old name o a a ms ead ha J. Endzelīns compa es wi h he name o he illage D ùskiai and a hill name D ùska-kalnis in Li huania (L I (1) 230). T. Gamk elidze and V. I ano w i e ha a he ime when sepa a e IDE di- alec s had al eady been es ablished, pīles (ducks) we e domes ica ed poul y, ha is why IDE *anḤ [h]- became a designa ion o a wild duck, and in se e - al languages (including Old P us. an is ʻduckʼ also Li h. án is ʻduckʼ, OHG anu , Ge man En e ʻduckʼ, Rus. ýть, утка, утва ʻduckʼ) e ained he ela ion o he p o o- oo (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 543). The analogous Russian утка o he lexeme pīle in he nomina ion o housenames is mo e popula , and i appea s in ou housenames men ioned in he app op ia e o iginal o m (U ke, U ke). Such housenames appea ed in Sa- laca and Ma īšu pa ishes as well as Opekalna and Ti za pa ishes. I he la e pa ishes a e loca ed nea he bo de o Russia and belong o he High La ian ILGA JANSONE 152 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII dialec wi h a la ge numbe o bo owings om he Russian language, hen Sa- laca and Ma īšu pa ishes belong o Vidzeme Li onian dialec and hey a e lo- ca ed nea Es onia so ha Sla ic wo ds did no ind hei way o he language. I is possible ha ano he unes ablished lexeme appea ed in housenames. The o ni holexeme gaigala appea s in he nomina ion o wo housenames, and i is only in he p incipal o m (Gaigal). The appella i e gaigala had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Teuche /Ghaighalis Ph as. Le ica 1638, 278; Gaigale a, ein Fiʃchgeye Lange 1773, 114). La . gaigala, and Li h. gagalas, P us. gegalis connec wi h sound e bs o he eduplica ed sound imi a ion *ge-/*ghe-. Such sound e bs and hei de i a i e subs an i es a e well known in Sla ic languages, e.g., Old Chu ch Sla onic glagolъ ʻwo dʼ, glago- la i ʻspeakʼ, Rus. dial. gologoli ь ʻcha ʼ (ME I 583–584, LEW 128, LEV I 278, Топоров E–H 187–189). TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE GRUIFORMES ORDER Some imes, bi d names o he g ui o mes o de we e chosen o housenames – a o al o 19 uni s o 3.8 pe cen o all housenames o he a ian seman ics. Only names o he g uidae amily om he g ui o mes o de we e used in he nom- ina ion o housenames ep esen ed by he o ni holexeme dzē e ʻc aneʼ. The lexeme dzē e in housenames appea s bo h in he p incipal o m (Dse - we, Dſe we, Dſeh we), in de i a i es (Dſe wi , Dſe wan, Dſe wen), in wo d g oups (Kalna Dſeh we, Leies Dſeh we, Leel Dſe we, Mas Dſe we, Masſ Dſe we), and in combined o ms (Jaun Dſe weneek Gesinde). The appella i e dzē e had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . K anich/Dʃeh we Le us 1638, 106; (ein) K anich/Dʃeh we Ph as. Le ica 1638, 279, 280; Dʃeh we a, ein K anich Lange 1773, 87); i e ained he old oo *kʼe - in all Bal ic languag- es, om which u he de i a ions a e La . dzẽ e, Li h. gé ė, P us. ge we (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984(2): 540; see also LEW 137–138, ME I 548, LEV I 249, Топоров E–H 223–227). S aipsniai / A icles 153 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE STRIGIFORMES ORDER Bi d names o he s igidae amily om he s igi o mes o de we e al- so used in housenames – a o al o 15 uni s o 3 pe cen o all he mo i a ed housenames con aining bi d names and ep esen ed by o ni holexemes pūce ʻowlʼ, pelēda ʻ awny owlʼ and apogs ʻli le owlʼ. The appella i e pūce appea s in six housenames. The lexeme pūce appea s in housenames in he p incipal o m only (Pu ze, Puhze, Puh ze). The appella i e pūce had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . eine Eule/Uhpis/Puhza Ph as. Le ica 1638, 280; Puhze a, eine Eule Lange 1773, 242). J. Endzelīns w i es abou he onoma opoeic o igin o he wo d (ME III 444; ska . a ī LEW 660, LEV II 83, LVDA 1999: 100–101). A dialec al lexeme pelēda appea s in ou housenames in Ē ģeme (2), Lim- baži and Sun aži pa ishes. In he lexical pa o “The Dialec al A las o La i- an” he wo d pelēda is popula in La gale and he Eas o Vidzeme and Zemgale (LVDA 1999: 100–101; 38 h map), bu he sp ead o he men ioned o ni holex- eme pelēda is much b oade including he no hwes e n pa o Vidzeme. The lexeme pelēda in housenames appea s in he p incipal o m (Pellad, Pelle- hdu) and in wo d g oups (Kalna Pellehd, Leies Pellehd). The appella i e pelēda had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Flede mauß/ ickʃpah ni/ Pell=ahd Ph as. Le ica 1638, 280), bu i ela es o an animal name o he es- pe ilionidae amily o he chi op e a o de .E ymologically, i is conside ed o be a compound consis ing o La . pele, Li h. pel and La . ês , Li h. s i (ME III 196, LEW 566, LEV II 35). Besides, E. F aenkel w i es ha i o igina ed as a aboo wo d (LEW 566). The appella i e apogs appea s in i e housenames. The lexeme apogs appea s in housenames in he p incipal o m (Appog, Ap- poga), and in wo d g oups (K[alna] Appog, L[ejas] Appog). The appella i e apogs had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Eule/Appohx Le us 1638, 55; Kau z ode Eul/Apohx Le us 1638, 100; Appohgs as, eine Nach eüle Lange 1773, 23); i is common bo h in La ian and Li huanian languages (c . Li h. apúokas ʻeagle owl; owlʼ) and ela es o he common lexical s a um o he Bal- ic languages (see Sabaliauskas 1990, 148). The e ymology is no clea enough. The oo o he wo d co esponds o he sound e bs La . ūkšuo , ūkšê ʻseu zen ILGA JANSONE 154 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII (sigh)ʼ, lie . kau i ʻzu u en ( o haloo)ʼ (ME I 133, LEW 14), bu he p oblem abou he meaning o he p e ix ap- discussed by J. Endzelīns emains unsol ed (ME I 133, LEV I 73). Despi e he unce ain ies, he wo d apogs can be added o he g oup o wo ds o onoma opoeic o igin. TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE CICONIIFORMES ORDER A bi d name o he a deidae amily dumpis ʻbi e nʼ appea s in he nomina- ion o housenames; i is men ioned 9 imes, which accoun s o 1.8 pe cen o all he housenames con aining bi d names. The lexeme dumpis appea s in housenames bo h in he p incipal o m, usu- ally in he eminine (Dumpe), and in wo d g oups (Dumpe Run ze). The appella i e dumpis had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Dumpis, ein Roh dom- mel Lange 1773, 95). J. Endzelīns, e e ing o Johanns Sehwe s’ s udy, a gues ha he lexeme dumpis is a bo owing om no OHG a edump ʻRoh dommel (bi e n)ʼ (ME I 515; ska . a ī Sehwe s 1953: 29); K. Ka ulis, e e ing o Mid- dle Low Ge man a edump ( he absence o he i s pa o he wo d in La ian), hinks ha La . dumpis ʻpu nsʼ ela es o La . dumpis ʻ ebellion, insu ec ionʼ, hus he conludes ha he bi d makes a noise (LEV I 240). TOPONIMIZATION OF BIRD NAMES OF THE CUCULIFORMES ORDER A bi d name o he cuculidae amily om he cuculi o mes o de dzeguze is used in he nomina ion o housenames; i was men ioned i e imes and i makes up one pe cen o all he bi d designa ions in housenames. The lexeme dzeguze ʻcuckooʼ in housenames appea s in he p incipal o m (Dsegus, Dſegus, Dseggus) and in wo d g oups (Kaln Dſeggus, Leis Dſeggus). The appella i e dzeguze had al eady been included in he i s dic iona ies o he La ian language o he 17 h and 18 h cen u ies (c . Guckuck/Dʃägguʃe Le us 1638, 81; de Kuckuck/Dʃägguʃe Ph as. Le ica 1638, 279; Dʃegguʃe a, de Gukkuk Lange 1773, 86). A. Sabaliauskas ela es Li h. gegùžė and La . dzguze, and also P us. geguse o he common lexical s a um o he Bal ic and Sla ic languages (Sabaliauskas 1990: 117). Also, J. Endzelīns, E. F aenkel and M. Vasme in- dica e he co espondence be ween Bal ic and Sla ic o ms; howe e , hey do S aipsniai / A icles 161 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 Bo owings om ela i e and con ac languages in he nomina ion o housenames in Vidzeme a e e y a e. I is possible ha in he co pus o 14,500 housenames some may ha e emain unno iced; p esen ly, howe e , on- ly bo owings om Li huanian (an is ʻduckʼ), Ge man (En e ʻduckʼ), Es onian (kajakas ʻgullʼ, subdial. kikas (possibly, Li onian kik) ʻ oos e ʼ, kukk ʻ oos e ʼ, luik ʻswanʼ), and Russian (утка ʻduckʼ, курица ʻhenʼ) we e es ablished. The appella- i es o he La ian language (dūja, dumpis) we e no conside ed bo owings, bu i is likely ha hey en e ed La ian as bo owings om Ge man. The appella i es deno ing bi d names used in he nomina ion o housenames a e mos ly wo ds o de i ed e ymology ei he connec ed wi h sound e bs and/ o designa ions o bi d sounds; mos o hem ha e he same e ymology in La - ian and Li huanian. The analysis o bi d names in mo i a ed housenames o Vidzeme may p o- ide an insigh in o he seman ics o he men ioned lexicon in he beginning PICTURE 3. The mos widesp ead o ni holexemes in La ian su names ( he diag am has been p epa ed on he basis o in o ma ion p o ided in P. Balodis’ doc o al hesis (Balodis 2012)) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Roos e Pigeon La k Hawk Swan Wood g ouse Bi d, bi die Woodpecke Black g ouse Spa ow Ra en ILGA JANSONE 162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII o he 19 h cen u y as well as an insigh in o he c i e ia o choosing speci ic housenames. SOURCES LVVA = ounda ion n . 199, desc ip ion n . 1 – His o ical (Souls) e ision ma e ials o Vidzeme Gube niya (Vidzemes gube ņas d ēseļu e īziju ma e iāli ) o he La ian S a e His o ical A chi es. ABBREVIATIONS AND REFERENCES Balodis Pauls 2008: La iešu pe son ā du e imoloģiskās seman ikas eo ē iskais modelis un ā ealizācija. P omocijas da bs. Rīga: La ijas Uni e si ā e. Būga Kazimie as 1908: Ais iški s udijai. Ty inėjimai lygin injo p ūsų, la jų i liė u- jų kalbômoksljo s i yję. I-oji dalis. Pe e bu gas: Impe a o iškosjos mokslų akademi- jos spaus u e. Bušs Ojā s 2008 [1988]: Li e ā ās alodas ku sismi un k aziku sismi. – Bušs Ojā s. No ģe mānismiem līdz supe la ī am. Rīga: LU La iešu alodas ins i ū s, 2008, 185.–191. Bušs Ojā s, Siliņa-Piņķe Renā e 2012: Pu gailis – pu ns, augs ai pā p a- ums? – Bal is ica, VIII p iedas. Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e as. BVA 2009: Bal u alodu a lan s. P ospek s. Rīga / Vilnius: La ijas Uni e si ā e, La - iešu alodas ins i ū s, Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. EES 2012: Ees i e ümoloogia sõna aama . Koos anud ja oime anud I is Me smägi, Meeli Sed ik, S en-E ik Soosaa . Pea oime aja I is Me smägi. Tallinn: Ees i Keele Sih asu us. ĒIV – Kagaine Elga. Ē ģemes izloksnes ā dnīca. 1.–3. sēj. Rīga: Zinā ne, 1977–1983. Ka aliūnas Simas I: Bal ų p aei is is o inuose šal iniuose I. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2004. Lange Jacob 1773: Le iʃch-Deu ʃche Theil des olʃ ändigen Le iʃchen Lexici, da innen nich nu säm liche S ammwö e dieʃe Sp ache ʃam ih en Abʃ ämlingen, ʃonde n auch die ʃel ene, nu in gewißen Gegenden geb äuchliche Wö e , zum Na- chʃchlagen, angezeig we den. Schloß Obe // Pahlen, 1773. S aipsniai / A icles 163 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 Lange Jacob 1777: Vollʃ ändiges deu ʃchle iʃches und le iʃchdeu ʃches Lexicon, nach den Haup dialec en in Lie = und Cu land ausge e ig on Jacob Lange. Mi au: J. F . S e enhagen. La ijas daba: La ijas daba. Enciklopēdija. 1. 4. sēj. Rīga: La ijas enciklopēdija, 1994–1998. Le us 1638: LETTUS, Das iʃ Wo buch / Samp angeheg em äglichem Geb auch de Le iʃchen Sp ache; / Allen nd jeden Außheimiʃchen / die in Chu land / Semgal- len nd Le iʃchem Lie lande bleiben / nd ʃich edlich neh en wollen / zu Nu ze e e ig / Du ch / Geo gi m Manceli m Semgall. de H. Sch i Licen ia um &c. E s e Theil. Ged uck nnd e leg zu Riga / du ch Ge ha d Sch öde / Anno M. DC XXXVIII [1638]. LEV – Kons an īns Ka ulis. La iešu e imoloģijas ā dnīca 1–2. Rīga: A o s, 1992. LEW – F aenkel E ns . Li auisches e ymologisches Wö e buch 1–2. Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag, Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , 1955–1962. LVDA 1999: B igi a Bušmane, Beni a Laumane, Anna S a ecka. La iešu alodas dial- ek u a lan s. Leksika. Da ba zin. ad. B. Laumane. Rīga: Zinā ne, 1999. L I – Endzelīns Jānis. La ijas PSR ie ā di 1(2). Rīga: La ijas PSR Zinā ņu akadēmijas izde niecība, 1961. Mažiulis Vy au as: P ūsų kalbos e imologijos žodynas 1. A–H. Vil nius: Mokslas, 1988; 2. I–K. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993; 3. L–P. Vilni- us: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996; 4. R–Ž. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla, 1997. ME – Mülenbachs Kā lis. La iešu alodas ā dnīca. Rediģējis, papildinājis, u pinājis J. Endzelīns. 1.–4. sēj., R., 1923.–1932. Oken Lo enz 1837: Allgemeine Na u geʃchich e ü alle S ände, on P o eʃʃo Oken. Sieben en Bandes e ʃ e Ab heilung. S u ga : Ho mannʼʃche Ve lags=Buchhandlung. O slexikon: Bal isches his o isches O slexikon. II. Le land. H sg. on Hans Feldmann und Heinz on zu Muhlen. Koln—Wien, 1990. Ph as. Le ica 1638: Ph aseologia Le ica / Das is : Tägliche Geb auch de Le - ischen Sp ache. Ve e ig / du ch Geo gium Mancelium Semgallum / De H. Sch i Licen ia um &c. Ande Theil. Diesem is beyge üge das Sp uchbuch Salomonis. Zu Riga Ged uck nnd Ve leg du ch Ge ha d Sch öde / 1638. Sabaliauskas Algi das 1990 – Sabaliauskas Algi das. Lie u ių kalbos leksika. Vil- nius: Mokslas, 1990. ILGA JANSONE 164 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII Sehwe s Johannes 1953: Sp achlich-kul u his o ische Un e suchungen o nehmlich übe den deu schen Ein luβ im Le ischen. Be lin, 1953. Smoczyński Wojciech 2007: Słownik e ymologiczny języka li ewskiego. Vilnius: Vil- niaus uni e si e o leidykla, 2007. Thomsen Vilhelm 1890: Be ö inge mellem de inske og de bal iske (li auisk-le iske) Sp og. En sp oghis o isk Unde søgelse. Københa n: Bianco Lunos Kgl. Ho -Bog ykke i. Ulmann Ca l Ch is ian 1872: Le isches Wö e buch. E s e Theil. Le - isch-deu sches Wö e buch on Bischo D . Ca l Ch is ian Ulmann. Riga: Ve lag on H. B u ze & Co. Zeps Valdis 1962: La ian and Finnic linguis ic con e gences. Indiana Uni e si y. Гамкрелидзе Тамаз В., Иванов Вячеслав В. 1984: Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы 1–2. Тбилиси: Издательство Тбилисского университета, 1984. Непокупный Анатолий Павлович 1966: Лингво- и зоогеографические замечания к взаимосвязи балт. gulbis и слав. kъlpь. – Bal is ica 2(1). Vilnius: Min - is, 81–87. Сталтмане Велта 1981: Латышская антропонимия. Фамилии. Mосква: Наука. Топоров Владимир Николаевич: Прусский язык. Словарь. A–L. Mосква: Наука, 1975–1990. ЭСРЯ – Фасмер Мaкс. Этимологический словарь русского языка 1–4. Москва: Прогресс, 1964–1973. Vidžemės sodybų pa adinimai, suponuo i o ni onimų (paukščių pa adinimų): 1826 m. Vidžemės gube nijos kadas o duomenys SANTRAUKA S aipsnyje ap a iami 505 Vidžemės gube nijos (1826 m. kadas o duomenimis) so- dybų pa adinimai, suda y i iš o ni onimų. Daugelis paukščių pa adinimų, supona usių Vidžemės sodybų į a dijimus, y a dažni bend inės la ių kalbos apelia y ai, p z.: balodis, bezdelīga, dzenis, kaija, s azds, ā na, anags, žaga a, cī ulis, z i bulis, ālodze, laks īgala. Iš iso Vidžemės sodybų pa adinimus supona usių o onimų suskaičiuo a 43, ku ių daugu- ma – laukinių paukščių į a dijimai, 3 naminių paukščių a dai, hipe onimas pu ns, dažnas hiponimas gailis, pasi aikan is dū iniuose pu ( a)gailis, mež(a)gailis, eze gailis, udz(u)gailis S aipsniai / A icles 165 Housenames o Fauna (Bi d Names) Seman ics in Vidzeme: Ma- e ials o His o ical (Souls) Re isions in Vidzeme Gube niya 1826 and sil(a)gailis. Kai ku ie o ni onimai a ojami e ai i ik pa ienėse šnek ose, p z.: pelēda, s ads i s ods, žīgu s bei žēgu s. Nus a y a, kad kai ku ie minė ų dialek izmų bu o ku kas plačiau a ojami XIX a. p adžioje, plg., pa yzdžiui, sodybų pa adinimus su o ni on- imais pelēda i s azds. Skoliniai iš y ų bal ų a kaimyninių kalbų Vidžemės sodybų pa- adinimų da yboje a ojami labai e ai, plg. lie. an is „Anas“, o. En e „ . p.“, es. kajakas „La us“, es. dial. kikas „Gallus“ (galbū i ly . kik „ . p.“), kukk „ . p.“, luik „Cycnus“, u. утка „Anas“, курица „Gallina“. Dauguma la ių sodybų pa adinimų, e lek uojančių apelia y inės kilmės o ni oni- mus, y a onoma opėjinės kilmės. Daugelis šių apelia y ų, a ojamų la ių i lie u ių kal- bose, y a os pačios kilmės. Į eik a 2015 m. ugpjūčio 14 d. ILGA JANSONE LU La iešu alodas ins i ū s Akadēmijas laukums 1, LV-1050 Rīga, La ija ilgaja[email p o ec ed]