S aipsniai / A icles 89
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
Vilniaus uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas include geolinguis ics, pe cep ual
dialec ology, sociolinguis ics and cogni i e linguis ics.
DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, Vilnius Uni e si y
Resea ch di ec ions: geolinguis ics, dialec ology o he
Bal ic languages, synch onous and diach onous accen ology,
mo phology, his o y o language, his o y o Li huanian language.
Pe cep ions and a i udes
The dialec ics
Ins umen s and equipmen
C yp og aphy: Va ian o he
This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ATVEJIS)
Pe cep ual Dialec ology Ins umen s and
Di ec ions o Resea ch: A eas o Va ian s in
Men al Maps (Case o he Exchange)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle discusses he possibili y o applying he p o isions o pe cep ual dialec ology in he
s udies o Li huanian egional a ia ion, and p o ides a b ie his o y o he o ma ion o he
p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology. The basis o he hi d pa o he a icle is he ma e ial o
he scien i ic p ojec "The place o he Li huanian language in he men al map o he Li huanian
language". Based on he da a o a s udy ca ied ou in he […] Bi žų geolek o […] zone o one o
he p ojec poin s, he a icle demons a es how esea ch based on he p inciples o
pe cep ual dialec ology can be in eg a ed in o he s udy o adi ional Li huanian dialec s and hei new de i a i es.
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ, DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
90 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXIV
The a icle ocuses on he da a o he so-called pencil map (an. d aw a map) ask in he
Bi žų geolec zone. The na u e and densi y o consciousness in he handw i en maps o
he young people o Bi žania e eal ha membe s o he o dina y language communi y
ha e di e en exp essions […] as dis inc i e ea u es […] images. The pencil maps o he
young bi ches show a non-con lic ela ionship wi h he en i onmen al code, which in
u n b ings op imis ic p ospec s o he bi ch geolec .
The ollowing is a summa y o he concep s o pe cep ual dialec ology: pe cep ual dialec ology,
nė, lie u ių a mės, Bi žų geolek as.
ANNOTATION
The pape discusses he possibili ies o applica ion o he p inciples o pe cep ual dia-
lec ology in he Li huanian egional a iabili y esea ch. In addi ion, a b ie his o y o he
men al mapping, linguis ic bi h p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology o ma ion a e in oduced.
The ounda ion o he esea ch pa o he pape is he ma e ial om he scien i ic p ojec
S anda d Li huanian Language Place in he Men al Map. Based on esea ch da a om one o he
a ea poin s […] he geolec o Bi žai […] his pape shows how he esea ch based on he
p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology can be in eg a ed in o he s udy o adi ional Li huanian
dialec s and new new a ie ies. The a icle ocuses on he da a o he ask d aw a map in he
a ea o he geolec o Bi žai.
The cha ac e and densi y o pe cep i e isogloss in he maps d awn o he young esiden s o
Bi žai e eals ha he o dina y membe s o he language communi y ha e di e en images
o dialec icism as dis inc i e ea u es. The maps d awn o he young esiden s o Bi žai show
a non-con lic ing ela ionship wi h he code o en i onmen , which in u n d aws op imis ic
p ospec s o he geoloca ion o Bi žai. KEYWORDS: pe cep ual dialec ology, men al map,
linguis ic homeland, Li hum possibili ies in he s udies o he Li huanian egional a ie ies. I is
anian dialec s, geolec o Bi žai.
Šiame s aipsnyje ap a iama pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos nuos a ų aiky-
based on he heo e ical me hodological pe cep ual dialec ology and analy ical egional
a iance discou se ( i s geolinguis ic hough displacemen ). Such esea ch is no new in he
wo ld. The p inciples o mode n pe cep ual dialec ology ha e al eady been applied in he Uni ed
S a es, he Uni ed Kingdom, Japan, and some Eu opean coun ies. In he las decade, he e has
also been an inc ease in he numbe o wo ks o his pa adigm in Li huania (see Aliūkai ė 2009;
Aliūkai ė, Me ky ė-Š a cienė 2012).
A icles by A icles 91
Pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos inst umen ai i y imų k yp ys:
a ian ų a ealai men aliniuose žemėlapiuose (Bi žų a ejis)
In ea lie sociolinguis ic wo ks o Li huanian in e p e e s, he e we e also
concep ual connec ions wi h he p o isions o pe cep ual dialec ology (ž .
G umadien 1980: 91[…]93; Kačiuškienė 2003: 88[…]91; Kačiuškienė 2004: 103[…]108;
Kačiuškienė 2005: 49[…]54; Kačiuškienė, Ba ydy ė 2006: 8[…]14; Tumėnas 2003:
238[…]242; Tumėnas, Račkauskas 2004: 222[…]224 and o he s), bu one o he mos
impo an componen s o pe cep ual esea ch […] he men al map […] has no
been sys ema ically applied o his ask. Thus, he pu pose o his a icle is o
demons a e how he p o isions o pe cep ual dialec ology can be applied in he
s udy o adi ional Li huanian dialec s and hei new de i a i es.
All he empi ical insigh s illus a ed in he a icle […] The place o he common language in
he men al map o he Li huanian language The s udy o ma e ial linguis ic compe ence
ga1. Pe 2014–2016 m. laiko a pį, naudojan pagal pe cep y iosios dialek olo-
gijos p incipus pa eng ą empi inį y imo ins umen ą e balizuojamoms i i-
zualizuojamoms men aliniuose žemėlapiuose sąmoningosioms nuos a oms i i,
was ca ied ou in se e al e hnog aphic egions o Li huania (see Figu e 1). 1 PAV. O he
The place o he language o he communi y in he men al map o he Li huanian language
Rengian p ojek o Bend inės kalbos ie a men aliniame lie u ių kalbos žemė-
The p ojec "The place o he common language in he men al map o he Li huanian language" is
o ganized unde he esea ch p og am "Func ioning and change o he common language, dialec s and
o he languages o Li huania in 2011-2020". I is inanced by he S a e Li huanian Language Commission
(p ojec manage doc. d . Dai y
Aliukai e (also known as Aliukai e)
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ, DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
92 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV sociodemog aphic da a o he subjec s,
which in he subsequen s ages o he s udy become he i s e e ence o
he classi ica ion and sys ema iza ion o he da a, so ha he subjec s had o
indica e age, sex, o igin and place o esidence. Mo e han 2,000 young people
pa icipa ed in he s udy. This a icle does no ocus on he en i e da a se o
he p ojec , he discou se o pe cep ual dialec ology is aimed a building only on
he illus a i e p inciple, so he geolinguis ic compe ence o school you h o
only one egional ci y is discussed. All p ojec da a will be discussed in de ail in
o he scien i ic dissemina ion wo ks o he p ojec .
Geolinguis ic compe ence is he knowledge and abili y o ecognise he a iabili y
o a language and o ela e i o ce ain a eas - geog aphical (i.e. e i o ial
a iables), social (i.e. social a iables), cul u al (i.e. cul u al a iables o cul u al
dimensions). he ju y and hei geolinguis ic compe ence.
Šio s aipsnio y imo objek as – y ų aukš aičių pane ėžiškių pa a mei
p iski iamos Bi žų apylinkių šnek os e inimas jaunųjų Bi žų gy en ojų po-
I is emphasized ha he model o he s udy o geolinguis ic compe ence in he
communi ies o he egions o Li huania is no jus a mechanical epe i ion o
he app oaches o con empo a y pe cep ual dialec ology: consis en e o s
a e made o adhe e o he p inciple o pe cep ual dialec ology, which
dis inguishes his pa adigm om o he linguis ic esea ch echniques, when languages a e s udied and e balized and isualized.
a o ojų nuos a os.
1. REGIONINIS VARIANTIŠKUMAS PERCEP-
The e m "speake - ocused pa adigm" was coined by Ch is Mon gome y and
Kaip aikliai pas ebi ieni iš šiuolaikinės pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos a -
Joanna Beal in hei book, Pe cep ual Dialec ics: A Speech-Focused Pa adigm.
2011: 121).
The ques ion o he geolinguis ic compe ence o he membe s o he plain
language communi y began o a ise a he same ime as he i s a lases o
dialec s we e s a ed in Eu ope. The Commission conside s ha he aid is
compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o
he T ea y. C i ical e alua ion o he linguis ic en i onmen o he membe s o
he simple language communi y in he discou se o a iance analysis was i s included by Du ch and Japanese schola s.
A icles o he 93 d
Pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos ins umen ai i y imų k yp ys:
a ian ų a ealai men aliniuose žemėlapiuose (Bi žų a ejis)
Pe cep ual dialec ology o he Du ch language
Pe cep ual dialec ology began in he Ne he lands in 1886 wi h he publica ion o a
su ey by Pie e Willems, in which one ques ion was asked o ind ou whe e he
membe s o he common language communi y spoke he same o simila
languages as in hei place o esidence.
2010: 89).
The i s sys ema ic s udy o pe cep ual dialec bounda ies was ca ied ou in
he 20 h cen u y, in 1939, by Du ch language esea ch expedi ions (Mon gome y,
Beal 2011: 123). In one pa o he ques ionnai e (Ques ionnai e #8), wo ques ions
o in e media e consciousness we e gi en. In he i s place (as in Willemsen's
ques ionnai e o 1886), he simple language o he membe o he communi y is
gebėjimas ski i sa osios kalbinės aplinkos aišką – . y. ku , i iamojo nuomo-
no explained, i is spoken in he same way o almos in he same way as in he
place whe e he li es. The second s age o he s udy o Du ch dialec s was in 1944,
nei pa eikėjo gy enamoje ie o ėje. Be o, i iamųjų p ašy a pa a dy i speci i-
nių ie os kalbinių b uožų (Rensink 1999 (1955): 3).
when, based on he ma e ial collec ed om he Du ch dialec s, An onius A.
Weijnenas c ea ed a esea ch guide ha combined one place wi h ano he , which
mąjį umpųjų odyklių me odą (ol. pijl jesme hode) (P es on 1999a: xx i–xxix):
he esea che s conside ed o be simila o e y simila o hei own dialec .
Yes, based on he da a o he median consciousness, he median a eas a e
imagined o be ob ained. Following Weijnen's wo k, in 1955 W. G. Rensink p epa ed a
subjec i e map o he Du ch coun yside. In d awing i up, he Cou elies solely
on he answe s o he i s ques ion […] on he simila i y o e ms […] (Gooskens,
an Bezooijen, Ne bonne 2013: 569). Rensselae 's heo y o subjec i e mapping is
based on he idea ha a map is empo a y. This clea ly exp esses he insigh
ha he subjec i e maps e lec changing images o he a iabili y o he
bounda ies. Thus, bo h subjec i e and objec i e maps show only he si ua ion o
a pa icula pe iod: in he i s case […] e lec s he images, in he second […] he
dis ibu ion o in e media e ea u es.
Pe cep ual Japanese dialec ology
The concep o dialec s was also he subjec o he i s wo ks o Japanese
dialec ology, published in 1927 (see Mon gome , Beale, 2011: 124). In his book, The
Japanese Dialec ology, published in 1954, he Japanese dialec ologis Misao Tōjō
explains ha :

DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ, DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
94 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
dialek ų egionus eikia a siž elg i į ai, kaip juos su okia pap as i žmonės. Ti-
I is p ecisely he linguis ic ea u es ha help o dis inguish one e m om
ano he ha a e highligh ed in he pe cep ion o he eade (Siba a 1999: 39). I
Pažymė ina, kad adicinės pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos p incipai Japoni-
was di e en om he Ne he lands: he la e emphasized he simila i y o
dialec s, and Japanese schola s we e asked o classi y dialec s acco ding o he
deg ee o di e ence be ween hem.
In o de o es ablish a e minological consciousness, Japanese linguis s ha e
asked o e alua e he a ian s o he illage slang as: 1) undi e en ia ed; (2)
sligh ly di e en ; (3) highly dis inguished; (4) almos incomp ehensible (Siba a 1999:
40). Subjec s we e asked h ee addi ional ques ions o ind ou i he e was a
place in he en i onmen ha was well known o i s s ange speech pa e ns.
whe he he subjec s can iden i y he a ea om which he speake is coming by
hea ing someone speak; O when hey we e li le, hey didn' hink i was possible
jimo a ian as y a keis as (Siba a 1999: 60).
Klausimų logika, . y. ski ies, o ne panašumo aspek as, lėmė, kad Japonijoje
o use he language o he neighbou ing illage. Howe e , he Japanese
esea che s also ma ked he da a on in e media e consciousness on maps […]
hey used he pe cep ual bounda y ma king echnique (plg. Mase 1999 (1964): 72 […]
97. This is he i s ime ha his has happened. The iden i ica ion o he
di e en logic […] simila i y o di e ence […] o he a ian s o he
ques ionnai es became c ucial o he (non) accu acy o he subjec i e maps and
hei (non) con o mi y o he objec i e maps due o he ac ha he Du ch
maps we e d awn on he subjec i e p inciple o indica o s, and he maps we e much mo e co ela ed wi h he objec i e maps han he Japanese.
Con empo a y pe cep ual dialec ology: access and
ins umen s 1.3.
Olandijoje i Japonijoje susi o ma usios adicinės pe cep y iosios dialek o-
The p o isions o he logic ha consolida ed he pe spec i e o he membe o
he common language communi y in he classi ica ion o egional a ian s we e
ex ended a he end o he 20 h cen u y. The main ep esen a i es o Japanese
dialec ology and sociolinguis ics men ioned he e a e, o example, Kikuo Nomo o
(1999): 6369, who modeled he p inciples o econcilia ion o linguis ic isoglosses and
pe cep ual isoglosses (o simila i ies), o Fumio Inoue (1999): 14715 o he e m
"de eloped dialec " (an image and image). 1999b: P es on is 161.
A icles o he 95 h
Pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos ins umen ai i y imų k yp ys:
a ian ų a ealai men aliniuose žemėlapiuose (Bi žų a ejis)
Tačiau šiuolaikinė pe cep y ioji dialek ologija pi miausia siejama su Denniso
R. P es ono penkių komponen ų pe cep y iojo y imo modeliu (P es on 1989a;
1999a: xxiii[…]xl. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 1999b: 359[…]373;
2002: 57[…]104), who, acco ding o Ka ie Wales (2006: 57[…]66), nomina ed D. R. P es oni as
he mos p ominen ep esen a i e o his di ec ion. As men ioned, D. R. P es on's
model o pe cep ual inqui y includes i e componen s […] asks: (1) he pencil
d aw-a-map ask; 2) he ask o assessing he co ec ness and a ac i eness o
he media ion op ions (an. co ec and pleasan ); 3) he ask o de e mining he
deg ee o di e ence be ween he in e media e a ian s; (4) he ask o dialec
iden i ica ion; (5) he concep ual assessmen ask (P es on 1999a: xxxi […]xxx ). A
handw i en map o language a ian s. In he i s ask, he subjec s a e gi en a
map o he a ea o explo e and de ine he e ms. The map can be emp y o wi h any
o ien a ions (geog aphical, adminis a i e, e c.) ( o de ails see P es on 1988: 379392;
1999a: xxxi xxx ; Aliūkai ė 2009: 167169). (P es on 2013: 169). This is a e y impo an
Kaip pab ėžia P es onas, kogni y iuoju (pažin iniu) požiū iu i iamajam nu-
pieš as ( . y. su į ai iomis a ian ų ibomis i pan.) žemėlapis y a ik as (an.
poin . So, al hough i is no accu a e, i e lec s he ela ionship o he ac i e
consume wi h he a iance. Recognizable o un ecognizable a ia ion can
de e mine he beha io o a membe o he linguis ic communi y. The e o e, based
on he in o ma ion om such maps, i is possible o e alua e he objec i e a iance
and p edic he damage and de elopmen o egional a ian s. E alua ion o he
egula i y and a ac i eness o e minology op ions. In o de o assess he
egula i y and a ac i eness o language a ian s, he subjec s a e gi en he
ask o anking and e alua ing he a ian s acco ding o he a ian s, which implies
aisyklingumą i pa auklumą (P es on 1999a: xxxi –xxx ). Toks klasi ika i-
mas, a siskleidžiančios pap as ųjų kalbos bend uomenės na ių nuos a os dėl
in o ma ion abou he linguis ic (non) secu i y o he communi ies unde s udy, he
so-called dialec al (non) iscosi y (dialec in e io i y complex). This is he i s ime
ha a s uden has been asked o ill ou he Seman ic Di e ence Scale. I should be
no ed ha concep ually, his ask is ela ed o he concep s o he "inhe en alue
hypo hesis" and he "imposed no m hypo hesis" (Giles, Bou his, T udgill, Lewis, 1974:
405 […] 406). In he opinion o he au ho s o he inhe en alue hypo hesis, some
language a ian s sound mo e pleasan , hey a e mo e a ac i e and he e o e
gain p es ige. In he case o he 3 d edi ion, he Takeshi Shiba a concep was used.
Inoue 1999: 148. He is a membe o he Japanese na ional eam.
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ, DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
96 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
no mų hipo eze, a ian ams p es ižiškumo e ę su eikia kul ū inės no mos –
Fo example, he p es ige o he s anda d a ian (Li huanian […] common
language) may be de e mined by he s a us o he s a e language, e c.
De e mina ion o he di e ence in e minological a ian s. While pe o ming he
ask o de e mining he deg ee o di e ence o a ian s (P es on 1999a: xxxi )
xxx ), pe cep y iojo y imo daly iai a ian us klasi ikuoja pagal ski ingumą,
by compa ing hem wi h he egional language a ian . I should be no ed ha his
ask co esponds o he Japanese model o in e media e consciousness.
Recogni ion o dialec s. Dialec Iden i ica ion (Dialec Iden i ica ion) is he
p ocess o iden i ying a a ian o a language by lis ening o i s ex and
associa ing i wi h a speci ic a ea. The concep ual e alua ion. Du ing he
concep ual e alua ion ask, hey hough abou he opinion abou he ask
kami kokybiniai duomenys (ang. quali a i e da a) – i iamieji p ašomi išsaky i
pe o med o he language a ian s in gene al, e c. (P es on 1999a: xxxi xxx ).
As you can see, P es on's i e-componen esea ch echnique is essen ially
wo- old: i co e s bo h he e balized and he isualized le els o he
p o isions. I should be no ed ha one o he mos impo an componen s o he
s udy […] he pencil, o o he wise he men al map, ask […] is me hodologically
ela ed o he pa adigm o cul u al geog aphy (Mon gome y, Beal 2011: 128 […] 129).
On he o he hand, he isoglossy o pe cep ion d awn in he men al maps s udied
connec s he P es on map wi h he pe spec i es o adi ional pe cep ual
dialec ology […] he Du ch sho -sigh edness me hod and he Japanese
pe cep ual bounda y ma king echnique. O e ime, he i e-componen model o
pe cep ual inqui y, which has expanded access o con empo a y pe cep ual
dialec ics, has become only a p o o ype, which is cons an ly illed wi h one o
ano he pe spec i e o a iance assessmen . Ne e heless, despi e ce ain
adicinė, iek šiuolaikinė pe cep y ioji dialek ologija, nai iojo y ėjo ž ilgs-
niu iden i ikuojan i kalbinį a ian iškumą i k aš o aizdį, išlieka desk ip y i
di e ences and a ia ions in access, he e is a lo o i .
The desc ip i i y o his pa adigm is c i ical and e lec i e. Unlike mode n
esea ch, pe cep ual dialec ics is desc ip i e concep ually, i.e., i iden i ies no
wha a iance is, bu wha i is o he nai e consume and e alua o .
A icles o he 97 h
Pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos ins umen ai i y imų k yp ys:
a ian ų a ealai men aliniuose žemėlapiuose (Bi žų a ejis)
2. Va ian o he men al a ea
ŽEMĖLAPIUOSE
2.1 Li huanian ques ionnai e
An anonymous ques ionnai e o conscien ious objec ion p o isions has
been p epa ed o he collec ion o da a o he p ojec s.
In he su ey, pa icipan s we e gi en a wo-pa pencil mapping ask (see
Figu e 2).
Pa one Pa wo
2 PAV. O he The place o he common language p ojec on he men al map o he Li huanian
language
As can be seen om Figu e 2, he i s componen o P es on's pe cep ual
su ey model, he pencil mapping ask, in eg a es se e al non-cyclical and so on
cep y iojo y imo elemen us. Pieš inio žemėlapio užduo ies pa ikslinimai (Pa-
ašyki e, kokia a mė, pakomen uoki e, kaip ją e ina e – g aži a neg aži, aisyklinga
in o he su ey a once.
The ask o he men al map is also di ec ly ela ed o he ask o "dialec
ecogni ion" in he ou h esea ch o pe cep ual dialec ology. I is hoped o
cla i y he isoglossic sys em o pe cep ion o egional a ian s "es ablished" in
he consciousness o membe s o he common language communi y, which does
no need s imuli o be upda ed (see Figu e 2 Map 1). The same can be said o he
common language a ea (see map 2). Acco ding o he esea che s, he isualized
linguis ic p o ision on he maps o membe s o he common language communi y
may ha e mo e con en han jus a e bal assessmen o he a iabili y o he language.
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ, DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
104 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXIV
I is p ecisely his kind o mixed knowledge (as well as alse image iden i ica ion,
nių) sis emos lemia a ian iškumo koncep ualiza imo nenuoseklumą.
Dalyje pieš inių žemėlapių a sispindi ik a ski ų ie ų, kaip a minių zonų,
i.e. on a handw i en map, he ones being s udied as places o in e language
ma k only speci ic zones, and he p o ision on language codes o o he places does no ).
nu odoma (ž . 8 pa .).
When esea che s di e en ia e be ween spacing and non-spacing code zones on
pencil maps, wo main ends in he iden i ica ion o such spacing zones a e
obse ed: (1) esea che s ma k only he linguis ic homeland (see Die cks 2002: 51
e m […]52) zone, (2) esea che s assign a ce ain, we could say […] p o o ypical […]
spacing code zones on he pencil map (see Figu e 8). The only language ha is
men ioned on he map is 7.22% o he popula ion. The Commission he e o e
concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning
o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Men al maps, in which he na i e language is
isually o e bally iden i ied as he a ea o in e media e speech, show he
objec i e esea ch ela ionship wi h he epe oi es o language codes in hei li ing en i onmen .
The con lic ing ela ionship (o i s assump ions) wi h he language en i onmen
code in he men al map e eals he a ibu ion o he na i e language om he
a ge ange, bu he elimina ion o he exchange zone om he a ge code pencil
map is no eques ed. Only 3.09 pe cen o he pencil maps o he Bi žų zone do no
in e sec wi h he ansla ion code zones (see Figu e 9 o illus a ions).
Ne 69,59% o he a eas o he na i e language o he subjec we e ma ked
be ween he ansla ion codes o he zones ( o example, Bi ž_1(4)_M30,
Bi ž_1(2)_M03, Bi ž_2(2)_V11, Bi ž_2(4)_V18 map maps see Fig. 8). The geoloca ion zone
o Bi žai is no elimina ed e en om he pencil maps in which he esea che s
only dis inguished be ween highlands and lowlands (see he pencil maps in Figu e
7). So he pencil maps show a non-con lic ela ionship wi h he en i onmen al code, which in u n b ings op imism.
Pe spec i e o he s ock exchange geolec .
Howe e , he esponses o young people om Bi ja o he open ques ionnai e on
he associa ions o he e nacula -speaking human indica e ha he
concep ualisa ion o egional a ia ion is mo e mul i-laye ed and non-sequen ial.
The younges ade s hemsel es indica e ha hey a e ep esen a i es o he
spoken code […] as many as 82,14% o he esponden s claimed o speak he spoken
code (see also Figu e 8) and on he handw i en map he ade s' zone was
ma ked as he spoken code zone, bu by calling i he associa es o he spoken
human, hey did no shy away om he ypical ep esen a i e o he spoken
code. 30.61% o he su ey esponses highligh ed opposi ion a iables in he b oades sense, such as an olde pe son; a u al pe son; p ima y educa ion and

S aipsniai / A icles 105
Pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos ins umen ai i y imų k yp ys:
a ian ų a ealai men aliniuose žemėlapiuose (Bi žų a ejis)
pan.4, i.e. he sociolinguis ic po ai o he pe son speaking in a o eign language is a ibu ed om
he esea ch po ai i sel : young people li ing in he ci y, educa ing people. and non-nega i e
Ki a e us, socioling is inio po e o s uk ū oje esama daugiau eigiamų,
conno a ions o clo hing (e.g. : Bi ž_1 (2) V08: wi h an o dina y pe son wi h whom i becomes un o
alk; Bi ž_1 (2) V13: wi h a du y o his egion; Bi ž_1 (4) M08: wi h people ending hei own ca le; Bi ž_1
(4) V06: a pe son who deg ades a language o p ese es i s his o y; Bi ž_1 (4) V13: wi h he su name;
Bi ž_1 (4) V20: easie and as e communica ion wi h iends and o he s; BIRG2 (2) M14: A pe son who
speaks luen ly is mo e open-minded. I should be no ed ha he subjec s, e en when associa ing a
na i e speake wi h a illage o an elde ly speake , p o ide hese cha ac e is ics o he
sociolinguis ic po ai o a na i e speake as an objec i e a he han a quali ying ma ke , e.g. The
wo d "Bi d" comes om he e b "Bi d," which is some imes used o e e o a pe son who speaks in
a o eign language. Among he open esponses o he esea ch on linguis ically speaking people's
associa ions a e pa icula ly e lec i e ones, e.g. : Bi ž_2 (4) M41: some imes wi h a neighbo , bu only
senu žmogumi, ku is išlaikė, išsaugojo sa o a mę; Bi ž_2 (4) M16: su kaime gy e-
nančiu žmogumi, ačiau ai nė a blogai; Bi ž_2 (4) M41: ka ais su kaimiečiu, be ik
occasionally; BIRG2 M16: Wi h a man who li es in he coun y, bu i 's no bad. Such hough ul
esponses indica e an in e es ed, esponsible esponse om he subjec . I hink ha he lack o
egional a ia ion in he concep ualiza ion o a ia ion ( o example, I speak e nacula , my na i e
language is he e nacula code zone, bu my e nacula -speaking human p o o ype is an olde man
om he coun yside) is a clea and i m e e ence o he mul ilingualism o he e nacula codes.
As in he objec i e medium, ho izon al a iance can be b oken down by he dis ibu ion and in ensi y
o ele an and o he ea u es (e.g. Aliuding and he o dina y membe o he language communi y,
bu , o cou se, in his case, no clea schemes o he classi ica ion o a single basis a e de eloped.
F om such eclec ic maps and mixed p o isions, he expe ience o mul i-laye ed a iance o a simple
e alua o can be econs uc ed. In addi ion o he isual ep esen a ion o he human body, he
kai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014b: 260–262). Tas pa s p incipas, kaip ma y i, y a bū-
isual ep esen a ion o he human body is also impo an , as shown in Figu e 4 o Figu e 4 o Figu e 4
o Figu e 4 o Figu e 4 o Figu e 4 o Figu e 4. The e m 'highlands' and 'lowe lands' a e associa ed
su kaimu. Ti iamoji pieš iniame žemėlapyje ski ia aukš aičių, žemaičių, dzūkų i su alkų a -
mes, aip pa šias a mes iš a dija i pasku iniojoje y imo anke os užduo yje. Iš okio a sakymo,
galima da y i p ielaidą, kad a mės su okiamos pagal hie a chizuo ą sis emą.
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ, DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXIV de ines speci ic zones as places o
in e media e speech, bu also cla i ies he assessmen o he ma ked
language zone (see Figu e 10).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
10 PAV. O he Se e al ends eme ge om he commen s o young
s ockholde s in he men al maps o he e alua ed zones: i s , he
in e media e codes end o be concep ualized as a ac i e, bu mo e
inaccu a e han egula o y. Secondly, ho izon al a iance is di e en ia ed
be ween […] one e mina ion zone has a ac i e (and less egula o y) codes
and he o he […] non-a ac i e codes.
A icles o he 107 h
Pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos inst umen ai i y imų k yp ys:
a ian ų a ealai men aliniuose žemėlapiuose (Bi žų a ejis)
I should be no ed ha in s udies o pe cep ual dialec ology, he con on a ion
o concep s o egula i y and a ac i eness is a common phenomenon in he
s uc u e o e bal codes ( o example, P es on, 1989b: 85 […] 111; L[…]
Epla enie -Saugy, 2002: 351 […] and k . Concep ualiza ion endencies a e ela ed
o adi ional collec i e s e eo ypes, he ideology o he common language, he
objec i e linguis ic en i onmen . The young bi d's pencil d awings highligh he
na i e language code: i is concep ualized as beau i ul, a ac i e, bu no
bicycle-like (see pencil d awing agmen examples (see Fig. 11). 11 PAV. O he The
Bi ž_1(2)_V04 Bi ž_1(2)_V03 Bi ž_1(2)_V07
Bi ž_1(2)_V11 Bi ž_2(4)_M26 Bi ž_1(4)_M12
image o he language's na i e language does no imply ha he appea ance o
a ac i eness in he image o he in e media e code co ela es wi h he
linguis ic iden i y o he subjec s. Exchange code ( hi d name as Bi ž_1 (2) M06:
Bi žiečių kalba; Bi ž_1 (2) V04: he bi žiečių o he highlands; Bi ž_1 (2) V09: he
bi žie iška a mė; Bi ž_1 (4) M30: in he o m o bi žie i; Bi ž_2 (2) M21: Bi žų
k aš o a mė i k .) […] has i s own code, so i is conside ed a o able. This
insigh can be illus a ed by he esea che s' own commen s, e.g. : Bi ž_1(4)_M15:
beau i ul because i is my na i e language; Bi ch_2(2)_M15: he mos beau i ul
lowe . This is he case wi h Renée an Bezooijen's insigh s explaining such
a iance-assessmen pa e ns, summa ised by he comp ehensibili y and
ecogni ion hypo heses (c . an Bezooijen 2002: 15). I can be assumed ha he
pa e n o egula i y in he ep esen a ion o he language code (no jus he
jopai. Pi ma, a miniai kodai apsk i ai a sidu ia bend inės kalbos opozicijoje:
bend inė kalba koncep ualizuojama kaip aisyklingas kodas, o a minis ko-
das (holis iškai ne nedi e encijuojan pagal zonas) – kaip ne aisyklingas (ž .
na i e language) is co ela ed wi h he gene al language ac o and is explained
by he wo Bi j_1(4)_M23 map in Figu e 12. Secondly, he common language (i.e. he
ep esen a ion o he common language a ailable o he membe s o he common
language communi y ( o he so-called quasi-s anda d, see Long 1996: 118135) is he e e ence o he s udy o he anking o he ansla ion codes (ž . The Bi ch_2(4)_M56 map is shown in Figu e 12. ).
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ, DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
In Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXIV, R. an Bezooijen (2002, p.15), he so-called
simila i y hypo hesis is ecalled, which s a es ha a ian s simila o he
common language may be mo e a o ably e alua ed by membe s o he common
language communi y. I should be no ed ha his au ho hough his way when
summa izing he aes he ic e alua ion o he a ian s, bu i is qui e likely ha
he common language, as a p o o ype o he egula code, he image
s a bus (gal ne s a besnis) a minių kodų aisyklingumo į e čiams.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The 12 h PAV. Common language ac o in men al maps commen s On he o he hand,
he na i e language ac o canno be elimina ed. F om an aes he ic poin o iew,
he Bi žų geolec is a ed e y a ou ably, so i is likely ha i s own code becomes a
e e ence o some subjec s in di e en ia ing o he a ian s om an
a ac i eness poin o iew. A e y in o ma i e commen a y on he men al map o
one s udy […] Bi ž_2(4)_M07: Each one is beau i ul in i s own way, bu a pe son om
ano he egion will say ha his way is beau i ul and ano he 's is ugly. I like my ongue
because I use i . Howe e , i mus be acknowledged ha he aes he ically a o able
assessmen o he na i e language code is only a endency and no a ule. The e a e
also o he images (Bi ž_2(4)_M01 see Fig. 13). ).
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
See also Figu e 13. The na i e image o he Nepali language
A icles o he 109 h
Pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos inst umen ai i y imų k yp ys:
a ian ų a ealai men aliniuose žemėlapiuose (Bi žų a ejis)
Ob iously, he image o ole ance (in gene al) in he minds o young people is
ambi alen : ole an : in ole an o ole ance. Such di e en ia ion is ela ed o
he objec i e cha ac e is ics o he a ian s, s e eo ypes, and he ac o o
communica ion success. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed
ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. ).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Bi ž_2(2)_M11 Bi ž_2(4)_V09
14 PAV. Ta miškumo aizdinio ambi alen iškumas
Acco ding o he su ey da a, he p o o ypes o a ac i e sounds a e
siems bi žiečiams y a labiau aukš ai iški, ki iems – žemai iški, su alkie iški a
unique o young people. (See also oo no e.) This Regula ion shall en e in o
o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. This can be applied o R. an Bezooijen's sound-di usion hypo hesis, which s a es ha some sounds a e pe cei ed as mo e beau i ul han o he s ( an
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
In he case o he i s -o de bina y, he
bina y-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e-
media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in-
e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-
-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media-
e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e-in e media e. 2) iden i ied by he eyes o he o dina y assesso , he ho es poin s o he a m codes, he a eas h oughou he Li huanian a ea (Bi ž_1(2)_V14, Bi ž_1(4)_M12 ig. 18); 3) Cen al Li huania
a ealas išski iamas a p a minių zonų, be o, a minių kodų zonos olinamos

DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ, DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
110 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
nuo didmiesčių a didmiesčiai eliminuojami iš a minių zonų (Bi ž_2(4)_M41,
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. 15 o his Regula ion. ).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Bi ž_1(2)_V14 Bi ž_1(4)_M12
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel
15 PAV. O he The nea es egional cen e s o he p o o ypical
ansmission code zones a e Pane ėžys, U ena, Šiauliai, which lie be ween
he p o o ypical ansmission zones.
Only 15.46% o he esponden s linked he use o he language in he maps o
he whole o Li huania (see Figu e 16). I could be a gued ha such a
ep esen a ion is he mos accu a e […] he epe oi e o linguis ic
ins umen s is e lec ed h oughou he ho izon al con inuum o he
language, so he esea che s, ma king ha ansla ions a e spoken h oughou Li huania, a e igh .
A icles and a icles 111
Pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos inst umen ai i y imų k yp ys:
a ian ų a ealai men aliniuose žemėlapiuose (Bi žų a ejis)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
16 PAV. O he Objec i e men al maps O cou se, om he poin o iew o
esea che s, he spacing is di e en ia ed: om codes wi h b igh , dis inc i e
cha ac e is ics o codes cha ac e ized only by he spacing o hi d-pa y
cha ac e is ics (see Aliukai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014a: 4647). In such handw i en maps,
esea che s isualize a e y gene alized p o ision ha in e media e o
in e media e speech can be expec ed h oughou Li huania. Such maps speci y
he esponden s' answe s o an open ques ion abou he cha ac e is ics o
speech ha help o ecognize a pe son who speaks e bally. So don' ge used o
miškumo įspūdį kalboje i iamiesiems lemia galūnių (ne) a imas, ki čia imas,
he wo ds. Thus, when desc ibing a handw i en map, he esea che s decla e
expec ing acial di e ences h oughou Li huania. Mo e han 63% o young people
in he UK say hey ecognise ha a pe son speaks in a language o he han hei
na i e language. Bi j_1 (2) M09: whe e he e a e se e ed limbs, Bi j_1 (4) M11:
ano he wo d o se e ed limbs, Bi j_1 (4) V02: s e ched limbs, Bi j_2 (4) V06: P.
The e a e no se e ed limbs in he language o he Bi jans, hey a e cu o :
heal hy […] goodbye, I'm going […] I'm going and k . O he ci cumcision (e.g. Bi ž_2 (4)
M29: wo ds p onounced di e en ly, Bi ž_2 (4) M38: wo ds p onounced di e en ly,
unusual wo ds (e.g. : Bi ž_2 (4) M15: objec s wi h a di e en name, Bi ž_2
(4) V07: neaiškūs / negi dė i žodžiai i juokingai a iami žodžiai) aip pa daugiau
nei 30 p oc. jaunųjų bi žiečių ampa objek y iais a minio kalbėjimo odikliais.
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ, DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
112 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
As you can see, he subjec s p ojec he ea u es o e bal speech om he
na i e pe spec i e o he language. The sho ening o he limbs, he de achmen
o he c oss is an objec i e cha ac e is ic o he Bi žų geolec .
This kind o egis e o linguis ic dis inc i e ea u es allowed h ough he p ism
o pe sonal linguis ic expe ience is impo an o se e al easons: i s ly, he e is
an oppo uni y in linguis ic discou se o compa e he dis inc i e ea u es om
he esea che 's poin o iew wi h he dis inc i e ea u es om he speake 's
poin o iew; Secondly, such a sequence o cha ac e is ics is a clea indica ion o
he mos i id ea u es o he poin . 2.3 Gene aliza ion: possible in e p e a ion o
pe cep ual dialec ology in Li huanian a ia ion s udies Pieš iniai jaunųjų bi žiečių
maps e eal a ia ion images ha a e likely o a ec (o ac on) he linguis ic
p e e ences and o e all linguis ic beha io o membe s o he common language
communi y. Acco ding o he map, he e is likely o be a di ec co ela ion be ween
Tokios p ojekcijos dėl kalbinės p e e encijos gali bū i o muluojamos ado-
aujan is kalbinės gim inės, kaip a minės zonos, iden i ikacijos pieš iniame
he i ali y code o he in e media e language in he na i e language and he
ma king o he na i e language in he men al map. Unde s andably, his in e ace
can be e i ied in all cases by di ec obse a ion me hods.
The di ec ion o ho izon al con e gence can be p ojec ed using he zones o
(non) ac ion ansi ional codes iden i ied on he esea ch pencil maps. I he
dimension o he p o isions is elimina ed, he p ognos ic o ecas is one-sided.
Taigi šiuo aspek u koncep ualus pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos desk ip y-
umas y a e ingas y ėjų a mė y ai, ku ios desk ip y umas y a labiau in-
Ven ila ion and classi ica ion. Thus, he pe spec i e o he membe s o he
simple language communi y deepens (can deepen) he esea ch discou se on
a iance change and de elopmen . The na u e and densi y o consciousness in he
handw i en maps o he young people o Bi žania e eal ha membe s o he
o dina y language communi y ha e di e en exp essions […] as dis inc i e
ea u es […] images. I is expec ed ha he a ailable ep esen a ion o he
language is equally impo an bo h o hose subjec s whose handw i en maps
iden i y sepa a e a eas o language codes and o hose whose handw i en
maps o language codes co e he en i e a ea o Li huania. In a emp ing o
answe he ques ion o why such di e en men al maps a e ob ained in his
case, i is wo h alking abou he di e en deg ee o esea ch in e alua ing he
ela ionship be ween he language codes and he common language om he poin o iew o objec i e di e ences.
S aipsniai / A icles 113
Pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos ins umen ai i y imų k yp ys:
a ian ų a ealai men aliniuose žemėlapiuose (Bi žų a ejis)
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
Men al maps a e mo e associa ed wi h unconscious in es iga i e p o isions. Howe e ,
hose in which he language homeland is isually o (and) e bally iden i ied as he a ea
o he in e media e language indica e an objec i e esea ch ela ionship wi h he
kalbinių kodų epe ua ais jų gy enamoje aplinkoje.
Bi žų geolec , which was isola ed om he esea che s o he eas e n highlands
pane ėžiški plo o, led by objec i e linguis ic ma e ial a ew yea s ago. I s eal, a he
han imagina y, exis ence is con i med by he la es esea ch o young s ockb oke s:
he esea ch ela ionship […] I ecognize s. I don' ecognize he spelling code in a
close linguis ic en i onmen […] is aluable o p edic ing he sp ead o spelling codes
and p edic ing ends in i ali y. The non-con lic ing ela ionship wi h he
kos kodu, o ai sa o uož u b ėžia op imis ines Bi žų geolek o pe spek y as.
en i onmen : he lack o consis ency in he concep ualiza ion o egional a iance
( o example, I speak in dialec , my na i e language is he a ea o dialec codes, bu my
dialec -speaking human p o o ype is an old man om he coun yside) is a clea
indica ion o he mul ilingualism o dialec codes. Fi s ly, in e media e codes end o
be concep ualized as a ac i e, bu mo e non-cyclical han egula o y. Secondly,
ho izon al a iance is di e en ia ed be ween […] one e mina ion zone has
a ac i e (and less egula o y) codes and he o he […] non-a ac i e codes.
The na i e language code is concep ualized as beau i ul, a ac i e, bu no
disciplined. I is expec ed ha he pa e n o egula i y in he ep esen a ion
o he in e media e code (no jus he pa en language) co ela es wi h he
ac o o he common language. F om an aes he ic poin o iew, he Bi žų
geolec is conside ed e y a ou able, so i s own code has a ce ain esonance
o some o he subjec s in di e en ia ing o he op ions om an a ac i eness poin o iew.
Žemėlapiai su p o o ipinėmis a minių kodų zonomis odo, kad pap as ieji
kalbos bend uomenės na iai koncep ualizuoja a mę i bend inę kalbą opozi-
In his way, he "in e media e" zones a e igno ed, and only he so-called adia ion
zones (e.g. geoloca ion zones) a e highligh ed on he pencil map. I is belie ed ha
he mo e accu a e pe cep ion o he di e ences in he ela ionship be ween
he common language and he ansla ion codes, a he han he alue,
de e mines he mo e de ailed pencil map. Analysis o he da a o he ask o he
Young People's Pencil Map shows ha he pe spec i e o a membe o a
kon olinė a ian iškumo koncep ualiza imo sis ema, papildan i i kai ku iais
a ejais pa ikslinan i y ėjo požiū į. Taigi pe cep y iosios dialek ologijos p iei-
simple-language communi y can be seen as a mo e di e se discou se o language ensu ed by a pa icula communi y.
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ, DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
120 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV e y a ou ably; The e o e, o ce ain subjec s in he
s udy, hei dialec al code is a ce ain s a ing poin in di e en ia ing o he a ian s om he
pe spec i e o hei a ac i eness. The inconsis ency o concep ualiza ion o egional a iabili y
(e.g., I speak a dialec , my linguis ic homeland is he a ea o dialec al codes, bu my p o o ype o a
pe son speaking a dialec is an elde ly pe son esiding in a illage) is a clea e e ence o he
mul i-laye edness o dialec al codes. Fi s , he e is a endency o concep ualize dialec al codes as
a ac i e bu mo e inco ec han co ec . Second, ho izon al a iabili y is di e en ia ed […]
some dialec al a eas ea u e a ac i e (and less commonly co ec ) codes, o he s […]
una ac i e codes. The code o ones linguis ic homeland is concep ualized as beau i ul, a ac i e
bu language.
inco ec . I is likely ha in he men al image o a dialec al code (no only ha o one’s
linguis ic homeland) he componen o co ec ness co ela es wi h he ac o o s anda d
Maps wi h p o o ypical a eas o dialec al codes show ha o dina y membe s o a linguis ic
communi y concep ualize he dialec as opposed o he s anda d language by igno ing any
in e media e a ian s. The e o e, only he so-called adial dialec al a eas s and ou in he
d awn map. I is likely ha a mo e accu a e pe cep ion o he di e ences, a he han he
alue o he ela ionship be ween he s anda d language and dialec codes, de e mines a mo e
comp ehensi e map d awn. The da a analysis o he d aw-a-map ask pe o med by he young
esiden s o Bi žai shows ha he pe spec i e o an o dina y membe o he linguis ic
communi y is seen as a ce ain con ol sys em o concep ualiza ion o a iabili y, which
supplemen s he esea che 's app oach o co ec s i in ce ain cases. and discou se.
To conclude, he app oach o pe cep ual dialec ology ensu es a mo e a ied dialec ol-
Deli e ed on 2 May 2016
DAIVA ALIŪKAITĖ
Vilniaus uni e si e as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
DANGUOLĖ MIKULĖNIENĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.