A icles by A icle 115
LOÏC BOIZOU
Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas include compu e linguis ics,
compa a i e linguis ics, and ex ual linguis ics.
This is JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAIT
The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea
Resea ch a eas include ex ual linguis ics,
ph aseology, lexicology and lexicog aphy.
E RIMKUT[…]RIKA This is a lis o ai po s in C oa ia, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.
The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea
Resea ch a eas include ex ual linguis ics, compu e
linguis ics, au oma ic mo phological and syn ac ic analysis,
language cul u e, mo phology, and ixed compounds.
Li huanian language dic iona y
Young people's s a ion
GRAMATINĖS KATEGORIJOS
G amma ical ca ego ies o Li huanian
Two-wo d and mul i-wo d exp essions
ANOTATION In his a icle, wo-wo d ixed compounds a e analyzed, which a e gi en in wo
ypical colloca ions o syllables, he peculia i ies o he g amma ical o ms o he e bs. The
i daugiau o mų Lie u ių kalbos daik a a dinių azių žodyne. Ap a iami šių junginių, lai-
aim o he s udy is o analyze in de ail he g amma ical ca ego ies o wo-wo d compounds,
wi h a pa icula ocus on jokes; desc ibe how he e bs co ela e wi h he syn ac ic
ela ionships exp essed by hem. The a icle p o ides s a is ical da a on he dis ibu ion o
g amma ical ca ego ies o e bs and p onouns, compa ed wi h he use o g amma ical
o ms in w i en and spoken Li huanian ex s.
ESMINIAI WORDS: Li huanian language, ixed compounds, g amma ical ca ego ies, a
dic iona y o ph ases used in Li huanian language.
116 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
This s udy ocuses on wo-wo d MWEs exp essed by se e al g amma ical o ms in he
Dic iona y o Li huanian Nominal Ph ases. We analyze he dis ibu ion o g amma ical
ca ego ies in he wo-wo d MWEs, which a e mainly unde s ood as ypical colloca ions. The
s udy aims o p o ide a de ailed documen a ion o he use o g amma ical ca ego ies, wi h a
speci ic emphasis on he case ca ego y, in o de o show he co ela ions be ween he use
each case and a pa icula syn ac ic unc ion. The pape con ibu es o he desc ip ion o
g amma ical ea u es o Li huanian MWEs by p o iding he quan i a i e dis ibu ion da-
o e bal and nominal ca ego ies, which a e hen con as ed wi h he use o he same
ca ego ies in w i en and spoken Li huanian co po a. KEYWORDS: Li huanian language,
mul i-wo d exp essions, g amma ical ca ego ies, Dic iona y o Li huanian Nominal Ph ases.
1.The ollowing able is inse ed:
The e a e a numbe o s udies on he Li huanian language's pe manen associa ions (PJ) in he
u u e: i we limi ou sel es o hose s udies ha analyze he a ious ypes o PJ syn ax,
galima paminė i Jus inos Bagdonai ės (2010), Agnės Bielinskienės (2010), Gie-
d ės Ja ašiūnai ės (2004), Jolan os Ko ale skai ės i E ikos Rimku ės (2010),
g amma , we would ha e he wo ks o Rū a Ma cinke ičienė and Gina ė G igony ė (2005) and
o he s. This a icle con inues he cycle on he g amma o he Li huanian language's noun
ph ases (LKDFZ o dic iona y1): he au ho s o his wo k ha e discussed he di icul ies
encoun e ed in au oma ically de e mining he o ms o he nouns p esen ed in he LKDFZ
(Boizou and k .a), desc ibed he mo phological and syn ac ic ea u es o he LKDFZ nouns
(Boizou and k .b) and analyzed he g amma and seman ics o he PJJ nouns p esen ed in he
LKDFZ (Rimku ė and k .b). This a icle analyzes wo-wo d compounds ha LKDFZ ga e in wo o
mo e o ms, un illed and uns essed, ou o a o al o 19,816 compounds. Among hem a e mos ly
compounds o wo nouns (e.g. majo i y o he popula ion, majo i y o he popula ion; The golden
age, he golden age, he golden age. Bal ic 1 LKDFŽ is he i s Li huanian-language PJ dic iona y
based on a ex . I is o en composed o meaning ul and g amma ically egula compounds and
ph ases ha con ain a leas one noun ( o mo e on LKDFZ and he p inciples o i s o ma ion,
see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Rimku ė and o he s 2012; Boizou and o he s 2015b).
A icles by A icles 117
Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių
g ama inės ka ego ijos
oad, Bal ic oad, Bal ic oad), as well as compounds consis ing o a noun and a e b
( im a p oblema, se ious p oblems; clean money, clean money), a e b and a e b
(open oad, open oad; In adop ing he solu ions, based on he cu en g amma o
mą, p iims sp endimą). Anks esniame y ime (Boizou i k . 2015b) šie d ižodžiai
he Li huanian language (1996), classi y in o he ollowing g oups: (a) objec i e (i.e.
0.08 pe cen o all compounds); (b) subjec i e (0.33 pe cen ); (2) he connec o s
(0,16%); (3) he connec ion: Objec i e (34.2%), Subjec i e (0.16%), and Nouns (which can
be conside ed as ypical colloca ions) highligh ed he peculia i ies o he use o
c) aplinkybinius (0,30 p oc.) i d) požymio (95,55 p oc.)2.
Šiame y ime didžiausias dėmesys ski iamas LKDFŽ d ižodžiuose jungi-
g amma ical o ms. The a icle p o ides s a is ical da a on he dis ibu ion o all
e b and noun g amma ical ca ego ies and shows how a pa icula g amma ical
ca ego y is used o o m syn ac ic connec ions. The ocus is on he un ones;
Se ed as a co olla y o un
i jais eiškiami sin aksiniai yšiai.
The dis ibu ion o he PJ pa s and syllables o he wo wo ds gi en by he LDFKZ
is compa ed wi h he da a o he e nacula and w i en language on he basis o
he ex s o he a ia ions o hese wo languages, and he o he g amma ical
ca ego ies […] wi h he w i en language, because he e is no da a on he
dis ibu ion o all g amma ical ca ego ies in he e nacula . A mo phologically
anno a ed Li huanian language ex o 1 million wo ds (see Rimku ė 2006,
he eina e e e ed o as he ex ) was selec ed o ep esen he w i en
language, and he Li huanian language ex o […] Saky inės lie u ių kalbos
(Dabašinskienė 2009). I is hoped ha a compa ison o he dis ibu ion o
g amma ical ca ego ies in w i en and spoken language will help o de e mine
wha is cha ac e is ic o he o mulaic language (see W ay 2002). how much he
g amma ical ea u es o he Li huanian language a e e lec ed in he de eloped language, wha di e ences and simila i ies can be no iced.
2. Speech and g amma
Ca ego y o subsc ip ions
Table 1 clea ly shows ha among he wo-wo d PJs analyzed om he LKDFZ, he p e ailing
objec wo ds […] such p opo ions o he pa s o he language a e de e mined by he ac
ha he dic iona y […] O he au ho s, such as Vi as Labu is (1998), adhe e o a somewha
di e en classi ica ion: in his wo k he adjec i e compounds o he adjec i e co espond
o he V. Labu is a ibu e compounds, and he conjunc ion o he objec compound […] p edica es (L 1998: […] 9094).
118 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ
į auk i ik ie junginiai, ku iuose y a ben ienas daik a a dis (be jis nebū inai
is he main componen o he compound)3. Thus, when analyzing he PJ's
wo-le e wo ds, di e en esul s could no be expec ed and hey do no
esemble he da a o w i en and spoken language a all. […] W i en language
ex s make up abou 39% (Rimku ė 2006: 27), spoken language ex s […] 16.2% (Dabašinskienė)
2009: 9).
Due o he high numbe o nouns among he analyzed PJ gausu and adjec i es
(because hey a e combined wi h nouns) […] hey a e wice as many as in he
ex s (7,33% in w i en language ex s, 2,8% in spoken language ex s). The
dis ibu ion o o he pa s o he language also does no ma ch he da a o
w i en and spoken language, e.g. e bs […] 20,5 22,84%, nume al […] 0,96
pe cen , su names […] 8,7 1,9 and 16,9 pe cen
Iš pag indinių kalbos dalių gana sma kiai ski iasi eiksmažodžių skaičius,
nes y imo medžiagoje labai nedaug eiksmažodinių junginių. No s, kaip nu-
2015b: 121), he model o ac ion wo d + objec wo d makes up 9.99%, bu in e ms
o equency i is s ill e y a om he wo mos common models […] objec
wo d + objec wo d (4079,%) and adjec i e
+ he name o he objec (32.2%).
One LENTEL. Dis ibu ion o language pa s
Pa o he language Sk. The P oc.
Names o objec s 29559 74,55
Su names 6388 and 1611
Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc .
Su names 738 1.86
Su names 640 1.61 This is a lis o people by su name.
Pa s o he language o Neki om 31 0,08
O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils
O which 39651 100,00
O he pa s o he non-nomadic language ound in he PJ's dic iona ies, only
p eposi ions, p eposi ions, and pa s a e ound. In an ea lie s udy (Boizou e al. 2015b:
123) i was ound ha he main clo hing combina ions we e di ided as ollows: i ems
[…] 96.4%, e bs […] 3.59%, adjec i es […] 0.02%.
4 The i s digi s indica e how much o a pa icula pa o he language is ound in he ex o
he w i en language, and he digi s ollowed by a dash indica e how much has been used in he ex o he spoken language.
A icles o he 119 h
Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių
g ama inės ka ego ijos
mo e can be expec ed i he s udy ma e ial con ained a p e ix + adjec i e, a
p e ix + e b model o compounds. p e ixes and su ixes a e mainly used in
exempla y o ague syn ac ic connec ions ( hey a e no discussed in mo e de ail
in his a icle). Adjec i es, ad e bs and pa i ions in PJ's wo wo ds make up 0.08
pe cen , in w i en language ex s […] mo e han 13 pe cen . ; an e en la ge
sha e […] 26.4 pe cen […] in he ex o he p o e bial language. The e a e e y
ew non- e bal pa s o he language in he PJs, because his is de e mined by
he endency o he pa s o he language o combine: in meaning ul conjuga ed
wo ds, whe e one wo d is a noun, he o he wo d can usually only be a noun o a
e b.
While he wo d coun is only 0.2% o he o al numbe o wo ds in he dic iona y,
he numbe o wo ds in he dic iona y is s ill qui e small compa ed o he es o
he dic iona y. This can be explained by he ac ha a ious syn ac ic
connec ions can be ound in compounds ha o m sho , e.g. In he case o HIV
ca ie s, EU coun ies, NATO membe s, B lymphocy e connec ions (see also Boizou
ci ai, C g upė. Jie dažniausiai a o i kaip pažyminiai.
Paanaliza us, kokia kalbos dalių į ai o ė iš yškėja ski inguose sin aksi-
and o he s 2015b), he ollowing gene aliza ions can be made: only e bs a e used
in conjunc ion connec ions, only e bs and e bs […] in subjec i e and objec i e
connec ions, as well as in conjunc ion connec ions in subjec i e connec ions.
Mo e languages wi hou nouns and e bs a e ound in ad e bs and abb e ia ions;
dalių į ai o ė pas ebė a a p p ijungiamojo yšio aplinkybinių junginių: juose
In he objec connec ions o he connec ing link, mos ly nouns and e bs a e
used, bu adjec i es, nume al wo ds and nouns a e also used. All he pa s o he
language gi en in able 1 (excep non-communica i e) a e ound in conjunc ions o
he adjec i e o he connec ing conjunc ion, his ype o conjunc ion is
domina ed by nouns. The ac ha he dis ibu ion o he analyzed wo-wo d
pa s o he PJ language does no co espond o he dis ibu ion o he spoken
and w i en Li huanian language, leads o qui e di e en esul s o he
dis ibu ion o g amma ical ca ego ies (compa ed o he da a o he ex s).
Howe e , in some cases (especially on he le ) a e y simila a osena can be
seen (see 2.1 and 2.2 posky ius in mo e de ail).
2.1. Fo ms o con ac s
2.1.1. The classi ica ion o pe sonal and non-pe sonal o ms in o he
analysed wo-wo d compounds includes 379 pe sonal o ms and 280
non-pe sonal o ms. Please no e ha he uniden i iable

120 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ
eiksmažodžių neįskaičiuo i daly iai: dažniausiai daly iai a ojami kaip de i-
nouns, so hey' e coun ed as adjec i es.5 The mos common o ms o he wo d
a e he plu al o m (see able 2), wi h he mos common being he plu al o m.
Compa ed wi h he w i en language ex , a simila a io can be seen: ex
associa ions a e used he mos (excluding pa icipan s) and make up 76.73%,
second in equency a e pa icipan s […] 14.61%, hi d […] semi-pa icipan s […]
8.56%. The highe pe cen age o di isions among he analyzed ocabula y
compounds han in he ex can be explained by he ac ha his g amma ical
o m is used in a ious compounds: subjec , objec , and su ounding connec ions.
I can be assumed ha he a e hal o he pa icipan s was due o he ac
ha one o he LKDFZ membe s had o be a wo d (because his is he p inciple o
PJ selec ion applied), so only hose hal -pa icipan s who possessed such wo ds
(e.g. lying in bed, ha ing a goal, gi ing an in e iew) we e admi ed, bu no hose
who joined he wo k. Classi ica ion o non-iden i iable o ms
junginiai lie u ių kalboje gana dažni (p z.: g ei ai bėgdamas, sunkiai nešdami).
See also Fo m. The P oc.
companies 196 70.0
membe s 71 25.4
pusdaly iai 13 4,6
O which a o al o 280 100,0
Mos o he connec ions (189) we e con e ed o connec ing connec ions in
objec s, such as ge ing money, aking on commi men s. The mos common o m
o his ype o compound is used by pa icipan s (38 cases), e.g. a e g adua ion,
a e commi ing a c ime. In some cases, i is used in conjunc ion wi h he e b
" o connec " in conjunc ion wi h he e b " o connec " in conjunc ion wi h he
e b " o connec " in conjunc ion wi h he e b " o connec " in conjunc ion wi h
he e b " o connec " in conjunc ion wi h he e b " o connec " in conjunc ion
wi h he e b " o connec ". Semi-pa icipan s a e also mo e common in objec i e connec ions, e.g. in in e iews wi h a pu pose. Fo he mo e humo ous o ms o e bs, see pa ag aph 2.2.
Toliau ap a iamos asmenuojamosios o mos i pa eikiama s a is inių duo-
he classi ica ion o g amma ical ca ego ies peculia o ac ion wo ds in he a s.
5
I is unde s ood ha he pa icipan s can be used no only as combina ions o punc ua ion, bu
also as con olling wo ds, e.g., "shocked" "shocked" "shook his ee h". Assigning such
pa icipan s o adjec i es is no an objec i e, bu he e a e qui e ew cases o such usage, so hey do no ha e much in luence on he esul s.
A icles o he 121s
Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių
g ama inės ka ego ijos
2.1.2. Ca ego y o ime
Only he imes o he pe sonal p o ec ion o ms lis ed in able 3 and he imes
o he pa icipan s and pa icipan s a e no included he e. These da a can be
compa ed wi h he da a o he mo phologically anno a ed ex (see Rimku ė
2006: 35). One impo an di e ence s ands ou : among he wo-wo d PJs
analyzed om he LKDFZ, he pas ense domina es (almos 53 pe cen ), while
he p esen ense accoun s o a simila pe cen age (52.5 pe cen ) in he ex
PJ – esamasis (40,85 p oc.), eks yne – bū asis ka inis (37,8 p oc.). Būsimasis
laikas daug e esnis: d ižodžiuose PJ 6,2 p oc., eks yne – 7,9 p oc. Pa s ečiau-
men ioned. The second ime is di ided acco ding o he equency: in he
wo-wo d sias […] will be he equency ime, i makes up 2.7 pe cen in he ex , and in he wo-wo d PJ […] less han one pe cen .
3 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? Dis ibu ion o imes
I 's ime. The P oc.
u u e ca dinal 190 51.9
p esen 153 41.8 u u e
22 6.0 u u e equency
1 0,3
O which 366 100,0
2.1.3. Ca ego y o news
The dis ibu ion o LDFKZ-used double-syllable PJ e b o m deposi s (see able 4)
co esponds o he p esen -day spelling o Li huanian […] mo e han 96% consis s o
di ec o m deposi s (see mo phologically anno a ed ex yne 91,5% (Rimku ė 2006: 35).
Mos o he o ms o his sedimen a e ound in he objec s o connec ion, e.g. i had
in luence, he celeb a ion o he Eucha is . 63 di ec sedimen o ms used in he
subjec i e connec ions o he in e connec edness: he ime has come, he music has
sounded. Bo h he semi-in e ac ion in he subjec i e and objec i e connec ions (e.g.
a iamosios, iek liepiamosios nuosakos o mos pa a o os p ijungiamojo yšio
objek iniuose, aplinkybiniuose (p z.: suda y ų sąlygas, a idėki e y dienai) i a -
he possibili y o a ising, be a man).
122 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ
4 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? Dis ibu ion o nu s
This is Nuosa Sk. The P oc.
di ec 366 96,6
July 71,8
a iamoji 61,6
Iš iso 379 100,0
2.1.4. Calcula o and pe son ca ego ies
As men ioned ea lie (see also able 4), mos ly di ec sedimen a y o ms a e ound
in he objec s o he connec ing connec ion in he connec ions, so mos ly o ms o
pe sons a e also ound he e. In able 5 i is clea ly seen ha he hi d pe son […] his
endency is cha ac e is ic and mo phologically anno a ed in he ex , he e he
asmuo suda o 81,3 p oc. (Rimku ė 2006: 35). 286 ečiojo asmens a ejai as i
hi d pe son is a ached o he objec connec ions, e.g. washing dishes, washing he
head. 62 cases o es ablishing in e connec ions in subjec i e connec ions, e.g. on an
occasion, a con e ence will ake place. The hi d-pa y o ms we e ound in he
connec ions o he connec o in he su ounding connec ions, e.g. by pa icipa ing in
elec ions. 5 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? Dis ibu ion o numbe and numbe
Skaičius and he pe son Sk. The P oc.
Th ee o hem.
359 94,7 o
which: 1 asm. 8
and 2.1 dgs. 1
asm. o 51,3 dgs. Two ee . 51,3 o he ns. Two ee . 2 0,5
O which 379 100,0
The e a e se en cases o he i s pe son singula in he objec i e connec ions o
he connec ing ela ion, e.g., I had an oppo uni y, I ead a passage. The second
pe son singula is used mos a ely, bo h cases being ound in he objec
connec ions o he in e connec ion: be a man, be a man. The i s pe son plu al is
mo e common in objec connec ions, e.g. we ha e he oppo uni y o ocus. All
cases o mul iple second-pe son usage a e ound in connec ing objec
connec ions, e.g. p ess he bu on, do no miss he oppo uni y. As can be seen
A icles and a icles 123
Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių
g ama inės ka ego ijos
om he examples, he o m o he second pe son o he singula and plu al is
domina ed by he o m o he adjec i e. The classi ica ion o he consonan and
non-consonan o ms in he LKDFZ wo-wo d PJ co esponds o he gene al
g amma o w i en language: he wo d o consonan o ms is 10.6%, he wo d
o ex […] 12.3%. ; non-con en ional o ms in bo h he dic iona y and he ex a e
p edominan ly […] 89.4 and 87.7 pe cen espec i ely.6 Summing up he da a gi en in
subsec ion 2.1.1, i can be said ha he o osena o he g amma ical o ms o
e bs essen ially co esponds o he o osena dėsningumus o he Li huanian
language. Howe e , an o e iew o he ca ego ies o deb is and pe sons shows
ha he membe ha domina es usually occupies a la ge sha e han he mos
commonly used o m o ex (e.g., PJ's u u e ca d ime). Can be done
p ielaidą, kad šiuos ezul a us lemia ai, jog analizuo i pas o ieji junginiai, a ba
y a pe nelyg mažas g ama inių o mų skaičius, kad iš yškė ų aiškesnė a osena.
2.2. Fo ms o su names
2.2.1. Ca ego y o he le
The ollowing desc ibes how each chee ul owel is dis ibu ed acco ding o he
syn ac ic ela ionship i exp esses. The numbe o syllables does no ake in o
accoun he pa o he language, he genus, he numbe and o he g amma ical
ea u es (such as whe he he noun is e i iable o gene ic, synonymous o
non-synonymous; whe he he pa icipan is a su name o no ; whe he a
non-equi alen o a highe -le el adjec i e has been used, e c. ).
Fi s o all, we p esen a common LKDFZ able o he equency o
double-syllable and single-syllable PJ consonan s and consonan s used in
w i en language ex s.
Al hough his a icle analyzes he use o se e al al e na e o ms o PJ, when discussing he
dis ibu ion o links, i is desi able o pay a en ion o he use o one o m o PJ compounds7. I is
in e es ing o compa e he o ms o he same o m in he PJ because he o ms o he same o m
in he PJ a e coun ed, 6 all he o ms o e bs a e coun ed, as well as he e bs o he e bs. 7
Single- o m PJs a e hose eco ded by he LKDFZ in a single uni o m (see Rimku ė and o he s, 2015
o de ails). Pa o he single o ms is ac ually ully sus ained and used as a single o m (demeisio
cen e, compe i ion pa h) in PJ; One o he PJs (usually he second one) is sus aining and his
de e mines he s abili y o he whole compound. Some o he uni o ms a e hose ha only he
LKDFZ eco ds in one (usually he mos common) o m, al hough hey can be dis u bed in he
qua e , e.g. lying an ai plane, quali ying ma ches, he Holy W i .
130 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV
LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ
o ep esen he s a e o a ew days, o und he p ojec . I he bene icia y is used
on he le , his quan i y will usually be he indica ing compounds, he i s le e o
which is a noun (as in he example o a ew days). The use o he connec ing link in he
subjec i e connec ions is mo e common on he igh , e.g. when sp ing a i es, when i
ains. Such compounds, as a child g owing up, he sun shining, as can be judged om he
missing da a, do no ha e he usual s uc u e o he Li huanian language o exp ess
subjec i e ela ions. The e a e only six cases whe e he bene icia y is exp essed as
an en i onmen al associa ion: abou hal , membe s o he EU and NATO, pos pone
omo ow, so i is no possible o make u he gene aliza ions abou he bene icia y
o his ype o associa ion. Bo h o he bene icia y's amily and o me ged amilies,
e.g. b o he s and sis e s; he mayo , he boa d.
2.2.1.4. Cinnamon
As has al eady been men ioned se e al imes, due o he ac ha he wo-wo d
PJs a e domina ed by he conjunc ion o he adjacen link, he mos common
sena bū en šio ipo junginiuose (ž . 10 len elę), p z.: nemažas sumas, Lie u os
isuomenę. Tai, kad d iem ečdaliais a ejų galininkas eina dešinėje, paaiškin-
possible use is ha he conjunc ions wi h he non-co ela ing ma ks p e ail,
which means ha only he second pa can be a ec ed, e.g. The Li huanian
socie y is a socie y o he public o he public.
10 o LENTEL. Dis ibu ion o he goalkeepe
Eil.
he
Sin aksinis
ollowing
Kai ė,
able is
Kai ė,
added: O
Dešinė,
he o al
Dešinė,
Sha e among
all
compounds, p oc.
1 Connec ed: 1880 35.3
signs o he
3442 64.7 5322 14.3
2 Connec ed: 39 9,1
objec
390 90,9 429 53,3
3 Connec ed 550,0 550,0 10 13,5
4 Connec ed:
su oundings
333,666,7 911,4
O his o al o 1927 3843 5770
A e compa ing all links o he qua e (see able 13), i can be seen ha he
end use is he mos ypical link o he objec connec ions o he connec ing
connec ion (making 53.3% o all PJ connec ions). I should be no ed ha mo e han 90%

A icles by A icles 131
Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių
g ama inės ka ego ijos
In some cases, he e mina o goes o he igh , because he mos common
combina ion o his ype is he e b + he noun o he s uc u e, e.g. block he oad,
had a chance. On he le , he holde is used i he i s i em indica es he amoun o
he su name, e.g. a hund ed yea s, a housand li as. I is ue ha he e a e some
no qui e ypical compounds in which he end use is le -handed: he impac on he en i onmen (because he con ols he de ice), he p oblem o sol ing
(no in e e se o de o wo ds).
The e a e only nine examples o connec i e issue a ound connec i e issue, and
he e a e 10 examples o connec i e issue, illus a ed by such examples as bank
accoun s, yes e day mo ning (connec i e issue) and windows, doo s; hands, ee (join ed).
2.2.1.5. The en ep eneu
Mos o he connec i e issue ea u es o he connec i e issue join s a e
i i a ed, so hey a e o a ed and in he o m o an a acke , e.g. p o ided by
pleasu es, he king o Poland. I is men ioned ha he e a e p e ailing compounds
gininkas d igubai dažniau būna dešinėje, o ne kai ėje (ž . 11 len elę). Iš pa eik-
wi h a non-deg adable ma k, so i can be seen om he summa y o all he links in
he da a (see able 13), ha he de i a i e (excep o he de i a i e) […] is he
a es de i a i e o he adjec i e, because his de i a i e makes up only 4.5
pe cen o 11 LENTEL[…]. Dis ibu ion o he con ac o
Eil.
he
Sin aksinis
ollowing
Kai ė,
able is
Kai ė,
added: O
Dešinė,
he o al
Dešinė,
Sha e
among all compounds, p oc.
1Connec ed: 628 37.2
signs and symp oms
1060 62.8 1688 4.5
2 Connec ed:
objec
310,7 25 89,3 28 3,5
3 Connec ed:
su oundings
133,3 266,7 33,8
O which 632 1087 1719
Because o he a i y o he use o he p onoun, only 28 ins ances o his
mojo yšio objek iniuose junginiuose. Dažniausia okių junginių s uk ū-
chee ul p onoun a e p onounced […] ac ion wo d […] objec wo d, e.g.
acknowledged guil y, shoulde ed. The e a e a ew examples o e bs ha equi e
he p ac i ione o be sel -awa e, such as sel -p ese a ion, sel -con idence. In
he le , he igge is used only when he quan i y is in he signi ican
compounds, e.g. one hund ed pe cen . I should be no ed ha be ween he
connec i e issue o he su ounding join s and he ligamen , he e a e wo ime-symbolic samples: mon hs o he mon h, yea s o he yea .
132 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV
LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ
Ano he compound, in which he innkeepe is on he le , is he Li huanian
embassy.
2.2.1.6. Vie namese
In classi ying he da a o he s udy desc ibed by Boizou e al. 2015b, many ques ions a ose as
o whe e o a ibu e he compounds o he local […] such ambigui ies we e caused by he
ac ha he compounds o he wo wo ds we e analyzed. I we we e o analyze he
compound wo ds, many o hem would p obably be used as e bs, he meanings o which would
ų galima iksliau nus a y i junginio ipą. Klasi ikuojan d ižodžius junginius
su ie ininku, kaip ma y i 12 len elėje, didžioji jų dalis p iski a p ijungia-
indica e a ela ionship o he compound wo ds, e.g. in beau y con es s, in he uppe pa , in a
depa men s o e. A i s glance, you migh ind ha hese a e he compounds ha
ep esen he place. And i would be, i he e we e ac ion wo ds, like en e ing beau y
pagean s, buying a a depa men s o e. On he o he hand, hese compounds a e
au onomous, o be conside ed as ypical colloca ions, so hey a e ea ed as a sign o a o m
o compound al e na ion. In his case, all he o ms o he conjunc ion indica ing he sign
(no coun ing he consonan ) a e assigned o he ype o conjunc ion men ioned, e.g., hi d
place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place,
hi d place, hi d place. Fo his eason, he connec ions wi h he local came unde he sign
o he connec ing connec ion o he connec ions wi h he local. As can be seen om he
examples gi en abo e, he subs i u e is also used in conjunc ion wi h de i a i es, and wi h
non-de i a i es, he la e mo e o en going o he igh .
12 LENTEL[…]. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Dis ibu ion o a subs i u e
The Eil.
whole
Syn ax
Dalis
Kai ė,
be ween
Kai ė,
all he
Dešinė,
numbe s.
Dešinė,
connec i-
F om he
on sk. p oc. sk. p oc. compounds, p oc.
1 Connec ed by: 716
požymis
28.6 1786 71.4 2502 6.7
2P ijungiamasis:
he en i onmen
25,0 38 95,0 40 50,6
3 Connec ed 250,0 250,0 45,4
4 Connec ed:
objek as
3100,0 00,0 30,4
O he o al o 723 1826 2549
As you migh expec , he depu y is he mos used o all he links in he
connec ions in he su ounding links […] makes up 50.6 pe cen (ž .
A icles o he 133 d
Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių
g ama inės ka ego ijos
Tables 12 and 13). In almos all cases, he depu y goes o he igh , he can be con olled
by bo h ac ions and hings, such as lying in bed, bank accoun s, lying in he ai , le
alone, ha ing a head. Le goes only in wo o ms o he same compound: planned in he
p ojec and planned. Among he wo wo ds analyzed by he PJ wi h he local o ind
ou cases o he connec ing link indica es a speci ic loca ion.
pa yzdžiai: Vilniuje, Kaune; La ijoje, Es ijoje. Kaip ma y i iš pa yzdžių, isais
The e a e only h ee connec ing objec s wi h a local: in many coun ies, in many
coun ies, le e s o Romanians. As w i en ea lie , al hough hese compounds
could be conside ed a linkage o local ci cums ances, bu gi en he signi icance o
he whole compound (and no o any one o i s al e na e o ms), such compounds
a e assigned o objec s.
2.2.1.7. O he chee leade s
Since he shoo e […] is one o he leas used Li huanian language wo ds (e.g.
w i en language ex s make up 0.48%, w i en language ex s dgs. he mine s
accoun o 0,3 and he ns. I is he e o e no su p ising ha LKDFZ ound only
49 cases o consump ion o his chee leade in o al. They a e all ound in
connec i e issue connec i e issue connec ions, such as: espec ed chai man,
dea eade , lo d god, dea colleagues. Twen y- ou cases o he whip a e on he
le , and wen y- i e on he igh , which means ha in almos all cases he whip is
used in combina ions wi h combined ma ks. The e a e h ee cases o he p onoun
( hey a e sepa a ed om he noun) as well as he signs o he conjunc i e
ela ion in he exp essions o he conjunc ions, e.g. owne ship o he
municipali y, owne ship o he s a e.
2.2.1.8. Summa y o he le -hand side
The s a is ical da a on le -handedness a e de e mined by he ype o
a us, 13 len elėje ma y i, ku ie linksniai dominuoja am ik o ipo junginiuose.
Kaip minė a anksčiau, dėl o, kad a p d ižodžių LKDFŽ junginių y auja p i-
le -handedness o his ype o compound, bu i is possible o d aw
conclusions abou le -handedness and o he ypes o compounds o he han
he ype o le -handedness.
Table 13 shows ha only he noun LKDFŽ is used in he PJ's wo-wo d
exp essions o exp ess in e connec ions be ween bo h subjec i e and
objec i e compounds. This can be explained by he ac ha compounds o
hese ypes, based on he DLKG classi ica ion, a e usually o med only wi h
a noun. Subjec i e connec ions o he connec ing link a e o med only by
he use . Based on he da a o he LKDFŽ wo-headed PJ, i can be said ha
134 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ
p ijungiamųjų subjek inių junginių s uk ū a y a padaly is + daik a a džio
he ypical bene icia y.
In he case o he DLKG classi ica ion, i is possible o classi y he subjec i e and
objec i e, as well as he connec i e, subjec i e compounds o he
in e ela ionship oge he , and hus be e highligh he e bs ha desc ibe he
subjec i e ela ionships: nominee and bene icia y (wi h subjec s). The uni y o
hese h ee ypes o compounds is ha hey a e composed only o nouns and
e bs.
The mos ob ious a e he connec i e issue connec ions (excep o he
subjec i e ones), in which he bes dis ibu ion o join s can be seen. In he
objec s, su oundings and sign combina ions, one dominan chee leade (making
up mo e han hal o he en i e cas , he goalkeepe , he subs i u e and he
goalkeepe , espec i ely) s ands ou . The end use […] accoun s o mo e han
53% o he connec i i y in he objec connec ions. The second mos common is
he hos (28.8%) and he hi d mos common is he bene icia y (7.5%). As
men ioned ea lie , he amoun o he su name's p esence in he objec i e
compounds ( he su name makes up 6.6% o he o al) is su p ising, bu his is
explained by he ac ha he compounds a e signi ican ly educed. I he
adi ional g amma ical app oach we e no ollowed and he
quan i y- ep esen ing compounds we e classi ied as en i onmen al, hen he dis ibu ion o objec i e compound links would be clea e and mo e consis en .
Mo e han hal o he connec ions in he neighbou hood a e wi h he local, ollowed
by he ide (15.2 pe cen ) and he ide and he ide (bo h 11.4 pe cen ). I 's
amazing how much un he e is in hese kinds o connec ions. Ano he cha ac e is ic
a dininko a osena aplinkybiniams junginiams suda y i, be u bū dėl mažo
junginių skaičiaus (iš iso as i ik 77 aplinkybiniai junginiai) nea siskleidžia
o adjacen compounds is ha one pa (usually he le ) is al e ed (changing he
hy hm o he ime, numbe and pe son), while he o he pa (usually he depu y,
some imes he supe iso ) does no change, e.g. ep esen a ion in Li huania;
pa icipa ed in pa icipa ing in elec ions; Yes e day mo ning in he mo ning; abou
hal a hal . O he ypes o compound wo ds a e cha ac e ized by g ea e i i abili y.
The cha ac e is ics o he connec i e issue o he connec i e issue in he
connec i e issue a e used by all he join s, since his ype o join is ound
mainly (in mo e han 95% o all join s), so i is possible o see he join s o he
connec i e issue. They con i m (and almos duplica e) he da a gi en in Table
6 on he dis ibu ion o le -handed PJs wi h wo-wo d o ms and a e
a anged acco ding o he equency o le -handedness as ollows: speake
[…] 50.4%, su name […] 18.7%, hos […] 14.3%, depu y […] 6.7%, use […] 5.3%, and hos […] 4.5%.
A icles by A icles 135
Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių
g ama inės ka ego ijos
As has been said many imes, he dominance o he kilmin in hese and o he
compounds is due o he ac ha he LKDFZ double compounds a e mos o en
composed o non-con o ming ma kings. The equency o o he pleasu es
con i ms he equency o e bal and w i en Li huanian pleasu es desc ibed in
Sujungiamąjį yšį gali iš eikš i isi linksniai, iesa, šio ipo junginiuose ne-
ea lie s udies. Bu ha doesn' mean you can' use i . Jus because o he a e
en husias 's passage o LKDFZ, he connec ing link be ween he wo lines did
no connec wi h his unnel. Since he conjuga ed compounds do no ha e a
speci ic g amma ical o m, we can only speak o he gene al e bs o he e bs'
equency ( hey a e mo e e lec ed in he e b's owel ex han in he wo d).
This is con i med by he da a in able 13: he mos common su name, su name
(almos 38%) and su name (mo e han 13%).
2.2.2. O he su name ca ego ies The genus, numbe , deg ee, and de ini ion
ca ego ies a e discussed in his subsec ion. Some o ms o e bs a e some imes
included in he calcula ion o he men ioned ca ego ies. As al eady men ioned, he
la ges pa o he analyzed PJs a e hose ha a e assigned o he conjuga e
conjunc ions o he adjec i e o he conjunc ion, so he conjunc ions o his
ype essen ially elimina e he dis ibu ion o he g amma ical ca ego ies
discussed below.
2.2.2.1. Ca ego y o species
When calcula ing he ca ego y o su names, he da a o pa icipan s and
semi-pa icipan s a e also included, because he PJs analyzed in his o m
we e mos o en used as compound wo ds. The dis ibu ion o LDFK's
wo-wo d compound su names can be seen in able 14.
14 The LENTEL. Dis ibu ion o genus o ms
The Family Sk. The P oc.
male 21039 54,58
emale 17500 45,4
unma ied 6 0,02
O which 38545 100,00
The equency o he male o ms o he genus is almos iden ical o ha o
he ex ile da a […] he e i is 57.2%, he e is a signi ican di e ence
be ween he emale and he s e ile o ms o he genus […] in he ex ile hey a e 36.6% and 2.6%, espec i ely (Rimku ė

The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV is he 136 h
LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ
13 LENTELĖ. Apibend in as linksnių pasiski s ymas (pilku onu pažymė as ienin elis a ba dažniausiai am ik ą sin aksinį y-
This is a joke.
The Eil.
No, no a all.
Syn ac ic
connec ion mo e chee ul
V., see
V, by p oc. K.,
see K, by p oc.
N., see
N,
p oc.
G., see
G., p oc.
Įn.,
he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
The
Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
V ., see
V ., by
p oc.
Iš
he o al,
sk.
1 In e ace wi h each o he : en i y 64
100,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 64
2 In e ace be ween objec s 34 100,0
00,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 00 34
3 Connec ed o: en i y 00,0 00,0 32 100,0
00,0 00,0 00,0 32
4P ijungiamasis:
objek as 53 6,6 232 28,8 60 7,5 429 53,3 28 3,5 3 0,4 805
5 Connec ed: ci cums ances 911.4 12 15.2 67.6
911.4 33.8 40 50.6 79 This is no he case.
The ollowing de ini ions apply: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (e) ( ) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
O which 7170 19074 2088 5770 1719 2549 38370
A icles by A icles 137
Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių
g ama inės ka ego ijos
2006: 31–32). These esul s we e de e mined by he ac ha hose nouns and
p onouns ha do no ha e a noun ca ego y (e.g., who, my, I, en, i een, wo, ele en)
a e included in he ex o he genus ca ego y and make up 3.6 pe cen o hese
o ms. Ne e heless, i can be a gued ha he dis ibu ion o he su names o he
wo PJs co esponds o he p onuncia ion o hese o ms o he spoken language.
2.2.2.2. Ca ego y o he calcula o
When coun ing single-digi and mul i-digi o ms, he numbe o o ms o pe sonal
p o ec ion ac ions a e no included, because hey a e discussed oge he wi h he
ca ego y o pe son (see able 5), and he o ms o pa icipan s and
semi-pa icipan s a e coun ed. LDFKZ wo-wo d ajec o ies PJ wo- hi ds o m a
single syllable o m, see able 15. 15 LENTEL. Wha is i ? Dis ibu ion o nume ical o ms
Skaičius and Sk. The P oc.
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
O which 38315 100,00
The igu es in able 15 a e almos iden ical o he da a in he w i en ex : in his
sou ce, monosyllabic is 67.27% and polysyllabic is 32.73% o he wea he condi ions
(Rimku ė 2006: 32). Kalban apie daugiskai ą, s a bu pab ėž i, kad dalis PJ
a ojami bū en ik daugiskai os o ma, plg. Jung inės Tau os, mi ies aplinky-
(Boizou and k . 2015a: 46). Tex inds and double coun o ms, some o which a e no
singula numbe o ms (e.g., en, wel e, ele en […] i s ex inds a e sepa a ed
in o a sepa a e g oup), so i is no possible o coun comple ely he e ex inds
iksliai lygin i analizuo ų d ižodžių PJ i eks yno duomenų. Vis dėl o suskai-
only singula and plu al numbe o ms, seeing ha he da a almos comple ely
coincides be ween he PJ and double coun ca ego ies.
2.2.2.3. Ca ego y o deg ee
Dalis PJ a ojami ku ia no s iena laipsnio o ma (p z.: Aukščiausiasis Teis-
mas), dalis – gali bū i a ojami keliomis laipsnio o momis (p z.: į ai ūs bū-
The Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed
o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. In he case o
he i s -pe son p onouns, he e is a di e ence o opinion abou he ela ionship be ween
hese and o he g amma ical o ms (as well as o he g amma ical ca ego ies) (see Paulauskienė 1994; Judgen is 2012). Based on he da a p o ided by he mo phological anno a o o he Li huanian language (see www. eks ynas. du.l ).
138 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV
LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ
co esponds o he spelling o his ca ego y […] p e ails in he o m o an unequal
deg ee, see able 16. 16 The LENTEL. Dis ibu ion o deg ee o ms
Deg ee Sk. The P oc.
une en 6300 95,93
highes 135 2.06 highes
132 2.01
O which 6567 100,00
Howe e , he e is a ai ly s ong di e ence in he pe cen age o deg ee o ms
be ween he analysed LKDFZ compounds and he ex u ed o ms: he unequal
deg ee in he ex is 87.5%, he almos equal sha e o he highe and highes
deg ee o ms be ween he wo PJs, and he ex u e ha s ands ou […] he
highe deg ee […] is 8%, and he highes […] 4.5%.
2.2.2.4. Ca ego y o de ini ion
As you can imagine, he mos common o m o he compounds analyzed
a e: The 17 h LENTEL. Classi ica ion o su name and non-su name
o ms
Fo ms o Sk. The P oc.
unnamed 6714 81,9
į a džiuo inės 1480 18,1
Iš iso 8194 100,0
Compa ed wi h he da a o he w i en language ex (Rimku ė 2006: 33), i can be
seen ha he e bs o he e bs a e he same, bu he pe cen age exp ession is
qui e di e en : he unp onounceable o ms o he ex make up 93.6 pe cen , and
he p onounceable o ms […] 6.4 pe cen . The di e ences may be due o he ac
ha , as men ioned a he beginning o he pos , he ca ego ies o genus, numbe ,
deg ee, de ini ion a e essen ially de e mined by he g amma ical ca ego y o he
adjec i e-associa ed compounds, as well as he ac ha he mo phological
s uc u e model o he adjec i e + noun and he a e model o he noun + noun a e
e y common among he wo wo ds. Bo h adjec i es and ad e bs can be used as
nouns, and his can be conside ed a eason why he e a e qui e a lo o noun o ms
A icles by A icles 139
Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių
g ama inės ka ego ijos
among he wo-wo d PJs analyzed. The g ea e equency o su name o ms is also
due o he ac ha he e a e many e ms, i les o o ices, names o ins i u ions
ha a e usually su names, such as esiden ial house, a hle ics acili y, i s
ice-chancello , Red C oss, among he wo ds gi en by LKDFZ in PJ. The g amma ical
ca ego ies discussed in Appendix 2.2.2 show ha he wo-wo d PJs analyzed in his
a icle a e cha ac e ized by simila g amma ical o ms as in he ex o w i en
language. Howe e , he pe cen age exp ession o some ca ego ies will di e , as
di e en o ms o he ex (pa allels, pai s, non-nume ical, genus ca ego ies, e c.)
ha e been ound, and he di e si y o such o ms is much smalle o no ound a all
among he analysed PJ wo-wo d o ms. In addi ion, he di e ences in some o ms
a e due o he peculia i ies o he PJ ( e ms, names o ins i u ions, e c.).
3. Excluded
1.The wo-wo d PJs p esen ed by he LKDFZ and analysed in his a icle a e
domina ed by noun wo ds (74.55%), adjec i es (16.11%), and e bs (5.2%) The
di ision o he pa s o he language does no co espond o he spelling and
g amma o he spoken language. The di e ence be ween he wo is
de e mined by he p inciple o ocabula y o ma ion (each compound mus
ha e one noun) and he ac ha he wo-wo d compounds canno be
analyzed o con ain a la ge a ie y o pa s o he language. 2. he compounds
analysed used mo e pe sonal p o ec i e equipmen o ms; anonymous a e
domina ed by companies (70%). Mo e di ec sedimen (96.6 pe cen ); he hi d
negu pusę isų asmenuojamųjų o mų laikų suda o bū asis ka inis laikas,
o esamasis suda o apie 42 p oc. Didžiąją nuosakos ka ego ijos dalį užima
pe son p e ails (94.7%). The use o he g amma ical o ms o he e bs
analyzed does no di e much om he da a o he ex o he w i en
language, al hough he dominan membe o he co esponding ca ego y
makes up a much la ge p opo ion han in he ex ( his also applies o he
g amma ical ca ego ies o nouns).
3. The mo e equen ly and less equen ly used owel sound con i ms he
p onuncia ion o owel sounds in he spoken and w i en Li huanian
languages desc ibed in ea lie s udies. The mos equen ly used e bs in he
analysed PJs a e he ollowing: ca pen e (49.64%), c a sman (18.66%), galne
(15.02%). The dominance o he kilmin is de e mined by he ac ha he
LKDFZ's wo-way connec ions a e usually made wi h unma ked, p onounced
kilmin. In uni o m wo-wo d PJs a e p onounced much mo e equen ly (no