Lietuvių kalbos dvižodžių pastoviųjų junginių gramatinės kategorijos

A icles by A icle 115 LOÏC BOIZOU Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e as Resea ch a eas include compu e linguis ics, compa a i e linguis ics, and ex ual linguis ics. This is JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAIT The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea Resea ch a eas include ex ual linguis ics, ph aseology, lexicology and lexicog aphy. E RIMKUT[…]RIKA This is a lis o ai po s in C oa ia, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion. The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea Resea ch a eas include ex ual linguis ics, compu e linguis ics, au oma ic mo phological and syn ac ic analysis, language cul u e, mo phology, and ixed compounds. Li huanian language dic iona y Young people's s a ion GRAMATINĖS KATEGORIJOS G amma ical ca ego ies o Li huanian Two-wo d and mul i-wo d exp essions ANOTATION In his a icle, wo-wo d ixed compounds a e analyzed, which a e gi en in wo ypical colloca ions o syllables, he peculia i ies o he g amma ical o ms o he e bs. The i daugiau o mų Lie u ių kalbos daik a a dinių azių žodyne. Ap a iami šių junginių, lai- aim o he s udy is o analyze in de ail he g amma ical ca ego ies o wo-wo d compounds, wi h a pa icula ocus on jokes; desc ibe how he e bs co ela e wi h he syn ac ic ela ionships exp essed by hem. The a icle p o ides s a is ical da a on he dis ibu ion o g amma ical ca ego ies o e bs and p onouns, compa ed wi h he use o g amma ical o ms in w i en and spoken Li huanian ex s. ESMINIAI WORDS: Li huanian language, ixed compounds, g amma ical ca ego ies, a dic iona y o ph ases used in Li huanian language. 116 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. This s udy ocuses on wo-wo d MWEs exp essed by se e al g amma ical o ms in he Dic iona y o Li huanian Nominal Ph ases. We analyze he dis ibu ion o g amma ical ca ego ies in he wo-wo d MWEs, which a e mainly unde s ood as ypical colloca ions. The s udy aims o p o ide a de ailed documen a ion o he use o g amma ical ca ego ies, wi h a speci ic emphasis on he case ca ego y, in o de o show he co ela ions be ween he use each case and a pa icula syn ac ic unc ion. The pape con ibu es o he desc ip ion o g amma ical ea u es o Li huanian MWEs by p o iding he quan i a i e dis ibu ion da- o e bal and nominal ca ego ies, which a e hen con as ed wi h he use o he same ca ego ies in w i en and spoken Li huanian co po a. KEYWORDS: Li huanian language, mul i-wo d exp essions, g amma ical ca ego ies, Dic iona y o Li huanian Nominal Ph ases. 1.The ollowing able is inse ed: The e a e a numbe o s udies on he Li huanian language's pe manen associa ions (PJ) in he u u e: i we limi ou sel es o hose s udies ha analyze he a ious ypes o PJ syn ax, galima paminė i Jus inos Bagdonai ės (2010), Agnės Bielinskienės (2010), Gie- d ės Ja ašiūnai ės (2004), Jolan os Ko ale skai ės i E ikos Rimku ės (2010), g amma , we would ha e he wo ks o Rū a Ma cinke ičienė and Gina ė G igony ė (2005) and o he s. This a icle con inues he cycle on he g amma o he Li huanian language's noun ph ases (LKDFZ o dic iona y1): he au ho s o his wo k ha e discussed he di icul ies encoun e ed in au oma ically de e mining he o ms o he nouns p esen ed in he LKDFZ (Boizou and k .a), desc ibed he mo phological and syn ac ic ea u es o he LKDFZ nouns (Boizou and k .b) and analyzed he g amma and seman ics o he PJJ nouns p esen ed in he LKDFZ (Rimku ė and k .b). This a icle analyzes wo-wo d compounds ha LKDFZ ga e in wo o mo e o ms, un illed and uns essed, ou o a o al o 19,816 compounds. Among hem a e mos ly compounds o wo nouns (e.g. majo i y o he popula ion, majo i y o he popula ion; The golden age, he golden age, he golden age. Bal ic 1 LKDFŽ is he i s Li huanian-language PJ dic iona y based on a ex . I is o en composed o meaning ul and g amma ically egula compounds and ph ases ha con ain a leas one noun ( o mo e on LKDFZ and he p inciples o i s o ma ion, see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Rimku ė and o he s 2012; Boizou and o he s 2015b). A icles by A icles 117 Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių g ama inės ka ego ijos oad, Bal ic oad, Bal ic oad), as well as compounds consis ing o a noun and a e b ( im a p oblema, se ious p oblems; clean money, clean money), a e b and a e b (open oad, open oad; In adop ing he solu ions, based on he cu en g amma o mą, p iims sp endimą). Anks esniame y ime (Boizou i k . 2015b) šie d ižodžiai he Li huanian language (1996), classi y in o he ollowing g oups: (a) objec i e (i.e. 0.08 pe cen o all compounds); (b) subjec i e (0.33 pe cen ); (2) he connec o s (0,16%); (3) he connec ion: Objec i e (34.2%), Subjec i e (0.16%), and Nouns (which can be conside ed as ypical colloca ions) highligh ed he peculia i ies o he use o c) aplinkybinius (0,30 p oc.) i d) požymio (95,55 p oc.)2. Šiame y ime didžiausias dėmesys ski iamas LKDFŽ d ižodžiuose jungi- g amma ical o ms. The a icle p o ides s a is ical da a on he dis ibu ion o all e b and noun g amma ical ca ego ies and shows how a pa icula g amma ical ca ego y is used o o m syn ac ic connec ions. The ocus is on he un ones; Se ed as a co olla y o un i jais eiškiami sin aksiniai yšiai. The dis ibu ion o he PJ pa s and syllables o he wo wo ds gi en by he LDFKZ is compa ed wi h he da a o he e nacula and w i en language on he basis o he ex s o he a ia ions o hese wo languages, and he o he g amma ical ca ego ies […] wi h he w i en language, because he e is no da a on he dis ibu ion o all g amma ical ca ego ies in he e nacula . A mo phologically anno a ed Li huanian language ex o 1 million wo ds (see Rimku ė 2006, he eina e e e ed o as he ex ) was selec ed o ep esen he w i en language, and he Li huanian language ex o […] Saky inės lie u ių kalbos (Dabašinskienė 2009). I is hoped ha a compa ison o he dis ibu ion o g amma ical ca ego ies in w i en and spoken language will help o de e mine wha is cha ac e is ic o he o mulaic language (see W ay 2002). how much he g amma ical ea u es o he Li huanian language a e e lec ed in he de eloped language, wha di e ences and simila i ies can be no iced. 2. Speech and g amma Ca ego y o subsc ip ions Table 1 clea ly shows ha among he wo-wo d PJs analyzed om he LKDFZ, he p e ailing objec wo ds […] such p opo ions o he pa s o he language a e de e mined by he ac ha he dic iona y […] O he au ho s, such as Vi as Labu is (1998), adhe e o a somewha di e en classi ica ion: in his wo k he adjec i e compounds o he adjec i e co espond o he V. Labu is a ibu e compounds, and he conjunc ion o he objec compound […] p edica es (L 1998: […] 9094). 118 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ į auk i ik ie junginiai, ku iuose y a ben ienas daik a a dis (be jis nebū inai is he main componen o he compound)3. Thus, when analyzing he PJ's wo-le e wo ds, di e en esul s could no be expec ed and hey do no esemble he da a o w i en and spoken language a all. […] W i en language ex s make up abou 39% (Rimku ė 2006: 27), spoken language ex s […] 16.2% (Dabašinskienė) 2009: 9). Due o he high numbe o nouns among he analyzed PJ gausu and adjec i es (because hey a e combined wi h nouns) […] hey a e wice as many as in he ex s (7,33% in w i en language ex s, 2,8% in spoken language ex s). The dis ibu ion o o he pa s o he language also does no ma ch he da a o w i en and spoken language, e.g. e bs […] 20,5 22,84%, nume al […] 0,96 pe cen , su names […] 8,7 1,9 and 16,9 pe cen Iš pag indinių kalbos dalių gana sma kiai ski iasi eiksmažodžių skaičius, nes y imo medžiagoje labai nedaug eiksmažodinių junginių. No s, kaip nu- 2015b: 121), he model o ac ion wo d + objec wo d makes up 9.99%, bu in e ms o equency i is s ill e y a om he wo mos common models […] objec wo d + objec wo d (4079,%) and adjec i e + he name o he objec (32.2%). One LENTEL. Dis ibu ion o language pa s Pa o he language Sk. The P oc. Names o objec s 29559 74,55 Su names 6388 and 1611 Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc . Su names 738 1.86 Su names 640 1.61 This is a lis o people by su name. Pa s o he language o Neki om 31 0,08 O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils O which 39651 100,00 O he pa s o he non-nomadic language ound in he PJ's dic iona ies, only p eposi ions, p eposi ions, and pa s a e ound. In an ea lie s udy (Boizou e al. 2015b: 123) i was ound ha he main clo hing combina ions we e di ided as ollows: i ems […] 96.4%, e bs […] 3.59%, adjec i es […] 0.02%. 4 The i s digi s indica e how much o a pa icula pa o he language is ound in he ex o he w i en language, and he digi s ollowed by a dash indica e how much has been used in he ex o he spoken language. A icles o he 119 h Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių g ama inės ka ego ijos mo e can be expec ed i he s udy ma e ial con ained a p e ix + adjec i e, a p e ix + e b model o compounds. p e ixes and su ixes a e mainly used in exempla y o ague syn ac ic connec ions ( hey a e no discussed in mo e de ail in his a icle). Adjec i es, ad e bs and pa i ions in PJ's wo wo ds make up 0.08 pe cen , in w i en language ex s […] mo e han 13 pe cen . ; an e en la ge sha e […] 26.4 pe cen […] in he ex o he p o e bial language. The e a e e y ew non- e bal pa s o he language in he PJs, because his is de e mined by he endency o he pa s o he language o combine: in meaning ul conjuga ed wo ds, whe e one wo d is a noun, he o he wo d can usually only be a noun o a e b. While he wo d coun is only 0.2% o he o al numbe o wo ds in he dic iona y, he numbe o wo ds in he dic iona y is s ill qui e small compa ed o he es o he dic iona y. This can be explained by he ac ha a ious syn ac ic connec ions can be ound in compounds ha o m sho , e.g. In he case o HIV ca ie s, EU coun ies, NATO membe s, B lymphocy e connec ions (see also Boizou ci ai, C g upė. Jie dažniausiai a o i kaip pažyminiai. Paanaliza us, kokia kalbos dalių į ai o ė iš yškėja ski inguose sin aksi- and o he s 2015b), he ollowing gene aliza ions can be made: only e bs a e used in conjunc ion connec ions, only e bs and e bs […] in subjec i e and objec i e connec ions, as well as in conjunc ion connec ions in subjec i e connec ions. Mo e languages wi hou nouns and e bs a e ound in ad e bs and abb e ia ions; dalių į ai o ė pas ebė a a p p ijungiamojo yšio aplinkybinių junginių: juose In he objec connec ions o he connec ing link, mos ly nouns and e bs a e used, bu adjec i es, nume al wo ds and nouns a e also used. All he pa s o he language gi en in able 1 (excep non-communica i e) a e ound in conjunc ions o he adjec i e o he connec ing conjunc ion, his ype o conjunc ion is domina ed by nouns. The ac ha he dis ibu ion o he analyzed wo-wo d pa s o he PJ language does no co espond o he dis ibu ion o he spoken and w i en Li huanian language, leads o qui e di e en esul s o he dis ibu ion o g amma ical ca ego ies (compa ed o he da a o he ex s). Howe e , in some cases (especially on he le ) a e y simila a osena can be seen (see 2.1 and 2.2 posky ius in mo e de ail). 2.1. Fo ms o con ac s 2.1.1. The classi ica ion o pe sonal and non-pe sonal o ms in o he analysed wo-wo d compounds includes 379 pe sonal o ms and 280 non-pe sonal o ms. Please no e ha he uniden i iable 120 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ eiksmažodžių neįskaičiuo i daly iai: dažniausiai daly iai a ojami kaip de i- nouns, so hey' e coun ed as adjec i es.5 The mos common o ms o he wo d a e he plu al o m (see able 2), wi h he mos common being he plu al o m. Compa ed wi h he w i en language ex , a simila a io can be seen: ex associa ions a e used he mos (excluding pa icipan s) and make up 76.73%, second in equency a e pa icipan s […] 14.61%, hi d […] semi-pa icipan s […] 8.56%. The highe pe cen age o di isions among he analyzed ocabula y compounds han in he ex can be explained by he ac ha his g amma ical o m is used in a ious compounds: subjec , objec , and su ounding connec ions. I can be assumed ha he a e hal o he pa icipan s was due o he ac ha one o he LKDFZ membe s had o be a wo d (because his is he p inciple o PJ selec ion applied), so only hose hal -pa icipan s who possessed such wo ds (e.g. lying in bed, ha ing a goal, gi ing an in e iew) we e admi ed, bu no hose who joined he wo k. Classi ica ion o non-iden i iable o ms junginiai lie u ių kalboje gana dažni (p z.: g ei ai bėgdamas, sunkiai nešdami). See also Fo m. The P oc. companies 196 70.0 membe s 71 25.4 pusdaly iai 13 4,6 O which a o al o 280 100,0 Mos o he connec ions (189) we e con e ed o connec ing connec ions in objec s, such as ge ing money, aking on commi men s. The mos common o m o his ype o compound is used by pa icipan s (38 cases), e.g. a e g adua ion, a e commi ing a c ime. In some cases, i is used in conjunc ion wi h he e b " o connec " in conjunc ion wi h he e b " o connec " in conjunc ion wi h he e b " o connec " in conjunc ion wi h he e b " o connec " in conjunc ion wi h he e b " o connec " in conjunc ion wi h he e b " o connec " in conjunc ion wi h he e b " o connec ". Semi-pa icipan s a e also mo e common in objec i e connec ions, e.g. in in e iews wi h a pu pose. Fo he mo e humo ous o ms o e bs, see pa ag aph 2.2. Toliau ap a iamos asmenuojamosios o mos i pa eikiama s a is inių duo- he classi ica ion o g amma ical ca ego ies peculia o ac ion wo ds in he a s. 5 I is unde s ood ha he pa icipan s can be used no only as combina ions o punc ua ion, bu also as con olling wo ds, e.g., "shocked" "shocked" "shook his ee h". Assigning such pa icipan s o adjec i es is no an objec i e, bu he e a e qui e ew cases o such usage, so hey do no ha e much in luence on he esul s. A icles o he 121s Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių g ama inės ka ego ijos 2.1.2. Ca ego y o ime Only he imes o he pe sonal p o ec ion o ms lis ed in able 3 and he imes o he pa icipan s and pa icipan s a e no included he e. These da a can be compa ed wi h he da a o he mo phologically anno a ed ex (see Rimku ė 2006: 35). One impo an di e ence s ands ou : among he wo-wo d PJs analyzed om he LKDFZ, he pas ense domina es (almos 53 pe cen ), while he p esen ense accoun s o a simila pe cen age (52.5 pe cen ) in he ex PJ – esamasis (40,85 p oc.), eks yne – bū asis ka inis (37,8 p oc.). Būsimasis laikas daug e esnis: d ižodžiuose PJ 6,2 p oc., eks yne – 7,9 p oc. Pa s ečiau- men ioned. The second ime is di ided acco ding o he equency: in he wo-wo d sias […] will be he equency ime, i makes up 2.7 pe cen in he ex , and in he wo-wo d PJ […] less han one pe cen . 3 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? Dis ibu ion o imes I 's ime. The P oc. u u e ca dinal 190 51.9 p esen 153 41.8 u u e 22 6.0 u u e equency 1 0,3 O which 366 100,0 2.1.3. Ca ego y o news The dis ibu ion o LDFKZ-used double-syllable PJ e b o m deposi s (see able 4) co esponds o he p esen -day spelling o Li huanian […] mo e han 96% consis s o di ec o m deposi s (see mo phologically anno a ed ex yne 91,5% (Rimku ė 2006: 35). Mos o he o ms o his sedimen a e ound in he objec s o connec ion, e.g. i had in luence, he celeb a ion o he Eucha is . 63 di ec sedimen o ms used in he subjec i e connec ions o he in e connec edness: he ime has come, he music has sounded. Bo h he semi-in e ac ion in he subjec i e and objec i e connec ions (e.g. a iamosios, iek liepiamosios nuosakos o mos pa a o os p ijungiamojo yšio objek iniuose, aplinkybiniuose (p z.: suda y ų sąlygas, a idėki e y dienai) i a - he possibili y o a ising, be a man). 122 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ 4 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? Dis ibu ion o nu s This is Nuosa Sk. The P oc. di ec 366 96,6 July 71,8 a iamoji 61,6 Iš iso 379 100,0 2.1.4. Calcula o and pe son ca ego ies As men ioned ea lie (see also able 4), mos ly di ec sedimen a y o ms a e ound in he objec s o he connec ing connec ion in he connec ions, so mos ly o ms o pe sons a e also ound he e. In able 5 i is clea ly seen ha he hi d pe son […] his endency is cha ac e is ic and mo phologically anno a ed in he ex , he e he asmuo suda o 81,3 p oc. (Rimku ė 2006: 35). 286 ečiojo asmens a ejai as i hi d pe son is a ached o he objec connec ions, e.g. washing dishes, washing he head. 62 cases o es ablishing in e connec ions in subjec i e connec ions, e.g. on an occasion, a con e ence will ake place. The hi d-pa y o ms we e ound in he connec ions o he connec o in he su ounding connec ions, e.g. by pa icipa ing in elec ions. 5 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? Dis ibu ion o numbe and numbe Skaičius and he pe son Sk. The P oc. Th ee o hem. 359 94,7 o which: 1 asm. 8 and 2.1 dgs. 1 asm. o 51,3 dgs. Two ee . 51,3 o he ns. Two ee . 2 0,5 O which 379 100,0 The e a e se en cases o he i s pe son singula in he objec i e connec ions o he connec ing ela ion, e.g., I had an oppo uni y, I ead a passage. The second pe son singula is used mos a ely, bo h cases being ound in he objec connec ions o he in e connec ion: be a man, be a man. The i s pe son plu al is mo e common in objec connec ions, e.g. we ha e he oppo uni y o ocus. All cases o mul iple second-pe son usage a e ound in connec ing objec connec ions, e.g. p ess he bu on, do no miss he oppo uni y. As can be seen A icles and a icles 123 Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių g ama inės ka ego ijos om he examples, he o m o he second pe son o he singula and plu al is domina ed by he o m o he adjec i e. The classi ica ion o he consonan and non-consonan o ms in he LKDFZ wo-wo d PJ co esponds o he gene al g amma o w i en language: he wo d o consonan o ms is 10.6%, he wo d o ex […] 12.3%. ; non-con en ional o ms in bo h he dic iona y and he ex a e p edominan ly […] 89.4 and 87.7 pe cen espec i ely.6 Summing up he da a gi en in subsec ion 2.1.1, i can be said ha he o osena o he g amma ical o ms o e bs essen ially co esponds o he o osena dėsningumus o he Li huanian language. Howe e , an o e iew o he ca ego ies o deb is and pe sons shows ha he membe ha domina es usually occupies a la ge sha e han he mos commonly used o m o ex (e.g., PJ's u u e ca d ime). Can be done p ielaidą, kad šiuos ezul a us lemia ai, jog analizuo i pas o ieji junginiai, a ba y a pe nelyg mažas g ama inių o mų skaičius, kad iš yškė ų aiškesnė a osena. 2.2. Fo ms o su names 2.2.1. Ca ego y o he le The ollowing desc ibes how each chee ul owel is dis ibu ed acco ding o he syn ac ic ela ionship i exp esses. The numbe o syllables does no ake in o accoun he pa o he language, he genus, he numbe and o he g amma ical ea u es (such as whe he he noun is e i iable o gene ic, synonymous o non-synonymous; whe he he pa icipan is a su name o no ; whe he a non-equi alen o a highe -le el adjec i e has been used, e c. ). Fi s o all, we p esen a common LKDFZ able o he equency o double-syllable and single-syllable PJ consonan s and consonan s used in w i en language ex s. Al hough his a icle analyzes he use o se e al al e na e o ms o PJ, when discussing he dis ibu ion o links, i is desi able o pay a en ion o he use o one o m o PJ compounds7. I is in e es ing o compa e he o ms o he same o m in he PJ because he o ms o he same o m in he PJ a e coun ed, 6 all he o ms o e bs a e coun ed, as well as he e bs o he e bs. 7 Single- o m PJs a e hose eco ded by he LKDFZ in a single uni o m (see Rimku ė and o he s, 2015 o de ails). Pa o he single o ms is ac ually ully sus ained and used as a single o m (demeisio cen e, compe i ion pa h) in PJ; One o he PJs (usually he second one) is sus aining and his de e mines he s abili y o he whole compound. Some o he uni o ms a e hose ha only he LKDFZ eco ds in one (usually he mos common) o m, al hough hey can be dis u bed in he qua e , e.g. lying an ai plane, quali ying ma ches, he Holy W i . 130 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ o ep esen he s a e o a ew days, o und he p ojec . I he bene icia y is used on he le , his quan i y will usually be he indica ing compounds, he i s le e o which is a noun (as in he example o a ew days). The use o he connec ing link in he subjec i e connec ions is mo e common on he igh , e.g. when sp ing a i es, when i ains. Such compounds, as a child g owing up, he sun shining, as can be judged om he missing da a, do no ha e he usual s uc u e o he Li huanian language o exp ess subjec i e ela ions. The e a e only six cases whe e he bene icia y is exp essed as an en i onmen al associa ion: abou hal , membe s o he EU and NATO, pos pone omo ow, so i is no possible o make u he gene aliza ions abou he bene icia y o his ype o associa ion. Bo h o he bene icia y's amily and o me ged amilies, e.g. b o he s and sis e s; he mayo , he boa d. 2.2.1.4. Cinnamon As has al eady been men ioned se e al imes, due o he ac ha he wo-wo d PJs a e domina ed by he conjunc ion o he adjacen link, he mos common sena bū en šio ipo junginiuose (ž . 10 len elę), p z.: nemažas sumas, Lie u os isuomenę. Tai, kad d iem ečdaliais a ejų galininkas eina dešinėje, paaiškin- possible use is ha he conjunc ions wi h he non-co ela ing ma ks p e ail, which means ha only he second pa can be a ec ed, e.g. The Li huanian socie y is a socie y o he public o he public. 10 o LENTEL. Dis ibu ion o he goalkeepe Eil. he Sin aksinis ollowing Kai ė, able is Kai ė, added: O Dešinė, he o al Dešinė, Sha e among all compounds, p oc. 1 Connec ed: 1880 35.3 signs o he 3442 64.7 5322 14.3 2 Connec ed: 39 9,1 objec 390 90,9 429 53,3 3 Connec ed 550,0 550,0 10 13,5 4 Connec ed: su oundings 333,666,7 911,4 O his o al o 1927 3843 5770 A e compa ing all links o he qua e (see able 13), i can be seen ha he end use is he mos ypical link o he objec connec ions o he connec ing connec ion (making 53.3% o all PJ connec ions). I should be no ed ha mo e han 90% A icles by A icles 131 Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių g ama inės ka ego ijos In some cases, he e mina o goes o he igh , because he mos common combina ion o his ype is he e b + he noun o he s uc u e, e.g. block he oad, had a chance. On he le , he holde is used i he i s i em indica es he amoun o he su name, e.g. a hund ed yea s, a housand li as. I is ue ha he e a e some no qui e ypical compounds in which he end use is le -handed: he impac on he en i onmen (because he con ols he de ice), he p oblem o sol ing (no in e e se o de o wo ds). The e a e only nine examples o connec i e issue a ound connec i e issue, and he e a e 10 examples o connec i e issue, illus a ed by such examples as bank accoun s, yes e day mo ning (connec i e issue) and windows, doo s; hands, ee (join ed). 2.2.1.5. The en ep eneu Mos o he connec i e issue ea u es o he connec i e issue join s a e i i a ed, so hey a e o a ed and in he o m o an a acke , e.g. p o ided by pleasu es, he king o Poland. I is men ioned ha he e a e p e ailing compounds gininkas d igubai dažniau būna dešinėje, o ne kai ėje (ž . 11 len elę). Iš pa eik- wi h a non-deg adable ma k, so i can be seen om he summa y o all he links in he da a (see able 13), ha he de i a i e (excep o he de i a i e) […] is he a es de i a i e o he adjec i e, because his de i a i e makes up only 4.5 pe cen o 11 LENTEL[…]. Dis ibu ion o he con ac o Eil. he Sin aksinis ollowing Kai ė, able is Kai ė, added: O Dešinė, he o al Dešinė, Sha e among all compounds, p oc. 1Connec ed: 628 37.2 signs and symp oms 1060 62.8 1688 4.5 2 Connec ed: objec 310,7 25 89,3 28 3,5 3 Connec ed: su oundings 133,3 266,7 33,8 O which 632 1087 1719 Because o he a i y o he use o he p onoun, only 28 ins ances o his mojo yšio objek iniuose junginiuose. Dažniausia okių junginių s uk ū- chee ul p onoun a e p onounced […] ac ion wo d […] objec wo d, e.g. acknowledged guil y, shoulde ed. The e a e a ew examples o e bs ha equi e he p ac i ione o be sel -awa e, such as sel -p ese a ion, sel -con idence. In he le , he igge is used only when he quan i y is in he signi ican compounds, e.g. one hund ed pe cen . I should be no ed ha be ween he connec i e issue o he su ounding join s and he ligamen , he e a e wo ime-symbolic samples: mon hs o he mon h, yea s o he yea . 132 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ Ano he compound, in which he innkeepe is on he le , is he Li huanian embassy. 2.2.1.6. Vie namese In classi ying he da a o he s udy desc ibed by Boizou e al. 2015b, many ques ions a ose as o whe e o a ibu e he compounds o he local […] such ambigui ies we e caused by he ac ha he compounds o he wo wo ds we e analyzed. I we we e o analyze he compound wo ds, many o hem would p obably be used as e bs, he meanings o which would ų galima iksliau nus a y i junginio ipą. Klasi ikuojan d ižodžius junginius su ie ininku, kaip ma y i 12 len elėje, didžioji jų dalis p iski a p ijungia- indica e a ela ionship o he compound wo ds, e.g. in beau y con es s, in he uppe pa , in a depa men s o e. A i s glance, you migh ind ha hese a e he compounds ha ep esen he place. And i would be, i he e we e ac ion wo ds, like en e ing beau y pagean s, buying a a depa men s o e. On he o he hand, hese compounds a e au onomous, o be conside ed as ypical colloca ions, so hey a e ea ed as a sign o a o m o compound al e na ion. In his case, all he o ms o he conjunc ion indica ing he sign (no coun ing he consonan ) a e assigned o he ype o conjunc ion men ioned, e.g., hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place, hi d place. Fo his eason, he connec ions wi h he local came unde he sign o he connec ing connec ion o he connec ions wi h he local. As can be seen om he examples gi en abo e, he subs i u e is also used in conjunc ion wi h de i a i es, and wi h non-de i a i es, he la e mo e o en going o he igh . 12 LENTEL[…]. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Dis ibu ion o a subs i u e The Eil. whole Syn ax Dalis Kai ė, be ween Kai ė, all he Dešinė, numbe s. Dešinė, connec i- F om he on sk. p oc. sk. p oc. compounds, p oc. 1 Connec ed by: 716 požymis 28.6 1786 71.4 2502 6.7 2P ijungiamasis: he en i onmen 25,0 38 95,0 40 50,6 3 Connec ed 250,0 250,0 45,4 4 Connec ed: objek as 3100,0 00,0 30,4 O he o al o 723 1826 2549 As you migh expec , he depu y is he mos used o all he links in he connec ions in he su ounding links […] makes up 50.6 pe cen (ž . A icles o he 133 d Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių g ama inės ka ego ijos Tables 12 and 13). In almos all cases, he depu y goes o he igh , he can be con olled by bo h ac ions and hings, such as lying in bed, bank accoun s, lying in he ai , le alone, ha ing a head. Le goes only in wo o ms o he same compound: planned in he p ojec and planned. Among he wo wo ds analyzed by he PJ wi h he local o ind ou cases o he connec ing link indica es a speci ic loca ion. pa yzdžiai: Vilniuje, Kaune; La ijoje, Es ijoje. Kaip ma y i iš pa yzdžių, isais The e a e only h ee connec ing objec s wi h a local: in many coun ies, in many coun ies, le e s o Romanians. As w i en ea lie , al hough hese compounds could be conside ed a linkage o local ci cums ances, bu gi en he signi icance o he whole compound (and no o any one o i s al e na e o ms), such compounds a e assigned o objec s. 2.2.1.7. O he chee leade s Since he shoo e […] is one o he leas used Li huanian language wo ds (e.g. w i en language ex s make up 0.48%, w i en language ex s dgs. he mine s accoun o 0,3 and he ns. I is he e o e no su p ising ha LKDFZ ound only 49 cases o consump ion o his chee leade in o al. They a e all ound in connec i e issue connec i e issue connec ions, such as: espec ed chai man, dea eade , lo d god, dea colleagues. Twen y- ou cases o he whip a e on he le , and wen y- i e on he igh , which means ha in almos all cases he whip is used in combina ions wi h combined ma ks. The e a e h ee cases o he p onoun ( hey a e sepa a ed om he noun) as well as he signs o he conjunc i e ela ion in he exp essions o he conjunc ions, e.g. owne ship o he municipali y, owne ship o he s a e. 2.2.1.8. Summa y o he le -hand side The s a is ical da a on le -handedness a e de e mined by he ype o a us, 13 len elėje ma y i, ku ie linksniai dominuoja am ik o ipo junginiuose. Kaip minė a anksčiau, dėl o, kad a p d ižodžių LKDFŽ junginių y auja p i- le -handedness o his ype o compound, bu i is possible o d aw conclusions abou le -handedness and o he ypes o compounds o he han he ype o le -handedness. Table 13 shows ha only he noun LKDFŽ is used in he PJ's wo-wo d exp essions o exp ess in e connec ions be ween bo h subjec i e and objec i e compounds. This can be explained by he ac ha compounds o hese ypes, based on he DLKG classi ica ion, a e usually o med only wi h a noun. Subjec i e connec ions o he connec ing link a e o med only by he use . Based on he da a o he LKDFŽ wo-headed PJ, i can be said ha 134 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ p ijungiamųjų subjek inių junginių s uk ū a y a padaly is + daik a a džio he ypical bene icia y. In he case o he DLKG classi ica ion, i is possible o classi y he subjec i e and objec i e, as well as he connec i e, subjec i e compounds o he in e ela ionship oge he , and hus be e highligh he e bs ha desc ibe he subjec i e ela ionships: nominee and bene icia y (wi h subjec s). The uni y o hese h ee ypes o compounds is ha hey a e composed only o nouns and e bs. The mos ob ious a e he connec i e issue connec ions (excep o he subjec i e ones), in which he bes dis ibu ion o join s can be seen. In he objec s, su oundings and sign combina ions, one dominan chee leade (making up mo e han hal o he en i e cas , he goalkeepe , he subs i u e and he goalkeepe , espec i ely) s ands ou . The end use […] accoun s o mo e han 53% o he connec i i y in he objec connec ions. The second mos common is he hos (28.8%) and he hi d mos common is he bene icia y (7.5%). As men ioned ea lie , he amoun o he su name's p esence in he objec i e compounds ( he su name makes up 6.6% o he o al) is su p ising, bu his is explained by he ac ha he compounds a e signi ican ly educed. I he adi ional g amma ical app oach we e no ollowed and he quan i y- ep esen ing compounds we e classi ied as en i onmen al, hen he dis ibu ion o objec i e compound links would be clea e and mo e consis en . Mo e han hal o he connec ions in he neighbou hood a e wi h he local, ollowed by he ide (15.2 pe cen ) and he ide and he ide (bo h 11.4 pe cen ). I 's amazing how much un he e is in hese kinds o connec ions. Ano he cha ac e is ic a dininko a osena aplinkybiniams junginiams suda y i, be u bū dėl mažo junginių skaičiaus (iš iso as i ik 77 aplinkybiniai junginiai) nea siskleidžia o adjacen compounds is ha one pa (usually he le ) is al e ed (changing he hy hm o he ime, numbe and pe son), while he o he pa (usually he depu y, some imes he supe iso ) does no change, e.g. ep esen a ion in Li huania; pa icipa ed in pa icipa ing in elec ions; Yes e day mo ning in he mo ning; abou hal a hal . O he ypes o compound wo ds a e cha ac e ized by g ea e i i abili y. The cha ac e is ics o he connec i e issue o he connec i e issue in he connec i e issue a e used by all he join s, since his ype o join is ound mainly (in mo e han 95% o all join s), so i is possible o see he join s o he connec i e issue. They con i m (and almos duplica e) he da a gi en in Table 6 on he dis ibu ion o le -handed PJs wi h wo-wo d o ms and a e a anged acco ding o he equency o le -handedness as ollows: speake […] 50.4%, su name […] 18.7%, hos […] 14.3%, depu y […] 6.7%, use […] 5.3%, and hos […] 4.5%. A icles by A icles 135 Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių g ama inės ka ego ijos As has been said many imes, he dominance o he kilmin in hese and o he compounds is due o he ac ha he LKDFZ double compounds a e mos o en composed o non-con o ming ma kings. The equency o o he pleasu es con i ms he equency o e bal and w i en Li huanian pleasu es desc ibed in Sujungiamąjį yšį gali iš eikš i isi linksniai, iesa, šio ipo junginiuose ne- ea lie s udies. Bu ha doesn' mean you can' use i . Jus because o he a e en husias 's passage o LKDFZ, he connec ing link be ween he wo lines did no connec wi h his unnel. Since he conjuga ed compounds do no ha e a speci ic g amma ical o m, we can only speak o he gene al e bs o he e bs' equency ( hey a e mo e e lec ed in he e b's owel ex han in he wo d). This is con i med by he da a in able 13: he mos common su name, su name (almos 38%) and su name (mo e han 13%). 2.2.2. O he su name ca ego ies The genus, numbe , deg ee, and de ini ion ca ego ies a e discussed in his subsec ion. Some o ms o e bs a e some imes included in he calcula ion o he men ioned ca ego ies. As al eady men ioned, he la ges pa o he analyzed PJs a e hose ha a e assigned o he conjuga e conjunc ions o he adjec i e o he conjunc ion, so he conjunc ions o his ype essen ially elimina e he dis ibu ion o he g amma ical ca ego ies discussed below. 2.2.2.1. Ca ego y o species When calcula ing he ca ego y o su names, he da a o pa icipan s and semi-pa icipan s a e also included, because he PJs analyzed in his o m we e mos o en used as compound wo ds. The dis ibu ion o LDFK's wo-wo d compound su names can be seen in able 14. 14 The LENTEL. Dis ibu ion o genus o ms The Family Sk. The P oc. male 21039 54,58 emale 17500 45,4 unma ied 6 0,02 O which 38545 100,00 The equency o he male o ms o he genus is almos iden ical o ha o he ex ile da a […] he e i is 57.2%, he e is a signi ican di e ence be ween he emale and he s e ile o ms o he genus […] in he ex ile hey a e 36.6% and 2.6%, espec i ely (Rimku ė The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV is he 136 h LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ 13 LENTELĖ. Apibend in as linksnių pasiski s ymas (pilku onu pažymė as ienin elis a ba dažniausiai am ik ą sin aksinį y- This is a joke. The Eil. No, no a all. Syn ac ic connec ion mo e chee ul V., see V, by p oc. K., see K, by p oc. N., see N, p oc. G., see G., p oc. Įn., he ollowing pa ag aph is added: The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. V ., see V ., by p oc. Iš he o al, sk. 1 In e ace wi h each o he : en i y 64 100,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 64 2 In e ace be ween objec s 34 100,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 00 34 3 Connec ed o: en i y 00,0 00,0 32 100,0 00,0 00,0 00,0 32 4P ijungiamasis: objek as 53 6,6 232 28,8 60 7,5 429 53,3 28 3,5 3 0,4 805 5 Connec ed: ci cums ances 911.4 12 15.2 67.6 911.4 33.8 40 50.6 79 This is no he case. The ollowing de ini ions apply: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (e) ( ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) O which 7170 19074 2088 5770 1719 2549 38370 A icles by A icles 137 Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių g ama inės ka ego ijos 2006: 31–32). These esul s we e de e mined by he ac ha hose nouns and p onouns ha do no ha e a noun ca ego y (e.g., who, my, I, en, i een, wo, ele en) a e included in he ex o he genus ca ego y and make up 3.6 pe cen o hese o ms. Ne e heless, i can be a gued ha he dis ibu ion o he su names o he wo PJs co esponds o he p onuncia ion o hese o ms o he spoken language. 2.2.2.2. Ca ego y o he calcula o When coun ing single-digi and mul i-digi o ms, he numbe o o ms o pe sonal p o ec ion ac ions a e no included, because hey a e discussed oge he wi h he ca ego y o pe son (see able 5), and he o ms o pa icipan s and semi-pa icipan s a e coun ed. LDFKZ wo-wo d ajec o ies PJ wo- hi ds o m a single syllable o m, see able 15. 15 LENTEL. Wha is i ? Dis ibu ion o nume ical o ms Skaičius and Sk. The P oc. (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) O which 38315 100,00 The igu es in able 15 a e almos iden ical o he da a in he w i en ex : in his sou ce, monosyllabic is 67.27% and polysyllabic is 32.73% o he wea he condi ions (Rimku ė 2006: 32). Kalban apie daugiskai ą, s a bu pab ėž i, kad dalis PJ a ojami bū en ik daugiskai os o ma, plg. Jung inės Tau os, mi ies aplinky- (Boizou and k . 2015a: 46). Tex inds and double coun o ms, some o which a e no singula numbe o ms (e.g., en, wel e, ele en […] i s ex inds a e sepa a ed in o a sepa a e g oup), so i is no possible o coun comple ely he e ex inds iksliai lygin i analizuo ų d ižodžių PJ i eks yno duomenų. Vis dėl o suskai- only singula and plu al numbe o ms, seeing ha he da a almos comple ely coincides be ween he PJ and double coun ca ego ies. 2.2.2.3. Ca ego y o deg ee Dalis PJ a ojami ku ia no s iena laipsnio o ma (p z.: Aukščiausiasis Teis- mas), dalis – gali bū i a ojami keliomis laipsnio o momis (p z.: į ai ūs bū- The Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. In he case o he i s -pe son p onouns, he e is a di e ence o opinion abou he ela ionship be ween hese and o he g amma ical o ms (as well as o he g amma ical ca ego ies) (see Paulauskienė 1994; Judgen is 2012). Based on he da a p o ided by he mo phological anno a o o he Li huanian language (see www. eks ynas. du.l ). 138 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXV LOÏC BOIZOU, JOLANTA KOVALEVSKAITĖ, ERIKA RIMKUTĖ co esponds o he spelling o his ca ego y […] p e ails in he o m o an unequal deg ee, see able 16. 16 The LENTEL. Dis ibu ion o deg ee o ms Deg ee Sk. The P oc. une en 6300 95,93 highes 135 2.06 highes 132 2.01 O which 6567 100,00 Howe e , he e is a ai ly s ong di e ence in he pe cen age o deg ee o ms be ween he analysed LKDFZ compounds and he ex u ed o ms: he unequal deg ee in he ex is 87.5%, he almos equal sha e o he highe and highes deg ee o ms be ween he wo PJs, and he ex u e ha s ands ou […] he highe deg ee […] is 8%, and he highes […] 4.5%. 2.2.2.4. Ca ego y o de ini ion As you can imagine, he mos common o m o he compounds analyzed a e: The 17 h LENTEL. Classi ica ion o su name and non-su name o ms Fo ms o Sk. The P oc. unnamed 6714 81,9 į a džiuo inės 1480 18,1 Iš iso 8194 100,0 Compa ed wi h he da a o he w i en language ex (Rimku ė 2006: 33), i can be seen ha he e bs o he e bs a e he same, bu he pe cen age exp ession is qui e di e en : he unp onounceable o ms o he ex make up 93.6 pe cen , and he p onounceable o ms […] 6.4 pe cen . The di e ences may be due o he ac ha , as men ioned a he beginning o he pos , he ca ego ies o genus, numbe , deg ee, de ini ion a e essen ially de e mined by he g amma ical ca ego y o he adjec i e-associa ed compounds, as well as he ac ha he mo phological s uc u e model o he adjec i e + noun and he a e model o he noun + noun a e e y common among he wo wo ds. Bo h adjec i es and ad e bs can be used as nouns, and his can be conside ed a eason why he e a e qui e a lo o noun o ms A icles by A icles 139 Lie u ių kalbos d ižodžių pas o iųjų junginių g ama inės ka ego ijos among he wo-wo d PJs analyzed. The g ea e equency o su name o ms is also due o he ac ha he e a e many e ms, i les o o ices, names o ins i u ions ha a e usually su names, such as esiden ial house, a hle ics acili y, i s ice-chancello , Red C oss, among he wo ds gi en by LKDFZ in PJ. The g amma ical ca ego ies discussed in Appendix 2.2.2 show ha he wo-wo d PJs analyzed in his a icle a e cha ac e ized by simila g amma ical o ms as in he ex o w i en language. Howe e , he pe cen age exp ession o some ca ego ies will di e , as di e en o ms o he ex (pa allels, pai s, non-nume ical, genus ca ego ies, e c.) ha e been ound, and he di e si y o such o ms is much smalle o no ound a all among he analysed PJ wo-wo d o ms. In addi ion, he di e ences in some o ms a e due o he peculia i ies o he PJ ( e ms, names o ins i u ions, e c.). 3. Excluded 1.The wo-wo d PJs p esen ed by he LKDFZ and analysed in his a icle a e domina ed by noun wo ds (74.55%), adjec i es (16.11%), and e bs (5.2%) The di ision o he pa s o he language does no co espond o he spelling and g amma o he spoken language. The di e ence be ween he wo is de e mined by he p inciple o ocabula y o ma ion (each compound mus ha e one noun) and he ac ha he wo-wo d compounds canno be analyzed o con ain a la ge a ie y o pa s o he language. 2. he compounds analysed used mo e pe sonal p o ec i e equipmen o ms; anonymous a e domina ed by companies (70%). Mo e di ec sedimen (96.6 pe cen ); he hi d negu pusę isų asmenuojamųjų o mų laikų suda o bū asis ka inis laikas, o esamasis suda o apie 42 p oc. Didžiąją nuosakos ka ego ijos dalį užima pe son p e ails (94.7%). The use o he g amma ical o ms o he e bs analyzed does no di e much om he da a o he ex o he w i en language, al hough he dominan membe o he co esponding ca ego y makes up a much la ge p opo ion han in he ex ( his also applies o he g amma ical ca ego ies o nouns). 3. The mo e equen ly and less equen ly used owel sound con i ms he p onuncia ion o owel sounds in he spoken and w i en Li huanian languages desc ibed in ea lie s udies. The mos equen ly used e bs in he analysed PJs a e he ollowing: ca pen e (49.64%), c a sman (18.66%), galne (15.02%). The dominance o he kilmin is de e mined by he ac ha he LKDFZ's wo-way connec ions a e usually made wi h unma ked, p onounced kilmin. In uni o m wo-wo d PJs a e p onounced much mo e equen ly (no