ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Research interests: historical anthroponymy, historical toponymy.

TRENDS IN THE RECORDING OF SCOTTISH SURNAMES IN 17TH–18TH-CENTURY HISTORICAL SOURCES OF KĖDAINIAI

Trends in the Recording of Scottish Surnames in 17^th–18^thth-Century Historical Sources of Kėdainiai

A B S T R A C T

Some of the most important sources for the historical anthroponymy of Lithuanian townspeople are the record books of municipal institutions. Among these, the 24 books of the Kėdainiai magistrate from the 17th to the early 19th century stand out. From these 17th–18th-century books and other old town manuscripts, about 250 designations of people of Scottish origin were selected (the count includes not only different individuals but also variants of their surnames). Their analysis discusses trends in the naming of Kėdainiai Scots in the 17th–18th centuries, the distinctive circumstances of the formation of their surnames (people of Scottish origin already had surnames when they arrived in Kėdainiai around 1628–1629), and the patterns in the recording of these hereditary personal names in the town’s historical documents.

K E Y W O R D S: Kėdainiai, 17th–18th centuries, magistrate books, Scots, surnames.

A N N O T A T I O N

Municipal register books constitute one of the key sources of the historical anthroponymy of Lithuanian town-dwellers. Twenty-four register books of Kėdainiai Magistrate dating to the 17^th–19^th century stand out among them. Around 250 cases of naming Scottish people were selected from the books of the 17^th–18^th century as well as other old manuscripts of the town (they do not only include different persons but also different variants

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of their surnames). Through their analysis the article discusses the tendencies of naming Scottish settlers in Kėdainiai in the 17^th–18^th century, the exceptional situation behind the formation of their surnames (when arriving in Kėdainiai in around 1628–1629, Scottish people already had surnames) and the tendencies of recording these hereditary personal names in the town’s historical documents.

KEYWORDS: Kėdainiai, 17^th–18^th century, magistrate register books, Scots, surnames.

0. INTRODUCTION

The historical anthroponymy of Kėdainiai has already begun to be studied. General tendencies in the formation of surnames among the inhabitants of Kėdainiai in the 17th–18th centuries, Vilnius in the 16th–17th centuries, and Joniškis in the 17th century have been reviewed on the basis of more than 4,000 personal designations collected from the historical sources of these towns (Ragauskaitė 2008: 29–37). Linguistic analysis showed that surnames emerged at different times among the local community groups of the towns under consideration. Surnames began to form earliest among the urban elite; later, they were acquired by people occupying a middle or lower position in the town. By the second half of the 17th century, virtually all residents of Kėdainiai and Vilnius were recorded with surnames. Evidently, surnames formed more slowly among representatives of marginal groups. The records of Joniškis, a smaller town in the northern Lithuanian region, have survived only from 1722. Nevertheless, even this late evidence clearly attested that the residents of Joniškis included not only members of the urban elite (the burgomaster, vogt, and so on), but also people from lower strata, who already had hereditary personal names in the first half of the 18th century (Ragauskaitė 2008: 33–36).

The patterns of Polonization of Scottish surnames in Kėdainiai in the 17th–18th centuries have been discussed separately; it was noted that, in terms of origin, these surnames constitute a unique part of the town’s local community’s anthroponymy (Ragauskaitė 2007: 63–64). The influence of Polish on the recording of the personal names of Kėdainiai residents (Lithuanians and others) in the town’s historical documents of the 17th–18th centuries has also been considered (Ragauskaitė 2011: 21–22; Parayckaitė 2012: 213–221). It emerged that the degree of adaptation of these proper names was probably determined above all by the clerks who recorded them, their attitudes, erudition, and other factors (Parayckaitė 2012: 219). In light of the noted particularities in the formation, origins, Polonization, and other aspects of Kėdainiai residents’ historical surnames, this publication continues the study of Kėdainiai’s historical anthroponymy.

The aim of this article is to discuss in detail the trends in the naming of members of the Scottish community in Kėdainiai in the 17th–18th centuries, as well as the main features of how their hereditary personal names (surnames) were recorded in the town’s historical sources.

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Trends in the Recording of Scottish Surnames in Kėdainiai’s Historical Sources of the 17th–18th Centuries

The material for this article was collected primarily from the 17th–18th-century books of the Kėdainiai magistrate. These are among the most important sources for the historical anthroponymy of townspeople (Ragauskaitė 2008: 29; 2014a: 323; Рагацкайте 2012: 214). Most of the 17th-century books of the Kėdainiai magistrate were destroyed by fire, so their early entries are sorely lacking. These entries would arguably constitute the most valuable part of the historical anthroponymic material, especially useful for studying the beginnings of the Scottish community’s activity in the town (Žirgulis 2002: 24; 2005a: 229). Books of minutes of magistrate sessions or meetings and of the aldermen’s court have survived only from 1759 onward, and even then not for every year. In all, 24 magistrate books from the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century have survived, written in Latin and Polish¹ (Tyla 2000: 65). These historical sources have considerable anthroponymic value, reflecting various events in the town and the affairs of the local community (townspeople’s debts, sales agreements, etc.). They also contain minutes of magistrate sessions, decisions made at townspeople’s assemblies, guild regulations, court records, and various documents reflecting the realities of town and family life (wills, and so on).

At least 17 clerks who wrote these books have been counted (Tyla 2000: 73–75). It is noteworthy that some clerks’ surnames may have belonged to people of Lithuanian ethnicity, for example: *Grybas: 1762 Marcinem Grybafsem Pisarzem, y całym Szlachetnym Magistratem abl. KMK₁₃²³. Cf. the common surname Grýbas LPŽ I 707; *Gulbinas: 1770 Szlachetny <...> P(an)³ Jan Gulbin Pifsarz KMK₁₅ 90. Cf. the common surname Gułbinas LPŽ I 741. However, in 1702 the clerk of the Kėdainiai magistrate was a Scot, identified as Wiliam Forsyth (Juknevičius 2015: 49). These circumstances undoubtedly influenced the recording of the forms of Kėdainiai residents’ personal names (see Рагацкайте 2012: 219–221).

To fill, at least in part, the gap left by the early entries missing from the 17th-century magistrate books, this article also draws on other historical sources. These are the collection of minutes of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church’s sessions from 1628–1663 (Collecta zboru Kieydanskiego), the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church’s baptismal registers for 1640–1649 and marriage registers for 1641–1649, the collection of session records of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed community from 1664–1717 (Akta Sessjonalne Zboru Kieydanskiego), and the 1666 inventory of Kėdainiai. Approximately 250 Scottish personal designations were selected from the aforementioned 17th–18th-century sources. The count concerned not distinct individuals, but repeated instances of their being recorded. This is because, in order to discuss the distinctive circumstances of the formation of hereditary Scottish anthroponyms (surnames)

¹ See the list of these historical sources at the end of the article.

² All anthroponyms presented in the article are documented with citations. For each one, the year in which the personal name was recorded, the abbreviation of the historical source, and the folio (page) number are indicated.

³ Abbreviations recorded in historical documents are expanded. Editorial additions are given in parentheses. When presenting personal names, an effort is made to preserve the original forms recorded in the manuscripts.

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(by the time the Scots arrived in Kėdainiai around 1628–1629, they already had surnames), the distinctive features of how their surnames were recorded, their graphic variants, etc.; for this purpose, different spellings of the same individuals are particularly useful. The following section will briefly describe the formation of the Scottish community in Kėdainiai and identify the naming tendencies of members of this ethnic group, among other matters, in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Kėdainiai town manuscripts.

1. NAMING TENDENCIES AMONG THE SCOTS OF KĖDAINIAI IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Kėdainiai was one of the few private towns in Lithuania, having been granted Magdeburg rights on 15 April 1590. It had safeguarded and cultivated multicultural traditions and belonged to members of the Biržai–Dubingiai branch of the Radziwiłł princely family (Aleksandrowicz 1970: 80; 2011: 282; Tylą 2000: 6). In the seventeenth century, Kėdainiai was an important centre of the Evangelical Reformed Church and Lithuanian writing in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was the centre of the Samogitian district, an administrative unit of this Church in the GDL; Samogitian superintendents resided there, church synods were held, and various ecclesiastical and cultural institutions were concentrated there (Lukšaitė 1970: 15; 1999: 10; 2001: 11). From 1731, Kėdainiai passed into the hands of the Catholic Nesvizh branch of the Radziwiłł princes. The town belonged to the Radziwiłłs, with interruptions, until 1819 (KN 9, 12).

Seeking economic benefit for the town of Kėdainiai and being an active supporter of the Reformation, Krzysztof Radziwiłł sought to encourage large numbers of followers of this religion to settle in Kėdainiai (Žirgulis 2005a: 226). Consequently, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Kėdainiai was a multicultural and multiethnic town (Žirgulis 2005: 179; 2005b: 35). As noted, “Such was the municipal history of Kėdainiai: it was inhabited mostly by Scots, Germans, Jews, and the local population—the Lithuanians” (Šinkūnas 1928: 21). It is claimed that Krzysztof Radziwiłł maintained contacts with the Reformation in Elbląg—

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bendruomenių Baltijos ir Skandinavijos regione (Bajer 2011: 78). Teigiama, kad kalbamajame regione didesnė buvo tik Norvegijos mieste Bergene gyvavusi škotų bendruomenė. Ją sudarė apie 270 asmenų (Murdoch 2001: 7). Nedaug škotų gyventa ir kituose miestuose, kaip antai, Biržuose, Kaune, Kelmėje, Skuode, Tauragėje, Vilniuje (Ragauskas 2002: 299; Žirgulis 2002: 23).

As is customary in this type of town source (magistrate books and the like), references to the inhabitants of Kėdainiai are generally found not in separate lists but in a variety of documentary contexts (different town documents, case records, etc.). The principles for selecting the personal names of townspeople have already been discussed in detail (see also Ragauskaitė 1999: 146; 2000: 94; 2002: 31–32; 2002a: 6–7; 2003: 82; 2005: 18–23; 2006: 81–82; 2009: 227; 2014: 9; 2015: 59–61).

Members of the Scottish community in Kėdainiai, like all inhabitants of Kėdainiai (Lithuanians and others), were also designated by the labels Polish mieszczanin, obywatel, for example: 1753 Panu Michałowi Forsajowi Obywatelowi Miasta Kieidanskiego dat. KMK₂ 172, 1714 Pana Livingstona Raycy <…> Mieszczanow <…> Miasta Kieydan(skiego) gen. KMK₃ 30v, etc. Special labels identifying Scottish ethnicity were also used, Polish szkot, szot, z naciej szkotskiej, for example: 1643 Jan Chapman Szkot KERJ 61v, 1649 Jakub Kujck Szkot KERK 8v, 1650 Jana Lausonna Szkota gen. CZK 68, 1649 Jan Nikiel Szkot KERK 8, 1646 Wilhelm Olephant Szot KERK 5v, 1655 pan Jakub Ranison z naciej szkotskiej CZK 103, 1635 P(an) Andrys Szot CZK 33, 1633 Tomasz Szot CZK 24, etc.

Such labels found in the sources indicate that these inhabitants of Kėdainiai were indeed Scots and that those around them distinguished them as non-local. However, some differences in the interpretation of their ethnicity have persisted (in historical sources and elsewhere, Scots are sometimes also referred to by the broader term “English”). For example, the notable eighteenth-century inhabitant of Kėdainiai identified as Jakub Gray is thought to have been English (Tworek 1966: 182), whereas Paweł Bajer classified him as Scottish (Bajer 2012: 453). This person is also mentioned in eighteenth-century Kėdainiai magistrate books, for example: 1723 Panem Jakubem Grejem Decemwirem Kieydanſkim abl. KMK₄ 63 – 1737 Pana Jakuba Graia Raycy Kieydan(skiego) gen. KMK₅ 38 – 1739 Panem Jakubem Grajem Raycą Kieydanskim abl. KMK₅ 79, etc. Another newcomer from Scotland, a doctor of medicine, is identified in old seventeenth-century Vilnius manuscripts as Iacobus Arnuth, Iacobus Arnott (1632†); he lived in Vilnius and was of Scottish descent. This is evidenced by the frequent epithet “Scot” recorded beside his surname in historical sources (Latin scotus, Polish szkot) (Ragauskas 2002: 299). However, on his tombstone he was commemorated as a person of English nationality—“natione Angli” (Starowolski 1655: 235). Interestingly, in eighteenth-century historical sources Scottish emigrants are also often called “ex gente Magnae Britanniae”—from the “nation of Great Britain” (Juknevičius 2015: 32). Scots began to be called Britons from 1707, when the Kingdom of Scotland was united with

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the Kingdom of Great Britain (BCI 45; Houston 2002: 35; Gibbs 2006: 1; Murdoch 2008: 14; Juknevičius 2015: 32).

To identify references to the Scots of Kėdainiai as reliably as possible, this article draws on a table (register) of people of Scottish origin compiled by P. Bajer from the following historical sources: the collection of financial documents of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church from 1628–1663 (Collecta zboru Kieydanskiego); the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church’s baptismal register entries from 1640–1649 and marriage register entries from 1641–1649; and the 1697 list Rejestr porządny Auditorow Zboru tego Kiejdanskiego from the collection of session minutes of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed community, 1664–1717 (Akta Sessionalne Zboru Kiejdanskiego). This 1697 list, Rejestr porządny Auditorow Zboru tego Kiejdanskiego, had already been published and cited (see also Tworek 1969: 213–215). The table prepared by P. Bajer lists the following information: the specific source in which a person of Scottish origin is mentioned, the date, position, and so forth (for details, see Bajer 2012: 443–453).

For greater accuracy, the historical surnames of the Scots of Kėdainiai presented in this article were also compared with Scottish surnames in the nineteenth-century British surname atlas The Surname Atlas⁴ (see also Archer 2003; Lewis 2011: 189–210). This surname atlas shows the distribution of surnames in England, Scotland, and Wales in 1881⁵. In addition, other well-known collections of Scottish surnames were consulted (Black 1996; Whyte 2000; Dorward 2002).

Around 1629, at least four educators of Scottish origin taught at the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed School: Iacob Paterson, Alexander Nicholas, Thomas Ramsay and Ian Halson (Eriksonas 2000: 175). The aforementioned collection of financial documents of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church from 1628–1663 contains the first “Scottish surnames: Gilbert, Ogilby, Gordon” from 1630 onward (Žirgulis 2002: 24). Further surnames of people of this ethnicity can also be found in the collection, for example: 1658 pan Jerzy Bennet CZK 108, 1650 Wilhelmus Meleyson CZK 67, 1637 Alexander Ogilbe CZK 37, 1655 Jacob Ramsay CZK 102, 1648 Andres Symson senior CZK 78, etc.

In the list found in the session minutes of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed community from 1664–1717 (Acta Sessionalne Zboru Kiejdanskiego 1664–1717), entitled Catalogus discentium in Schola Cajodunienſi, the following people of Scottish origin are recorded: 1666–1668 Georgius Anderſon ASZK 8, 1666 Iacobus Bennet ASZK 8, 1666–1668 Carolus Ramſay ASZK 8, 1666–1668 Thomas Ramsay ASZK 8, 1666 Iacobus Zomerwill ASZK 8; a later list also mentions, in 1668, Johannes

⁴ www.archersoftware.co.uk/satlas07.htm

⁵ The article’s author thanks Dr Christopher Lewis (King’s College, London), who gave her a copy of The Surname Atlas.

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Barklay ASZK 8. At the congregation a pair of persons recorded as 1679 Jan Cannot, Rektor Collegy ASZK 70 and 1679 Johanes Paterson, Diaconus ASZK 70 were listed. Scottish surnames are recorded in the marriage registers for 1640–1649 and baptismal registers for 1641–1649 of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church, for example: 1647 Jan Forbes KERJ 7, 1642 Jan Menien KERK 2v, 1648 Mateus Ramza KERK 5v, 1649 Jan Ramaj KERK 5v, and others.

As can be seen, the first elements of these two-part personal names are Christian given names; traditional Polish or Latin forms of given names are used because the historical sources were written in Polish and Latin, for example: Jan, Mateus, Michal; Carolus, Georgius, Thomas and others.

Gradually, the Scots of Kėdainiai came to occupy an important position in the life and administration of the town. For the years 1590–1795 (the entire period of municipal self-government), 225 surnames of magistrate officials were collected from various town documents (Tyla 2000: 73–75). Based on the data collected by Antanas Tyla, Rimantas Žirgulis calculated that of the 27 members of the Kėdainiai town council, 2 were Scots (7.4%); of 46 burgomasters, 12 were Scots (26%); of 48 councillors, 6 were Scots (12.5%); of 49 aldermen, 15 were Scots (30.6%); of 38 decemvirs, 7 were Scots (18.4%); and of 17 scribes, 1 was a Scot (5.8%). It emerged that of the 225 town officials during the period in question, 43 were Scots (19.1%) (Žirgulis 2002: 25).

After the war of 1655–1660, the surnames of the following influential Scottish families of Kėdainiai are mentioned in manuscripts on the town’s history: Andersons, Arnes, Benets, Forbes, Gordons, Hallyburtons, Kuiks, Moleysens, Nikells, Ogilbys, Ramsays, Simpsons, Skromers (Eriksonas 2000: 180). Data from the 1666 Kėdainiai inventory confirm that Scots had settled in the best, central part of the town—around the Reformed church, the Great Market, and near the three main streets, Piles, Senoji, and Arklų; for example: 1666 Ulica Konska Pukamenici P(ana) Arna pusta gen. Kl 6, 1666 Dom P(ana) Wilma Benneta gen. Kl 1, 1666 Dom Pana Dawidsona gen. Kl 1, 1666 Druga strona tejże ulicy zamkowej Domek Wojciecha Lewstona gen. Kl 3v. Since the Reformed church stood beside the town marketplace, where noisy Sunday markets were held, on 24 March 1655 the session decided that Sunday markets in Kėdainiai were disrespectful to God, who had forbidden work on Sundays; it therefore demanded that the authorities move the markets to weekdays (Juknevičius 2015: 37).

Their influence and social standing are attested by the fact that many people with Scottish surnames were magistrate officials of the time, prosperous merchants, creditors, manor leaseholders, shopkeepers, gymnasium rectors, elders of the Reformed church, its supporters, and others; for example: 1690 Dawid Kreyfy Ławnik KMK₂ 21; 1708 Pan Jan Cramont Ławnik Madeburey Kiedanskie KMK₃ 15, 1721 Pan Wilhelma Halibthona Kupca y Obywatela Kiedankiego gen. KMK₄ 4, 1704 Honorato Domino Alberto Lewinston Consulari eiusdem Civitatis KMK₃ 6v, 1721–1725 Dawida

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Mitchella Decemwira⁶ gen. KMK₄ 107, 1794 Jan Moleyson Profesor Szkoł Kievdańskich KMK₂₄ 142, 1724 Szlachetnych Panow Woyciecha Paterfona Raycy <...> gen. KMK₄ 107, 1735 Wiliwem Rofsem Lantwoytem abl. KMK₅ 27v, and so on. Apparently, for brevity, the same person is sometimes recorded by surname alone, for example: 1711 P(ana) Cramondta gen. KMK₃ 24v, 1654 pana Cupera gen. CZK 79, 1658 panu Ramsonowi dat. CZK 108, 1655 pana Ranisona gen. CZK 104, 1653 p(ana) Dawida Symsona gen. CZK 92 – 1653 Symsona gen. CZK 92, and others.

Examination of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century historical sources shows that surnames were used in records of people of Scottish origin belonging both to the town’s ruling elite and to lower social strata. The hereditary personal name functions in the naming of members of the same family⁷ (parents and children, husband and wife, brothers, etc.), for example: 1714 Ja Jan Farsay Czynią wiadomo y jawno zeznawam tym moim Dobrowolnym listem Kwitacinnym Danym Rodzonemu <...> Panu Jerzemu Farsaiowi, jako starszemu Bratu Na to Iz ia wyzsmianowany Jan Farsay, przybywszy z Cudzych Kraiow słuzby woienney <...> w Roku Tysiącsiedmsetnym dwunastym do Miasta Kieydan y niezostawszy <...> Panow Rodzicow Moich zywocie <...> Pana Wilhelma Farsaja Pisarza Grodzkiego Kieydanskiego y Rodzicielki Moiey <...> Paniey Anny Lawrynowny Farsajowey KMK₃ 59; 1714 Pana Livingstona Raycy od Szlachetney <...> Anny Hallibortonowny Livingstonową Małzonkow Mieszczanow <...> Miasta Kieydan(skiego) gen. KMK₃ 30v; 1731 Pan Wilim Rof₃ Rayca Kieydanski <...> Katarzyna z Arnetow primi voti Elizeufzowa Reiowa ad præsens Rofzowa KMK₂ 76; 1717 Jerzy Sumerwill y Ja Anna Mozeniufzowa Jerzyna Sumerwilowa Małzonkowie <...> KMK₃ 81v.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, two shared personal names are observed when a husband and wife are recorded together, for example: 1691 szlachetnemu P(anu) Hendrichowi Hunterowi Ławnikowi Kieydanskiemu y szlachetney Paniey Katharzynie Lewistonownie Hendrichowey Hunterowey Ławnikowey Małzonkom dat. KMK₂ 35; 1715 Panu Alexandrowi Cuthbertowi Burmistrzowi Miasta Kieydanskiego y szlachetney <...> Pani Katharzynie Kalinowskiey Alexandrowey Cuthbertowey Burmiftrzowey Małzonkom y obywatelom Miasta Kieydanskiego dat. KMK₃ 69v.

In P. Bajeris’s 1664–1717 records of the sessions of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed community (Acta Sessionalne Zboru Kieydanskiego 1664–1717), the list of parishioners of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church compiled in 1679 (Rejestr

⁶ Some individuals are marked as lo. deczewir. The Kėdainiai magistrate’s relationship with the town community was fairly strong, and therefore deczewirs and guild representatives took part in magistrate meetings. They were also confirmed in the magistrate. These individuals oversaw the magistrate’s resolutions and decisions, revenues collected and expenditures, and were responsible for the military preparedness of Kėdainiai (Tyla 2000: 64–76; Juknevičius 2015: 49).

⁷ It is precisely the hereditary nature of the personal name and its use by members of a single family that attest to its having become a surname (Bubak 1986: 217; Maciejauskienė 1991: 51; Ragauskaitė 2001: 125).

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porządny Auditorow Zboru tego Kiejdanskiego) of 238 people, he assigned 76 designations to individuals of Scottish origin (including their family members [wives and descendants]). According to him, this amounted to about 32.3% of the parishioners (Bajer 2012: 280).

The following designations of Scots of Kėdainiai and their family members are noteworthy, for example: 1679 Panowie Ławnicy P(an) Woyciech Leviston, P(ani) Katarz(ina Krechtonowna, Zona jego. Katary(na), Margreta Corki. Wojciech, Jerzy Synowie. Carol, y Tomas Ramze Pasierbowie ASZK 70; 1679 P(an) Jan Dawidson, P(ani) Dorota Burnetówna Zona jego ASZK 70; 1679 W Rynku P(an) Jerzy Makien, Złotnik P(ani) Anna, Zona jego jakub Somerwill Andrzej Makien Syn ASZK 71; 1679 W Rynku P(an) Dawid Gilbert Anna Corka jego ASZK 71; 1679 Na Posmilskiey Ulicy P(ani) Gertruda Kiuckowa Wdowa. Anna y Zofia Corki ASZK 71; 1679 P(an) Jakub Somerwill Anna Zona jego Anna, Katarzyna, Helena Corki ASZK 71; 1679 Na Konskiey Ulicy P(an) Jan Scharp P(ani) Katarzyna Helleb. Zona jego Jan, Jerzy, Wojciech, Alexander Synowie ASZK 72, and so on.

These examples most clearly show that some Scots who occupied a high socioeconomic position in society were recorded without a hereditary personal name, that is, a surname. This circumstance indicates that in the cases presented, their common personal names were simply not recorded. Apparently, this was indeed due to variations in naming, the context of the entries, and the scribes’ writing traditions. This is supported by the fact that members of the same families are recorded differently in various historical sources from Kėdainiai—with and without hereditary personal names, for example: 1679 Panowie Burmistrzowie P(an) Jerzy Anderson. P(ani) Elzbieta Zona jego ASZK 70 and 1690 Spectabilis D(omi)ni Georgy Anderſon Proconsulis KMK₂ 6v, his wife—1690 Szlachetney paniey Jerzyney Andersonowey Burmistrzowey Kieydanskiey gen. KMK₂ 4v; 1679 Panowie Raicy P(an) Jerzy Helleborton P(ani) Elzbieta Zona jego ASZK 70 and 1736 Panią Elzbietą z Barklaiow Halibortonową tudzież Panem Jerzym Halibortonem Ławnikiem Kieyd(anskim) KMK₆ 28; 1679 Panowie Raicy P(an) Jakub Kiuck, P(ani) Małgorzata Zona jego ASZK 70 and 1704 Panu Jakubie Kiuku Raycy Miasta Kieydanskiego y Szlachetney Pani Małgorzacie <...> Jakubowey Kiukowey KMK₃ 7v; 1679 Na Długiey Ulicy P(an) Alexander Mongriff: P(ani) Zofia Zona jego Bennetowna ASZK 71 and 1691 Pana Alexandra Makryfa Ławnika Kieydanskiego y na Panią Zofię Bennetownę Alexandrową Makryfową Małzonkow KMK₂ 39.

Sometimes a woman’s given name and maiden surname were omitted, with a reference to the same, that is, herself, his wife, and only one shared surname for the spouses was recorded: 1750–1766 Panu Jakubowi y Samey Grajom Małz(onkom) Obyw(atelom) Kieyd(anskim) dat. KMK₁₀13 and 1777 Jakub y Elzbieta z Kramontow Grajowie Obywatele Kieydanscy KMK₁₇ 17v.

Although the Scots of Kėdainiai preserved their national identity, on the other hand, they could avoid linguistic and cultural isolation by connecting themselves through marriage ties to the local urban elite (Žirgulis 2002: 24; 2002a: 132; 2005a: 237). Therefore, when

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some surnames of women and men of Lithuanian and Polish origin indicate mixed marriages, for example: 1679 P(an) Reinold Gordan P(ani) Judita Budrewiczowna Zona jego ASZK 70; 1699 Ja Jakub Karol Gradowski y Ja Anna Andersonowna Jakubowa Karolina Gradowska Małżonkowie KMK₁ 89; 1679 P(an) Jerzy Meleison P(ani) Katarzyna Miksiewiczowna, Żona jego ASZK and 1691 Ja Jerzy Mollefon Burmistrz y Ja Katharzyna Miksiewiczowna Jerzyna Molefonowa Burmistrzowa Małżonkowie Mieszczanie Miasta KMK₂ 37v; 1704 P(anu) Andrzeiowi Leytticzowi Kupcowi y Mieszczaninowi Kieydanskiemu <...> y Małżonce <...> Pani Christynie Paszkiewiczownie Andrzeiowey Letticzowey dat. KMK₃ 7v; 1704–1720 Nobilis Dominus Joannes Stanielewicz alias Staniewicz et Margarita Hallibortonowna Conjuges legitimi KMK₃ 11 and 1704–1720 Ja Jan Stanielewicz alias Staniewicz, y Ja Małgorzata Hallibortonowna Janowa Staniewiczowa Małżonkowie, Obywatele y Mieszczanie Miasta Kieydan(skiego) KMK₃ 11 and so on.

Since Scottish surnames were recorded mostly in manuscripts written in Polish and Latin, and by several scribes, variation in their written forms was inevitable. The surname of the same person could be altered in some way in different entries, making it more difficult to identify as Scottish. As a result, numerous orthographic variants of Scottish surnames emerged, for example: 1637 Jan Arnet || 1638 P(an) Jan Arnat CZK 45 || 1655 Jan Arnot CZK 102; 1637 Alexander Gorden CZK 37 || 1638 P(an) Alexander Gordon CZK 45 || 1651 Alexander Gordonn CZK 74; 1646 Jakub Kujck Szkot KERK 8v || 1660 Pana Jakuba Kiuka gen. KAK₁ 16; 1690 Robert Liwiston Rayca KMK₂ 8v || 1691 Roberth Liwifton Rayca KMK₂ 38; 1638 P(an) Thomas Melisson CZK 45 || 1647 Tomasz Meleyson CZK 64; 1650 Jan Nikiel CZK 67 || 1650 Pan Jan Nikoll szafarz zborowy CZK 73; 1638 William Oliphant CZK 45 || 1646 Wilhelm Olephant Szot KERK 5v; 1649 Tomass Skromse KERK 8 || 1658 Thomass Skremzer CZK 108; 1666 Jacobus Zomervill ASZB 8 || 1668 Iacobus Somerwill ASZK 8; 1714 Dominus Georgius Farsay KMK₃ 59 || 1721 Pana Jerzego Forfaia Ławnika Miafta Kieydanſkiego gen. KMK₄ 1v; 1704 Dominum Andream Leytticz Decemvirum Caiodunensem KMK₃ 7v || 1713 Andrzeia Licza gen. KMK₃ 42v || 1719 Andrzey Leyticz Rayca Maydeburyi Kieydanskiev KMK₃ 95; 1711 Woyciech Peterson Ławnik KMK₃ 29v || 1714 Woyciech Paterson KMK₃ 59v || 1722 Pan Woyciech Peterfon Rayca Magdeburyi Kieydanſkiey KMK₄ 47v.

Women’s Scottish personal names were Slavicized even further. Polish and Latin forms of women’s Christian names were used, for example: Anna, Catharina; Katarzyna, but diminutive forms were used very rarely: Halszka, and so on. Entries in the records show that the wives of members of the Scottish town authorities and the wealthiest merchants were designated using full forms of their names. Women from lower social strata among the residents of Kėdainiai (Lithuanians and others), such as servants, often had diminutive forms of names. They were treated disrespectfully and dismissively, so nobody paid attention to the consistency of the forms of their names. In addition,

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Slavic suffixes -ova (written as -owa in the sources) were additionally appended, as a rule, to the surnames of married Scottish women, and -ovna (written as -owna) to those of unmarried women or girls, e.g.: 1652 p(ani) Czapmanową mieszczanką kiejdańską CZK 79, 1659 pani Forbezowa CZK 109, 1679 Halszka Hallibortonowna ASZK 72, 1688 Ja <...> bywłza Janowa Heiowa a teraznieyſza Jerzyna Molleſonowa Burmistrzowa KMK₁ 78, 1659 panna Margareta Simsonówna CZK 109; 1717 Katarzynie Forsaio wey KMK₁ dat. 107 – 1731 Katarzyna Monkryfowna Forsa iowa KMK₂ 66, 1750 Domina Anna Forsejowa vidua KMK₂ 132, 1753 Katarzyna Dettlthen Kuczbertowa KMK₂ 175, 1710 Pani Katerzynie Lewingstonownie Leytitzowey dat. KMK₂ 55, 1722 Pani Zofia z Rejow Lewingstonowa KMK₁ 159, 1709 Pani Katharzyny Simsonowny bywszey Alexandrowey Monkrifowey Burmistrzowey Kieydanskiey gen. KMK₁ 100, 1730 Paniey Woyciechowey Patersonowey gen. KMK₂ 60. Sometimes the same women are recorded more briefly, without repeating the full designation, e.g.: 1659 pani Andryssowa Simsonowa CZK 109 – 1659 panią Andrys sową CZK 109.

Similarly (with the Slavic suffixes -ova and -ovna), the surnames of women belonging to the German Lutheran community that existed in Kaunas in the 16th–18th centuries were recorded (Ragauskaitė 2001: 135–138). Thus, this is a phenomenon clearly observed in the name records of at least two cities.

At the end of the 17th century, the Biržai–Dubingiai branch of the Radziwiłł princely family died out, and after the Northern War and the devastating plague epidemic that followed, the city’s economic situation deteriorated considerably, bringing Kėdainiai’s Scottish (and English) merchants close to bankruptcy. It was therefore decided to ask King George II for financial support (and, at his recommendation, also to seek support from members of the The Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge) (Nishikawa 2000: 297). In 1727 and 1730, Kėdainiai townsmen identified as Jakob Gray and Jakob Gordon travelled to London. Accounts for holding the money were opened at a couple of banks. The English prime minister, identified as Sir Robert Walpole, donated 50 pounds, and the government secretary, the Earl of Harrington, also contributed money to the mission (Žirgulis 2002a: 134). The Church of Scotland announced a general collection to help “Samogitia and Kėdainiai.” A letter of thanks from the people of Kėdainiai dated April 30, 1731, shows how the money was used: salt, herring, iron, glass, lead, and other goods useful for trade were purchased in Königsberg; part of the money was allocated to the poor, while another sum was left in Gdańsk (Nishikawa 2000: 296–297). The Societas Commerciorum – Komercijos draugija was founded in 1731. Its founders were “Alexander Cuthbert, burmistrz kiejdański, Andrzej Leit y c, rajca, Ierzy Forsay, wójt, William Ross, Robert Livingston, Dawid Anderson, Iakub Gray – ławnicy, Daniel Mitchell, Ierzy Halybarton – dziesiętnicy, wszyscy obywatele kiejdańscy nationis M. Britannia” (Tworek 1966: 195). The society’s purpose was to revive trade and maintain the Evangelical Reformed church, its clergy, and its buildings,

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vargšų ir nuskurdusių tautiečių bei bendratikių šelpimas (Žirgulis 2002: 26). Tačiau 1731 m. gaisrai sugriovė Kėdainių pirklių planus. XVIII a. ūkio krizė, karai bei religinis persekiojimas toliau menkino anglų ir škotų išeivijos gyvenimą Radvilų mieste (Nishikawa 2000: 308). Dėl šių nepalankių istorinių aplinkybių škotų asmenvardžių kalbamojo šimtmečio knygose mažėjo, škotai palaipsniui asimiliavosi. Didžioji dalis šių kitataučių išvyko – XVIII a. savo veiklą perkėlė į Karaliaučių ir Klaipėdą, kur vertėsi medienos plukdymu ir prekyba (Žirgulis 2002: 26).

Today, the memory of the Scots is preserved in the old manuscripts of Kėdainiai and in surviving architectural structures—the Scottish houses (the Scottish houses were characterized by vaulted ceilings on the ground floors and wooden galleries in their courtyards) (Grinevičius, Miškinis 1975: 167; KSR 6, 20, 23; Jucevičius 2011: 50, 54–56). It has been hypothesized that the Scottish architecture of Kėdainiai (Scottish houses were characterized by vaulted ground-floor ceilings and wooden courtyard galleries) is characteristic specifically of the towns on Scotland’s eastern coast (Juknevičius 2015: 7).

The status of townspeople’s surnames was usually established by documents from the particular town. In the city, family ties were weaker, while economic and social relations were much more complex: trade was conducted intensively, crafts were developed, and loans were provided to residents; it was therefore important to distinguish and identify each person (Ragauskaitė 2005: 145–146). As noted, by the second half of the 17th century, essentially all Kėdainiai townspeople had surnames. It seems that the surnames of representatives of Kėdainiai’s lowest (marginal) strata formed more slowly (Ragauskaitė 2008: 32–33). The situation surrounding the formation of surnames in Kėdainiai’s Scottish community was distinctive in the context of the development of Kėdainiai townspeople’s surnames. The Scots who arrived in Kėdainiai around 1628–1629 already had hereditary personal names (surnames), but when members of the same families were recorded, their shared personal names were not always documented in the city’s historical sources. This was apparently due to the specific nature of the sources, inconsistencies in naming (people mentioned earlier could be named differently or simply more briefly and plainly on another page of the document), and so on. In other words, the surnames of these foreigners were recorded in city documents according to the same principles as those of other local inhabitants of Kėdainiai.

The claims presented in this article concerning the naming system of Scottish townspeople in 17th–18th-century Kėdainiai and the recording and development of their surname forms add to the research conducted to date on the historical personal-name corpus of Kėdainiai. Further research into this distinctive area of Lithuanian historical anthroponymy (personal names of the urban estate) is also needed because the name records of different Lithuanian cities vary in such respects as surname formation, origin, derivation, and other aspects.

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2. CONCLUSIONS

1. People of Scottish origin who arrived in Kėdainiai around 1628–1629 already had surnames, but the representation of their hereditary anthroponyms (whether they were recorded or not) varied in the city manuscripts. This was determined by the context of historical documents, the absence of a uniform and universally binding naming system, the writing tradition familiar to scribes of the time, and other factors. It is clear, however, that in the 16th–18th centuries, the predominant forms of naming clearly attest to the use of hereditary personal names (surnames) among Kėdainiai’s Scots in the city’s historical sources.

2. The designations of Kėdainiai’s Scottish townspeople in the 17th–18th centuries are recorded in texts and documents written in Latin and Polish. Therefore, Polish and Latin forms of their Christian names were used. The surnames of people of this ethnicity were Latinized and Slavicized and could be modified in various ways in different entries in the magistrate’s books. This gave rise to graphic variants of the surnames of Scottish men in Kėdainiai.

3. Anthroponyms of Scottish-origin women were Slavicized even more intensively. Slavic suffixes -oa (written as -owa in historical documents) were added to second personal names (based on the husband or father) to form surnames of married women, while -ona (written as -owa) was used for the surnames of unmarried girls or women. This was apparently influenced by the specific nature of the sources of the time, administrative conventions, which scribes followed inconsistently, their ethnicity, competence, and other factors.

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APPENDICES

FIG. 1. Fragment from 1666 of an old manuscript Inventarz miasta Kieydanskiego 1666 (f. 6).

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FIG. 2. Fragment from 1679 of the 1664–1717 manuscript Acta Sessionalne Zboru Kiejdanskiego (f. 70).

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FIG. 3. Fragment from [1686] of the 1690–1775 Kėdainiai magistrate book (f. 46).

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ŠALTINIAI

ASZK – Akta Sessionalne Zboru Kiejdanskiego 1664–1717. Lietuvos Nacionalinės Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekos Retų knygų ir rankraščių skyrius. F. 93–541.

CZK – Collecta zboru Kieydanskiego: To jest rachunek wszystkich recept i expens zborowych zaczę ty roku 1628 dnia 20 novembra, unpublished print. Opracował W. G. Studnicki, Wilno: 1939. Lietuvos Mokslų Akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekos Rankraščių skyrius. F. 9–3040.

KERĮ, KERK – Kėdainių evangelikų reformatų bažnyčios 1640–1649 m. jungtuvių ir 1641–1649 m. krikšto metrikų knygos. Lietuvos valstybės istorijos archyvas (toliau – LVIA). F. 606. Ap. 1. B. 144.

KI – Kėdainių 1666 m. inventorius [Inwentarz miasta Kieydanskiego 1666]. Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Rankraščių skyrius. F. 4. A215. B. 16891.

KMK₁ – Kėdainių magistrato 1623–1806 m. knyga⁸. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15360.

KMK₂ – Kėdainių magistrato 1690–1775 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15357.

KMK₃ – Kėdainių magistrato 1704–1720 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15358.

KMK₄ – Kėdainių magistrato 1721–1725 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15359.

KMK₅ – Kėdainių magistrato 1732–1740 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15361.

KMK₆ – Kėdainių magistrato 1732–1743 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15362.

KMK₇ – Kėdainių magistrato 1744–1750 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15363.

KMK₈ – Kėdainių magistrato 1750–1752 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15364.

KMK₉ – Kėdainių magistrato 1750–1761 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15367.

KMK₁₀ – Kėdainių magistrato 1750–1766 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15368.

KMK₁₁ – Kėdainių magistrato 1753–1755 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15365.

KMK₁₂ – Kėdainių magistrato 1756–1758 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15366.

KMK₁₃ – Kėdainių magistrato 1762–1763 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15369.

KMK₁₄ – Kėdainių magistrato 1763–1770 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15370.

KMK₁₅ – Kėdainių magistrato 1767–1770 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15371.

KMK₁₆ – Kėdainių magistrato 1771–1773 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15372.

⁸ Iš tiesų tai nėra 1623–1806 m. magistrato knyga, kaip nurodyta Lietuvos valstybės istorijos archyvo apraše, o tik į vieną rinkinį įrišti poros šimtų metų pavieniai dokumentai.

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KMK₁₇ – Kėdainių magistrato 1774–1777 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15373.

KMK₁₈ – Kėdainių magistrato 1777–1779 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15374.

KMK₁₉ – Kėdainių magistrato 1777–1780 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15375.

KMK₂₀ – Kėdainių magistrato 1779–1782 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15376.

KMK₂₁ – Kėdainių magistrato 1782–1791 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15377.

KMK₂₂ – Kėdainių magistrato 1783–1792 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15378.

KMK₂₃ – Kėdainių magistrato 1791–1806 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15379.

KMK₂₄ – Kėdainių magistrato 1794–1798 m. knyga. LVIA. F. SA. B. 15380.

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ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ

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Tendencies of Recording of Scottish Surnames in the 17^th–18^th Century Historical Sources of Kėdainiai

S U M M A R Y

The article analyses the tendencies of naming the members of the Scottish community which existed in Kėdainiai in the 17^th–18^th century, the peculiar characteristics of expression of genders in their hereditary personal names and their recording in the town’s historical sources of that time. The article focuses on the analysis of proper names of Scottish settlers in Kėdainiai collected from Kėdainiai Magistrate’s register books of the 17^th–18^th century. In addition to these sources, the author also resorts to other old manuscripts. Around 250 cases of naming Scottish settlers in Kėdainiai were selected – not the cases of naming different persons but repetitive references to them were collected (different variants of their surnames). A larger Scottish community in the town formed in the mid-17^th century. They gradually gained an exceptional status. Scottish people settled in the best part of the town – around the Reformed Church and the ‘Great Market.’ The fact that quite a few magistrate’s officers, merchants, elders of the Evangelical Reformed Church, etc. had Scottish surnames testifies to their influence and position in the society of the town. The Scottish settlers who arrived in Kėdainiai in around 1628–1629 already had surnames; however, when recording the family members of the Scottish settlers in Kėdainiai, the spelling of their hereditary personal names (fixation or non-fixation) varied in the town’s old manuscripts. It was influenced by the context of the historical sources under analysis, the writing tradition of the clerks of that time, record-keeping rules, etc. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the 17^th–18^th century was dominated by the naming which provided obvious evidence to the functioning of hereditary personal names (surnames) of the Scottish settlers in Kėdainiai in Kėdainiai historical sources. A hereditary personal name is seen in the naming of members within the same family (parents and children,

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV

Škotų pavardžių užrašymo tendencijos XVII–XVIII a. Kėdainių miesto istorijos šaltiniuose

husband and wife, brothers, etc.). In the 17^th–18^th century the surnames of Scottish settlers were recorded in the texts written by the town’s clerks in Latin and Polish languages. Hence, the surnames of this nationality were Latinized, Slavicized and could be differently modified in different records of the magistrate’s books. Therefore, the article discusses the graphic variants of Scottish (male) surnames. Scottish female surnames were Slavicized to an even greater extent; the Slavic suffix -ovna (spelled -owna) was consistently added to the surnames of unmarried women, while -ova (spelled -owa) was added to the surnames of married women.

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A L M A R A G A U S K A I T Ė

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva

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