S aipsniai / A icles 29
ALBRECHT GREULE
Uni e si ä Regensbu g
Scien i ic esea ch a eas:
Tex g amma , heolinguis ics and spi i ual song,
onomas ics, and his o ical syn ax.
TEXTGRAMMATIC and
F ench
Tex s o use OUT
Czech and Du ch
This is he case in he case o he Slo ak A chi es.
(U ba , SATZUNG,
KIRCHENLIED) This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
And y i
Dedica ion
Teks o g ama ika i anks y ieji naująja
okiečių aukš aičių kalba pa ašy i eks ai
iš Čekijos i Slo akijos a chy ų (kadas ai,
po a kiai, bažny inės giesmės): analizė i
bandymas p i aiky i didak iškai
The anno a ion
Th ee ea ly New High Ge man ex s ha o igina ed in he Czech Republic (Bohemia and
Mo a ia) and Slo akia a e analyzed in e ms o ex g amma . In his way i is o be desc ibed
as in hese ex s o he 15 h and 16 h cen u ies. The aim o he p ojec is o imp o e he
unde s anding o he ex s o he 20 h cen u y, which belong o di e en ex classes, o
make he ex cohe ence comp ehensible o he ecipien and o enable him o g asp he
heme o he ex . The analysis mainly uses wo s a egies: he iden i ica ion o he cen al
ex objec s by elabo a ion o co- e e ence chains and he iden i ica ion o iso opy le els
by ex ac ion o seman ic ea u es. F om he combina ion
ALBRECHT GREULE
30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV o he Cen al Tex Objec s and he Iso opy Le els he
heme o he ex s can be explo ed. The disse a ion also includes hin s on how ex
g amma ical analysis can be used in language his o y lessons. SCÜSSELWÖRTER: His o y o
language, his o ical g amma o ex s, didac ics o he a s, linguis ics o he ancien s, and
hymnology.
The anno a ion
Th ee Ea ly New High Ge man ex s which o igina ed in he Czech Republic (Bohemia and Mo a ia)
and Slo akia a e analyzed om a ex -g amma ical poin o iew. In his way he e ollows a
desc ip ion o how in hese ex s o he 15 h and 16 h cen u ies, which belong o di e en ex
classes, ex cohe ence was made unde s andable o he ecipien and how he was enabled o
g asp he subjec o he ex . In he analysis wo s a egies a e used o his cen al issue:
he s a emen o he cen al ex objec s by he cla i ica ion o ical analysis can be used in
co- e e ence chains and he s a emen o iso opy-le els by he ex ac ion o seman ic ea-
u es. F om he combina ion o hese cen al ex objec s and he iso opy-le els he subjec
o he ex s can be classi ied. In his pape ips ha e been inco po a ed how ex -g amma-
language his o y lessons. KEYWORDS: language his o y, his o ical ex g amma , subjec
didac ics, cadas al linguis ics, and hymnology.
1. In oduc ion and se ing o objec i es
Wi h he ollowing conside a ions, we con inue a p ojec whose ask is o es he
signi icance o a ex -g amma ical model es ed on newspape ex s o he
p esen on ex s o language his o y (see G eule, Kolbeck 2014). Wi h a iew o he
didac ics o Ge man as a o eign language and he ole ha linguis ic ex s could
play he e, we selec ea ly New High Ge man ex s om Czech and Slo ak a chi es,
espec i ely in Bohemia, Mo a ia and Slo akia in he 15 h and 16 h cen u ies.
cen u y ha e eme ged. I is he s a u e o he council o he ci y o
Kaschau/Košice o 1404, he U ba o he P incipali y o Jäge ndo o 1531 and he
Kan ional (Chu ch Songbook) o he Bohemian B o he s o 1531. F om a
ex -linguis ic pe spec i e, all h ee sou ces a e "la ge ex s", which, howe e ,
a e di ided in o "small ex s" a di e en hie a chical le els (G eule 2012: 81[…]86).
The ollowing analysis a emp s e e o h ee selec ed small ex s om he
a o emen ioned sou ces. P e iously, he cul u al-his o ical peculia i ies o he
S aipsniai A icles 31 and 31
Tex g amma ik und ühneuhochdeu sche Geb auchs ex e
aus schechischen und slowakischen A chi en (U ba , Sa zung,
Ki chenlied): Analyse und Ve such de Didak isie ung
sou ce ex s a e discussed and he ques ion o he didac icisa ion o his o ical
ex g amma is aised.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
I deals wi h he ex -g amma ical desc ip ion o he p esen Ea ly New High
Ge man, in he 15 h and 16 h cen u ies. Cen u y-old ex s o p o e he cohe ence o
he ex . I is a ques ion o answe ing he ques ion o by wha linguis ic means o
exp ession and con en he cohe ence o he ex is made comp ehensible o he
ecipien o he ex and enables him o g asp he subjec o he ex and i s
de elopmen . In addi ion, wo main s a egies come in o play: he iden i ica ion o
he cen al ex objec s (ZTG) by elabo a ion o co- e e ence chains and he
epe i i e seman ic ea u es, he classemes. I is unmis akable ha o he
Fes s ellung on Iso opie-Ebenen du ch Ex ak ion on sich im Tex e lau
analysis he aspec o he quan i ica ion o epea ing elemen s as well as he
ope a ion a he sen ence le el play he main ole. In addi ion, he e is a suspicion
ha he model needs o be adap ed and e ised acco dingly when applied o ex
copies o di e en ypes o ex s, and he e is a signi ican need o ac ion wi h
ega d o la ge ex s o linguis ic his o y (G eule 2011: 24 […] 26; G eule, Kolbeck 2014).
I we also accep he no ion ha g amma is he doc ine o combina ion, which
combines om he bo om up inc easingly la ge sign complexes acco ding o
speci ic ules, hen we can de ine he complex "la ge ex s" as communica ions
consis ing o se e al small ex s, be ween which also ex g amma ical ela ions
mus be open.
3. U ba o he Fi s Hun e s
DORF (1531)
The U ba o he P incipali y o Jäge ndo /K no o. B un ál om 1531 is in
he Landesa chi T oppau (Zémsky a chi Opa é) as an o iginal
manusc ip , along wi h o he U bans w i en du ing he eign o he
Ma g a es o B andenbu g-Ansbach. I was edi ed in 2010 by Sieg ied
Hanke and Raine Vogel (Hanke, Vogel 2010: 18100). Ma g a e Geo ge o
ALBRECHT GREULE
32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
B andenbu g had he U ba w i en in Ge man and closely based on a p e ious
U ba w i en in Old Czech om 1523.
In he U bans a e eco ded he lying es a es, equi able and axes o a spi i ual o
secula landlo d; They a e he e o e a ibu ed o he "domanial ex s". We
know qui e a bi abou he p imo dial genesis. O iginally, i is assumed ha he
goods and equi y we e collec ed on he spo by ques ioning he in e es -bea e s
and hen ixed in w i ing in he p incely chance y in an U ba . F om his i ollows
o he p imi i e linguis ics ha in he p imi i e w i en in one o he e nacula
languages he e is a mix u e o spoken and w i en language, which was no
eco ded in such a pe ec […]o hog aphy[…] as we would expec i oday (G eule
2003: 58[…]61). F om a unc ional poin o iew, egis e s a e ega ded as
di ec o ies wi h an appeal unc ion: hey eco d goods and igh s and he income
de i ed om hem, which, on he basis o he w i en
Au zeichnung als Leis ungen de Zinsp lich igen einge o de we den können.
(G eule 2003: 63)
Das U ba des Fü s en ums Jäge ndo is als G oß ex un e gliede in die
Collec ion o axes om en locali ies in he P incipali y; These ex complexes
a e b oken down pe place in o small ex s, which eco d he du ies in he
espec i e place unde hema ic headings. Analysis: pa ial ex o small ex
[…]Maye ho […] (Hanke, Vogel 2010: 18 .) Bo h in e ms o linguis ic analysis and he
didac icisa ion o such a ex , i is necessa y o wo k ou i s syn ac ic
s uc u es and i s lexical po en ial (special ocabula y) agains he backg ound
o he communica i e unc ion. The analysis o syn ac ic s uc u es is
mani es ed in he ollowing lis o 24 Minimal Tex Uni s (MTE).
Sub i le: Maye ho 1: Vnnd e (m) cas le Lobens ain is ain maye ho , wol oe
economy loca ed, he same wol buil , Vnd has da zue much ac e Vnd gue
di ec ed, V weliche Ecke au en win e IX mal e Vnd au en summe equal
so il Inn o ime mo e Vnd less may build y. 2: To he same cas le la e much hen
da ed wysn, as well as Vnd en Vo zaichen , Scha VIc Vnd iech ain schock, zenn
Zug, Rey p e d much, 3: his one da es o gi e a na i e nod.
S aipsniai A icles 33 and 33
Tex g amma ik und ühneuhochdeu sche Geb auchs ex e
aus schechischen und slowakischen A chi en (U ba , Sa zung,
Ki chenlied): Analyse und Ve such de Didak isie ung
4: [i em] he gea s o his cas le be good, 5: In because one may see in he cake
maniche ley Zuemuße one. [i em 6:] A la ge nd u ili y pai o o cha ds, which can
be used wi h obis nd g ass.
Fo he same ga den may be enjoyed by a man wi h an obis and g ass. 9: [i em] The
d y ee ga den is a hind ance o he maye ho nd e m planken, 10: which is also
en iched wi h obis nd g ass. [i em 11:] The ie y bawmga en mb he cas le open
planks new buil , which (man) wi h obis nd g ass may be enjoyed. 12: [i em] The
same ie ce bawm ga den Je lich may be enjoyed bey he XX , In which zai mo e
nnd less.
[i em 13:] Go o he cas le o be blackened by welding p e iously pu chased,
14: de selbenn den nu z Hie gese z , ain Ja Zuem ande n gese z XX , Zai en meh
o less.
15: [i em] Inn denn selben welden sein pynbeu en on d ayen Hol ze n,
16: gieb man ain messel mehd
Konnek o : nd
17: soliche messel hel Inn siech IIII qua med.
18: Die zs mag man Je lich genissen ain gulden zai en meh nnd wenige .
[i em] Vnd e m cas le la e zway wa e , in which la e d i e, g ound nd 19:
He li zen, 20: he same may be enjoyed Je lich au III golden Zue Zai en
mo e nd less.
[…]
21: A good nd nu zpa bach nd e m schlos, In which la e a en, Eschenn nd
o he wa e s iesch zue nod u used, 22: o he same one may enjoy Je lich
VI golden inn o he Tzai mo e nd less.
[i em 23:] Vnd e he cas le la e big wiesn 24: au he same one may IXc wagen
hew make Inn he Zai nd less. ha e one o mo e p e ixes, ha e been
Die MTE sind dadu ch gewonnen wo den, dass nach dem syn ak ischen
K i e ium 20 ein ache und komplexe Ve balsä ze, also solche Äuße ungen, die
sepa a ed. Only ou exp essions (MTE 5, MTE 6, MTE 10, MTE 21) do no con ain
a main clause p edica e and a e conside ed o be so-called sen ences. The […]
also didac ic […] u he p ocedu e p esupposes an unde s anding o he ex ,
which should also be se ed by he di ision in o smalles syn ac ic uni s. This
depends bo h on he communica i e unc ion ( egis a ion

ALBRECHT GREULE
34 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV
de Gü e und ih en E ag ü den Landeshe n) als auch om Ve s ändnis de
Lexeme, especially he specialized lexeme such as mal e , shock, zuemuße, genissenn,
pynbeu en, messel mehd, ah en, g undln, he li zen, and aschen. They can be easily
iden i ied by he glossa y a ached o he edi ion by Hanke/Vogel. Howe e , he e
emain he spellings ha make i di icul o unde s and he ex , which no only
di e signi ican ly om oday's Ge man o hog aphy, bu also suppo he
con empo a y sen ence s uc u e only sligh ly. Tha is why a linguis ically
ewa ding exe cise can be unde aken he e, which consis s in adap ing he spelling
o 1531 o oday's o hog aphy as bes i can be done. Th ough his exe cise, he
communica i e alue o capi al le e s and double le e s becomes especially
ecognizable.
A i s s ep owa ds he iden i ica ion o he iso opy le els ha o m he
seman ic backg ound o he ex is he classi ica ion o he p edica es se s,
da , die zu o am bes en du ch Un e s eichen he ausgehoben we den. Quan-
i izie man die sich wiede holenden P ädika e un e seman ischem Aspek ,
e geben sich au g und de Häu igkei olgende Iso opien mi den Klassemen
‘Exis enz’ (sein , ha ) und ‘bekommen/den Nu zen haben’ (mag geniessenn, mag
genossen we den, lasse geniessenn, sein …zue nod u geb auchen, den nu z…ge-
may gi e, gi es. In addi ion, he po en ial modali y exp essed by he equen
modal e b may […] can […] is ema kable. Fu he mo e, he exis ence p edica es
a e called he "exis ence ca ie s", bu no he use p edica es o he
bene icia ies, unless by he gene alizing p o-noun man. The la e is no
su p ising, since he bene icia y was he landlo d who ini ia ed he U ba , who
does no need o be men ioned again and again (wi h all he i les). F om MTE 12
onwa ds, he espec i e bene i s will be con e ed in o (money)
Amoun s gi en.
On he subjec o he ex in he sense o a summa y, which also appea s as
Übe sch i ungie en könn e, gelangen wi du ch die Fes s ellung de ZTG,
he esul o he sequence o epea ed e e ences: maye ho (1) […] Hinde
he maye ho (9) Schloss Lobens ain (1) […] To he same schlos (2) […] To his
schlos (13) […] mb he schlos (4) (11) […] To he schlos […] Vnd e m schlos (19) […]
nd e m schlos
(21) […] Vnd e o he cas le (23)
Ve y good wines (2) […] g ea wines (23)! ! […] au he same (24) he Ge en (4) […] In
denn (5) […] A...bawmga en […] he nide ga en (7) - he same ga den ee […] The
d y e baumga en (9) […] he (10) […] The ie y bawmga en (11) […] The same ie ce
bawmga en (12) Weld ([…]Wälde )) (13) […] he selbenn (14) […] Inn i sel welden
pynbeu en ([…]Hon messige ag) (15) […] ainel mehnde messel (19 (17) […] zway wa e
(8) […] he same (20) […] Einbach (21 (16) […] he same (20). F om he combina ion o he
Die zs (also known as Da on) (18)
S aipsniai A icles 35 and
Tex g amma ik und ühneuhochdeu sche Geb auchs ex e
aus schechischen und slowakischen A chi en (U ba , Sa zung,
Ki chenlied): Analyse und Ve such de Didak isie ung
classemes (iso opes) wi h he ZTG, he ex heme can be de eloped and
o mula ed as ollows: "F om he meadows, ga dens, o es s, honeycombs and
wa e s belonging o he Meie ho below Lobens ein Cas le, he ollowing
(indi idually speci ied) bene i s a e possible". The ac ha he subjec in his
o mula ion does no appea as a heading (supe ex ) is due o he ac ha he
locali y o Lobens ein Cas le is men ioned in he main heading and Meie ho in he
heading. The es o he subjec would be he same in he heading o a ex
s uc u e, and he unc ion o he ex , o name he goods and hei bene i s, is
clea and known om he unc ion o he u ban.
The la e ein oduc ion o he ca ego y "Wiesen" in MTE 23 sugges s an addi ion
ha can be explained by a mis ake on he pa o he w i e .
In i s unc ion, he i em ha can be speci ied g amma ically as a
subdi ision connec o ul ima ely emains unclea (see also below 4.)
A icle 4 o he Ci y Council
KHAUASC o KOŠICE (1404)
Schon die Besch eibung de Handsch i du ch Ilpo Tapani Pii ainen lie e
wich ige Hinweise au ex g amma ische S uk u en, die an de Edi ion nach-
ollzogen we den können (Pii ainen 1987: 239 .). Die Sa zung des Ra es de
The ci y o Košice/Kaschau o 1404 (sho : S a u e) is a homogeneous, exis ing
complex ex o small ex s ([…]A icles[…]) ha se e exclusi ely he unc ion o
legisla ion ([…]Tex so e […]Sa zung[…]) and a e clea ly dema ca ed om each
o he . In addi ion o he 47 a icles, he small ex s, he o e all ex ( he
manusc ip ) includes an in oduc ion, which, howe e , does no exceed he scope
o a small ex . The ex o he manusc ip is p in ed in he edi ion in a diploma ic,
li e al o m. This p obably also applies o he punc ua ion, so ha he
punc ua ion o commas as he only punc ua ion in he edi ion only con ibu es o
he con en o he ex . The same applies o he Ve sailles. The sen ence
dema ca ion impo an o he ex g amma ical analysis mus be in e p e ed
by he analyze o he ex .
ALBRECHT GREULE
36 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Analysis o he 21s A icles (Pii ainen 1987: 246) Sup a ex : The eyn ndcz enczigs e
a icle1 1: [I em] keyn ngebe ey elkey p o e b nnüczlich awmen üs e en In
siczenden ed sol no seyn, Konnek o : sunde In he ed sol, which is he mos
common o m o he wo d
I' e sen you o hea wha 's going on, ha you' e no a nuisance, ha you' e no a
hind ance.
Connec o : I em also
3: keyn ngebe d ou wa d o he ed mid enande sol seyn be o e common ley en
czu a oid e ge niß, connec o : Vnd also
4: Keyn ande sach sol eyenge agen will dye he same czey ha e seen especially u
dy sach dy is o ac ,
Konnek o : nd
5: keyne ley o he hing o bea ye ouch, whom dy men ac s o he senses o
he s anding
Al hough MTE 5 is an in ini i e cons uc ion coo dina ed wi h he in ini i e
cons uc ion in MTE 4 (especially i you ha e seen...) I ha e i as an independen ,
bu ellip ical sen ence, in which […]sol men[…] is o be added,
abge enn .
Co- e e ence by a) iden ical
epe i ion o Nomina:
- Dy sach (2) - keyn ande sach, dy sach (4) - keyne ley ande sach (5) -
keyn ngebe (1) […] keyn ngebe d (3) - in siczenden ed (1) […] ou o
he ed (3) b) iden ical epe i ion o e bs:
- ac ing (2) ac ing (4) - ac ing (5)
Simila ly, when he council si s, he e should be no indecen beha iou , no idleness, no "p o e b",
no useless whispe ing, no oo s eps. Ra he , e e yone should be p epa ed o hea wha is o be
nego ia ed so ha he ma e is nei he dis u bed no hinde ed. Simila ly, he e should be no
imp ope beha iou ou side he Council in o de o a oid annoyance o he gene al public. And no
o he ma e should be b ough up a he same ime, bu one should concen a e on he ma e
ha is being nego ia ed. And do no b ing in o ouch any hing o he han wha you a e dealing
wi h.
S aipsniai A icles 37 and 37
Tex g amma ik und ühneuhochdeu sche Geb auchs ex e
aus schechischen und slowakischen A chi en (U ba , Sa zung,
Ki chenlied): Analyse und Ve such de Didak isie ung
- ca ying (4) […] ca ying (5)
Co espondence by con igui y (Tä igkei en des Ra s): siczenden o (1) o ac , dy sach
(2) o ca y sach, o ac (4) o ca y sach, o ac (5) S uc u al ecu ence o
syn ac ic pa allelism: nega ed modal p edica e: sol no seyn (1) (keyn...) sol seyn (3)
(keyn sol a e ca ied eyed (4)...) (sol) eyn bea o ouch (5, ellip ical). Compa able a e he
s a e passi e in he conjunc i e sey sen zw ho en and he passi e sen ence o m
ha e no dis u bance (2), which could be unde s ood as exp essi e a ian s (ins ead o
sol seyn sen , sol ha e no dis u bance). Iso opy wi h he class "undue beha iou ":
ngebe ey elkey p o e b nnüczlich awmen üs e en (1) […] dis u bance...no
hinde niß (2) […] ngebe d, e ge niß (3) - o he sach... eyn agen (4) - o he sach
eyn agen s ill ouch (5) All i e MTE a e connec ed o each o he by ad e sa i e and
coo dina ing connec o s. This inding may be due o he ype o ex , which equi es a
clea s uc u e. Le 's y om his ex g amma ical in o ma ion, he opic o he
21. I you wan o cons uc an a icle, you i s no ice a nega ed modal p edica e in
ou MTE's, which is almos s e eo ypically o mula ed as in he Ten Commandmen s
(e.g. "You shall no s eal"). Only in MTE2 is he Ve Agens) called; ‘E e y ou e in MTE 2 is
oo ague. The e is a gap he e, which is ei he anapho ic o ca apho ic om he 20 h
o he 22nd. A icle […] in he hope ha an […]add ess[…] can be ound he e […] can be
closed and hus becomes a p oblem o he g amma o he la ge ex . The subjec o
bo im Konjunk i (sey, habe) e was abgeschwäch ausged ück . Die Modali ä ,
die Eins ellung des Sp echenden/Sch eibenden gegenübe dem Lesenden/Hö-
enden, bleib die gleiche. Dabei äll au , dass kein Ad essa (syn ak isch: kein
he 21s . A icles can be o mula ed om he in e ac ion o he ex -g amma ical
ela ionships as ollows: […]An unnamed au ho X o de s unnamed add essees Y o
a oid dis u bances o he Council mee ing[…]. The place and ime whe e his is o ake
place a e no gi en. Since he con en o MTE 3 does no ela e o he beha iou in, bu
ou side, he Council mee ing, i can be unde s ood as a sub- heme, which he au ho o
he S a u e in oduces in a s iking way wi h I em, a coo dina ing connec o a he
beginning o he small ex s. The a iables X and Y in he heme o mula ion a e
in ended o e lec he independence o he
ALBRECHT GREULE
44 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXV (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Teks o g ama ika i anks y ieji naująja
okiečių aukš aičių kalba pa ašy i eks ai
iš Čekijos i Slo akijos a chy ų (kadas ai,
po a kiai, bažny inės giesmės): analizė i
bandymas p i aiky i didak iškai
The SANTRAUKA
S aipsnyje g ama iniu aspek u analizuojami ys anks y osios naujosios okiečių aukš aičių
kalbos eks ai iš Čekijos Respublikos (Bohemia and Mo a ia) and Slo akia. This is he i s ime
in he his o y o he Czech Republic ha he language has been analyzed in his way.
Ap a iama, kokiais būdais šiuose XV a. and XVI a. ex uose, p iski iamuose ski ingoms ex s o
classes, add essed pe eikiama ex s cohe ence i jo heme. This is he i s ime ha he
ex has been ansla ed in o English. This is he main ques ion o analyzing he wo-s ep
s a egy: he main ex objec s a he ecogni ion de e mining he co ela ion o he
g andines wi h he iso opic le els o he dis inc i e seman ics o he požymius. The possible
classi ica ion acco ding o he combina ion o hese main ex s o objec s and iso opic le els. We a e p esen ing ecommenda ions, how o analyze he g amma o he ex , how o adap i o he his o y o he language.
I was published on 15 Decembe 2014.
ALBRECHT GREULE
Uni e si ä Regensbu g
The Ins i u e o Ge man S udies, D-93040
Regensbu g. This is Alb ech .