S aipsniai / A icles 129
I'm no su e ha 's a good idea.
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Resea ch a eas: analysis o w i en sou ces, lexicog aphy and
lexicology o w i en sou ces, sociolinguis ics, syn ax.
LINA KAZLAUSKAIT Šiauliai
[…]Auš os[…] museum is loca ed in he ci y o Šiauliai
Di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch: s ylis ics, syn ax.
The Le e o Ma y Ca holic
I 's called Kalbin Te p.
The new PRASM o I eland
Compa ison o ex s by Ma ius Ka iliškis:
Linguis ic En i onmen and New Meaning
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle p esen s o he scien i ic communi y he analysis and compa ison o wo no els
by he w i e Ma ia Ka iliška: Miška comes in ed and The Re u n o he Los . When alking
abou he compa isons o he a o emen ioned Ka ilician no els, i should be no ed ha he
language o he no els c ea es he condi ions o he compa isons o be ex ended by
addi ional su oundings. Then he image no longe has a compa ison unc ion, i is b oken
down in o sepa a e compa ison wo ds. The e o e, he eade is no longe le o pe cei e
he compa ison o space in a adi ional way, because Ka iliškis c ea es an image ha he eade does no expec .
ESMINIAI WORDS: compa ison, he ela ionship be ween he subjec and he image,
a compa ison con ac , an addi ional compa ison en elope.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle p esen s he scien i ic socie y wi h he analysis and compa ison o wo
no els by Ma ius Ka iliškis […] Miškais a eina uduo and Išėjusiems neg įž i […] in e ms o
he li e a y de ice o simile. While discussing he similes used in he a o emen ioned "No
Veles" by Ka iliškis, he au ho obse es ha he linguis ic en i onmen o he no els
c ea es condi ions o expand he similes by complemen a y su oundings. Then he image loses.
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ, LINA KAZLAUSKAITĖ
Ac a Linguis ica LXXVII he unc ion o compa ison and is di ided among indi idual wo ds o
he simile. Hence, he e is no space o he eade o comp ehend he simile in a adi ional
manne , because Ka iliškis c ea es such an image which he eade does no e en expec .
KEYWORDS: simile, heme-image ela ionship, composi ion o he simile, complemen a y
su ounding o he simile.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Associa i e hinking […] is a p ocess o e lec ing eali y in he consciousness, a
džian is g e in i pagal kokį šalu inį požymį i gana a imus, i ne isai ski in-
gus daik us, gy ūnus, augalus i pan. Kalbos eksp esy inimas lyginimu, adi-
compa ison ha is used equen ly no only in discou se bu also in ex s o
ic ion, jou nalism, and e en scien i ic li e a u e. Acco ding o Juoz Pikčilingis,
he compa ison wi h a p ophe ic hing will make e en a small hing all in o he eye
(Pikčilingis 1989: 43). Compa ison is a phenomenon o in e disciplina y esea ch: i is
in e es ing o linguis s (s ylis s, syn ax expe s) as a lexical and seman ic,
s uc u al and g amma ical connec ion, and o li e a y schola s as an a is ic
means o exp ession. Ge man and Russian s ylis s classi y compa isons as
opics (Ya 1998: 520[…] 521; B andes 1983: 140). Li huanian s ylis s desc ibe he
compa ison as a means o he eme gence o a me apho ical meaning, as a basis
o me apho iza ion (Pikčilingis 1975: 352-356; Župe ka 1980: 18-19). Polish and La ian
speake s also emphasize he p ocess o me apho iza ion (Ku kowska, Sko upka
2001: 202; Jenke ics 1967: 140). Bo h s ylis ic esea che s and li e a y schola s
pe cei e compa ison as a complex means o exp ession. I is mos commonly
conside ed a wo-dimensional s uc u e (Zabo skai ė 1982: 106; Ramonai ė 1972:
18[…]22; Golub 1986: 238; B andes 1983: 140; Koženiauskienė 2013: 151[…]152). The e is
also he idea ha , in addi ion o wha is compa ed, he objec wi h which i is
compa ed is also indica ed by he e ium compa a iones ( hi d membe o he
compa ison, c . Župe ka 1997: 59). In he a icle, he compa ison is unde s ood as a h ee old uni : he heme, he image ( ema) and he basis o he compa ison (Kazlauskai ė)
2006: 66–74).
Acco ding o he s uc u e, he compa ison can be comple e and incomple e, and
his de e mines he seminal wo d composi ion. The analogy as a syn ac ic
cons uc ion is unique in e ms o g amma and s uc u e. Li huanian and Russian
linguis s dis inguish be ween simple and ex ensi e compa isons. The o dina y
classi ica ion is desc ibed in de ail by Vale ija Ramonai is (1972: 18-22). Compa a i e
cons uc ions a e less common in Russian and Ge man (Rosen hal 1987: 379; B andec
1983: 141). In Polish, he compa ison is w i en as jak, jako, niby, ni o, na ksz al ,
jak gdyby (Ku kowska, Sko upka 2001: 201), and in La ian i is w i en as kā, nekā, i
kā, jo-jo (MLGLV I 1959: 771773; LVG 2015). Ramonai ė dis inguishes as many as nine
simple compa a i e cons uc ions: compa isons, combined as, a y um, a si, like,
A icles by A icles 131
Ma iaus Ka iliškio aš ų palyginimai:
kalbinė e pė i nauja p asmė
unlike, i , nei he ; he compa isons exp essed in he playe 's chee ul manne ;
p ielinksniu p ieš; palyginimai su eiksmažodžiais mena, p imena; palyginimai
Co ela i e compa isons compa isons wi h adjec i es like, equal and ue,
compa isons, supplemen ed by modal wo ds show, seem, say and so on. ; he
nega i e compa isons. The exis ence o ex ended compa isons, consis ing o
se e al sen ences and possibly e en co e ing an en i e pa ag aph, is indica ed no
only in Li huanian bu also in La ian and Russian language sou ces (Rosen hal 1987:
379; Golub 1986: 239[…]240). Two o he e ms a e used in Li huanian dialec :
compa a i e sen ence and compa a i e sen ence (LKG 3 1976: 653[…]689; Gai enis,
Keinys 1990: 116). These e ms desc ibe he g amma ical connec ions be ween
wo ds in a sen ence and expand he isual, senso y compa ison image (DLKG 1997:
634). The e m cogni ion is also used in ph aseology, and is desc ibed as a cogni i e
me apho (Ma cinke ičienė 1994: 14; Koženiauskienė 2001: 206 […] 215; 2013: 153 […] 160) 1.
The aim is o ensu e ha he
Eu opean Union's ex e nal bo de s a e espec ed and ha he EU's ex e nal bo de s a e no iola ed.
Ma ius Ka iliškis (Albinas Vai kus, 1914-1980) is ecognized as one o he mos
au hen ic and eloquen li e a y schola s o No he n Li huania. The e a e wo
opinions abou his Romance language. Some p aise Ka iliškį o his ocabula y, he
sub le y o language (Kubilius 1995: 453; Bukelienė 1999: 76[…]99; Sp indy ė 2012: 49[…] 53),
while o he s say ha ocabula y makes he pe cep ion o hough oo
complica ed (Raila 1991: 549; Nyka-Niliūnas 1996: 213). Ka iliškis himsel alued he wo d
e y much, always emphasizing ha he knew wo ds ha only one o he speake
could unde s and, bu he el ha as ime wen on in emig a ion, i became mo e
and mo e di icul o w i e: "The e is no soil o eed he language. We' e ge ing id
o he mole. (Macijauskienė 1981: 56) This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Czech
Republic. The a icle deals wi h he compa isons cha ac e izing he cha ac e s o
he no els Miskais a eina uduo (1957) and Ishėjusiem neg įž i (1958). The ma e ial
was collec ed om he 1991 edi ion o he no el, wi h he aim o e ealing he
a ia ions o Ka iliškis' compa isons and he cul u al signi icance o he
compa ison. To his end, he ollowing asks a e se ou : o selec , s uc u e and
discuss he compa isons be ween he Ka iliški omani Miškais a he Red and he
Izėjusi neg įž i on he basis o compa ison; combine he compa isons o he wo
no els and hei a ia ions; o e iew he addi ional su ounding o he c ea ed
compa isons (p eposi ional o pos posi ional ma k, en i onmen ) and o highligh he peculia i y o he compa isons o he Ka ilician no els. Me hods o analysis, co ela ion and summa ion a e applied o he accumula ed ma e ials.
1 The au ho does no sol e heo e ical compa ison p oblems, because ha would be he subjec o a sepa a e a icle.
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ, LINA KAZLAUSKAITĖ
132 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion
The compa ison o Ka iliškio is used no only o desc ibe he main cha ac e s o
he no el (Tili, Agnei, Monikai, Do eikai), bu also o desc ibe he episodes
(Tugaudži, Raudonajam Pe ui, Gužienei, e c.). Analysis o he compa ison hemes
and he ideo shows ha he cha ac e s o Ka iliški a e compa ed o human
quali ies, na u al phenomena, household i ems, he p ess, he cha ac e s o he
na ion (see Appendix 1). The compa ison wi h na u al phenomena is usually made
wi h he wo ds wind, s o m, hail, d ough . Animals, as a basis o compa ison, a e
called domes ic (ho se, dog, ca , oos e , dee , pa akee ) and wild animals, bi ds,
e c. (lion, wo m, spa ow, chicken, pe eliškė). Ka iliškis usually men ions b anches,
ees, sh ubs, g ass (see diag am 1). The lexicon o he basis o compa ison is
p esen ed in all diag ams acco ding o he equency o use o wo ds.
he wind,
he
s o m,
he
hunde ,
he
d ough ,
he lion,
he wo m, he spa ow, he bu e ly, he bu e ly
he basis
o
compa is-
on is
na u e
dog,
ca , ee,
e škė o-
g ass
ho se,
b anch,
oos e ,
žė, ma sh,
A. Romano Mishka comes up wi h a compa ison o ed-hai ed
A icles o he 133 d
Ma iaus Ka iliškio aš ų palyginimai:
kalbinė e pė i nauja p asmė
The name is de i ed om he G eek wo d o "wa e " (spoel), which is de i ed om
he G eek wo d o "wa e " (spoel), which is de i ed om he G eek wo d o
"wa e " (spoel), which is de i ed om he G eek wo d o "wa e " (spoel), which is
de i ed om he G eek wo d o "wa e " (spoel), which is de i ed om he G eek
wo d o "wa e " (spoel). In con as , he compa ison o he cha ac e s wi h na u e
no only e eals ce ain cha ac e is ics o appea ance o he cha ac e s, bu also
c ea es a new linguis ic meaning ha is unusual, uncon en ional, uncon en ional, so
ha he compa ison canno be pe cei ed adi ionally, bu is in oduced in o he
lexical meaning o he basis o he compa ison. A simila image is c ea ed o hose
compa isons whose basis o compa ison is he human (non) cul u al, social
en i onmen associa ed wi h i . In he Romanian language, he wo d "mo he ", "child",
and "child" a e o en used o e e o kinship. As a basis o compa ison, Ka iliškis
likes o use he wo ds "landlo d", " a me ", " illage " o indica e social a ilia ion.
The w i e 's choice o (no ) cul u al wo ds (s ulpas, newspape co e ; smell, d ink,
smell) wi h a meaning (see diag am 2).
cha ac e s wi h na u e pilla , newspape column a me , a me ,
a me
The
cul u al
en i onm-
en o
he
human
he
he smell,
being is
mo he ,
he child, he d unka d, he oddle .
DIAGRAM A. Romano Miškais compa es he ed-hai ed cha ac e s wi h he human
cul u al en i onmen

JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ, LINA KAZLAUSKAITĖ
134 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The ollowing a e some examples o how o use he e m "squa " in a sen ence:
"squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ),
"squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ),
"squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ),
"squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa " (squa ), "squa ").
F om he compa isons ha cha ac e ize he people o Rudu in he Roman Fo es ,
i can be seen ha he image has been ex ended by an addi ional con ex
(p eposi ional ma k, ex ended pos posi ional ma k). The analogy is e y
ine- uned, so o speak, consciously, wi h he basis o compa ison and he
addi ional su oundings o he subjec 's exp ession, hing o ac ion, so ha he
image o he adi ional compa isons emains he same, only ano he basis o
compa ison is chosen o help c ea e a new meaning o he sen ence. The de ails o
he adi ional appea ance o he cha ac e s s and ou om he
uncon en ionally c ea ed compa isons. Women and gi ls a e s ong, heal hy,
ed-skinned, ligh -skinned (in he pic u e, Agnė). Boys and men a e s ong, all (Každaila, Tilius), excep hose who do no ha e a pe manen place o esidence. They' e weak.
(Lau yn) o old age.
I'm no going back o Rome.
PALYGINIMAI The cha ac e s in his no el a e qui e condi ional, because people's li es
in he no el a e qui e chao ic. The compa isons desc ibing he na a o , he
ugi i es and he soldie s, he leade s, he s ange s, he women a e gi en in Annex
2 o he a icle. The cha ac e s o his no el a e also compa ed o na u e. Only he e
a e he animals, ege a ion and na u al phenomena wi h which Ka iliškio is compa ed
educed o e e ed o as unexpec ed phenomena. In addi ion o he
abo e-men ioned ea u es, he e a e also a numbe o o he ea u es, such as he
use o he wo d "snow lake" (snow lake), which is used o desc ibe a ype o
snow lake (snow lake), which is used o desc ibe a ype o snow lake (snow lake),
which is used o desc ibe a ype o snow lake (snow lake), which is used o desc ibe
p iešakyje, (ka inas) į a nėno inkilą i pan. Palyginimų su žodžiais sk uzdėlė, bi ė,
a ype o snow lake. In compa ison wi h he plan , he au ho limi s he image o
lowe s, sh ubs, and ines, e.g. he beau i ul and he a e ( lowe ), he d ied in he
ga dens and lowe s o he no he n coun yside, he d ied and he d ied, he d ied
and he d ied, he d ied and he d ied, he d ied and he d ied, he d ied and he
d ied, he d ied and he d ied. The compa ison wi h na u al phenomena (sp ing, hail,
hail, olcano) is ex ended only once […] an ac i e olcano (see diag am 3 and able 2).
A icles by A icles 135
Ma iaus Ka iliškio aš ų palyginimai:
kalbinė e pė i nauja p asmė
O he , o a
a
con en ,
by weigh ,
in he d y
ma e :
The basis
o
compa is-
on is he
na u e o
he
bee le,
he bee,
he mo h,
he bu e ly, he mo h, he bu e ly, he bu e ly
3 DIAGRAM A. Compa ison o he cha ac e s o Romano's Re u n o Na u e The
compa isons o Romano's Re u n o Na u e a e much mo e adi ional, less
limi ed in hei ma kings, and Ka iliškis al eady uses he eade as a basis o
compa ison o sea ch o indi idual and cul u al meanings.
In he diag am o he basis o compa ison wi h he cul u al en i onmen o a
pe son, he wo ds did no bap ize, did no bap ize, did no bap ize a e common. Signs
limi ing he meaning o compa ison, in he no el a ely, pl. unbo n babies, eal
Sa acens, wha wild islande s a e he ui o o chids and so on. The wo ds
apyn i ps is, lėlė, bag o seeds a e compa ed almos wi hou punc ua ion. The
wo ds Jū a ė, Samsonas, kinų die ai is, e c. p o ide he eade wi h a b oade , no
only Li huanian, bu also wo ld-class cul u al, li e a y and musical emphasis. The
basis o he compa ison is he smell, he de ils a e used wi hou ma kings (see diag am 4).
Romano Išėjusiems neg įž i palyginimo pag indas a spindi Ka iliškio kul ū i-
nę i li e a ū inę pa i į, o palyginimai pa yškina pa ekusių į be il išką padė į
he emo ional s a e o he cha ac e s.
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ, LINA KAZLAUSKAITĖ
136 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVII
no , no bap ized, cu sed he de il,
smelled
The
compa ison
is based on
he human
cul u al
en i onmen ,
he nes , he
seed bags.
Ju a ,
Samson, he
Chinese god
4 D I A G R A M A The compa ison o he cha ac e s wi h he cul u al en i onmen o he
human being The na a o is compa ed o a ious animals, objec s, exp essing i mness and
sensi i i y due o he inabili y no o be ay he Mo he land. Fugi i es a e compa ed no
only acco ding o he ex e nal cha ac e is ic, bu also acco ding o he ex ual one ha
opens he emo ional shell. The compa isons ha cha ac e ize leade ship y o highligh he
human quali ies: oughness, c uel y, s ubbo nness, ine ia, wickedness. People who a e
s ange s, li le known o unknown a e compa ed by emphasizing he coincidence o a hing,
phenomenon, o ac ion wi h he pe son being compa ed. Women a e compa ed o plan s and
na u al phenomena
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
Ma ius Ka iliškis ends o expand he compa ison wi h an addi ional enclosu e
(p eposi ional o pos posi ional ma k, su ounding). I 's like he image doesn'
ha e a compa ison unc ion anymo e. Because o he desc ip i e na u e o
compa ison, he seman ic load is b oken down in o sepa a e wo ds. To g asp
A icles by A icles 137
Ma iaus Ka iliškio aš ų palyginimai:
kalbinė e pė i nauja p asmė
he meaning, one needs o ocus no on he cen al wo d o he compa ison, bu
on he whole o he compound. This model o compa ison is mo e cha ac e is ic
o he no el by Miškais comes in ed. The e's less o a compa ison o be made in a
no el ha doesn' come back. I is mos o en no iced when he au ho speaks poe ically o emba ks on an epic desc ip ion.
I he compa ison is sho , Ka iliškis compensa es he compa a i e con ex
wi h a compa a i e basis and a mic ocon ex . T adi ional compa isons p e ail in
he no el. Roman o es b ings uncon en ional and much mo e sophis ica ed ed
compa isons.
I is no ed ha Ka iliškis changes he image, which has a ce ain de ini ion in he
eade 's consciousness, he basis o compa ison and pu s ou ano he
appea ance o cha ac e is ic o he s a e (like a ho se (nusižio a au); I 's like
he whole body, no jus he nose. The jux aposi ion o he compa isons o he
wo no els leads o he idea ha he w i e cons an ly changes he language as a
li ing o ganism and cul i a es new meanings o lexical compounds. In he Roman,
he ed is he p ima y nomina ion. The analogy may e en sound like a de ini ion o
he main wo d. He e e e y hing is in ini ely close and eal: Ka iliškis necessa ily
elabo a es by compa ison, as i compa ison would emain incomp ehensible
wi hou doing so. When he Romanians do no e u n, he language mo es o a
highe le el (second nomina ion). Mos o en, only he ex e nal coincidence o
adjacen hings is desc ibed, and he eade has o deciphe he code himsel
(especially he compa isons ha encode he wo ld's cul u e in he b oad sense ( cus oms, li e a u e, eligion, e c.).
LITERATURA and yellow
Bukele-Elena Nijolė (1999) is he au ho o se e al books on p ose. Vilnius: he Sun's
del a. DLKG […] G amma o he cu en Li huanian language. Vilnius: Ins i u e o
Science and Encyclopaedic Publishing, 1997.
Gai enis Kazimie as, Keinys S asys 1990: A dic iona y o e ms used by he
Kalbo y s. The Ligh o he Wo ld.
Janke ics And is 1967: Piezīmes pa salidzinājumas pa ikulas as used by he au ho .
Ques ions on La ian language cul u e. Th ee o a kind. Ka iliškis Ma ius 1990:
Užuo ėja. He is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences. She's no coming back.
Vilnius: Vaga is loca ed. The Ca in he Ha 1991: The Ca in he Ha . Vilnius: he Vy u ys.
Kazlauskai ė Lina 2006: Compa isons cha ac e izing he main cha ac e s in he no el
by Ma ia Ka iliška […]Miškais a eina uduo[…]. […] Ac a humani a ia uni e si a is […] This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Saulensis 1. Šiauliai: Šiaulių uni e si e o leidykla, 66–74.