S aipsniai / A icles 57
NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include dialec ology, mo phology o spoken
languages, lexicon, phone ics, sociolinguis ics, and he in e ac ion o languages.
The DOI
The phone ic analysis
VYKSTANT KODŲ KAITAI
Phone ic Le elling in he Con ex
o Code-swi ching
ANOTATION In his a icle, he main phone ic exp essions o he languages spoken in he pa ibio
a eas (Bal a usija, Va anã o . (b . Vo ono o) and hei in e ac ion a e s udied. The analyzing
he phone ic simila i y be ween he dominan local language a ian s bal a ese, Polish and he
passi ely used Li huanian de e mines he p ocesses o his p ocess. Na u al communica ion
si ua ions a e discussed in a code change: when speake s lea n well and use se e al languages
a he same ime, ac i ely dis u bing hem in con e sa ions. The aim is o e eal he in luence
o language compe i ion on he phone ics o hese languages.
The s udy is based on he heo y o language in e ac ion by he Sla ic schola Vale y
Chekmon: one language is ans e ed o ano he by ollowing ce ain ules ha can be
desc ibed by algo i hms. Using his algo i hmic me hod, phone ic spellings a e e ealed and p o en
labai s a bus daba jau pasy iai a ojamos lie u ių kalbos aidmuo bei į aka daba inių
sla ų kalbų a ikuliacijai.
The s udy showed ha he causes o phone ic phenomena simila i y o unc ioning languages
in a eas a e mainly sociolinguis ic. A e compa ing he phone ic cha ac e is ics o Polish and
Bulga ian accen s, i became clea ha bo h accen s ha e essen ially he same phone ics. In
Li huanian slang, he so -spoken p obalsius in o man s also speak in local Sla ic slang. The e
ha e been cases o he absence o he Bal ic and Polish syllables, whe e he consonan s a e
in ensi ely con used, which is expec ed o be one o he signs o he Li huanian subs a e.
ESMINIAI WORDS: Li huanian language pa ibio a eas, local Polish slang, Bulga ian slang in gene al,
code change, phone ic alignmen , in e ac ion o languages.
NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ
58 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The p esen a icle add esses he p incipal phone ic phenomena o he languages used in he
bo de land a eas (Bela us, Vo ana a dis ic (Вороново)) and hei in e ac ion. I analyses
phone ic con e gence o he dominan local language a ie ies […] Bela usian, Polish and
passi ely used Li huanian […] and es ablishes he endencies o his p ocess. The si ua ion when
ions o na u al communica ion in he con ex o code-swi ching a e analysed in he s udy:
he speake s a e luen and use se e al languages a he same ime by ac i ely swi ching
be ween hem in con e sa ions. I is sough o e eal how he compe i ion o languages
a ec s he phone ics o hese languages.
The esea ch is based on he heo y p oposed by Vale y Chekmon, a esea che o he
in e ac ion o languages and Sla icism: he speake swi ches be ween languages acco ding o
ce ain ules ha can be desc ibed by algo i hms. Based on his me hod o algo i hms, he s udy
e eals he phone ic endencies and p o es a e y impo an ole and in luence o he now
passi ely used Li huanian language on he a icula ion o con empo a y Sla ic languages.
The esea ch showed ha he easons o he con e gence o phone ic phenomena o he
language a ie ies unc ioning in he bo de land a eas a e mainly sociolinguis ic. A e
compa ing he phone ic peculia i ies o local Polish and Bela usian dialec s, i u ned ou ha
he phone ics o bo h dialec s is essen ially he same. The in o man s p onounce he so
consonan s used in he local Li huanian dialec in he same way as hey a e p onounced when
speaking local Sla ic dialec s. The cases which a e no ypical o Bela usian and Polish dialec s
when consonan s a e in ensi ely con used we e eco ded; i is likely a ea u e o he
Li huanian subs a um.
KEYWORDS: Li huanian bo de land a eas, local Polish dialec , Bela usian
dialec pop os u, code-swi ching, phone ic le elling, in e ac ion o
languages.
Un il he 21s cen u y, linguis ic geog aphical esea ch in Li huania was domina ed
by he s udy o languages as closed sys ems o uni y and s a ici y in a gi en
e i o y, essen ially excluding adjacen languages, o he languages o hei
a ian s, and ea ing he enc yp ion sys em as acciden al and de ached om
hem. The geog aphical sp ead o he language o dialec , he di e ences be ween
he dialec and he common language canon we e eco ded, and a lis o bo owings
was compiled. Only he s o ies o hose speake s who me ce ain c i e ia we e
A icles by A icles 59
Fone ikos išlyginimas yks an kodų kai ai
eco ded: a sis e was sough , olde , had a "local ma iage", was poo ly educa ed,
and was analyzed, ea ed as a lapsus linguae. In Li huania and ab oad, he e was no
nemokančio ki ų kalbų žmogaus (ge iausiai – y o). Jeigu pa eikėjas „nuk yp-
da o“ nuo laukiamos a minės no mos, ie pa yzdžiai pap asčiausiai nebūda o
a emp o in e iew people om o he e hnic g oups acco ding o, o example,
he Li huanian language a las ma e ial collec ion p og am (see LKA 1977: 1012), and
hei language da a o Li huanians was gene ally nei he collec ed no linked o
Li huanians. In ecen decades, a li le mo e has been w i en abou he in e ac ion
Bu o laikoma no ma „nesikiš i“ į ki ų kalbų duomenis.
o he Li huanian, Bulga ian and Polish languages, he his o y o he sp ead o hese
languages and he e i o ies o hei sp ead, abou he Somy. In 1997, he
šias kalbas a ojančių gy en ojų au inę sa imonę bei e ninę kilmę i p iklau-
Sociolinguis ics ques ionnai e was c ea ed. A p og am o he s udy o Li huanian
dialec s and hei in e ac ion (Čekmonas, G umadienė, 1997). Al hough his p og am
was used, he ma e ial was collec ed sepa a ely […] only in Li huanian. Howe e ,
e en mode n esea che s usually concen a e only on one language […] hey s ill
obse e he ule […]no o c oss he bounda ies o ano he language[…], e en hough
he people hey s udy use hose wo o mo e languages on a egula basis. C ea e he la es language dis ibu ion
In Li huania, maps con i m ha he e a e o he dialec s (ž .) in he pa s o
Eas e n and Eas e n Li huania. Meiliūnai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014: 262263 (XIV map and
commen a y)), bu hese a eas a e no ea ed as a eas o language con ac ,
unlike Pe o Gaucho's wo ks on he bilingualism and mul ilingualism o he local
popula ion a he end o he 20 h cen u y […] he beginning o he 19 h cen u y
(Gaučas 2004: 54). In his esea ch, i was ound ha he sou he n bounda y o he
Li huanian language a ea a ha ime was he Ge aná, A mõniškių, Ródūnios,
Asa õs, Pelesõs dis ic s in Bela us. As can be seen om he compa ison o maps
in he book Li huanian Dawn (1993): he si ua ion o he sp ead o languages in he
middle o he 20 h cen u y (au ho s A. Vidugis and P. Gaučas) clea ly di e s om
he one ha occu ed a he end o he 20 h cen u y, when he Li huanian
language became e y close o he Li huanian language, and he dialec s o he
local Bal ic and Polish languages domina ed he maps (L. G umadienė, P. Gaučo and
V. 1323.
F om all he in o ma ion p o ided, i can be concluded ha he a eas o Eas e n and Eas e n
Li huania (especially he bo de a eas wi h Bela us), he o me and s ill exis ing Li huanian
mic o-a eas in Bela us, o mo e han a hund ed yea s, a e mixed in e ms o he use o languages,
o en a he same ime, i.e. abou one in one.
NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXX) is a collec ion o linguis ic ex s. So he e
was and s ill is an ac i e code change in hese a eas (see mo e abou his in
de ail). This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha
o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
131 […] 140 and k . ).
Vie iniai ap a iamų e i o ijų žmonės sugeba iš ka os į ka ą pe duo i sa o
expe ience o a leas h ee people can communica e in wo, h ee o e en ou
languages. How sub ly hey eel he nuances o he languages is indica ed by he
sugges ion o ex s sung in Li huanian and Bulga ian (see Čekmonas, Gudai ė,
Šmi ienė 1998: 202205): iden ical Li huanian ex s ound in Bulga ian (o
čiai) galima ik odėl, kad abi kalbos y a labai ge ai su okiamos. Be o, olklo o
a i kš y imai indica e ha Bulga ian speake s ha e a iche olklo ic adi ion
han Polish speake s. The la e is mo e ecen , no u al, because i is ela ed o
he olklo e o he slums. Du ing he con ac wi h he languages, he speake s
ansla ed and adap ed Li huanian olk songs and ai y ales in bo h Bela usian and
Polish (see also 204). This is a e y impo an ac .
The e o e, i is impo an oday no o accumula e isola ed ac s o a single
language spoken by any local popula ion, bu o accumula e a documen ed se o
da a. The younge gene a ion o esiden s o Li huanian a eas in (o o me )
Bela us o en communica es only in Russian in public places, and Li huanian is now
used passi ely, so i is possible o say ha i does no pa icipa e in he p ocess
o li ing in e ac ion. Howe e , he basis o he Bal ic e i o ies, made e iden by
he in luence o he Li huanian language (in he o me pe iod o ac i e
consump ion) is ecognizable […] i is possible o de e mine i by ce ain me hods.
Comp ehensi e esea ch on common Bela usian and Sla ic languages has been
almos non-exis en in ecen imes, al hough i has been p o en by linguis s ha
s udies o Sla ic languages o hei a ian s, spoken by he same bilingual o
mul ilingual speake s, a e e y impo an in s udying he spelling and
p onuncia ion o he Li huanian language i sel . As ea ly as he end o he 20 h
cen u y, P o esso V. Čekmon p esen ed a me hodology o he s udy o he
in e ac ion o he wo ypes o ypological econs uc ion and sociolinguis ics o
he Bal ic and Sla ic languages. The schola was he i s in he his o y o
linguis ics o consis en ly e u n o he in e p e a ion o speci ic language
phenomena no only wi h diach onic bu also wi h synch onic da a, applying he
diach onic esea ch p og am he c ea ed (see mo e: Checman 1973: 29 […] 1980; 43: 206
[…] 226; Checmonas 1982). V. Čekmon was he i s o o mula e and e eal he
mechanism o language change in he space o in e ac ion be ween he Bal s and
he Sla s, based on ac s accumula ed o e many yea s. He consis en ly laid ou
he ules by which one ansla es om one language o ano he , and also o mula ed and epea edly checked how he p ocesses o local people's bilingualism o ilingualism should be explained by he ules o ans o ma ion.
A icles by A icles 61
Fone ikos išlyginimas yks an kodų kai ai
V. Čekmon held he iew ha he eal si ua ion is e ealed only by con empo a y
jan isomis omis kalbomis, ku iomis šneka pa eikėjas, nė ienai iš jų ne odan
a o and by no sepa a ing any o hem in any way. The schola 's wo ks and ideas
on he subjec o con ac s be ween he Bal ic and Sla ic languages we e
essen ially uncon es ed. I was o en oo di icul o co-wo ke s and
co-wo ke s o g asp he objec i es o he s udy in a mul i-language mode and o
gi e possible in e p e a ions o he s udy ha di e ed g ea ly om he usual
pli imą, a minės kalbos i kiek ienos bend inės kalbos ski umus bei suda i-
asks men ioned abo e: o ix geog aphical o linguis ic loan lis s.
2. Pu pose and objec i es,
means and me hodology o he s udy
The main objec i e o his s udy is o e eal he simila i ies be ween he
dominan local language a ian s, he Bal ic, Polish and passi e Li huanian
accen s, he phone ic phenomena, when he speake is luen and speaks se e al
languages a he same ime, and is easily dis ac ed du ing a ious
con e sa ions. The aim is o show how language compe i ion is e lec ed in he
phone ics o hese languages. To his end, he wo k was ca ied ou in se e al
s ages, add essing he ollowing objec i es:
• desc ibe he main ea u es o he unc ioning phone ics (pa ly
accen ua ion) and phonology o he Bulga ian and Polish accen s;
• o combine phone ic phenomena o wo languages and o show how one
language can be e lec ed in he o he , how and why one language g adually becomes ano he ;
• o de e mine he esul s o he in luence o Li huanian slang in he
a icula ion o local Sla ic slang.
The s udy is based on linguis ic and sociolinguis ic ma e ial collec ed and eco ded a he
beginning o he 21s cen u y om h ee Li huanian language pa ibio a eas. Mo e speci ically,
he wo k analyzes he eco dings o code changes om he Li huanian islands in he no heas
o he Va anasi (Vo ono o) dis ic o he Ga dino egion o Bela us: he cen e o he Va anasi
ownship, he cen e o he A menian (Ge man) illage, he cen e o he Pe igoni (Pe egonian)
illage, he cen e o he Ramaškoni (Russian) illage. The second pa o his se ies o
in e iews, i led "Las Mul ilingual Con e sa ions," was eco ded he e in 2013 by he au ho 's
pe sonal phonog aph.

NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ
62 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
kai os į ašų iš Bal a usijoje esančių Ródūnios (b . Рáдунь), Asa õs (b . Асавá)
and Nochiõs (B . Naca) dis ic s3.
This s udy akes he iew ha he change o he bilingual o ilingual human
code is desc ibed as a di ec ansi ion om one language o ano he , he
inse ion o o he language uni s […] wo ds, ph ases (explana ions) […]. Benkalbs:
d aujan iena kalba keičia ki ą, aigi kodų kai a yks a į ai aus dydžio eks o
a ka pose: nuo kelių sakinių iki kelių žodžių a ba į e pian pa ienius ki o ko-
do, . y. ki os kalbos, žodžius. Viename pokalbyje dažniausiai kalbama d iem
Bela usian and Polish, Li huanian and Russian language uni s a e inse ed. In o he
con e sa ions, one language […] Bulga ian usually p e ails, while o he languages
(Li huanian, Polish, Russian) inse sho sen ences, sepa a e wo ds, hei
pa s. The a icle is based on he me hodology o V. Čekmon, which he au ho
himsel applied when s udying he phone ic in e e ence o he local languages
o he Kalesniñka (Šačininkų .) a ea (Čekman 1973: 2943). The essence o he
me hod de eloped by he scien is : a dynamic model is ini ially es ablished, which
is o med in ypological e ms by possible changes in he ini ial sounds, he
so-called ypological ields, as well as possible in e media e diach onic a ia ions,
he so-called ypological ees. By iden i ying ypological ields and ees,
a ious changing phone ic si ua ions a e associa ed, and synch onous esul s
Šiame y ime aiškinamasi, kokiomis aisyklėmis ado aujan is – . y. am
ik ais algo i mais – galima pe ei i iš ienos kalbos į ki ą. Tiksliau, kaip eikia
a e compa ed wi h known diach onic in e p e a ions. deal wi h he app op ia e
sounds, o example, o he Bulga ian language by ansla ing he wo d in o
Polish and, con e sely, by adap ing he Polish language o he Bulga ian language.
Using V. Čekmon's me hodology, sociolinguis ic da a become essen ial: he
cu en and pas linguis ic si ua ion o he en i onmen ; he p es ige o he
language; de ails o he applican 's bi hplace and he language o his pa en s,
amily and illage; he language o ins uc ion o he school; chu ches and communica ing wi h s ange s in language. Then he condi ions o language compe i ion a e explained, he mechanism o eme gence and selec ion o a ian s o language phenomena is e ealed.
3. Phone ic p onuncia ion
VYKSTANT KODŲ KAITAI
Newe linguis ic eco ds, da a om sociolinguis ic su eys and he i s
analysis o he collec ed ma e ial clea ly showed ha in he e i o ies o he
Va anasi dis ic unde s udy, wo Sla ic language a chi es domina e and
3 Pasku iniai pokalbiai čia į ašy i 2001–2003 m. Dalis jų saugoma Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o Ta mių
ac i ely compe e wi h each o he , he o he pa in he pe sonal phone ic a chi e o he au ho .
A icles o he T ea y
Fone ikos išlyginimas yks an kodų kai ai
a ia ions o […] Bulga ians and Poles. In he middle and second hal o he 20 h
cen u y, h ee languages - Bulga ian, Polish and Li huanian - we e s ill ac i ely
spoken he e (c . Čekmonas 1988: 37[…]54; Sudnik 1972: 19[…]22; Tuomienė 2008: 46[…]80;
2010: 42[…]52; 2018: 113[…]134). The esul s o his con ac a e pa icula ly ob ious
when combined a he phone ic le el. The e o e, he s udy also ocuses on a
de ailed analysis o he phone ics o local Bulga ian and Polish accen s, pa ly on
accen ua ion and phonology. The aim is o show he linguis ic na u e, de elopmen
and in e ac ion o he acquisi ion o hese wo local Sla ic languages and o
desc ibe he main aspec s o he change and assimila ion o he dialec , which a e
highligh ed in he ansi ion om one language o ano he . He e, he di e ences
be ween he oldes , middle and younges gene a ions a e e iden in he use o he wo main a ie ies o Sla ic languages.
The si ua ion in all he su ounding mic o-a eas o Va anasi dis ic can be desc ibed
as e y simila , al hough some poin s a e 30 kilome es apa . Fo a long ime, un il
abou he middle o he 20 h cen u y, he language si ua ion he e was ou old. In
addi ion o he Bulga ian, Polish, and Russian languages, he Li huanian language was
also ac i ely used. La e , he adi ion o he Li huanian language g adually
disappea ed in many u al a eas, and on he smalle Li huanian islands i mo ed e en
ea lie in o passi e use. In ecen yea s, i has no been possible o ind and eco d
i s ep esen a i es in he Va anasi egion o Bela us. The Russian language is
ac i ely used in public places by he younge gene a ion and child en. Howe e ,
Russian is a ely spoken in illages and se lemen s, usually wi h he local
adminis a ion, a ious ins i u ions, o wi h s ange s. In e e yday li e, local people
o he olde and middle gene a ions communica e wi h each o he in Bulga ian o
Polish. The e o e, his s udy is based on Russian language da a.
Jus by hea ing i , you can ell how s ong he a icula ion base o he na i e
language is, because he same base is used o ansla e i in o a new language o
e en in o wo new languages - in his case, Bulga ian and Polish. The eco dings
sound like olde locals, mos ly om he coun yside, bu he e a e eco dings
lių, didesnių gy en iečių. Pab ėž ina, kad naujosios kalbos (a ne kalbų) ai-
om u ban elde s who usually don' know and p obably don' ha e hei educa ion
anywhe e. In he mo e p es igious new language, he imam usually spoke
džiojan au o i e ingus žmones – ponus, kaimynus, kunigus. Siekiama išsiaiš-
kin i, kuo emdamiesi jie išmoko ne ik gana aisyklingai iš a i žodžius, be i
spon aneously, disliking hei o ms. P ope ly spelling wo ds wi hou knowing he
g amma and ules o ha language is a eally di icul ask o a illage . Local
people accep he abili y o speak se e al languages om childhood as a na u al
phenomenon (see Tuomienė 2018: 117122). I he amily o clan a e is spoken by any
iena kalba, ai ga ėje, iešose ie ose išmoks ama kalbė i da ben d iem kal-
bomi. And i 's no ea ed as a o eign, o eign language, bu as a necessa y,
e e yday means o e bal communica ion.
NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ
64 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3.1 Main phone ic ea u es o he local Bela usian
dialec
3.1.1. The dialec s o he Balkan egions o he Va anasi egion a e cha ac e ized
by a simple dynamic cu a u e. The unhea d oices a e hea d loude o weake o
educe. The local Bal a ese dialec is cha ac e ized by he p eposi ion o owels,
i.e. he unci cumcised o and e a e no p onounced, said as α […] in e media e
be ween e and a sounds (Czekman 1975: 283 […] 305; Čekounac 1989: 84 […] 92; plg.
Plyga ka 2014: 231 […] 234), e.g. p apáu moi […]α úh4 […]p adingo mano gaidys[…]; he
ollowing pa ag aph is added: kú ica u s''α''éla iš a he e was si ing (passed);
[…]αdá αdná […]αxó[…][…]ic[…] is no he only one who doesn' mo e; I 's called he
yellow o he g ass. I didn' ask my neighbou o ma y me. I'm no going o le you
ge away wi h his. I'm no going o le you ge away wi h his. "You need o un
as ". I' e been calling you. Take he baske and choose.
Ghana is o en e e ed o he e in an open and ague way: kα ó a jαščé mαlαdáα
‘ka ė da jauna; on he pušyje o e ė o he sné ó ka; "I o en hu s my head".
When you' e old, you' e ma ied. The ca quickly an away. Excep ions and indi idual
spo adic s o ies a e a ely hea d.
3.1.2. The e a e no combina ions o γ, k, and х in he Ti ama Bal ic dialec , bu
only […]i, […]i, […]i […] his is a common cha ac e is ic o eas e n Sla ic
dialec s (Z . Čekman 1969: 34), e.g. […]iba ı za[…]α […] […]maybe you will ake[…]; He's such a cle e man.
3.1.3. The so s, z, and c, dz a e said o be pa icula ly so , s ongly pala alized, wi h
a snapping e ec (see Checman 1969: 32). This is cha ac e is ic o many Bal ic snails
(Z . Čekman 1970: 94[…]105), e.g. […]ás[…]al mócna s úkae […]genys s ongly kala[…]; "I'm a
gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l,
I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm
ós''im ubé ‘suskaičia au aš uonis ublius’; γé a ó γus'' ‘čia a o žąsis’; s''eu
a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a
gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, I' I'm a gi l, I'm a gi l, wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha I'm only holding en chickens. buy se en chickens in a chicken coop; I' e had enough o ea . "You' e he one who's ed". The win e will be long; […] a[…]ónu aγu ók […] g een cucumbe […]; and She a e a big piece.
3.1.4. The so lips a e p onounced in he usual way, as in all Eas Sla ic languages, e.g. dáu me αs'' ublé
‘ga e me i e ubles; […]a he […] i h ime[…]; […]ápis[…] lowe s […] lowe ed lowe s[…] The wo k used
is a simpli ied ansc ip ion in La in le e s […] is w i en as i i we e w i en. The so ness o he
owels is indica ed in wo ways: he pala ine owels a e indica ed by a line abo e he le e , and he
ma (plg.: Савiч 1991: 119–123; 1992: 45–67). Ki čiuojami d iskiemeniai i daugiaskiemeniai žo-
e y so owels a e said o be […] mos ly c'', dz'' (ma ked wi h […]''), s'', z'' […] ma ked wi h wo
apos ophe ma ks on he igh side o he le e , a he op (see Tuomienė 2008: 83).
A icles and a icles 65
Fone ikos išlyginimas yks an kodų kai ai
glo es and glo es; They said, "Le 's ea some mea ". A osa is a he windows
edge.
A e he su oca ing applause, usually doesn' go o : you […] you […]; you own;
k as […]gi a[…], and abipusis lūpinis is said only be o e balsius, e.g. kα ó a […]ka ė[…];
pax al […]la […] has died; ee o cha ge; he ollowing able is inse ed: I 's called an
"anks oka". ózic is anspo ing; he wo d "wa e "; I 's been wiped clean. 3.1.5. One
o he cha ac e is ic ea u es o his Bal ic dialec is ha i is no en i ely ha d, i
is no p onounced like his, ha , i is used. A e hem, he hyphen is p onounced
mo e like an i, such an in e media e sound be ween he hyphen and he i, e.g. suié ka
dob a ša ‘ he neighbo hood is well sewn; I 's ha d o li e alone. I se ed in Vilnius; On
he beach, on he beach, on he beach, on he beach, on he beach, on he beach, on
he beach. "Ge on you ho se and c y". The peculia i y is also cha ac e is ic o
many no heas e n Bal ic snails (see Chekman 1970: 92[…]93). 3.1.6. The Bal a ese
dialec unde conside a ion is essen ially de oid o he explosi e p e- oice g, which is
p onounced only in some wo ds, e.g. gának […]p iemenė[…]; he blue goose; ‘Gas; G eek
[…]g ikiai[…]; I 's called he gúzik saga. I 's usually p onounced "puchiamasis"
( ika y inis) γ, o example: " ich" o " ich". he oad; I 's been a long ime. […]a[…]na
[…] alanda[…]; […]a[…]na […] alanda[…] is he name o he i e ha lows h ough he
illage. he snake; he head o a goa ; "I'm eady o go". he […]me ai[…]; I' e been aised. […]p […] mush ooms; I 's called a zaγan. I 's called a nu a yk. I 's called a nu a yk. The Koni ski
1994: 76–84; Савич 1990: 41–47).
As can be seen, he e a e no newly o med phone ic exp essions in his o ha
a ea. These ea u es a e cha ac e is ic o all o mos o he Bal ic snails. In o he
wo ds, bo h he Va anasi dis ic s in Bela us and he dis ic s in he sou heas e n
Li huanian egion o […] bal a us šnek a a e connec ed o he la ge bal a us šnek a
massi (see maps: Plyga ka 2014: 229 (135 images) and LGBTI 1969: map No 13, No 14, No
15). I is necessa y o emphasize he uni y o he local Balkan dialec s o he
e i o ies unde s udy, i.e. he languages o he ep esen a i es o he olde ,
middle and younge gene a ions a e almos indis inguishable om each o he .
Visos šios bal a usių šnek os ypa ybės, išsky us pučiamojo ( ika y inio) γ, a
he ph ases and he u, which a e also cha ac e is ic o he local Polish dialec .
3.2. Esminės ie inės lenkų šnek os
In his chap e , in desc ibing he gene al ea u es o phone ics, he aim is o
iden i y he local Polish dialec , i.e. o answe a ew essen ial ques ions: does
he combina ion o sounds o his dialec connec i wi h any dialec o Polish
( esul ing om he compa ison wi h he ideas gi en by H. Tu skas abou he
o igin o he Polish language in Vilnius)?
NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ
72 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3.4.6. When swi ching om Bulga ian o Polish, i is changed o h, and when speaking
Bulga ian, h is changed o i. luc ua ions and […]mis akes[…] and in his case no iced
in he ansi ion om Bulga ian o Polish, see he wo ds o he senio in o man s
[…]ba […] u bū […]; y o be sma ; You ha e o say "muses" in Polish. Such a
speech indica es ha he elde s a e aced wi h a speech o new and un amilia
sounds. Since he local Polish dialec does no ha e he p e ix and i is used ins ead
o , he e a e no ambigui ies o doub s abou he meaning o he wo ds. 3.4.7. In
some Polish wo ds, he is changed o š, i.e. O pe ėjus p ie bal a usių, in some
wo ds, š, ž į . In his si ua ion, he omeny bal a usių èba […] eikia[…] is used;
h ee […] ys[…] and Polish šéba, š·y cases. The ules a e ollowed ai ly
consis en ly. In he Bal ic dialec , he wo d šéba is some imes hea d, mos likely
as a esul o lexical in e e ence.
3.5 Resul s o he de elopmen o Li huanian slang in
local Sla ic slang
In Ti iam, Va anasi, he g oup o ep esen a i es o Li huanian slang is he smalles
in he 21s cen u y. Only a ew people o he olde gene a ion, who speak well,
belong o he slang o he sou he n highland councils, ha e been eco ded. This
s udy does no aim o desc ibe all o hese ea u es o he jujube snail, as hey
ha e al eady been desc ibed in de ail (see Tuomienė 2008: 4547; 2010: 2224). He e, as
men ioned, we wan o show he ob ious in luence o he Li huanian language on he […]bal a us[…] and […]lenk[…] accen s used in o he coun ies.
3.5.1. The peculia i y o he consonan ism […] dzūka a is ound in he ex inc
Li huanian wo ds o he Va anasi egion, as well as in all sou he n highland dialec s.
I s wo cha ac e is ics a e dis inguished (see mo e b oadly Zinke ičius 1966: 139,
145[…]146; LKA II 93[…]97; LKTCh 2004: 79[…]80 and o he s). As is well known, all dzūkai
acco ding o he second p ope y a e p ybalsus , d be o e i, y, in o, i.e. c, dz, č (<
* i) , and he compounds , d c , dz , e.g. åumas ‘audimas; I 's a bu hole.
bu elai y; […] o be […]; […]e[…]i […]nine[…]; and […] i […] wo[…]; and […]gi[…]s, g[…]. […]o
[…]gaids, gai s[…]; […]gai s[…] is he name o he game. ca ish; whea […] whea […];
I 's he ail. I' e seen i be o e. Shoo ing (see also Tuomienė 2008: 46; 2010: 22:23). All
he local Li huanians in he su eyed a eas, wi hou a doub , always spoke (o
unde s ood e y well) he simple and local Polish dialec . In he Sla ic dialec s o he
ime, i was no uncommon o hea he same wo ds, […], […], […], […], […], which a e
p ese ed in almos all cases, i.e. when he same in o man s speak bo h Polish, bo h Bela usian, and bo h Li huanian, e.g. :

S aipsniai / A icles 73
Fone ikos išlyginimas yks an kodų kai ai
3 LEN E Lė . Minkš ųjų p iebalsių s, z, c, dz a imas lenkų, bal a usių i lie u ių šnek ose
Polish Polish Polish Bulga ian simple
Polish Li huanian pen […] […]penki[…]
[…]á[…] […]penki[…] pe[…]kc[…] […]penk i
édem ‘sep yni’
óem ‘aš uoni’
é e ‘de yni’
♪ I'm he one ♪ ♪ I'm
♪
One hund ed and
se en y-one, one
hund ed and
(yea )[…] šé[…] […]šeši[…] […]šeši[…]
ém ‘sep yni’
uóim ‘aš uoni’
éa ‘de yni’
he one ♪ ♪ I'm he
se en een, one
hund ed and
wen y-se en, one
one hund ed and
šašc[…] […]šeš i[…]
ec·ni ‘sep yni’
aš unc ‘aš un i’
e ·ni ‘de yni’
one ♪ ♪ I'm he one
hund ed and
se en y- wo, one
hund ed and i y- i e,
wen y- i e, one hund ed and wen y- i e, one hund ed and i y- i e, one hund ed and i y- i e, one hund ed and i y- i e.
I should be no ed ha he Polish and Bulga ian syllables, as men ioned ea lie , namely s'', z'', s'',
dz'' and , , , a e p onounced di e en ly. This ea u e is qui e s able. Since he Polish language is
also ads a ic in ela ion o he Li huanian language, i is also necessa y o pay a en ion o he
peculia i ies o he Polish dialec s o he whole Vilnius egion. I is en i ely likely ha he Polish
snails will e ain a highly pala alized s, z, s, dz. 3.5.2. Ano he s iking ea u e o Li huanian slang is
iesiogiai „iškilusiose“ lie u ių kalbos subs a o pag indu, ap iksime minkš uo-
sius , , , . O lenkų kalba, įsi i inusi bal a usių kalbos subs a o pag indu,
he absence o he phoneme […] [x]. The e a e eco ded cases in he Bal ic languages whe e x was
con used wi h k, e.g. áčaa (should be máčaxa) kalé a (xalé a) ‘chole a (liga); k[…]ba (xiba)
[…]p obably no […]; k[…] y (x[…] y) is cle e ; kmá y (xmá y) is a moun ain ange; The Commission
shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Qua oba (x a oba)
is a league. The quinoa (x ója) is he quinoa. he wo d "paxmú na" means "apsiniauk". he panchoki
(panchoki) o he kojinas; The game (žanx) is a game. I is expec ed ha he in ense con usion o x
and k in Polish slang is one o he signs o he Li huanian subs a e. he ads a , he isp. he
7 Ads a as – (lo . ad – pas, p ie + s a um – pa iesalas; čia – pag indas, ok. Ads a , angl., p anc.
language o he ads a o. 1. he language o aliens o neighbou s, in luenced by he Chihuahuan
language o i s dialec s, e.g. he in luence o he Bal ic languages on he dialec s o eas e n
Li huania, he Ge manic […] La ian languages; 2. he phenomenon o mul iple languages being spoken in he same e i o y o a long ime (d ikalbys és).
NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ
74 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
4. Excluded
1. Ti iamose Va anã o ajono e i o ijose Bal a usijoje dominuoja i a pusa-
he e is an ac i e compe i ion be ween wo Sla ic dialec s […] Bulga ian and Polish.
The in luence o he passi ely used Li huanian language is easily ecognized in he
a icula ion base o hese wo Sla ic languages. Applying V. Čekmon's me hodology,
i is e ealed ha he causes o he phone ic phenomena o he a ia ion o
languages unc ioning in he en i onmen a e mainly sociolinguis ic. 2.Phone ic da a
indica e ha he local Polish dialec is […] unequal. No because o i s in e nal
au onomous de elopmen , bu because o he cons an ly g owing li e a y
(common) in luence o Polish on he language o he local people. The language o he
ep esen a i es o he olde and middle and younge gene a ions is clea ly
di e en . The la e , acco ding o some o he mos impo an ea u es,
"app oaches" hei Polish language o he li e a y one. The oices ha a e no
c ossed, which a e nex o each o he , a e educed, al hough in Polish he quali y
o he oices nex o each o he usually does no change due o he cons an
c ossing. 3. Common ea u es o he Bal a ic syllable do no ha e newly o med
phone ic exp essions in his o ha a ea. Acco ding o he cha ac e is ic
phone ic ea u es, he Balkan dialec o he Va anasi egion adhe es o he la ge
mass o Balkan dialec s. Speech is essen ially one: he language o he ep esen a i es o he olde , middle, and younge gene a ions is almos indis inguishable om each o he .
4. The phone ic cha ac e is ics o he Bal a ic syllable, excep o he owel
( ica i e) γ, and he ph ases sup iešakėjimo and u, a e also p esen in he local
Polish syllable. Howe e , no a single isoglossia combines his Polish dialec wi h
any Polish dialec mass in he e i o y o Poland. The cha ac e is ics o he
local Polish slang could no de elop independen ly, as his would be con a y o
he main ends in he de elopmen o many Polish slang and he known
ypological laws. 5. The phonemes […] […] in Polish a e opposed o k […] […], g […] […]
due o hei ha dness and so ness; Due o he composi ion o he main
phonemes and he cha ac e is ics o he phone ic sounds ha accompany hese
phonemes, and by compa ing he phone ic essence o he Polish and Bulga ian
dialec s, he phone ic essence o he Polish and Bulga ian dialec s is he same.
ypa ybes, galima eig i, kad jos y a olygios – lenkų i bal a usių šnek os u i iš
6. The econs uc ion o he ansi ion om one language o ano he showed:
a) pe eidami nuo bal a usių šnek os p ie lenkų, in o man ai ne isuome
laikosi pas o aus ki čia imo aisyklės: jų ie inėje lenkų kalboje ki čio
he place in many cases emains uns able, […]bal a usiška[…]. This ac indica es
ha i was he local Bela usian-speaking inhabi an s who adop ed he Polish
language as a o eign, unbo n language; (b) in Polish, he in o man e uses o
A icles o he 75 h
Fone ikos išlyginimas yks an kodų kai ai
use he p eposi ion e because o his limi ed Polish language skills; he e and o
sounds ne e heless ca y he ule applied as a no m, he e is a case o
ski iami, dažnai a iamas a pinis ǝ. Pe einan p ie bal a usių šnek os, ku
hype no mali y; c) in he Polish dialec , he e bs o he p esen ense […]
consis en ly change o l, and […] be o e he ad e b and a he end o he wo d […]
o . The ansi ion o he Bulga ian language […] does no cause di icul ies o
he in o man s […] in he e bs o he pas ense […] change o […], and be o e
he ad e b and a he end o he wo d […] o […]. Fo he olde gene a ion,
changing […] o is di icul , so i akes place in wo s ages: […] […] φ […] . This is
because he e was no in he na i e speech o he oldes in o man s; d) Polish
slang in some wo ds is changed o i, and in some wo ds i is changed o o. This
change occu s inconsis en ly, especially when swi ching om Bulga ian o
Polish. Some wo ds a e aligned by he p inciple o analogy. The sound u is ixed
whe e i is mo phologically mo i a ed. And in his case, we see he esul o an
unusual dispu e o he ep esen a i es o he Polish Snek os; e) when
swi ching om Bulga ian o Polish, i is changed o y, and y o y o Bulga ian.
Fluc ua ions and "mis akes" we e also no iced in his case when swi ching om
Bulga ian o Polish. This indica es ha he olde ones a e aced wi h new and
un amilia sounds.
7. The local Li huanians in he su ounding coun yside we e well e sed in pop o
and local Polish snacks. In hei Sla ic slang, he same ex emely so […], […], […], […]
a e hea d, which a e […]sa ed[…] in almos all cases, i.e. when he same in o man s
speak bo h Polish, bo h Bela usian, and Li huanian. 8. A peculia i y o Li huanian
slang is he absence o he phoneme […] [x]. The e a e eco ded cases in Bal a and
Polish slang whe e x is con used wi h k. I is expec ed ha he in ensi e con usion
o x and k in Polish slang is one o he signs o he Li huanian subs a e.
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ai i socioling is ika, sud. Laima Kalėdienė.
Савич Микола 1990: О языковой ситуации в одном из ареалов юго-восточной
pa s o Vilnius dis ic . […] Language 41 (2), 41[…]47. Wha is he meaning o he wo d […]?

NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ
78 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
Савiч Miкола 1992: Так мы жылi (Medininkų apylinkės bal a usių a mių eks-
This is i . […] Language 43 (2), 45 […] 67. This is no he case.
In he la e 1980s, Tama a's ial was he subjec o a Bal ic-Sla ic e hno-linguis ic dialogue.
Москва, 1980, 206–226.
Vale y Chekman, The His o y o he Es ablishmen o he Fo ess-Makka
беларуcкай мове. Miнcк.
Чекман Валерий 1973: Фонетические особенности говоров села Колесники
Эйшишского района Литовской ССР. – Польские говоры в СССР, ч. I: Исследования
и материалы 1967–1969 гг. Минск, 29–43.
Чекман Валерий 1973: Деревня Озерки – язык и люди. К проблеме литовско-
Bela usian-Polish language in e e ence. […] Polish speeches in he USSR, pa II:
Исследования и материалы 1969–1971 гг. Минск, 40–72.
Чекман Валерий 1980: К проблеме литовско-белорусской фонетической
интерференции в Пелясе. – Балто-славянские этноязыковые контакты, ред.
Т. М. Судник. Москва, 206–226.
Чекман Валерий 1982: Типологические основания реконструкции: Автореферат
диссертации доктора филологических наук. Москва.
In he 1980s, Vale ie Chekho 's "Akaniye" (Akaniye) and "Reduc ion o
unhea d-o owels in he uppe oice" we e published. […] Language 40(2), 84[…]92. This is no he case.
Phone ic Le elling in he Con ex
o Code-swi ching
Summa y
The a icle add esses he phone ic phenomena o he language a ie ies unc ioning in
bo de land a eas and hei in e ac ion. Two a ie ies o Sla ic languages […] Bela usian and
Polish […] domina e and ac i ely compe e be ween hemsel es in he a eas o he Vo ana a
dis ic in Bela us. The in luence o he passi ely used Li huanian language can be easily
ecognized in he a icula ion base o he wo Sla ic languages. The s udy in es iga es he
si ua ions o na u al communica ion in he con ex o code-swi ching: when speake s a e
luen and speak se e al languages a he same ime and ac i ely swi ch be ween he
guages in con e sa ions. By applying he me hodology p oposed by Vale ijus Čekmonas, i
languages, i e ealed ha he easons o he con e gence o he phone ic phenomena o
he language a ie ies unc ioning in he a ea a e mainly sociolinguis ic.
A icles o he 79 h
Fone ikos išlyginimas yks an kodų kai ai
The peculia i ies o he local Bela usian dialec a e simply no he phone ic phenomena newly
o med in one o ano he loca ion. By he cha ac e is ic phone ic ea u es, he dialec s.
Bela usian local dialec o he Vo ana a dis ic is close o he g ea majo i y o Bela usian
This dialec is essen ially undi ided: he language o he olde , middle and younge gene a ion
is basically he same.
The phone ic ea u es o he local Bela usian dialec , wi h he excep ion o he ica i e γ, a
on ing phenomenon and u, also exis in he local Polish dialec . The consonan sys ems o
hese dialec s di e in pe iphe al laye s only: in he local Polish dialec , he phonemes […] […]
con as wi h k […] […], g […] […] due o ha dness-so ness; Due o he oiced- oiceless
opposi ion, hey con as wi h k […] g and x […] γ in he local Bela usian dialec . The p incipal
composi ion o phonemes and he phonemic cha ac e is ics o sounds co esponding o
hese phonemes, as well as he compa ison o Polish and Bela usian phone ic peculia i ies,
lead o he conclusion ha hey a e equi alen : he phone ics o local Polish and Bela usian
dialec s is essen ially he same.
The econs uc ion o he swi ching om one language o ano he showed ha local
Bela usian-speaking esiden s picked up he Polish language as o eign a he han na i e. The
s udy e ealed ha he phone ics o he local Polish dialec a ies no due o i s in e nal
independen de elopmen bu due o he in luence o he Polish li e a y language. The
di e ence be ween he language o he olde , middle and younge gene a ion is e iden . By
se e al majo ea u es he la e b ing hei Polish language close o he li e a y language.
Uns essed owels which go nex o s essed ones a e educed, hough due o he s able
s ess in he Polish language, he quali y o adjacen owels usually does no change. Howe e ,
no a single isogloss links his local Polish dialec wi h any ange o Polish dialec s on he
e i o y o Poland. The cha ac e is ic ea u es o he local Polish dialec could no de elop
on hei own, because ha would be con a y o he p incipal de elopmen al endencies o
mos o he Polish dialec s and he known laws o ypology. The local Li huanians om he
a eas in ques ion we e luen in pop os u and he local Polish dialec . The same so […], […], […],
[…], which a e […]p ese ed[…] in almos all cases, can be hea d in he local Sla ic dialec s used by
hem, i.e. when he same in o man s speak Polish, Bela usian and Li huanian. The
cha ac e is ic ea u e o he local Li huanian dialec is he absence o he phoneme [x]. The e
we e cases eco ded in local Bela usian and Polish dialec , which is one o he ea u es o he
alec s when x is con used wi h k. I is likely ha he in ensi e con usion o x and k in he
Li huanian subs a e.
Deli e ed on 25 Feb ua y 2019
NIJOLĖ TUOMIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.