S aipsniai / A icles 175
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include he a ea s udies o he Bal ic
languages, dialec ology, geolinguis ics, pe cep ual dialec ology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[…] Young Eas High School […]
Buye s and Use s
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
Family membe s
Images o Linguis ic Homeland o he Young
Eas e n Aukš ai ians o Kupiškis and U ena
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle in oduces he s udy o he na i e image y o he language o he younge
eas e n high schools […] kupiškėnai and u eniškių […]. The esea ch ma e ial is he da a o
he s udy ca ied ou using he p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology.
The analysis shows ha U enõs s uden s conside hemsel es o be ac i e use s o he
in e media e code. The young people o Kupiški a e sepa a ed om his g oup. The p o isions o
he in es iga ions a e simila om he poin o iew o he scope (o domains) o he e minal
code. The hand (men al) maps e eal ha he U enõs you h a e he mos inclined o iden i y he
language's mo he ongue wi h i s spoken a eas. By main aining he cu en dis ance om he
adjacen se lemen s, he pupils o Kupiški, appa en ly, a e dis ancing hemsel es om hei
linguis ic exp ession. The signs ha desc ibe he ep esen a i e o he adi ional language, o
NORMʼo, in he illus a i e language code o he in e iewed young people a e b igh .
In e media e-speaking people a e associa ed wi h he coun yside by bo h Kupiški and U enõs
esea che s. F om he poin o iew o he majo i y o Kupiški's s uden s, he g amma code is
he pas , he language o he olde gene a ion. Fo he la e , mo e o en han o he U enõs
U enõs mokslei ių žemėlapiuose b ėžiamos kalbinės gim inės a ian o ibos be eik su-
esponden s, his code is no sepa a ed om espec o language, cul u e and land. In he
second decade o he 21s cen u y, he geolinguis ically dis inc Eas e n Highlands became he
bounda ies o he egion. Ve y simila o his linguis ic compound is he a ea o he sou he n
i h, o he classi ica ion o he sou he n i h by Zigmas Zinke ičius and Aleksas Gi denis, and he su ounding six h, o u eniškių, in he econs uc ed map o he dis ibu ion o he ma shes.
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
176 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The e balized and isualized p o isions e eal he ela ionship o he younge gene a ion o
Eas e n Li huanians wi h he his o ical objec i e no only o hei na i e places, bu also o
he linguis ic a ia ion o he en i e a ea o Eas e n Li huanian.
ESMINIAI WORDS: Pe cep i e dialec ology, he na i e language, he adi ional language, he eas e n language
aukš aičių pa a mė, men alinis žemėlapis, asocia as.
ANNOTATION
The a icle p esen s a esea ch s udy add essing he images o he linguis ic homeland o he
young Eas e n Aus ians o Kupis and U ena. The ma e ial su eyed in he s udy consis s o
he da a om he esea ch conduc ed unde he p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology.
The analysis shows ha he school s uden s o U ena conside hemsel es ac i e use s o he
dialec al code. Young people end o dis ance hemsel es om his sel -exp ession. The
subjec s sha e simila a i udes owa ds he domains o usage o he dialec al code. The d awn
(men al) maps e eal ha i is he you h o U na who end o iden i y hei linguis ic homeland
wi h he a eas o dialec s mo e o en. By es ablishing an ac ual dis ance be ween hemsel es
and he loca ions o he neighbou ing sub-dialec , he pupils o he Kupiškis school possibly
dissocia e hemsel es om hei own linguis ic exp ession. The a ibu es ha desc ibe he
ep esen a i es o he adi ional dialec , o NORM, a e subjec s om Kupiškis and hose om
qui e clea in he dialec al code images o he young people polled in he s udy. Bo h he
U ena end o associa e a pe son who speaks a dialec wi h u al a eas. In he opinion o he
majo i y o Kupiškis s uden s, a dialec al code is a linguis ic exp ession o he pas and he
olde gene a ion. They conside his code insepa able om espec o language, cul u e, and
land mo e o en han he esponden s om
The U ena.
The bounda ies o he a ia ion o he linguis ic homeland d awn on he maps o he U ena
s uden s i ually coincide wi h he bounda ies o he Eas -Eas Asia egion ha geolinguis s
de ined in he second decade o he 21s cen u y. This linguis ic o ma ion is e y simila o he
a ea o he so-called Fi h Eas e n ( om he econs uc ed map o dialec s by An anas
Ba anauskas) o he Eas e n Os ogo hs o Kupiškis (unde he classi ica ion o dialec s by
Zigmas Zinkė ičius and Aleksas Gi diņš) and he su ounding a ea o he Eas e n Os ogo hs and
a ea o he so called Six h Eas e n o he subdialec o U ena.
The e balised and isualised a i udes e eal he ela ionship be ween he young gen-
he objec i e his o ical linguis ic a ia ion o bo h hei bi hplaces and o he en i e
Li huanian language a ea. Keywo ds: pe cep ual dialec ology, linguis ic homeland, adi ional
dialec , and o he languages
Eas e n Aukš ai ian subdialec , men al map, associa ion.
S aipsniai / A icles 177
Jaunųjų y ų aukš aičių – kupiškėnų i u eniškių – kalbinės
gim inės aizdiniai
1.The ollowing able is inse ed:
The las decade in Li huania is no limi ed o he me hods o adi ional desc ip i e
dialec ology and s a ic esea ch highligh ing he image o he language (Mikulėnienė,
Meiliūnai ė 2014; Mikulėnienė, Leskauskai ė, Ragaišienė, Ge žo ai ė, Bi gelienė 2016;
Mikulėnienė 2018; Čepai ienė 2018 and o he s). The in ensi ica ion o he in e ac ion
be ween dialec s, hei in e ac ion wi h he common language and o he local
language a ian s has led o he inc easing use o bo h e nacula and common
language a ian s. In o de o comp ehensi ely assess he linguis ic a iabili y o a
pa icula dialec , i is impo an no only o objec i ely eco d i s linguis ic
cha ac e is ics, bu also o ake in o accoun he subjec i e iew o he membe s
o he common language communi y, which de e mines he choice o one o he
o he linguis ic a ian (Aliukai ė, Mikulė, 2016: 89 […] 120; Ge a, 2016: 339; Čežo ai ė,
2016: 84 […] 100 and k . Thus, he p o ision is one o he essen ial ac o s ha c ea e
he (sel ) alue o he place a ian while ensu ing i s iabili y and con inui y.
No el y and ele ance. Un il now, he e has been almos no esea ch on he
pe cep ual na u e o adi ional eas e n high-al i ude ad ice, especially ha o
nas ienin elis Kùpiškio mokslei ių geoling is inės kompe encijos y imas, a -
skleidęs gana nuoseklų ie os jaunuolių ibojimąsi nuo sa os a minės aiškos
buye s. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha
o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The pu pose o
his a icle is o compa e he na i e speake s o he Kupiškio and U enõs
2008: 129–142; 2009: 164–179).
g amma schools, based on he p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology, and o
e alua e he linguis ic iden i y o he Kupiškės g amma schools. The objec o
he a icle is he na i e images o he languages o Kupiškio and U enõs s uden s.
The esponden s a e young people aged be ween wo and eigh een yea s
(see he able o in o ma ion on esponden s).
The compe ence o membe s o he Geolinguis ic Common Language Communi y is de ined as he
knowledge and abili y o ecognise he a iabili y o a language and o ela e i o ce ain
geog aphical, social, cul u al a eas (Die cks 2002: 52 […] 53; Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2016: 92).
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
178 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LENTELĖ. Ti iamųjų Kùpiškio, U enõs jaunuolių cha ak e is ika
Ti iamosios
Local
Iš iso
women's
Iš iso
men's
Iš iso
s udy is
Ta mę
no in he
Ta mės
language
Ta miškai
o he
Ta miškai
s udy
Cucumbe s and cucumbe s 119
(100,00 %)
73
(61,34 %)
46
(38,66 %)
29
(24,37 %)
90
(75,63 %)
17
(14,29 %)
77
(64,71 %)
O he , o a hickness
(100,00 %)
42
(61,76 %)
26
(38,24 %)
50
(73,53 %)
18
(26,47 %)
41
(60,29 %)
16
(23,53 %)
A su ey o s uden s can be assigned o one age g oup. The s udy is based on
Penelope Ecke 's iew ha he basis o he classi ica ion o ages is no p ecise
ch onology, bu in e als. Those who a e s udied acco ding o linguis ic, cul u al,
social expe ience and adolescen iden i y a e classi ied in o he same ca ego y (Ecke 1997:
151.167; Aliūkai ė 2007: 145). This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha such an e en has aken place.
Empi ical esea ch ins umen du ing he p ojec "The place o he common
anke a Ta minio kalbėjimo i bend inės kalbos e inimas, pa eng a 2014–2016 m.
language in he men al map o he Li huanian language" ca ied ou by he […]
anonymous conscious p o isions (see Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė, 2016: 97 […] 99). In he
in oduc o y pa o he ques ionnai e, he sociodemog aphic da a o he
subjec s a e eco ded: gende , age, o igin and place o esidence, as well as
ques ions on dialec compe ence and consump ion ac i i y, dis ibu ion o language
a ian s o domains. In he main pa , he model o pe cep ual dialec ology is
ein o ced by he localiza ion o he language and he common language on he
handw i en maps, as well as he associa ions o he pe son speaking he common
language and so on. The s udy consis s o 187 ques ionnai es. O hese, 119
ques ionnai es we e illed in by pupils o he Kupiškio Lau yno S uokos-Guce ičiaus
Gymnasium du ing he 2014-2016 p ojec The place o he common language on he
men al map o he Li huanian language2. Pa o he ma e ial (p o o ypical a eas o
he language and he common language on handw i en maps, associa ions o people
speaking he common language) has been published (see Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė,
Čepai ienė, Ge žo ai ė 2017: 78102, 140, 185, 263). This da a is supplemen ed by 68
ques ionnai es collec ed a U enõs Adol o Šapokos Gymnasium in 2018.
The esul s o he su ey we e based on he esul s o a su ey conduc ed by he Li huanian
Na ional Language Commission (S a emen No. K-5 o 2014). Head o he p ojec p o . d . I 's called
Dai a Aliukai e. Fo mo e in o ma ion on i s esul s, see This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
3 The ques ionnai es illed in a Kupiškio Gymnasium s o e he da a o he ques ions o he
li e a ū os i e imo s udijų ins i u e, U enõs gimnazijoje – Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o Geoling is-
ikos cen o Ta mių a chy e.
A icles o he 179 h A icle
Jaunųjų y ų aukš aičių – kupiškėnų i u eniškių – kalbinės
gim inės aizdiniai
in oduc o y pa o he ques ionnai e o he ac i i y and dissemina ion (o domains) o he use
o he you h ocabula y code o he Facul y o Languages o Vilnius Uni e si y; 2) by examining he
su ey maps o he di e en poin s whe e i was eques ed o indica e he ma e ial spoken in he
language; 3) by analyzing he da a o he use associa ions o he language. The classi ica ion and
dis inc i e ea u es o he iadic subg oup. a. In he classi ica ion o he Li huanian dialec s o
he se en h decade by Zigmas Zinke ičius and Aleksas Gi denis, he eas e n high school pupils and
pupils, like all he high schools, say heal hy ie, uo, like he eas e n high schools na ow double an, am,
en, em he i s clo hes and he o me noses ą, ę (Gi denis, Zinke ičius 139: 1966 […] 147, Zinke ičius:
36: 380 […]; Mo kūnas 1977: 33; LKTC 2004: 29). The dis inc i e ea u e o he small numbe o illages
occupying he eas e n pa o Li huania in his di ision is he balsi e, a he end o he wo d and
be o e he ha d bo de , he a achmen o a ious leng hs a, and he u eniškiai a e dis inguished
acco ding o he una ached e and ie a achmen e. (Gi denis, Zinke ičius 1966: 139[…]147; Zinke i 1969:
365[…])
380; Mo kūnas 1977: 33) (see also Fig. 1).
The dis inc i e ea u es o he classi ica ion o eas e n high schools by Z.
Zinke ich and A. Ge din a e mo e de ailed in he classi ica ion o eas e n high
schools by An ano Salio o he ou h decade o he 20 h cen u y (Salys 1935: 70;
1946: 56). On he same linguis ic basis, i dis inguishes be ween buye s
co esponding o he uppe -middle-class poin e s, he middle-class poin e s
(called dã[…]da. ins ead o daddė), he di e en ones, i.e. acco ding o he
unci cumcised o he wo d as a, o he so-called g eene y (called ža.l[…]. ins ead o
1935: 75; 1946: 58–59).
g eene y), he […] u eniškius co esponding o he uppe -middle-class poin e s,
he uppe -middle-class poin e s (Salys 1933: 21[…]34; seen om he bounda ies o
he a ea o he wo beds, as he o iginal map and he bounda ies o he maps
desc ibed in he A Salio 2016 map). The di e ence is ha he educed a ea o he
u eniškių is a ibu ed o A. Salio's di ision o he high- ise o he eas e n
pun e s o he middle o a o s (called […]. αs ins ead o he wheel), o o he
anykš ėn, and o he high- ise o he eas e n dzūk, o o he eas e n high- ise o he ilniški by Z. Zinke ičius and A. Gi den.
4 In his ques ionnai e, maps a e p o ided wi h he bounda ies o he municipali ies and pa o
hei cen es. In pe cep ual dialec ology, mapping echniques (see P es on 1989; 1999: xxiii[…]xl; 1999a:
359[…]373) a e also used o p esen emp y maps (E ans 76[…]83), and, o make i easie o na iga e,
maps wi h he bounda ies o he la ges adminis a i e e i o ial uni s (see Long 1999: 178),
speci ied by size (see Dailey-Ocain 1999: 228). The bounda ies o he ma shes ha e been co ec ed by
o he schola s on he basis o ma e ial collec ed in he second hal o he 20 h cen u y (Ge žo ai ė
2016b: 74).

LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
180 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
1 PAV. Ry ų aukš aičiai kupiškėnai i u eniškiai lie u ių a mių klasi ikacijose6
In he end o he 19 h cen u y, he bounda ies o he An ano-Ba ano skaya-Kaunas go e no a e
we e di ided in o he same ea u es, which in he classi ica ion o A. Sali in he 6 h San umpo map
a e ma ked by Z. Zinke ičius and A. Gi den in he classi ica ion o he bounda ies o he eas e n
highlands (RAK) and u eniškius (RAU). The a eas alloca ed o he uppe seconda y school pupils
co esponding o he Kupiškėnus A. Salio bounda y a e desc ibed in ci cles, he lowe seconda y
school pupils co esponding o he uppe seconda y school pupils co esponding o he uppe seconda y school pupils in […] squa es.
A icles o he T ea y
Jaunųjų y ų aukš aičių – kupiškėnų i u eniškių – kalbinės
gim inės aizdiniai
They' e called high- ise mo nings. Based on he same c i e ia, A. Salio dis inguishes
be ween high-al i ude eas e n poin e s and middle poin e s co esponding o he
eas e n peninsula in his dis ic , and high-al i ude eas e n poin e s and eas e n
[…] eas e n six (Ba ano sky: 50[…]51, 1878, 73).
In he i h dis ic o he Eas , as seen om he map o he dis ibu ion o he
dis ic s o A. Ba anauskas, econs uc ed om he emaining analysis o he
desc ip ions o he dis ic s, i was mainly spoken in Kupišky and i s
su oundings, in he six h dis ic o he Eas and in he dis ic o A. Salia, he
a eas o he middle-aged dads (o skunks) o he Eas co esponding o hem
(see Ge žo ai ė […]175; 2014: 174 […] 130). The a ea co e ing hese wo languages is
e y simila o he la ge linguis ic uni […] y inį y ų aukš aičių egiolek ą, which
was o med by geolinguis s in he second decade o he 21s cen u y (Aliūkai ė,
Mikulėnienė 2014: 261; Ge žo ai ė, Mikulėnienė XIII 2014, map and commen a y).
Ti iam's ad ice a he beginning o he 21s cen u y. Recen sys ema ic
geolinguis ic s udies show ha he dis inc i e ea u e o u ensils is almos
ky a isų ka ų a s o ų kalboje, o kupiškėnų, ypač pa a mės plo o pak aščiuose,
consis en ly main ained in he middle, and he e is no spelling in he speech o
bo h he younge gene a ion (Aliukai ė, Bakšienė, Ja osla ienė e al. 2014: 17556,
188; Balčiūnienė, Rinkauskienė, Meiliūnai ė 2017: 54 […]). I was ound ha he
linguis ic cha ac e is ics o he buye s a e simila o hose o he s ong
jos pag indu iksuojamas besi o muojan is naujasis s ambesnis ie inis kalbinis
pane ezhi and u eniški ad ice. The in luence o he U enis is indica ed by he ac
ha he e m […] eas e n eas e n highland egion (wi h he cen e o g a i y
[…] ena) […] co e s no only he U enis, bu also he su ounding councils, including
he Kup iškėnai, a eas (Aliukai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014: 261; Ge žo ai ė, Mikulėienė 2014,
map and commen a y; Mikulėnienė, Meiliūnai ė 2017: 169 […] 195). The s abili y o his a ea and he new c ea ion is con i med by he ac ha un il he beginning o he 21s cen u y, he e we e no eco ded deposi s.
čiuo o o a imo kaip a a osena (Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014: 261; Ge žo ai ė
2016b: 190–191).
The e o e, he da a collec ed on he p o isions o he eas e n high- ise housing
es a es and he ou doo es a es will no only complemen he subjec i e
na u e o he in es iga ions o he adi ional eas e n high- ise housing
es a es, bu will also allow o a mo e de ailed pic u e o he a ea unde
conside a ion, and he e o e he a ian s used in i , o be o med in he young
people's sel -image. P inciples o he classi ica ion and analysis o pencil maps
and associa ions o he Ta min language. The D aw a Map ask is he i s o
i e componen s o he Dennis P es on Model o Pe cep ual Inqui y ha a e
di ec ly ela ed o he Fou h Dialec Iden i ica ion ask. The adjus men s o
he map also imply a hi d componen o his model, i.e. he assessmen o he
egula i y and a ac i eness o he op ions (Co ec and Pleasan ) (see
P es on 1989; 1999: xxxi xxx ; 1999a: 359373; Aliukai e, Mikulėnienė 2016: 97).
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
182 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The classi ica ion and analysis o he linguis ic p o isions isualized in hese maps
is based on he insigh s o Willi Die cks (Die cks 2002: 5170) on he ca ego ies o
linguis ic homeland7, eal and ac ual dis ance8. In o de o assess he geolinguis ic
compe ence o pupils, he esul s o bo h subjec i e and objec i e language
a iabili y s udies ha e been aken in o accoun (see Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014:
257259; Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė, Čepai ienė, Ge žo ai ė 2017, 174178, 221225, 248253). The
con en o he e bally speaking pe son's associa i e ask ela ed o he mapping
ask is classi ied based on he seman ic wo d echnique (Ga e , Williams, E ans
2005: 37[…]54). Replacemen o lexical wo ds as il e uni s, e c.) (Chambe s, T udgill
2004: 28; see also Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014a: 3233)9. Based on he esul s o ea lie
inkimą pi miausia lėmė adicinės a mė y os a s o o samp a a ( . y. NORM’o
in o man ą apibūdinan ys požymiai: sėslus, ie inis, senas, pagy enęs, y esnis,
esea ch on e bal consciousness, he ne wo k o seman ic wo ds is supplemen ed
by il e uni s such as he adig oup analysis, i.e. in o de o econs uc he
sociolinguis ic po ai o he speake , he ma e ial o all associa ions (and
cija, paga ba i k . (plačiau ž .: Aliūkai ė 2008a: 23–45; Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė
2016a, 20–21; Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė, Čepai ienė, Ge žo ai ė 2017: 69–76).
Reikšminių žodžių pag indu išski os asocia ų g upės apima pi muosius
mokslei ių nu ody us a minės kalbos asocia us. A liekan kokybinę išski ų
he e o e he keylogge s) is used.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The asse s and liabili ies o KUPIŠKIO
In he ligh o he You h o he Yea
Da a analysis shows ha in bo h places, he gymnas s su eyed claimed o be able o speak
(language-wise) (see slide). The U enõs (73.53%) a e he ones who pay he mos , while he Kùpiškio
(24.37%) a e he ones who pay he leas . When asked wha language hey speak, he younges
pa icipan s in he s udy mos o en indica ed high-le el o high-le el, high-le el, eas e n
high-le el. In he s udy o Pe cep ual Dialec ology, linguis ic homeland e e s o he linguis ic
en i onmen o he indi idual and is ela ed o he linguis ic and spa ial dis ances o ha
en i onmen .
(Die cks 2002: 51) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
8 Real (objec i e) and ac ual (non-con aining geog aphical pa ame e s) dis ances a e alloca ed in
assessing language a ian s and loca ing hem on he map (Die cks 2002: 51; Aliūkai ė 2009: 172). 9 English
non-mobile olde u al male. A man om he illage o Lie . sėslus, an elde ly man.
A icles o he T ea y
Jaunųjų y ų aukš aičių – kupiškėnų i u eniškių – kalbinės
gim inės aizdiniai
he pupil has checked his answe s, e.g. he has w i en ha he lea ns he language
o he pupils (Kp_M01), he language o he pupils (Kp_M17), he language o he
pupils (Kp_M28), he language o he pupils (Kp_M57), he language o he pupils
(Kp_V12) and so on.10 A possible iden i ica ion wi h he language o he neighbou ing
eas e n high- ise apa men building indica es ha one o Kupiški's in es iga o s
ins uc ed him o lea n he language o he neighbou ing high- ise apa men
building (Kp_M55). The same p o isions we e highligh ed no only in e ms o he
paymen o he ee bu also in e ms o i s consump ion (see able). The
esponses o he su ey show ha U enõs s uden s conside hemsel es o be
ac i e use s o he medium. The young people o Kupiški a e he mos isola ed
om his g oup. The choice o such gymnas s may ha e been de e mined by he
lowe alue o hei place o bi h han he U enõs (own) conside ed as he cen e o u baniza ion (see Aliūkai ė, Bakšienė, Ja osla ienė e al. 2014: 174; Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė, Čepai ienė, Ge žo ai ė 2017: 77).
These esul s a e supplemen ed by answe s o he ques ionnai e based on he
domain heo y o he su ey, whe e and wi h whom he language is spoken (see
Hagen 1989: 48–61; Aliūkai ė, Valikonė 2012: 7–20)11. Susis eminus duomenis,
below). : Fishman 1972: 1532; i can be seen ha he spelling code was used by
izoliuo ajame domene), iek su d augais (solida umo domene), iek su moky-
ojais i isais ki ais gim ųjų ie o ių žmonėmis (ins umen iniame iešajame
s uden s in bo h places bo h wi h he amily (o domain) (see Figu e 2).12
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
2 PAV. O he The e m 'consump ion domain' in he su ey poin s om he poin o iew o young
people13 10 The abb e ia ions used in he wo k a e: Kùpiškis […] Kp, U enà […] U ; The le e s M and V
indica e he sex o he subjec ; numbe s […] numbe o ques ionnai es. 11 Isola ed domains include
he immedia e home en i onmen , amily membe s, iends o solida i y, ins umen al public
spaces, unknown pe sons (Hagen 1989: 53; see also Aliūkai ė, Valikonė 2012: 9).
12 In de e mining he ange o use o he second language, accoun was aken o he answe s o wo
ques ionnai es: Whe e is he second language spoken, Wi h whom is he hi d language spoken. 13 I is
wo h no ing ha no all s uden s, ha ing no ed ha hey speak in ongues, indica ed whe e and wi h
whom hey used he code. Such ma kings cons i u e: whe e […] 21.01 (wi h whe e […] 15.97) pe cen .
Kupiškio has a sco e o 63.24 (61.11%). I 's in he young people's ques ionnai es.
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 190 LXXXI is no a bicycle (Kp_V26), Kupiškio […] one o
he mos beau i ul (Kp_M70). Some imes he aes he ic assessmen o he local
language a ian (my mos beau i ul pu chase language [...]) is also a gued ([...]
because I am used o i , I can and unde s and i , Kp_M67). The linguis ic code o
Kupiški is he code o sa as, so appa en ly i is iewed a o ably. Ano he case
has been eco ded in which one is sepa a ed om one's own linguis ic a ian .
The illage o Kupiškėnai, which is usually associa ed wi h Kupiškiu i sel on school
maps (see Figu e 7 o Kp_M68), is mo ed o he neighbou ing illage o Pãne ėžį
(Kp_M23) o Pãne ėžį and Pãs alį (Kp_M17).
Bo h he ac i i y o he spelling code and he language homeland, as well as he
spelling a eas, a e desc ibed in he maps in he wo ds o one o he young
people o Kupiškė: […][...] Kupiškėnai has i s own language, which is mainly spoken
in he illages. I 's no cyclical. In my opinion, his dish is no e y beau i ul, bu
i is unique (Kp_M29).
Thus, i can be seen om he wo poin s in he maps o he ma kings o young
language use s and in e p e e s ha he linguis ic homelands wi h he
e minology a e mos likely o be connec ed by he mos ac i e use s o his
e minology, namely U enõs s uden s. By main aining he cu en dis ance wi h
he adjacen se lemen s, p ima ily wi h Pãne ėžu and o he s, he Kùpiškio
gymnasiums decided o dis ance hemsel es om hei e minology code.
I is wo h no ing ha he analysis o he young people's ma kings on he maps o
Kupiškio con i ms he ea lie a eas o he young people's language a ea han he
a ų y imais iš yškėjusią endenciją su a mine aiška pi miausia asocijuo i ne
y ų, be aka ų (p z., Plùngė, Telšia) i pie aka ių (p z., Ma ijámpolė) lie u-
U enõs esponden s (Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė, Čepai ienė, Ge žo ai ė 2017:
147).
4. TARMINĖS KALBOS ATSTOVO
Acco ding o he PORTRETAS ASSOCIATES DOUMENIMIS Asocia ų, he
cha ac e is ics o he desc ip i e code, o NORM, in o ming adi ional
dialec ology in he su eys o high school s uden s a e clea .
Two o hem […] he associa ion o he use o his code wi h he place and he
pas , he olde gene a ion link […] a e he mos impo an o he s udy o bo h
places (see Fig. 8)17. This ques ionnai e ask was missed by 3.36%. The pupils o Kupiškio.

S aipsniai / A icles 191
Jaunųjų y ų aukš aičių – kupiškėnų i u eniškių – kalbinės
gim inės aizdiniai
8 PAV. O he Mos o en wi h he place, as seen in igu e 8, he ep esen a i e o
his code is linked o he U enõs ne wo k (57,35%), he mos common is he Kùpiškio
(38,66%) s uden s. In he case o he Uni ed S a es, he e m "u ban" is used o
e e o a place o esidence, e.g., a own, ci y, o illage (U.S. Census Bu eau, 2004),
o a place o esidence (U.S. Census Bu eau, 2004), o a place o esidence (U.S.
Census Bu eau, 2005), o a place o esidence (U.S. Census Bu eau, 2005). The e m
" illage" (which is e balized as " illage", "smalle own", " illage" and so on) is
sa o gim ąja ie a (Kp_M59), su uo egionu iš ku io jis y a kilęs (Kp_V42).
Ne 45,59 p oc. (iš 57,35 p oc.) su ie a a minę aišką asocijuojančių U enõs
impo an o 24.37% (o 38.66%) o Kupiškio s uden s, e.g. wi h a pe son who is bo n
o li es in a illage (Kp_M15), a pe son who speaks luen ly is mos o en associa ed
wi h a illage (Kp_M26), a illage a he away om he ci y (Kp_M66), a u al
en i onmen (Kp_M68), a u al illage (Kp_V01). As can be seen om he examples
gi en, his ea u e usually indica es a local e e ence. I shall, excep in one o he
case, be assessed neu ally. Thus, he local (no u al) cha ac e is ics o he young
language use s (Kùpiškio […] 14.29%, U enõs […] 11.76%) in he ansla ion code images
o bo h su ey poin s a e no s ongly associa ed wi h egional a iance. This may
be due o he geolinguis ic di e ences in he s eng h o he language in he a ea
unde analysis (Aliukai ė,
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
192 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin
he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. The e m "iden i ica ion o a speake
wi h a pe son li ing in he illage, a pe son om he illage (o a neighbo ) may also
sie ų ge okai didesnė Kùpiškio i U enõs gimnazis ų dalis.
e e o a ce ain isola ion. In his case, he p onuncia ion code o he pupils is
associa ed wi h he pas , he olde gene a ion: wi h he pas (Kp_M20), wi h he imes
o ou g and a he s (Kp_M37), wi h he pas Li huania (Kp_V45), wi h he age. Olde
people a e mo e likely o speak in ongues (Kp_M27), mainly wi h people o olde age
(Kp_M39). The link be ween he 20 h cen u y and he his o y o he coun y
su seno e. Senelių, p osenelių laikais (Kp_V08), ikė ina, odo Kùpiškio jaunuolių
nuos a as a si ibo i nuo šio kalbinio a ian o (Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė, Čepai ie-
(K.P.V.O.N.T.E. 2017) This associa ion is e en less commonly called he U enõs
in es iga o s (20,59 pe cen ), e.g. he old Li huania (U _M04), wi h he seno e (U _M14), a
pe son who speaks o me e bally is associa ed wi h he elde ly, he p osenels who
used o speak like his (U _M2), he people o he oldes age (U _M25) (see Fig. 8). A new
s udy om he Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Be keley, has ound ha he language ba ie
be ween younge people and he olde gene a ion o people who speak he dialec has
widened, wi h younge people being mo e likely o associa e hei language skills wi h
olde people, and younge people wi h olde people. A sign o espec is included in he
image o he ep esen a i e o he g amma o he gymnas s. I is mainly
cha ac e is ic o young people in Kupica (19,33%), e.g. wi h (Kp_M05), wi h a man who
lo es his coun y (Kp_M67), such a man seems o lo e his coun y e y much and
che ishes i s adi ions, cus oms, cus oms (Kp_M63). Such p o isions may be based on a
sa o a mės saugojimu, dažniausiai a miškai kalban ys žmonės, didžiuojasi ja
simula ion, as he es ic ion o hese young people o he e mina ion o he
con ac is consis en .
The numbe o people who speak he language wi h espec o he language, cul u e, and
coun y is less associa ed wi h U enõs (7.35%) s uden s, e.g. wi h a pe son who wan s o
p ese e as much Li huanian cul u e as possible (U _M16), wi h a pe son who ies o p ese e
Li huanian cul u e (U _M29), wi h people who lo e hei language (Rk_V13). In addi ion o he
adi ional dialec ology, he po ai o he ep esen a i e o he dialec code is u he
highligh ed by se e al associa i e cases, e.g. wi h ancien li e, olde people (Kp_M13), wi h he
illage, old people (Kp_M51), wi h he old ammian is, i can be seen ha people also associa e
žiaus, senų laikų žmonėmis, žmonėmis iš kaimo (Kp_M32), kaimu, seno e, žemės
18 Panašius ezul a us a skleidė Kùpiškio i Anykšči ajonuose a lik as sociologinis y imas. Re-
egional iden i y wi h he dialec , bu , om he poin o iew o you h, "aukš ai iškumas will no
longe depend on he place o esidence" (Sa oniakai ė, 2003).
A icles o he 193 h
Jaunųjų y ų aukš aičių – kupiškėnų i u eniškių – kalbinės
gim inės aizdiniai
ukiu užsiimančiu žmogumi (U _M07), su iš kaimo kilusiu žmogumi, senesniu žmo-
gumi (U _M13), su seny o amžiaus žmogumi, kaimiečiu a ba žemaičiu (U _M19),
wi h an old pe son, no wi h a young pe son, om a smalle own o illage
(U _M34) and k . These and o he examples show ha he sel -image o he code
in ques ion is mo e posi i e in he esponden s' sel -image.
O he ea u es in he illus a ions o he Young Eas e n Highlands dialec a e
blank o comple ely elimina ed om hem. Fo example, he educa ion no
e lec ed in igu e 8 be ween he wo poin s o he subjec s is men ioned only
once o wice. Simila p o isions o s uden s a e ixed due o he associa ion
o a pe son who speaks in a o eign language wi h an uneduca ed pe son.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
The isual da a o he linguis ic homelands o young people in he a eas o he
adi ional eas e n highland councils […] kupiškėnai and u eniškių […] a ea (o he
egion o he eas e n highlands ha is cu en ly o ming) based on he
me hodological p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology allow o summa ize he
linguis ic image o his egion o he s udy.
The analysis o he da a shows ha U enõs s uden s a e mo e closely linked o
he e m " eligion". The p o isions o he language code a e ixed among he
young people o Kupiska. The a i ude o he use s and e alua o s o hese
gim osios ie os (sa i) e ė.
Panašūs ezul a ai gau i susis eminus a minio kodo a osenos s ičių (do-
languages could de e mine he ma e ial o he a s. Al hough s uden s in bo h
places claim o speak he language e e ywhe e and wi h ep esen a i es o all
ages (i.e. in all domains), he e is a s onge endency among U enõ esponden s o
main ain hei own language a ian . Kupiški's language is pe cei ed by local young people only as hei immedia e en i onmen
(isola ed domain) o he ne wo k.
The hand (men al) maps e eal ha he language homeland wi h he language zones
is mos likely o be iden i ied by he U enõs gymnas s. By main aining he cu en
dis ance wi h adjacen se lemen s, p ima ily wi h Pãne ėžu, he young people o
Kùpiški, appa en ly, limi hemsel es o hei own e minology.
In e media e-speaking people a e associa ed wi h he coun yside by bo h Kupiški
and U enõs esea che s. The Kupiški young people a e mo e inclined o e alua e
he e minology code as he language o he elde ly people o he pas . Fo he
la e , mo e o en han o U enõs s uden s, he e minology is also no
sepa a ed om espec o language, cul u e and coun y. In he case o
bos be eik su ampa su XXI a. 2-ajame dešim me yje geoling is ų išski o y i-
esea ch maps, he language is delinea ed by he bounda ies o he eas e n highland egion o he na i e a ian o he language. This linguis ic compound is e y simila o he
uo ame A. Ba anausko a mių ski s ymo žemėlapyje y iečių penk ųjų, a ba
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
Ac a Linguis ica 194 Li huanian LXXXI
Z. Zinke ičiaus and A. Gi den's classi ica ion o he soils o he eas e n highland
coppe deposi s, and he su ounding six, o u eniškių, a ea. F om he e balized
and isualized p o isions o he use s o he young language, he exp essions o
a ia ion almos coincide wi h he his o ical objec i e o he linguis ic a ia ion
o no only he mo he ongue o he esea che s, bu also o he en i e a ea
o he Eas e n Li huanian language.
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Images o Linguis ic Homeland o he Young
Eas e n Aukš ai ians o Kupiškis and U ena
Summa y
The a icle deals wi h he images o linguis ic homeland o young people om loca ions wi hin
he a ea o he adi ional Eas e n Aukš ai ian subdialec s o Kupiškis and U ena. The
ma e ial su eyed in he s udy consis s o he da a om he esea ch s udy conduc ed unde
he p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology.
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
198 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
The images o linguis ic homeland embedded in he esponden s' consciousness a e highligh ed
on he basis o he da a om se e al asks p esen ed in he su ey: discussion on he
equency o choice and he domains o use o he dialec al code. Explo a ion o he d awn
(men al) maps o dialec al language a eas, and analysis o he associa ions o a dialec
speake .
The da a analysis shows ha he school s uden s o U ena end o iden i y hemsel es wi h
dialec al exp ession mo e o en. Kupiškis you h mani es a mo e p onounced end o
dis ancing hemsel es om hei own linguis ic code. This a i ude, which is cha ac e is ic
o he young membe s o he language communi y, may ha e been he p oduc o he
sel -es eem o hei bi hplace.
A compa able se o esul s was ob ained by a anging he ma e ial o he domains o use o
he dialec al code in a s uc u ed manne . E en hough he s uden s om bo h loca ions said
hey would speak a dialec e e ywhe e and wi h all gene a ions, i is he you h o U na alone
who end o p ese e hei own linguis ic a ia ion. The ypical linguis ic exp ession o Kupiškis
is conside ed o be an exp ession o he immedia e en i onmen , i.e. a sepa a e domain. The
maps e eal ha s uden s om U ena a e mo e inclined o iden i y hei you h, possibly
dissocia ing hemsel es om hei own linguis ic exp ession. Bo h he subjec s om Kupiškis
linguis ic homeland wi h dialec al a eas. By es ablishing an ac ual dis ance be ween hem-
sel es and he loca ions o he neighbou ing subdialec , Pane ėžys in pa icula , Kupiškis
and hose om U ena end o associa e a pe son who speaks a dialec wi h u al a eas. The
subjec s om Kupiškis end o pe cei e a dialec al code as an exp ession o he olde
gene a ion, i.e. he pas . They ind his exp ession an in eg al pa o espec o language,
cul u e, and land mo e o en han he s uden s om U ena. The bounda ies o he a ia ion o
he linguis ic homeland d awn on he maps o he esponden s om U na i ually coincide wi h
he bounda ies o he Eas -Eas Asia egion ha geolinguis s de ined in he second decade o
he 21s cen u y. This linguis ic o ma ion is e y simila o he a ea o he so-called Fi h
Eas e n ( om he econs uc ed map o dialec s by An anas Ba anauskas o he Eas e n
Aus ians o Kupiškis unde he classi ica ion o dialec s by Zigmas Zinke ičius and Aleksas
Gi denis) and he su ounding a ea o he so-called Six h Eas e n (o he subdialec o U ena).
The images o a ia ion ha eme ge om he a i udes o he young language use s i ually
o e lap wi h he his o ical objec i e o linguis ic a ia ion bo h a home and ab oad.
land and o he en i e eas e n pa o he Li huanian language a ea.
Deli e ed on 19 No embe 2019
LAURA GERŽOTAITĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308, Vilnius,
Li huania Lau a.ge zo ai [email protected] This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h Vilnius, Li huania.