50 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-0352-884X
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch: wo d making.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Ca echism o S . Pe e
(1598) DEVERBATYVAI (also known as DEVERBATYVAI)
De e ba i es in he Ca hechism o
M. Pe ke ičius (1598)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle deals wi h he p ecep s o he Ca echism o M. Pe ke ičius (PDF) published in 1598.
This sou ce con ains almos all he ca ego ies o de e ba i e ac ions […] easons, epe i i e,
esul an s a es and momen a y meanings […] Vedic. The mos abundan ca ego y o wo k PK
is he eason o he meaning o de e ba y ai. Also p esen ed is he equency o he
p eposi ions o he PK de e ba y , he cha ac e is ics o he basic wo ds, he change in he
owels ound in he Vedas, which co e s only a pa o he wo ds o he ype o c ea ion, is
i egula . These a e he wo ds: ac ion wo ds, deba es, he ca ego y o he wo k, he oa h, he one o he oice.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyses su ixed e bs de e ba i es in he Ca echism published by M. Pe ke ičius
(CP). The de i a i es o ou ca ego ies o de e en ial o ma ion a e a es ed in his sou ce,
i.e., de i a i es o causa i e, i e a i e, esul a i e s a e, and momen a y meanings a e ound.
Causa i e de i a i es make up he la ges de i a ion ca ego y in he CP. The equency o
de e ba i e su ixes, ea u es o base wo ds and owel change in de i a i es a e p esen ed.
Only isola ed ins ances o apophony a e ound in he CP, he owel change occu s only in pa o
de i a i e wo ds and is o i egula cha ac e .
KEYWORDS: e bs, de e ba i es, ca ego y o de i a ion, su ix, owel change.
S aipsniai / A icles 51
M. Pe ke ičiaus ka ekizmo (1598) de e ba y ai
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The Ca echism o Me kel Pe ke ičius (www.pke.de) is a ypical 16 h- and
17 h-cen u y wo k o e o ma ion, so i has o co e many aspec s: i p esen s
bo h p aye s and hymns, also indica es he o de o chu ch se ices, discusses
he ounda ions o he ai h. Al hough i is he second book in Li huanian in he
G and Duchy o Li huania, i has been ela i ely li le s udied un il now. The
Ca echism o he Ca holic Chu ch (Ca echism o he Ca holic Chu ch, M.
Poche ino, 2004), and he Ca echism o he Ca holic Chu ch (Ca echism o he
Ca holic Chu ch, M. Poche ino, 2008) a e he mos widely ead books on he
subjec . The mos ex ensi e esea ch on his sou ce has been ca ied ou by
Jonas K uopas (1970).
The language o he shop in ques ion has been s udied agmen a ily, so juolab has
no been s udied in he ca echism o M. Pe ke ičius. Li huanian language ac ion
yba apsk i ai nė a daug y inė a (Jakai ienė 1968, 1973; Pake ys, 2006, 2011,
wo ds da2011a; Pake ys, Rimku ė, U ka 2012; Gaidienė 2012), especially he w i ing o
he old Li huanian language. The mos ecen esea ch in his a ea has been
ca ied ou by Ju gis Pake ys (Pake ys 2005, 2017, 2019; A kadie , Pake ys 2015) and
Dalia Pakalniškienė (Pakalniškienė 2018, 2019), bu he PK p ecep s ha e no ye been
s udied. The subjec o his a icle is p ecep s ha mus be obeyed, i.e. p ecep s
om o he p ecep s. I is belie ed ha in all languages he e a e signi ican ly
mo e de e ba i us han denomina i us (Pakalniškienė 2019: 10). In he Li huanian
language, hese wo g oups o e bs a e oughly he same, hei p onuncia ion
also di e s li le, i.e. hei main o m o p onuncia ion is a p e ix, unlike, say, in
Polish, whe e e bs om o he e bs a e usually o med wi h p e ixes (GWJP 1984:
465).
The ma e ial o his a icle was selec ed om he ca echism dic iona y
compiled by J. K uop and he 1939 pho og aphic edi ion o his ca echism. All
un epea ed p eposi ions we e selec ed and summa ized, i.e. hey a e excluded
om he p eposi ional e bs, i hei p eposi ional e bs a e essen ial, he e is
no di e ence in meaning be ween hem, only due o he o m o he
p eposi ions. In o al, mo e han 300 p e-exis ing condi ions ha e been iden i ied.
In his sou ce, sea ches we e made o e bs and hei de i a i es, which
es i y o he e b conjuga ion, he p esen and he pas ense. Fo example, in
he absence o a di ec p oo o he ime o he u u e ca d, he p e ix -imas
ediniu om he e b o he u u e ca d ime is also used. The main o ms o
e bs ha a e only spelled acco ding o he cu en Li huanian language and he
sys em o e b conjuga ion in gene al, bu no a ec ed by PK, a e w i en in
b oken consonan s [ ]. The main o ms o he e b a e ound in examples om
his 1598 sou ce. T adi ionally, he p ecep s o ac ion,
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
52 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV main aining oa hs in all s ones, called oa hs in
equal p opo ions, and non-main aining oa hs in he p esen o (and) u u e ime […]
mixed e bs. Bo h mo phological ypes o p eposi ional e bs a e discussed in his
wo k, based on he synch onous wo d-making analysis me hod, he basic p inciples
o which we e o mula ed by Vinco U bucio (U bu is 2009). The aim o he a icle is
o es ablish he di e ences o he PK de ba i e w i ing sys em, i any, om
oday's Li huanian de ba i e endencies. In o de o achie e his, all he
p e-a anged ac ions o he PK we e i s examined ho oughly, hus
dis inguishing he Vedic om he ac ions. he la e ha e been di ided in o
ca ego ies and lis ed in he i s chap e o his a icle. Since he e is no dis inc
change o oices (also called apophony, al e na ion o oices) om he
de e ba i es, he second chap e p esen s he cases o apophony ha occu in PK
de e ba i es. As men ioned, all selec ed p eposi ions o PK e bs ha e been
analyzed e bally, di ided in o e bs om e bs, om o he pa s o he language,
and in o synch o- unc ional as made om ano he o wo o he wo ds […] (LKE
niškai da ybiškai neskaidžius. P imin ina, kad „da inys – žodis, pada y as a
1999: 150). A e b is conside ed o be a e b only when i is o mally and seman ically
based on he oo wo d, i.e. he main e b condi ion […] is ul illed […] is he
opposi ion o he e b, he i s membe o which is he e b, and he o he […] he
basis o he e b, hey mus necessa ily be bound by he mo i a ion o he e b
(U bu is 2009: 70, 81). The la e may change. Fi s , i may b eak o om he oo
wo d, and he e b may hen be associa ed wi h ano he wo d, which may belong o
he same o ano he mo phological class as he o me oo wo d. Secondly, he
Vedas can pass om one ca ego y o ac ion o ano he only i hey a e
seman ically close o i (Amb azas 1993: 12). Finally, a e he in e up ion o he
ac ion mo i a ion, he e b is synch onously conside ed unclea , al hough
his o ically i can be a e b.
When s udying he ac ion wo ds o he old Li huanian language, i is necessa y o
de ine how o e alua e he bo owings, because hei in e p e a ion is
p oblema ic. A bo owed e b, when in addi ion o he Li huanian e b, a
bo owed common oo e b unc ions, can be ega ded as a possible de i a i e
o he Li huanian language, i.e. a bo owed e b could be bo owed in o he
Li huanian language, om which he e b is de i ed wi h Li huanian p eposi ions.
Sla ic wo ds ha a e easily adap ed o he Li huanian language can be po en ial
base wo ds, as indica ed by he equen p eposi ions -imas ediniai om Sla ic
e bs. When assessing such a possibili y o Li huanian language p oduc ion, i is
necessa y o ake in o accoun he ca ego y o possible Vedic p oduc ion,
c ossing, he meanings o bo h wo ds […] possible Vedic and possible base wo d […],
hei ch onology (see mo e in Sme onienė 2015, 2016). In his wo k, he opinion is
held ha i a bo owed p eposi ional e b has a possible opposi e membe
unc ioning a he same ime, hey a e linked by a e b ela ionship. I is ue
A icles by A icles 53
M. Pe ke ičiaus ka ekizmo (1598) de e ba y ai
ha his p oblem is mo e ele an o denomina i es […] PK ha ha e no
encoun e ed de i a i es whose base wo d would be a loanwo d. Howe e , he e
a e ansla ions o keblum whose o ms coincide wi h indigenous Li huanian
wo ds. As an example, one can gi e he e alą p igulė i ‘p iklausy i (plg. le.
p zynależeć) (p igul PK6, 10). In his case, his e b canno be linked o he e b o
be a ached, al hough he analogous e b ( o) o be a ached is e bally linked o i . To a oid ambigui y, ansla ions a e no analyzed.
1. The Ca echism o he Ca holic Chu ch
Ca ego ies o you p oduc s
The ype o wo k is he o mal and seman ic scheme o wo d o ma ion. The ype is
made up o e bs ha sha e h ee cha ac e is ics: (1) he ca ego ical meaning o
he e b, (2) he linguis ic pa o he basic wo ds, (3) he o m o he e b (LKE
1999: 148). The ca ego y o wo ks is b oade han he ype o wo ks, and some o he
la e can be included. The ca ego y o a wo k is limi ed by he o m in which he
Daik a a džių da ybos ka ego ijoms is iena daugiau a mažiau y a būdingos
wo k is made. The las p eposi ions do no ha e he speci ic meanings o wo ds, and
he e a e a ewe o hem. In his wo k, he p eposi ions o he P.K. a e di ided
in o ca ego ies based on he […]Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika[…] (DLKG: 742).
Ve ba im is done wi h all he a ian s o he main e b mo phemes o he e bs
-au i, -en i, -inė i, -in i, -y i, -o i, -ė i, -o i, - elė i. The same p e ix can be used in
se e al ca ego ies o ac ions ( o example, he p e ix -y i is used o o m
epe i ions and causa i e e bs), his is p ecisely because o he small numbe o
e bs in ac ion, compa ed o e bs. Fo se e al easons, ce ain p eposi ions ( o
example, -din i) a e conside ed o be only a ian s o he basic e b mo phemes.
Fi s ly, he a ian s o he same mo pheme ha e he same meaning o ac ion.
Secondly, hei phone ic composi ion is almos he same as he main de i a i e
mo phemes, only hey a e enla ged wi h ce ain sounds. Ve ba im w i ing is
gene ally mo e complica ed han denomina i e w i ing, as he e is a equen
change in owels in he spelling o e bs, which is e y a e in spelling o owels. The
owel sounds can only include a pa o he e b ype wo ds, hey a e i egula . I is
a seconda y means o p oduc ion because i does no in luence he meaning o
p oduc ion. Al hough PK […] is a small sou ce, i con ains ou (o he i e possible)
ca ego ies o de e ba i e ac ions o he Vedas: he cause o he meaning o he
Vedas (causa i e), he epe i i e meaning o he Vedas (i e a i e), he esul an
s a e o he Vedas ( esul an ) and he momen a y meaning o he Vedas. The
majo i y o hem a e caucasians, who make up 56 pe cen .
PK o all deb o s.
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
54 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
1.1. The e bs o he p eposi ion mean he ac ion o he ac i e owa ds a ce ain
objec . The gene al meaning o he ca ego y is ‘ o do, o ake ac ion o o ac ,
exp essed in he basic wo d (DLKG 398): o wa n ‘ o do, o bus , o bu n ‘ o do, o
bu n, o combine ‘ o do, o dese e, e c. Li huanian causal e bs a e o med only
wi h he wo mo phemes […] -in i and […] -y i. In he Li huanian language and in he
old Li huanian language sc ip s, he e a e many e bs ha di e only in
p eposi ions, o example, aušy iaušin i, gesy i gesin i, PK such pai s also exis . In
o al, he e a e 45 iden ical and mixed- ype causes. Almos all o he PK easoned
Vedic cons uc ions a e based on in ansi i e p imi i e e bs, only in a ew cases
he basic wo d is mixed e bs: de e i, jude i, kabe i, k u e i, skube i, iske i,
esin ys in he hi d pe son o ime -a. 1.1.1. Mos o he equa ions o causa ion
a e made wi h he main mo pheme -in i, 4 wi h i s a ian -din i. Usually, he e is
an unknown di e ence in meaning be ween hese p eposi ions: wi h -in i, -ina, -ino
a e o med he e bs causa i e ediniai, and wi h -din i, -dina, -dino, which a e
based on he e bs o he ac i e ac ion, […] pa ūpinamąją meaning ediniai. PK,
he e's no such di e ence. (pabudin umbim PK211,12), [budina], [budino]: o be, o
lie down, o go ou o a s a e o sleep in LKŽe; bu ning (bu ned PK90,17), [bu ned],
Lygiaskiemenių p iežas inių eiksmažodžių su p iesaga -in i PK y a 29: budin i
[bu ned]: bu ning, -a, -ė
‘I'm going o be a i e igh e ; To gi e ligh , o gi e ligh o he wo ld; o nego ia e
(de in u PK185,16), [de ina], o nego ia e (sude inay PK24,21): o nego ia e, -a, - o
nego ia e, o make a con ac , o equal; li ing oge he well; o ag ee, o ag ee,
o be sui able, o be accep able; I is also known as he 'Gadin i' (Iβgadin a PK73,5),
he 'Gadina' (Gadina PK72,20), he 'Gadino' (Ges i, Genda, gedoi i, ik i). dec ease;
blowing LKŽe; The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed
ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. disappea , disappea , disappea ; he
end o ob aining LKŽe; The ollowing de ini ions shall apply: I 's called g amzdin i
(nug amzdin a PK103.16), i 's called g amzdina, i 's called g imz i, i 's called - a, i 's
called -do […]skęs i[…] LKŽe. o e u n (g aindams PK138,22), o e u n (a g ażina
PK87,6), o e u n (sug ąinay PK30,13): o e u n, -a, -o o go back o he LKŽe; o
mo e (iudin u PK28,9), [judina], [judino]: o mo e, -a, -he o ‘ u n a ound LKŽe;
[kabin i], [kabina], cabin ( zkabinu PK98,4): kabė i, -a, -ėjo ‘ o ha e been ied up,
wis ed, wis ed, o ha e been ied up, o ha e been ied up, o ha e been ied up,
o ha e been ied up, o ha e been ied up. I is also impo an o no e ha he
Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he
isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o
p opo ionali y. bu ning wi h ange o some kind o exci emen ; shel e , shel e ,
shel e om mois u e and hea LKŽe; K u in i (pak u in PK91.9), [k u ina], [k u ino]: o c ush, -a, - o mo e a hing o i s pa s in place o , o c ush; o be ali e; . o . LKŽe; and Ma ching (Ma ching PK20,8), ma ching (Ma ching PK20,5) [Ma ching]: o die, - ha , - ha is no o be emembe ed, no o be emembe ed LKŽe; I 's no like I don' know wha I'm alking abou . I don' know wha I'm alking abou . disca ded

S aipsniai / A icles 55
M. Pe ke ičiaus ka ekizmo (1598) de e ba y ai
(iβnikin PK141,22), [nykina], [nykino] : nyk i, nyks a, nyko ‘mažė i, gaiš i, baig i
egzis uo i’ LKŽe; [ ūdin i], [ ūdina] (s udina PK59,19), [ ūdino] : ūs i, - a, ūdo
I 's like, you know, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like, i 's like, ed LKŽe; I is also
impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he
p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a
wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. I is also known as he
siskubin us PK145,3), [skubina], [skubino] : skubė i, -a, -ėjo ‘s eng is g ei ai ką
pada y i, a lik i’ LKŽe; [slogin i], slogina (słogin PK103,4), [slogino] : slėg i, sle-
Scandina ian language (PK139,23), he Scandina ian language (PK61,18), he
Scandina ian language (PK30,14): skęs i, - a, skendo ‘žū i andenyje, p ige i; o
be enclosed in LKŽ; o ush (negia, -ė […]no o gi e peace, o o men […] LKŽe;
[plan ing], [plan ing], plan ing (pasodinay PK129.12): o si , o si , o si o ake he
sea o help he LKŽe; In he case o a Membe S a e, he Commission shall, by
means o implemen ing ac s, adop implemen ing ac s laying down de ailed ules
o he applica ion o his Regula ion. I eally wan o d ink LKJ; This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In he case o a Membe S a e, he Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . g ow ( ugin PK240,23), [ūgina], [ūgino]: g ow, -a, -o ‘ om he smalle o he la ge LKŽe; O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e :
PK160,15), [ i gin]: i ed, -s a, -o ‘no o be s ong, o be weak, o be weak; o
expe ience po e y, ha dship, li ing in po e y; I 's cold, i 's no ha ho , i 's no
ha ho , i 's no ha ho , i 's no ha ho , i 's no ha ho . (Pawiskin a
PK47,18), [ iskina], [ iskino]: whiskey, -a, -he was mo ing, shaking, shaking, LKŽe.
PK4 is a homonym o -in i, a a ian o -din i: o climb (see PK134.6), [keldina],
[keldino]: o climb, o climb, o climb up; The s a ion's gone whe e i 's gone;
jus a sėdėjus; ei i, yk i; . .’ LKŽe; [klupdin i], klupdina (pakłupdina PK88,8),
[klupdino] : klup i, klumpa, -o ‘pul i an kelių; kniub i’ LKŽe; p apuldin i (p a-
puldinki PK55,12), [p apuldina], [p apuldino] : p apul i, p apuola, p apuolė ‘ne-
disappea , cease o exis ; [kill], kill (suźudina PK61,2), [kill]: o kill, o kill, o kill o
lose one's li e, o die no one's own dea h; i ed, shy; disappea ; cease o exis .
One o he PK causa i es has he p eposi ions -y i, -ija, -ijo: aušy i (a ausisiu
PK24,16), [aušija], aušijo (a ausięs PK156,17): auš i, auš a, aušo ‘ eš i; I 's ge ing
cold in LKZ. This e b is also used in he cu en Li huanian language wi hou he
p e ix elemen in he p esen and u u e imes […] aušy i, aušo, aušė LKŽe, bu i
can be seen om he pa icipan wi h PK ha in his sc ip i is used as a
synonym. The e b aušy i, which oday is mos commonly used wi h he su ix -in i
[…] aušin i, is one o hose e bs ha e lec a la e p ocess: - became a
p oduc i e appe ize and e en ually expelled appe ize s - o ac (O ębski 1965:
393). 1.1.2. In he case o he i s -pe son p onoun, he e b o m is used, and in he
case o he second-pe son p onoun, he e b o m is used.
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
56 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV is main ained only in he company. The basic
mixed- ype causa i e e bs a e he in ansi i e e bs o a s a e o s a e. The
main unc ion o he mo pheme -y i is o make 3 e bs: o cling (ilipik PK127,13),
[lipo], [lipė]: o cling, o cling, o cling, o cling; o be i , o ag ee, o i , o i , o
i ; I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o do i . o
g ow, -a, -o […] om he smalle o he g ea e […] LKŽ. The emaining 8 mixed
causa i es a e de i ed wi h he a ian o he main mo pheme -s i: [a dy i],
a do (a da PK72,16), [a dė]: i i, is, i o ‘g iū i, by ė i in o pa s; o a kind used in
he manu ac u e o goods o Chap e 87 O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o
i on o s eel The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed
ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. T ea men (a gidi i PK131,8),
ea men (gidia PK83,19), [gydė]: ea , gyja, gijo […]heal hy, healing[…] LKŽe; o
be bo n (gimdi i PK156,21), [gimdo], o be bo n (pagimde PK153,11): o be bo n, o be
bo n, o be bo n […]a si as i pasaulyje[…] LKŽe; o d ink, o d ink, o d ink a
liquid, o calm a hi s y pe son LKŽe; o lie down (pe guldi PK98.22), [guldo], o lie
down (pagułde PK153.14): o lie down, o lie down, o lie down ‘in he body
somewhe e o wea LKŽe; I 's no like I don' know wha I'm alking abou . I don'
know wha I'm alking abou . weak LKŽe; I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . [kill], [kill], kill (p aźudę PK168,4): kill, kill, kill
o lose one's li e, o die no by one's own dea h; i ed, shy; disappea ; cease o exis .
The e m " epe i i e" e e s o a epea ed ac ion, some imes aking on he colo
o a long-las ing ac ion. Reikšmė can also be con used, i is al eady di icul o
pe cei e as epe i i e, o example, o b aid (DLKG: 396). They can be made up o
se en o he nine mo phemes o c ea ion: - o go and - o go. Vedic i e a ions
-au i, -y i, -ė i, -inė i, -in i, -o i i -uo i. PK ne as a de e ba y ų su p iesagomis
di e om he eason in meaning no only in he a ie y o p eposi ions, bu also
in he a io o mixed and equal e bs, in he basic wo ds […] mos o hem ( o
b eak, o gi e, o ca y, o ollow, o p ay, e c.) a e ansi i e p imi i e e bs.
1.2.1. Mos o he epe i i e meanings o de e ba i us in Li huanian a e o med
wi h he p e ix -o i, bu i s p oduc i i y does no di e om o he
p eposi ions. The e bs o his p eposi ion can also ha e a hin o i iali y, i he
oo wo d indica es a s a e, bu his is no he case, since he epe i i e
meanings o he e bs o his sou ce a e de i ed om he ac i e e bs o he
indica i e e bs. The p e ix -in is o en used o deno e such a smallness, bu
again, PK is somewha di e en : one e b is de i ed om he p eposi ion e b,
so i has only a dis inc epe i i e meaning. 3 - All and a ian s - he da e o he
wedding indica es an ac ion o inde ini e du a ion. The shades o he meanings o
he ad e bs -au i and -e i ediniai PK a e ypical: he las ad e b edinys has a
A icles o he 57 h
M. Pe ke ičiaus ka ekizmo (1598) de e ba y ai
mino shade, and -au i ediniai indica es no only an ac ion ha is o en epea ed,
bu also mo e in ense han he base wo d. In o al, he e a e ele en epea ing e bs o equal meaning:
• 3 wi h he su ix -au i: [dūsau i], [dūsauja], dūsa o (dusawau PK47,19):
dus i, dus a, duso ‘ a g i, kamuo is LKŽe; Kneeling (Klupaau i PK65,20),
kneeling (Klupawiame PK26,10), [klupa o]: kneeling, kneeling, kneeling on he
knees; also known as kneeling on he knees. kniub y LKŽe; o I 's called
"s angau i", i 's called "s angauja" (s angawianciu PK81,20), i 's called "s anga o", i 's called "s eng", i 's called "s eng", i 's called "s eng", i 's called "s eng", i 's called "s eng", i 's called "s eng", i 's called "s eng", i 's called "s eng".
• 2 wi h he su ix -e : o e u n ( e u n PK57,24), [ o e u n], [ o e u n]:
o e u n, -ia, -ia o u n, o u n back; gi e back he LKŽe; I is also known
as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle"
o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle". Ques ions a e aised by
he p e ix -nė i o he las e b, as i is no men ioned among he -ė i
a ian s. The elemen -ngal should be explained i he e b would be
associa ed wi h, o example, lūku no i, lūku noja, lūku nojo, bu
de e ba y ai wi h -ė i is done only om he i s e bs.
• 1 wi h he p e ix -inė i [p i a inė i], p i a inėja (p i a ineia PK111,7),
[p i a inėjo]: o ag ee, -ia, -ė o be o he same opinion, o ag ee, o main ain
wha LKŽe; 2nd edi ion o he main p e ace wi h he a ian -dinė i: pu
(p idedines PK123,8) [dėdinėja], [dėdinėjo]: o pu , deda, o pu , o build; o ind
a sui able place o accommoda e; . o . LKŽe; and [puldinė i], puldinėja
(puldineia PK101,10), [puldinėjo]: pul i, puola, puolė ‘s aigiai leis is žemyn, k is i;
[puldinėja] is he e m used o e e o he lowe pa o he land. alling down, u ning a ound; . o . LKŽe; and
• 3 wi h he su ix -(i)o i: [lakio i], lakioja (łakioianciu PK79,16), [lakiojo]: ly,
lekia, -ė […]quickly mo e, slink he ai , he space[…] LKŽe; ca ying (no
PK80,8), ca ying (no PK163,22), [no ca ying]: ca ying, -a, -ė ‘in ca ying
om one place o ano he , wea ing, i.e. LKŽe; and Followed ( ollowed by
sekioja (ſekioia PK162,23), sekiojo : sek i, -a, -ė ‘ei i, yk i iš paskos, p i-
PK108,18) by doo s; o obse e a mo ing objec , someone's ac ions, o ind ou some hing
LKJ. Wha a e you alking abou ?
1.2.2. The e bs o he Li huanian language's mixed epe i i e meaning a e
in e es ing in ha , unlike e bs, some o hem ha e a p eposi ion o man no
only in he company, bu also in he p esen ense. Many o hese e bs (in he
case o men ions) a e also used as synonyms in mode n Li huanian, i.e. hey can be
classi ied as bo h synonyms and mixed e bs. On se e al occasions, i can be seen
om he o ms o ac ion gi en by he PK wha model […] as a pa allel ac ion o
no […] he au ho o his ca echism was inclined o use. The epe i i e meanings
o he mixed ype de e ba i a e sligh ly mo e han equal o […] 15:
• 3 e bs in he company ha e -ė i: 2 o hem in he p esen and u u e
ense ha e -i (-ėja), -ėjo (minė i (mineki PK232,8), [miniėja (-)), espec i ely,
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
58 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[men ion]: o keep in mind, o emembe , no o o ge LKŽe; Kylė i
(pakiłekim PK131.10), [kyli (-ėja)], kylėjo (pakiłeiau PK91.3): o ise, o ise, o
ise o he heigh o he hill; s anding lying down o si ing down; o go, o
go; . o . LKŽe); and 1 The e b in he p esen ense ends in -ia (ken ė i
(kien ie i PK159,16), kenčia (-ėja) (kiencianćios 242,11), ken ėjo (kien eiey
PK147,12): o endu e, o su e , o eel pain, o eel uncom o able, o
su e ; o ha e pa ience, o endu e LKJ);
• 8 mixed e bs o do wi h he su ix -y i: [blaško i], blaško (iszbłaszka PK87,21),
[blaškė]: blockš i, bloškia, bloškė ‘ o h ow away om onesel , o h ow away,
o bu e , o shake; o punch, o gi e, o cu LKŽe; [d asky i], [d asko], d askė
(d askie PK160,16): d ėks i, d eskia, d ėskė ‘jėga im i, auk i, plėš i; also known
as d ėks i, d eskia, d ėskė […] he su ace o he idge, he b ush, he idge,
he idge LKŽe; I 's called a c a e. I 's called a c a e. I 's called a c a e. ca ying
nube i, d opping h owing; . o . LKŽe; and [b eaking], [b eaking], b eaking
(sułauzey PK36,9): b eaking, b eaking, b eaking in o de o di ide in o pieces, o
sepa a e a pa om he whole […] LKŽe; [p ay], [p ay], p ay (numaldimu PK221.6):
o p ay, o p ay, o p ay e y much in he LKŽ; [spoil], spoil (iszpłesza PK87,20),
[spoil] spoil, -o, -ė o be d enched om he su ace, o peel; wi h o ce o pull o
he side; cu ing, sha pening . o . LKŽe; and [ o be d awn], o be d awn
( ayszo PK88,16), o be d awn […] o be d awn: o be d awn, o be d awn, o be
d awn, o be d awn, o be d awn, o be d awn, o be d awn, o be d awn, o be
i; gniauž i, . .’ LKŽe; 3 miš ieji eiksmažodžiai u i -y i a ian ą -s y i:
d awn, o be d awn, o be d awn, o be d awn, o be d awn, o be d awn, o be
d awn, o be d awn; p ess (ne spawdi u PK20,13), [p ess], [p ess]: p ess, p ess,
p ess […] weigh , o ce o p ess, sloginba (iźba s is PK 44,7), ba s o [ba s ė],
be i, -ia, -ė […] o ill whe e (bi us hings) […] LKŽe; [cu ], [cu ], cu (in he appendix PK159.2): cu , cu , cu wi h a kni e o a kni e, cu , cu in o pieces […] LKŽe; [de elop], [ ys o], ys ė (iwis e PK158.2): Vy i, eja, ijo ‘ o wis , o wis LKŽe;
• 1 PK in a deba ing socie y has o be -o i, in he p esen ense […] -ojo, and he
p esen ense o m is d ejopa: bylo i (biło i PK79,5), byloja (bylo) (biloia4, PK2; biła
PK60,14), [bylojo]: bil i, bils a, bilo […]kalbė i, bylo i[…] LKŽe. The esul ing s a e o
he ma ied PKs is no much […] 1.3.8. The de i a i es o hese ca ego ies mean
" he esul an s a e o he ac o as a consequence o his own ac ion" (DLKG: 399),
in o he wo ds, hey mean he s a e ha is he esul o he ac ion, as s a ed by
he basic e b. The esul ing PK is made wi h he wo mo phemes o he e b […]
-o i and -ė i, wi h o he p eposi ions esul ing in he Li huanian language and a e
no o med. All he meanings o he esul s a e o PK mus be de i ed om he
i s e bs ma king he sel -e ec . Only one basic wo d is he ansi i e p ima y
e b. The esul ing s a es o ma iage could be ph ased wi h he wo d o be, o
example, o lie down, o be se led, o be su ounded.
A icles and a icles 65
M. Pe ke ičiaus ka ekizmo (1598) de e ba y ai
In he case o he Pakh unkhwa, he da e o dea h was se a 1759 and
he name was changed o "Ziwa o" (Ziwa o) in he name o he denomina ion. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Pake ys Ju gis 2005: 16 h cen u y Li huanian p ess mix u es and accompanying ac ion
d awings: doc o al disse a ion, Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y. In he yea 2006 he
"Pak is Ju gis" (Li huanian language dic iona y) was c ea ed. This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Pake ys Ju gis 2011: Rela ionship be ween he p ecep s o he cu en Li huanian
language e bs and hei basic e bs. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. Pake ys Ju gis 2011a: On De i a ional Su ixes and In lec ion Classes o Ve bs in
Mode n Li huanian. Li huanian language 5. Access o he In e ne : www.lie u iukalba.l .
Pake ys Ju gis, Rimku ė E ika, U ka And ius 2012: The denomina i e e bs o he Li huanian language and he basic wo ds used alongside hem ( ex s udy). –
Wo k and days 58, 8192.
Ju gis Pake ys (2017) On he de elopmen o pas habi ual om i e a i e in
Li huanian. […] Bal is ica 52 (2) 295 […] 323 […] Wha is he name o he company?
The Pe iph as ic Causa i e Cons uc ions in 16 h-17 h Cen u y Li huanian This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The ca echism o Me kel Pe ke ičius, Kaunas: Commi ee o he publica ion o books,
1939.
Palionis Jonas 1967: Li huanian li e a y language o he 16 h and 17 h cen u ies, Vilnius:
Min is. Pociū ė Daino a 2000: The na u e o he panchaya o he eedom o laws: some
aspec s o Mikalojaus Daukšos Pos ilės' "Talks o he pleasan eade " in he con ex
o P o es an hough . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Pociū ė-Abuke ičienė Daino a 2005: Psalms in he songs o he G and Duchy o
Li huania. F om he Ca echism o he Six een h Cen u y o he Li huanian
ansla ions o Me kel's Pe ke ičius. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. Sme onienė Anželika 2015: Sla icisms and hyb ids in he p ecep s o he
Li huanian language (LDK ex s o he 16 h and 17 h cen u ies): doc o al disse a ion, Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
Sme onienė Anželika 2016: Sla ic e bs and Sla ic oo s a e hyb ids. […] Ac a
Linguis ica Li huanica 74, 68[…]88. This is he i s ime ha he Ac has been amended.
In his book The Theo y and P ac ice o Wo d P ocessing, Vilnius Ins i u e o
Science and Encyclopedia Publishing
Zinkiewicz-Zigmas, The Language o he Old W i ings, Vilnius, 1988.

ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
66 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
De e ba i es in he Ca hechism o
M. Pe ke ičius (1598)
Summa y
The language o M. Pe ke ičius Ca echism (CP) has unde gone only agmen a y esea ch and he
sys em o e bs has no been in es iga ed ei he . This a icle ocuses on su ixed e bs
de e ba i es, i.e., de i a i es om o he e bs. All he non- ecu ing su ixed due o he p e ix.
e bs ha e been selec ed and analyzed, i.e., p e ixed de i a i es we e excluded i hei o ms
o non-p e ixed e bs a e egula and he e is no essen ial di e ence in hei meaning only
Mo e han 300 su ixed e bs we e ound in he CP. The Ca echism con ains 80 e bs and hey
make up 26% o all he su ixed e bs in his sou ce. Thei numbe is smalle han ha o
denomina i es. The CP is a small- olume sou ce, bu de i a i es o ou ca ego ies o de i a i e
o ma ion can be iden i ied in i : de i a i es o causa i e, i e a i e, esul a i e, s a e, and
momen um. The ca ego y o causa i e de i a ion is he mos nume ous and makes up 56% o all
he de i a i es. The second la ges ca ego y includes i e a i e de i a i es, which makes up 33%.
Fewe de i a i es we e ound wi hin he ca ego ies o esul a i e s a e de i a i es (10%) and
momen ous de i a i e (1%).
The de i a ion o de e ba i es is mo e complex han ha o denomina i es because he owel
change in he de i a ion o e bs is equen . The owel change was iden i ied in 40% o all he
de e ba i es in he CP. The highes pe cen age o he exp ession o owel change is
cha ac e is ic o de i a i es o i e a i e meaning, pa icula ly wi h su ixes -y i. The cases o
apophony in he C.P. a e a e; he owel change occu s only in a pa o he de i a i e wo ds, and
is o he i egula cha ac e .
Deli e ed on 29 Oc obe 2020
ANŽELIKA SMETONIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, Vilnius LT-10308, Lie u a
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .