S aipsniai / A icles 71
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-4704-6308
Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: li uanis ikos pa eldas, P ūsijos
Lie u os kalbos, li e a ū os i kul ū os is o ija.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all85-04
I'm no going o lie o you.
The wo d "milk"
LITTAUISCH-DEUTSCHES UND This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
DEUTSCH-LITTAUISCHES This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
WÖRTER-BUCH (1800) and i s de i a i es
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
INTERTEKSTINĖS SĄSAJOS
The P e ace and Fo ewo ds o Ch is ian Go lieb
Mielcke's Dic iona y o Li huanian Ge man and
Ge man-Li huanian Wö e -Buch (1800): Da ing and
In e ex ual Connec ions
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyzes ou o he wo ds o Ch is ian Go lib Milkau's Li auischdeu sches und
Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800), w i en by his compose , he can o Milkau
(Pilkalnis), he p ies Daniel Jens (Be lin), he councillo o he House o Ka o and he domains,
he inspec o o schools in Eas P ussia, Ch is oph F ied ich Heilsbe g (Ka eliaučius) and he
philosophe Immanuel Kan o (Ka eliaučius). The aim o he s udy is o da e p e e ms and
e alua e in e ex ual ela ionships. Acco ding o Milka's le e o Heilsbe g da ed Ap il 11,
1799, i is es ablished ha Milka could ha e w i en he p a a m in he sp ing o 1799 a he
eques o Heilsbe g. In e ex ual analysis shows ha Immanuel Kan suppo ed all h ee, so
his speech is da ed a e Decembe 24, 1799. In e ex ual connec ions connec he p e e m o
Jenischo wi h Milkaus, and Heilsbe go […] wi h he p e e ms o Jenischo and Milkaus. Since
Heilsbe g ini ia ed Milka's speech, he w o e one himsel ,
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXXV was an in e media y be ween Milkaus and he publishing
houses, main ained con ac s wi h all he au ho s, had he powe o au ho i y, i could make i
possible o hem o ely on each o he 's ex s and hus o m an ac ual discou se on he use
o he Li huanian language and he publica ion o ex books. The ollowing is an exce p om
he epo :
F ied ichas Heilsbe gas, Immanuelis Kan as, žodynas, p a a mė,
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The pape ocuses on he analysis o he p e ace and h ee o ewo ds o Ch is ian
Go lieb Mielcke’s Li auisch-deu sches und Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800). They
we e w i en by can o Mielcke (Pilkalnis), he compile o he dic iona y, p ies Daniel
Jenisch (Be lin), Ch is oph F ied ich Heilsbe g (Königsbe g), an assesso a he Wa and
Domains Chambe and a school inspec o o Eas P ussia, and philosophe Immanuel Kan
(Königsbe g) This is he case. The esea ch was aimed a (1) he da ing o he p e ace and he
o ewo ds and (2) he e alua ion o in e ex ual connec ions. Based on Mielcke's le e o
Heilsbe g o 11 Ap il 1799, i has been de e mined ha encou aged by Heilsbe g, Mielcke w o e
he p e ace in Ap il-May 1799. In e ex ual analysis shows ha as Kan eso ed o he p e ace
and wo o ewo ds, his o ewo d should be da ed a e 24 Decembe 1799. In e ex ual
connec ions link he o ewo d by Jenisch wi h ha by Mielcke's p e ace and he o ewo d by
Heilsbe g wi h Jenisch's o ewo d and Mielcke's p e ace. Since Heilsbe g was he ini ia o o
Mielcke's p e ace, w o e one himsel , was an in e media y be ween Mielcke and he p in ing
house, main ained con ac s wi h all he au ho s and was also an o icial wi h ce ain powe s, he
was in a posi ion o enable he au ho s o e e o each o he 's ex s and hus o m a
discou se ele an o he use o he Li huanian language and publishing educa ional books.
KEYWORDS: Ch is ian Go lieb Mielcke, Daniel Jenisch, Ch is oph F ied ich
Heilsbe g, Immanuel Kan , dic iona y, p e ace, and in e ex uali y. This is a lis o books ha ha e been published by Kan .
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
Ch is ian Go lieb Milkaus (Ch is ian Go lieb Mielcke, 1733-1807) spoke abou he
e ms Li auisch-deu sches und Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800) in a ious
ways and o a ious pu poses. In he dic iona y he e a e ou : he i s […] by
Milkaus himsel , he second […] by Daniel Jenischo (1762-1804), he hi d […] by
Ch is oph F ied ich Heilsbe go (1726-1807) and he ou h […] by Immanuel Kan
(1724-1804). In he his o iog aphy o Li huanian linguis ics and li e a y s udies, hey
a e ea ed as a decla a ion o solida i y o he Li huanian people and he de ense
A icles o he 73 d
K is ijono Go lybo Milkaus žodyno Li auisch-deu sches und
Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800) p ã a mės: da a imas i
in e eks inės sąsajos
o he language, a p og am o esis ance o Ge maniza ion (Ricke ičiū ė 1968: 56[…]65;
Koženiauskienė: 546, plg. Gi dzijauskas 1990: 25[…]26), an a emp o p ese e he
Li huanian language as an impo an na ion o be known (Zinke ičius 1990: 26), an
a emp o o m public opinion on he occasion o book publishing (Ginei is 1990:
123[…]124). Ne e heless, he ocus was mos ly on Kan 's p e e ism: i was always
desi ed o ind connec ions be ween he pionee o Ge man classical philosophy and
he Li huanian na ion. Because i s e minology […]Nachsch i eines F eundes[…]
([…]D augo p ie ašas[…]) is a o able bo h o he Li huanian language and o
mos jos pasi odymo p iežas ys, idėjos, asmeniniai i dalykiniai Kan o yšiai su
ki ų p a a mių au o iais (Ricke ičiū ė 1968: 56–65; Pu inai ė 2004: 287–299;
Bense 2006: 209–212; Sidab ai ė 2020: 192–208 i k .), san ykis a p eiginių
Li huanians as an e hnic g oup in he Kingdom o P ussia. Bo h Li huanian and
o eign esea che s ha e s udied philosophical iews in hei wo ks (Pu inai ė 2004:
298299; Pu inai ė 2005: 3440; Shell 2010: 138). I is belie ed o be his las published wo k
(Kan 2008: 431, c . Ke n 2007: 82) and is he e o e in iguing in i sel , as i encou aging he sea ch o his " inal wo d".
Al hough he e is some e idence o suppo he exis ence o such a sys em, i is
no ye known when i came in o exis ence, and he e is some disag eemen as
o i s au hen ici y (Pu inai ė, 2004: 294-295; Sidab ai, 2020: 194-205). Taking he
Milkau dic iona y as he subjec o his s udy, he ollowing goals a e se : o
es ablish he ch onology o he w i ing, in e ex ual connec ions and o assess
he pe ime e o he claims. In o de o achie e hese objec i es, h ee
challenges a ise: (1) o es ablish a condi ionali y; (2) o ind new da a o da ing
and o e ise he ini ia i e; 3) o dis inguish common claims and o e alua e hei
adop ion s a egy.
The s udy o da ing and he ci cums ances o i s c ea ion is based on his o ical me hods
(analysis o a chi al documen da a), he analysis o in e ex ual ela ionships as a
me hodological app oach is applied o he heo y o in e ex uali y in ex linguis ics,
and he desc ip ion o he analy ical and in e p e a i e me hod (see also sec ion 2.1 o
me hodology and e ms o s udy). In e ex uali y […] a b oad concep ha also includes
he c ea ion o ex s based on he ex s o o he au ho s (by quo ing, pa aph asing,
modi ying) and he heo y o eading hose ex s ( o he concep s o in e ex uali y,
see Heinemann 1997: 21[…]37; Melniko a 2003: 5[…]99 and li .). Since his heo y includes no
only he p oblem o de e mining sou ces and in luences, bu also he ela ionship
be ween he ex being ansmi ed and he ex being c ea ed, i is pa icula ly
sui able o he analysis o scien i ic s yle wo ks. They c ea e new in o ma ion based
on wha is al eady known, selec ing acco ding o ce ain c i e ia and, oge he wi h he
newly c ea ed ex , di ec ing he add essee o expec u he dialogue. In e ex uali y
is usually conscious, bu no always: he p e ious ex is o en pa aph ased, in eg a ed
and assimila ed, so in e ex uali y can ake wo o ms: explici and implici (Bi inienė į)
and help he au ho es ablish a connec ion wi h he eade hoping o a p ope
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
74 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
2005: 69). The mos ob ious example o an in e ex ual ela ionship is a
mas, . y. eksplici inė apeliacija į ki ą eks ą, ku is į aukiamas į sa ąjį i uo
pa me u a i olinamas pa odan jo „ki oniškumą“ kabu ėmis (Melniko a 2003:
55; Bi inienė 2005: 69; Helbig 1996), ačiau in e eks inius san ykius liudija i
į kabu es neį auk os a ki aip neišski os ci a os, aliuzijos, užuominos – iek su
di ec ci a ion, bo h wi hou i .
1. PRATARMIŲ PRIESKYRA IR
CHRONOLOGIJA
P a a mė – s a bus pa a eks ualumo elemen as, p is a an is eikalo paski -
unde s anding o he wo k. Milkas wo ds a e w i en in Ge man. The i s h ee do no
ha e hema ic i les, hey a e only numbe ed: […]E s e Vo ede[…], […]wei e Vo ede[…],
[…]D i e Vo ede[…], and he ou h is named a e a iend: […]Nachsch i eines
F eundes[…] ( o hei con en and in e ace, see sec ion 2, 2.12.4). The p eposi ions a e
inse ed be ween he i le page o he dic iona y and he ex , so hey a e adi ionally
ea ed as pa a eks ai o he dic iona y. Thei impo ance is also e idenced by he i le
o he dic iona y, which says ha hey a e published wi h p e e ms, and he au ho s
a e also indica ed by hei du ies: Milkus […] can o o Pilkalnio, Jenisch […] p ies o
Be lin, Heilsbe g […] councillo o Ka o and domains, Kan […] p o esso :
Li auisch=Deu sches […] und […] Deu sch=li auisches […] W[…] e =Buch, [...] […] e meh e […]
und e besse wo den […] on […] Ch is ian Go lieb Mielcke, […] Can o in Pillckallen. He was
also a membe o he Ge man pa liamen and a membe o he Ge man pa liamen . No one o
he Ve aße s, no one o he P edige Ienisch in Be lin, no one o he H n. K ieges= und
Domainen=Ra hs […] Heilsbe g, […] also o he Nachsch i des He n […] P o esso Kan
(Mielcke 1800: 1 ). Howe e , in ac , Milkaus' speech is dedica ed o wo wo ks - no only he
dic iona y, bu also he g amma , published in he same yea s a he Ha ungus p in ing
house. This is he beginning o a Li huanian language lesson (1800). The i s pa o he
p e e m, which ocuses on ocabula y, desc ibes he a ea o use o he Li huanian language
in he Kingdom o P ussia, i s use s, lexicological sou ces, p epa a ion objec i es and
p inciples (M 2 […]4 )1. The second pa indica es he p inciples o g amma p epa a ion, i s
s uc u e and he choice o language (M 4 […]5 ). Since bo h books a e p esen ed as eaching
aids in he p e e m, hey we e hen conside ed a publishing con olu ed, he me ics o he
p e e m a e composed o he i s le e s o he su names M, J, H, K and he numbe o pages.
A icles o he 75 h
K is ijono Go lybo Milkaus žodyno Li auisch-deu sches und
Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800) p ã a mės: da a imas i
in e eks inės sąsajos
p in ed in he hope o being bound and dis ibu ed as a single book (al hough his
idea was la e abandoned and dis ibu ed sepa a ely). in he au ho isa ion i was
Abi knygos pa eng os emian is eikalais, išėjusiais Ka aliaučiuje p ieš 53-ejus
me us: pi mõsios pag indas – Pilypo Ruigio (Philipp Ruhig, 1675–1749) žody-
nas Li auisch–Deu sches und Deu sch–Li auisches Lexicon (1747), an õsios – jo
sūnaus Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio (Paul F ied ich Ruhig, ~1721–~1784) g ama i-
ka An angsg ünde eine Li auischen G amma ick (1747). Veikalai Milkaus a nau-
jin i i papildy i, o ie oj Pilypo Ruigio p a a mės, bu usios žodyne, p idė os
ke u ios naujos. G ama ika 1800 m. pe leis a be jokios p a a mės, no s 1747 m.
[…] he au ho p esen ed he easons o he au ho isa ion and he p inciples o
p epa a ion. Jenisch de o ed his speech o Milka's dic iona y: he conside ed i a
s o e o special impo ance and added a compila ion o p aisewo hy wo ds (J 7 ;
J 11 ). Heilsbe go p o e b summa izes he s a emen ha i is di icul o lea n
he Li huanian language in he absence o good g amma s and ocabula ies.
Howe e , as he mos eliable and comple ely su icien means o lea ning, he
poin ed o he wo ding: […]e hie[…]u das siche s e und hin eichend=[…]s e Mi el
gelie e ha […], and a he end o he speech, e alua ing he signi icance o
Milkaus' ac i i ies and his w i ings, he also dis inguished only he wo ding (H 15).
And Kan did no men ion he ocabula y, he g amma , o he compile . I s
p e e m name indica es ha i is only an appendix o wha has al eady been
spoken abou , i is a kind o pos sc ip um, which usually ells ei he a seconda y
ma e , no e y close o he main one, o an ac ual hough ha has been
o go en o los among o he s. In his speech, Milkus men ions only one o he
au ho s - only Heilsbe g - as ha ing he cou age o p epa e a new dic iona y and, oge he wi h unnamed iends, decided o ake i up:
"Only he encou agemen o my iends, he encou agemen o he Lo d o
Wa and he Domains o Heilsbe g, he absence o such books, [...] all hese
easons ha e led me o he conclusion ha a new wo kbook is ou o he way".
The P ussian cul u al he i age is p ese ed in he Sec e S a e A chi e (Geheimes
S aa sa chi P eussische Kul u besi z; GS A PK) in Be lin, which es i ies ha
Milkus co esponded wi h Heilsbe g. This was he ime ( om 1787) when he was
inspec o o schools in Eas P ussia (Mal e 1990: 20) (see page 2). A leas h ee o
Milkaus' le e s, w i en o him in 1799-1800, show in ensi e communica ion abou
Li huanian ac i i ies: he p epa a ion o h ee wo kshops is men ioned, and he
sending o s uden s o he semina y is also w i en (see he le e publica ion
T iškai ė, Sidab ai ė 2019: 226[…]235). The Ap il 11, 1799, le e p o ides impo an
in o ma ion abou he da ing o Milka's speech and i s ini ia o . Milkus says ha
aking Heilsbe g's ad ice in o accoun , he will w i e a dic iona y and send i o him in
ou weeks, along wi h he g amma . This was also in ended o be gi en o P o esso K ause o be " e ined" once and o all.

ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
76 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
G ama ikos pe žiū ai Milkus laiške p i a ė i ai odo, kad i sumanymas pe žiū-
ė i ją bu o ne jo pa ies, o Heilsbe go:
Ew[e] Wohlgebo nen Hochgeneig em Ra h ʒu olge we de eine Vo ede ʒu ǁ
dem li auiſchen Wö e =Buch en we en, und nebſ de G am[m]a ic in-
ne =ǁhalb 4. Wochen ʒu übe ſchicken nich e mangeln, ſehe es auch als ei-
I is no a special case i M P o esso K ause is comple ely unhappy wi h he wo k
he has o do (Mielcke 1799-04-11: 11 ; The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
226–229).
So Milkus w o e a le e in esponse o Heilsbe g's ad ice, and judging by he
le e , he was o do so be ween mid-Ap il and mid-May 1799. In he le e , he also
eques ed ha he p in e s Go lieb Leb ech mo2. In addi ion, Milkus sen
Hee ingas i Geo gas Ka las Habe landas uo laiku a leis ų nuo pos ilės e i-
Heilsbe g ou pos ca ds and a le e o be deli e ed o he p in e s (Mielcke
1799-04-11: 11 ; T iškai ė, Sidab ai ė 2019: 226229). In a le e da ed Ma ch 27, Milkus
w o e abou his ip o New Ry op us and sen one mo e se mon, he o he wo
he p omised o send la e . This indica es ha Heilsbe g was an in e media y
be ween Milkaus and he p in ing house also because o he pos . Thus, no only
he ocabula y, bu also o he ex s i s came in o Heilsbe g's hands, and he
subsequen ly planned u he p og ess. Heilsbe g w o e his speech much la e
han Milkus: Decembe 24, 1799: […]K[…]nigsbe g, den 24s en Decb . 1799. This is C. F.
Heilsbe g (H 15 ). And his is Jensch's speech, w i en in Be lin, da ed a mon h and a
hal be o e Heilsbe g: "Be lin, 7 No embe 1799. Ienisch (J 11 ), i ch onologically
in e enes be ween Milkau and Heilsbe go. Since he can a a is based on he
Heilsbe g p e e m (see 2.1 […] 2.2 analysis), i was w i en a e Decembe 24, 1799,
possibly as ea ly as 1800. Acco ding o he da a a ailable now, he ch onology o
he p e e m's w i ing is as ollows:
One LENTEL. The da e o he p onuncia ion o he wo d Milkaus by Go lybo Miljono is he 7 h o
Milkaus p a a mė 1799 m. balandis–gegužė, Pilkalnis
No embe 1799, he p onuncia ion o Heilsbe go in Be lin is he 24 h o Decembe , he p onuncia ion o
Milkaus in Kan o is he 24 h o Decembe , he 2nd o Decembe , he 2nd o Decembe , he 2nd o
Decembe , he 2nd o Decembe , he 2nd o Decembe , he 2nd o Decembe , he 2nd o Decembe , he
3 d o Decembe , he 3 d o Decembe , he 3 d o Decembe , he 3 d o Decembe , he 3 d o
No embe . Since he ime o w i ing o he Kan p e e m is he mos ele an , i is i s necessa y o
des gan zen Jah s (1796), ją, pa adin ą Mišknygomis, minė ieji spaus u ininkai išspausdino i gi
The 1800s.
A icles by A icles 77
K is ijono Go lybo Milkaus žodyno Li auisch-deu sches und
Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800) p ã a mės: da a imas i
in e eks inės sąsajos
2. INTERTEKSTINĖS PRATARMIŲ SĄSAJOS
Sp endžian iš pi mųjų ijų p a a mių pa ašymo laiko, Jenischas galėjo em-
assess he in e ex ual connec ions wi h o he s and check he ch onology acco dingly. The
ela ionship be ween he indi iduals is also impo an o he analysis, so a b ie o e iew o bo h
hem and he opinions o he au ho s on he e ms o communica ion is gi en. Some esea che s ha e
aised he e sion ha he Kan o p o e b called iend was w i en as a supplemen o he Heilsbe g
p o e b (see Shell 2011: 79). Because hey we e college iends. Heilsbe g was bo n in Ragaina, en olled in
he Uni e si y o Ka elia on May 19, 1742. F d , Ragni . Wha a e you doing? The P ussian. (E le 1911-1912:
396) This is he case in he Uni ed Kingdom. F om 1767 he was a councillo in he Royal Palace o he
C own and he Domains, om 1787 he was an inspec o o he schools o Eas P ussia in he Royal
Palace (Mal e 1990: 20), a membe o he Royal Ge man Socie y. In a le e o Samuel Go lieb on Ap il 17,
Waldui Heilsbe g w o e ha he en e ed he uni e si y wo yea s la e han Kan (Mal e 1990: 1820),
bu judging om he ma icula ion da es, Heilsbe g en e ed wo yea s la e han Kan . This was
egis e ed on 24 Sep embe 1740: […]Kand Eman., Regiomon eP uss., manu s ip.[…] (E le 1911-1912: 385)
This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so. Kan len him books on new philosophy
and helped him o ganize semina s in a iendly manne ; They' e bo h ou .
A s uden om Pilkalni, Johann Hein ich Wlöme (1726-1797) played billia ds oge he (Mal e 1990:
18-20). Heilsbe g's le e s o Kan bea wi ness o he close ela ionship and la e , some o he
le e s a e qui e domes ic, especially w i en in he las decade o he 18 h cen u y (Heilsbe g 1795,
1796, 1798). He e i ed om ac i e academic li e in 1796. In he case o hei communica ion du ing he
yea s o s udy and Koženiauskienė 1990: 548). In he sea ch o connec ions be ween Kan and he
ėliau, i links ama many i, kad „D augo p ie ašas“ ski as bū en Heilsbe gui,
nes šis adinęs jį d augu (Shell 2011: 7–9, plg. Pu inai ė 2004: 291, 294–295).
Gana įsigalėjusi nuomonė, kad Kan as Milkų laikė sa o bičiuliu (plg.
Li huanian people, much has been w i en abou his possible Li huanian (and Sco ish, Ku dish,
Swedish) o igin, seeking kinship ies wi h some P ussian Li huanian amilies, including Milkaus4. One
o Kan 's g ea -g andmo he s was Anna Mielcke (Meye 1927: 122). I is belie ed ha i was due o
kinship o e en iendship ha he p o e b o igina ed, bu bo h abou he Li huanian Kan 's
backg ound and abou his kinship wi h Milkumi a e s ill missing 3 July 1755 Kan as de ended his
disse a ion and became a philosophy mas e , p i a ely augh and began o ead lec u es; In 1770
he became a p o esso o logic and me aphysics. he eading lesson is o e
1796 m. (Mal e 1990: 24–32).
4 Anali inę Kan o kilmės y imų apž algą ž . Pu inai ė 2003: 389–396; Pu inai ė 2004: 299–316.
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
78 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV eliable da a. Milkus was bo n in
Ju ba ke (Vok. Geo genbu g, Įs u ies aps.) abou 1733, ma icula ed a he
Uni e si y o Ka elia on 15 May 1751: […]Mielcke, Ch is . Theophil, his is
Mehlkem. Bo uss. Wha a e you doing? (E le 1911-1912: 440) I is no
su p ising, hen, ha he Bible speaks o " he kingdom o he hea ens". I
is no known whe he he g adua ed om he uni e si y, because he e was
no p ies . He was o dained a can o o he Lu he an Chu ch o he Assump ion on July 11, 1762, and se ed as such h oughou his li e.
Kan as communica ed wi h Jenischu. He was a na i e o Š en apilė (Vok.
Heiligenbeil), ma icula ed a he Uni e si y o Ka elia on Ma ch 8, 1780: […]Jenisch
Daniel, Heiligenbeil. Bo uss. Wha a e you doing? (E le 1911-1912: 559), s udied
heology and philosophy, was a s uden o Kan . Kan conside ed him one o he
h ee bes o his s uden s (Mal e 1990: 158:353). A e his s udies ( om 1786)
Jenisch li ed in Be lin, he was Š č. The Vi gin Ma y and S . Pas o o S . Michael's
Chu ches, p o esso a he Be lin Academy o A s and he Uni e si y o Be lin. In
Be lin, he publicly explained he meaning o Kan 's philosophy, co esponded wi h
him, bu i was people o di e en imes. Jenisch is he younges o he au ho s o
he speeches. 2.1 In e connec ions o he Kan o S ai wi h he S ai o Jens and
he S ai o Heilsbe g
The e is no ci a ion in he Can onese p onoun, dis inguished by any means (capi als,
ano he on , pa ag aph inse ion), no men ion o any o he p onoun au ho s, so
he e a e a leas no mo e clea ly de ined bounda ies be ween one's own and
ano he 's ex . When s a emen s become he backd op o ano he pe son's
hough s, hey a e no dis inguished and no documen ed, i is app op ia e o use
he concep s o ci a ion and ci a ion, bu pe ime e and pe ime e ( o hei
de ini ions and ypes o pe ime e , see Alekna ičienė 2020: […] 158161). I should be
said a he ou se ha some o Kan 's sen ences a e linked o se e al
s a emen s by mo e han one au ho , so he esul s o he analysis a e bes p esen ed in a combined compa ison (see 2.1 […] 2.2).6
In Can onese, he e a e wo ypes o ph ases: e e en ial and pa aph asic. Re e ence […]
in he i s sen ence e e s o ano he ex o ex s: he singula o m is used, so he
minimas anks esnis ap ašas: „iſ aus obige Beſch eibung deſſelben ʒu e ſehen“.
ques ion a ises which o which o he e ms 5 See he egis a ion o le e s: h ps:
www.ko po a.zim.uni-duisbu g-essen.de.Kan /b ie e Gesam .h ml.
6 Kad analizė bū ų aiškesnė, pi miausia pa eikiami į lie u ių kalbą iš e s i i sunume uo i lygina-
mos p a a mės eiginiai, o oliau ci uojama o iginalo kalba. Ve imai a naujin i, pa eng i emian is
Liucijos Ci a ičiū ės e imais (Koženiauskienė 1990: 580–591).
7 Re e en ine pé ėma čia laikomas šal inio paminėjimas i jo u inio e e a imas.
A icles o he 79 h
K is ijono Go lybo Milkaus žodyno Li auisch-deu sches und
Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800) p ã a mės: da a imas i
in e eks inės sąsajos
I 's he kind o hing ha can be used as an in e ex ual link he e and he e.
F om he abo e desc ip ion i is clea ha i is indeed wo h p ese ing he
peculia i y o he P ussian Li huanian cha ac e , and since he mos
impo an means o o ming and p ese ing i is language, i is also i s pu i y
[…] bo h in school and in he chu ch.
16 Daß de p eußische Li aue es seh e diene, in de Eigen hmlichkei seines
Cha ac e s, und, da die Sp ache ein o gliches Lei mi el u Bildung und E hal ung
des=selben is , auch in de Reinigkei de le e en, sowohl im Schul= als
Canelun e ich , e hal en u we den, is aus obige Besch eibung desselben u
e sehen. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in he Ge man language.
The cha ac e o he P ussian Li huanian is a o ably desc ibed by bo h Jenisch
and Heilsbe g, only he o me aises mo e mo al quali ies - iendliness,
hospi ali y, independence, decency (J 10 […]11 ), and he la e alues hose
quali ies ha a e bene icial o he s a e: na cissism, endu ance, indus iousness,
se ice, loyal y, communi y (H 13 […]14 )8. He was a pa io (J. 10 ; H. 14 ). And his
app oach o language p ese a ion is e y di e en in he e ms o Jenscho and
Heilsbe g. Heilsbe g a gued ha i was inapp op ia e o in oduce Ge man as he
common language o all s a es in P ussia. Al hough he was a high- anking o icial […]
a councillo in he palace o he king and he domains, he el ha i was useless o
he s a e and ha he p o incial language should be augh o ci il se an s, no
he o he way a ound. Heilsbe g a gued ha i Li huanians lose hei language,
hey also lose hei na ionali y, because he ha m ul e ec s o Ge man language
and cus oms on Li huanians li ing on he bo de o nea ci ies a e al eady
no iceable (H 15 ). In mode n e ms, his would mean he loss o na ional iden i y.
įsi ikinę, kad išmainius kalbą, nuken ė ų do o ė, odėl sa o kalbą i saugan ys
(H 14 ).
Jenischas, no s i pab ėžė, kad lie u iai labai p isi išę p ie sa o kalbos, ačiau
Mo eo e , acco ding o Heilsbe go, i he Li huanians hemsel es made Ge man an
impo an means o p omo ing educa ion and cul u e, he digni y o such he in oduc ion o Ge man would no be con es ed.
lie u ių p isi išimo p ie kalbos o pada y i esą neįmanoma (J 10 –10 ). Negana
o, Jenischas p anaša o lie u ių kalbai mi į, ku i būdinga mažoms au oms dėl
šliejimosi p ie didžiųjų (J 6 –7 ).
Tiesioginio eiginio, kad kalba y a s a biausia cha ak e io o ma imo i iš-
laikymo p iemonė, anks esnėse p a a mėse nė a, ačiau pag indo okiai minčiai
8 Apie Kan o au ų cha ak e io su okimą ž . Pu inai ė 2005: 34–38.
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
86 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
Jenisch, in desc ibing he Li huanian language, likened i o he language o small
and gene ally inhabi ed peoples who do no ha e enough means o exp ess
scien i ic concep s:
(7) Like he language o any small and o dina y people, i con ains ew wo ds
and concep s ha only cul u e and philosophy ha e c ea ed o i s own needs.
Plg. da Jenischo men ioned Li huanian cha ac e is ics simila o hose o
o he gene ally and isola ed peoples ([…]ein ach= and […] abgesonde =lebende
V[…]lke […] J 10 ). The desc ip ions showing he social and cul u al aspec s o
he use o he language a e ela ed o hose in he Milkaus p a a m, whe e i is
w i en ha Li huanian is spoken by […] o dina y people[…] ([…]sie blos on dem
gemei=[…]nem Manne gesp ochen wi d[…] M 2 ), […] o dina y local esiden s[…]
([…] on dem eingebo nen […] gemeinen Manne gesp ochen[…] M 2 ), […] o dina y
people wi h hei own cus oms and adi ions […], who canno e en gi e
in o ma ion abou hei own language: J 7
Cul u e and philosophy […] sind
M ha elbe nu on dem, in Si en und Geb uchen gan un e schiede=nen,
gemeinen Landmann, de be seine Sp ache keine Auskun geh ig u geben
e s eh , gesp ochen wi d. Jenisch aised he alue o ad ice and p onouns as a
e lec ion o he na ion's eelings, hough s, and alues, con inuing he oman ic
my h o Johann Go ied He de (1744-1803) abou he spi i o he na ion
embedded in speech and olklo e: (8) J 9 ells sho s o ies cha ac e ized by he
unde s anding, insigh and li ing wisdom ha a e ypical o he bes wo ks o
such a spi i .
Taicho's mo he -in-law is ela ed o Milkaus. Because o he abundance o
adjec i es and ad e bs, he g ea ly app ecia ed he manusc ip o Jacob
B odowski (Jacob B odowsky, 1692-1744) he dic iona y Lexicon
Ge manico-Li h anic m e Li h anicoGe manic m (be o e 1744) (M 3 3 ), om
which he inhe i ed many mino peoples' gen es, especially ad e bs and ad e bs.
These, acco ding o Milkaus, a e he mos e ealing o he spi i o he
language (M 3 […]4 ), and Jenisch equa es hem wi h he bes wo ks o he spi i (J 9 ):
11 A simple way o li e should be unde s ood as a seden a y, ag icul u al, limi ed way o li e.

S aipsniai / A icles 87
K is ijono Go lybo Milkaus žodyno Li auisch-deu sches und
Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800) p ã a mės: da a imas i
in e eks inės sąsajos
J 9 Sp chw e und kleinen E ʒhlungen ǁ abe haben das Gep ge des
Wiꜩes, des Beobach ungs=ǁgeiſ es und de E ah ungsweishei , wie es
den beſ en ǁ Geiſ ese ʒeugniſſen dieſe A eigen ſeyn kann.
3 4 Meine o nehms e So ge gieng nun dahin, […] [...] iele li auische […]
Sp […]chw[…] e , in welchen de Genius de Sp ache sich […] o nehmlich
en deck , bey[…]u […]gen This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha a pe son has been awa ded he Nobel P ize o Li e a u e.
Bo h Milkus and Jenisch conside ed he Li huanian language sui able o
ansla ing songs (see M 5 5 and J 7 ). Milkau's hough s a e in e p e ed
and in eg a ed in he indi ec , implici , ansi ions o he whole Jenischo12.
2.4. Heilsbe go p a a mės sąsajos
wi h Milkaus and Jeni scho in e en ions
Heilsbe g's speech was w i en abou se en mon hs la e han Milkau's and six
weeks la e han Jenscho's, so he could ely on bo h. Howe e , he e a e no clea
in e ex ual connec ions wi h Milkaus p a a me, unless he e is an indica ion o
hose highe s a a o socie y who ha e o lea n Li huanian, and i is di icul o
lea n he language well in he absence o dic iona ies and g amma s: (9) H 15 They
ha e o lea n he language, and in he absence o good g amma s and dic iona ies,
i is e y di icul o do so. The e o e, hei language knowledge and speaking skills
a e o en a om pe ec .
15 H Diese mssen die Sp ache le nen, welches ih=nen beym Mangel
gu e G amma iken und W e bche seh e schwe wi d. This is he
i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha a language has been augh
in a language o he han English. The e o e, hei language p o iciency o en emains e y incomple e.
2 Selbs also um dies Mi el u benuen, be haup abe , um in k e e ei , einige maaßen olls ndig und
ich= ig diese Sp ache u assen, is ein W e buch sam eine G amma ik ein unen beh liches, und
Wesen 12 U s adds ha Jenisch, in his speech desc ibing he Li huanian language's o igins wi h Sla s,
ollends in dem jeꜩi=ǁgen Ʒei punk uße ſ d ingendes Bed niß.
G eeks and o he languages, was accompanied by he ea ise Be ach ung de li p ischen Sp ache,
in ih en Eigenscha en und ande en (1745), and o he sou ces. Some ha e al eady been men ioned (see
Koženiauskienė 1990: 629[…]630, Sidab ai ė 2020: 197[…]200), bu a special s udy is s ill needed o
de e mine he sou ces o he suppo .
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
88 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
Mo e connec ions a e ound wi h Jensch's speech: in one o Heilsbe g's
emiasi, o ki iems p ieš a auja, be nei ienu, nei ki u a eju nenu odo eiginių
au o iaus, aigi in e eks inės sąsajos ik implici inės.
Jau minė a, kad Jenischas mažų au ų, jų pap očių i kalbos p isišliejimą p ie
y aujančių e ino kaip sa aiminį, a si andan į „dėl kul ū os pažangos“ (J 6 ),
. y. kaip akul ū aciją. Jis nebu o linkęs p ieš a au i i okiečių kalbos į edimui
s a emen s in P ussian Li huania (J 10 […]10 ), he e en conside ed he bene i o
cul u e and educa ion, only he was "disappoin ed" by he special a achmen o
Li huanians o hei na i e language, which made i impossible o him o do so (J
9 […]10 ). Heilsbe g also began his discou se wi h conside a ions o he possible
bene i s o a common local language o he s a e, bu soon u ned in he o he
di ec ion: "p ophecies appea o be mo e specula i e han ue, and hei pu sui
mo e inad isable han ad isable" (H 12 […]12 ). These conside a ions ini ially link he
wo e ms, bu he au ho dis inguishes hem by seeing a di e en u he
di ec ion: Heilsbe g inds i mo e na u al o ci il se an s o lea n he language o
he p o ince a he han he o he way a ound. The Li huanian language is
p ese ed because he loss o he language would also mean he loss o he na ion
(H 14 […]15 ). Howe e , he in luence o language on mo ali y is emphasized in bo h
e ms (ž . 2.1 (analysis o he example). Heilsbe g, like Jenisch, desc ibes he
Li huanian cha ac e , bu expands i e en u he . The e a e many di e en
de ini ions, bu he mos common ones a e: (a) "lo e o one's coun y and one's
na i e language," (b) "communi y," (c) " iendliness," (d) "welcoming," (e) "nobili y,"
( ) " es ain ," (g) "pe se e ance," (h) " es ain ." 2) he decency o women (H 14
[…] 14 ; J 11 ). Howe e , Jenisch a ibu ed na ional p ide o sho comings (J 11 ),
and Heilsbe g ega ded es ain in ela ion o o he peoples, especially hos ile
o eigne s, no as a i ue bu as a i mness o cha ac e . He e, oo, he e a e
elemen s o discussion: Heilsbe g objec s by saying ha hose who al eady know
ha his na ion has el he nega i e e ec s o he inno a ions imposed by he a i als, he eeling o p e en iousness and panic, will app ecia e i s es ain mo e ligh ly (H 13 […]14 ).
Heilsbe g poin ed ou ha o eigne s a e ying o ake o e Li huania and
ių pamokslininkų i moky ojų ie as. Jis paminėjo a yks ančius iš Silezijos,
Pama io (Pome anijos) i apsk i ai okiečius – jie u i išmok i lie u iškai, odėl
eikia ge ų mokomųjų p iemonių: g ama ikų i žodynų (H 15 ). Jenischas aip
w o e ha he se an s and eache s o he chu ch in P ussian Li huania a e
mos ly Ge mans […] P ussians o Silesians […] and hey need a comp ehensi e
Li huanian ocabula y:
(10) H 15 Jus because o his, o eigne s a e ying o ake he place o
Li huanian p eache s and eache s: Silesians, Pome anians, in sho ,
Ge mans. They ha e o lea n he language, and in he absence o good
g amma and ocabula y, his is e y di icul o do.
A icles o he 89 h
K is ijono Go lybo Milkaus žodyno Li auisch-deu sches und
Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800) p ã a mės: da a imas i
in e eks inės sąsajos
15 M . Eben dahe sind es F emde, […] Schlesie , Pomme n, […]be haup
Teu sche, who himsel […]u li =[…] auischen P edige = and Schul=S ellen […]u
qualii en […] suchen. He is a membe o he Ge man pa liamen and a membe o
he Ge man pa liamen . I you don' lea n he language, you' e going o miss
he g amma and he g amma eache . B. P eußen ode Schlesie sind, welche
sich den Schul= und Ki chen=Aem e n in Li hauen […] widmen; J. Da es nun
mei=[…]s en heils Teu sche, […] B. P eußen ode Schlesie sind, […] welche sich
den Schul= und Ki chen=Aem e n in Li hauen […] widmen, […] which is he name o he chu ch in which he was bo n. In pa icula , his mus be an imp o ed and comple e Wö e buch de li auischen Sp a=[…]che a welcome gi
he seyn
Heilsbe g emphasized he us ha eache s and judges gain i hey know
Li huanian. "I is no su p ising ha a eache and a judge acqui e such
g ea con idence in hei eaching and ins uc ion i hey speak he language
o he people. 15 I is unbelie able how much he eache and he judge […] an
[…]u auen […] sich, seine Leh e, und seine Be ehle ge=[…]winn , wenn e
de
The Volkssp ache is silen .
10 hei Vo gese en […] e e y Ga ung k[…]nnen sich au keinem siche n Wege
ih […] […]u auen e we ben, als dadu ch, daß sie in de Sp ache […] ih es
I'll gi e hem a ide.
Jenisch, in desc ibing he P ussian Li huanians, a gued ha hey had all he
ad an ages o modes and isola ed peoples and ew o hei disad an ages,
a ibu ing o he pas o s na ional p ide, d unkenness and debauche y ( his is
inally unde s ood as he old- ashioned Ch is ian eligion). The endency o
elimina e he si ua ion o educa ion: p ide in he b igh ideas o he neighbo s
o he e ening o e he gene al espec o man, he endency o ge d unk,
he in luence o cul u e, will g adually disappea , and educa ed eache s will be
p o ec ed om p ejudice and p ejudice (John 10 11 ). Heilsbe g s a ed ha
he Li huanian espec s eligion, bu is no ye comple ely ee om p ejudice,
po eikio jau spa čiai žengiąs į p iekį:
bu because o educa ion (12) H 13 and al hough he is no ye comple ely ee
om p ejudice a he momen , i is undeniable ha he is becoming mo e and mo e enligh ened.
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
90 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
H 13 und wenn e ǁ gleich noch nich ganʒ ey om Abe glauben iſ : ſo
kann ǁ man doch auch ihm nich beſ ei en, daß e in de Au =ǁkl ung
he o i ica ions.
J 11 Au gekl e und gewiſſenha e Iugend= und Volks=ǁleh e endlich
we den ihn o abe glubiſchen I h=ǁme n und Vo u heilen ʒu
bewah en wiſſen.
In his book, "The Language o All," J. S. Mencken explo es he ela ionship be ween
language and he human mind, and how he abili y o unde s and, unde s and, and
in e p e language can help us o unde s and and unde s and he wo ld a ound us,
and how we can use ou language o help us unde s and i . In addi ion, he
emphasized ha Li huanian p o e bs and sho s o ies a e cha ac e ized by
suspicion, insigh , and li e wisdom (J 9 ) (abou he ela ionship be ween Jens's
s a emen s and Milkaus's s a emen s. See example 2.3. Heilsbe g, pa aph asing
Jensch's asse ions, pu o wa d simila ideas: in he i s case, he suspicion, he
obse a ion, he abili y o e alua e was ea ed as passing on he applica ion o
he u hs, and in he second […] a ibu ed he unc ion o educa ing he you h o
he o ms o na ionalism: (13) They a e cha ac e ized by he suspicion, he abili y
o e alua e o he s, and he abili y o judge, hence he applica ion o he u hs
hey so accu a ely desc ibe. 14 Ih Scha sinn, in Beu heilung ande e , und die
Rich igkei ih e U heile eichnen sich aus; de das […] Mee ing o he Beynahmen,
which hey gi e, and die das In=[…]di iduelle, he Vo s echende o he Cha ac e s
Tha 's igh . Be ca e ul.
6 6 In any language, so spi i and uneduca ed as e e […] seyn mag de elops he
spi i o he people in a mass […] on Wi[…], obse a ion, u ili y and sca =[…]sinn
[...] o e s a language h ough […] own[…]mlichen Bau, h ough Wo bildung,
Wo […]gung, […] Rede=Wendungen, und Sp chw[…] e eichen S o . H. 14 (14)
The e a e many ins uc i e apho isms, sayings, and signi ican p eposi ions in
he same speech. Wi h i , hey ins ill in he souls o young people he alues o
decency and na ional i ue.
H 14 Die Sp ache ſelbſ iſ eich an mo aliſchen Ke n= und ǁ Denkſp chen
und bedeu enden Sp chw e n. Du ch ǁ dieſe p lanʒen ſie in die
Seelen de Iugend, die Keime de ǁ Rech ſcha enhei und ih e
I 's called Naional ugenden.
A icles by A icles 91
K is ijono Go lybo Milkaus žodyno Li auisch-deu sches und
Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800) p ã a mės: da a imas i
in e eks inės sąsajos
J 9 Sp chw e und kleinen E ʒhlungen ǁ abe haben das Gep ge des
Wiꜩes, des Beobach ungs=ǁgeiſ es und de E ah ungsweishei , wie es
den beſ en ǁ Geiſ ese ʒeugniſſen dieſe A eigen ſeyn kann.
Jenischo p a a mė inspi a o i Heilsbe go min į apie lie u ių dainas, ik
Heilsbe g ini ially aised he idea o singing in gene al, singing be o e wo k
and ending i , and hen added he eeling o lo e- hemed songs:
(15) H 14 Li huanians like o sing. They sing and ejoice be o e he wo k and
i s end, and hei songs (Daynos) a e ull o he swee es eelings o lo e and
iendship.
14 Die Li aue sind Liebhabe des Gesanges (The Li e s a e he lo e s o he gays)
They sing and a e happy, wan ing and wan ing o wo k, and hei songs (days) make
he mos o lo e and iendship. 9 Die kleinen Liebesliede des Li aue s, Dai=nos
genann , a hmen eine Na lichkei , Innigkei und a ge hl Jenisch was pa icula ly
ond o he song, and in his speech he also men ioned he Ge man li e a y heo is
Go hold Eph aim Lessing (1729-1781). In 1759 he p esen ed hem o he Ge man li e a i
by publishing wo songs published by Pilypo Ruig in his ea ise Be ach ung de
Li auischen Sp ache, in ih em U sp unge, Wesen und Eigenscha en (1747), a
ansla ion in o he Ge man language. Heilsbe ga's p oposi ions a e o mula ed
simila ly o hose o Jenischo and Kan o: by pa aph asing and in eg a ing, and by
expanding and speci ying some o he claims. In he Heilsbego dialec , polemics wi h
elemen s o he Jenischu a e seen, especially o e he su i al o he Li huanian
language and he assessmen o he cha ac e o he na ion.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
Ch is ian Go lieb Milkau's Li auisch-deu sches und Deu schli auisches
Wö e -Buch (1800) is a collec ion o essays w i en by he can o Milkau
(Pilkalnis), he p ies and philosophe Daniel Jenischo (Be lin), he oyal
councillo o Ka o and he councillo o he domains, he inspec o o schools
in Eas P ussia Ch is oph F ied ich Heilsbe g (Ka eliaučius) and he
philosophe Immanuel Kan (Ka eliaučius). Acco ding o Milka's le e o
Heilsbe g da ed Ap il 11, 1799, Milka could ha e w i en he p a a m, which he
had eques ed in he sp ing o 1799.

ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
92 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
Kadangi in e eks ualumo analizė odo, kad Kan as ėmėsi isomis imis,
odėl jo p a a mė da uo ina po 1799 m. g uodžio 24 d. (po Heilsbe go
p a a mės).
2. Milkaus p a a mė ski a ne ik žodynui, be i g ama ikai An angs-G ünde
eine Li auischen Sp ach-Leh e (1800), Heilsbe gas pamini abu eikalus,
Jenisch […] jus a dic iona y as a shop o special signi icance, and Kan o's
exp ession […]Nachsch i eines F eundes[…] is no associa ed wi h a single
shop […] i pe o ms a pos sc ip um unc ion and aises he hough o he
impo ance o he pu i y o language and he need o p ese e i .
3. In e ex ual connec ions connec he con e sa ion o Jenischo wi h
Milkaus, Heilsbe go […] wi h Jenischo and Milkaus, and Kan o […] wi h Milkaus,
mėmis. Pé ėmos pa a azinės, implici inės, išsky us ieną e e en inę Kan o
Jenischo and Heilsbe go a he beginning o he con e sa ion. Pe mas a e
usually o med by combining he claims o se e al p e e ms and applying an
ex ended s a egy […] by modi ying and adding addi ional in o ma ion.
4. Since Heilsbe g ini ia ed Milkaus's discou se, w o e one himsel , ac ed as an
in e media y be ween Milkaus and he publishing houses, main ained con ac s
wi h all he au ho s, had he powe o au ho i y, i could collec all he
discou se, c ea e condi ions o hei au ho s o ely on each o he 's ex s
and hus o m an ac ual discou se on he use o he Li huanian language and he publica ion o ex books.
The main heses wi h connec ions in se e al e ms: he peculia i y o he
P ussian Li huanian cha ac e and he language as a means o i s o ma ion
and p ese a ion (Jenisch, Heilsbe g, Kan ); he an iqui y and signi icance o
he Li huanian language o science, especially his o y (Jenisch, Kan as);
isola ion o he Li huanian people and language om a e i o ial poin o iew
(Milkus, Jenischas, Kan as); he ela ionship be ween language and mo ali y
(Jenisch, Heilsbe gas); he expansion o he use o Li huanian (Milkus,
Heilsbe gas, Kan as); he need o lea n he language o non-Li huanians
kan iems a nau ojams (Jenischas, Heilsbe gas); žodyno i g ama ikos, kaip
wo king ab oad (Milkus, Heilsbe gas); he possibili y o acqui ing con idence
only in Li huanian language ex books, eques s and ansla ions (Milkus,
Jenischas, Heilsbe gas); Li huanian lo e in hei own language (Jenisch,
Heilsbe gas); he since i y and gen leness o he singing people (Jenisch,
Heilsbe gas); ansla ion o mino olk gen es (Milkus, Jenischas, Heilsbe gas);
si ikėjimas s e im aučiais (Jenischas, Heilsbe gas); lojalumas y esnybei
he ollowing able is inse ed: he na ional p ide (Jenischas, Heilsbe gas,
Kan as); and (Heilsbe gas, Kan as) This is no he case. he sense o smell,
galimybė į eik i jį š ie imu (Jenischas, Heilsbe gas).
S aipsniai / A icles 93
K is ijono Go lybo Milkaus žodyno Li auisch-deu sches und
Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800) p ã a mės: da a imas i
in e eks inės sąsajos
pe cep ion and judgmen (Jenisch, Heilsbe gas); he women's eam (Jenischas, Heilsbe gas); P eaching and he Golden Rule and Li e a u e
Alekna ičienė Ona 2020: Po ilo F yd icho Ruigio An angsg ünde o a Li huanian G amma
(1747) […] he i h g amma o he Li huanian language o P ussia. […] Alekna ičienė Ona,
also known as Blažienė G asilda. The s o y o F yd ichas Ruigys. Monog aph, g amma
index, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 123271. Bense Ge ud 2006: Mielcke, Kan and
Königsbe g. He is a membe o he Swedish Academy o Sciences. This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o
he Eu opean Union. Schille , Wiesbaden: Ha assowi z Ve lag, 209 […] 212. This is he
i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha a book has been published by a publishe . Bi yanene Aud ono a, The academic s yle and i s in e ex uali y. […] Man and he Wo d 1, 68[…]72.
E le Geo g 1911-1912: Die Ma ikel und die P omo ions e zeichnisse de
Albe usUni e si ä zu Königsbe g i. P . 2, Leipzig: Ve lag on Duncke & Humblo . This is
he i s ime ha he Uni e si y o Königsbe g has been awa ded he p ize. Ginei is
Leonas 1990: K is ijonas Donelai is and his epoch, Vilnius: Vaga. The G y indo -Jewish
Wa (1990): The G y indo -Jewish Wa […] K is ijon Go lybas Milkus. He is a membe o
5–34.
he Swedish na ional eam. I 's a whale. Poe y, p ose, by L. Ci a ičiū ė, J.
Gi dzijauskas, Vilnius: Vaga, H. Heilsbe g Ch is oph F ied ich 1799 [1800]: D i e Vo ede.
He was bo n in Vilnius, Li huania, in he yea o his dea h. […] Mielcke Ch is ian Go lieb.
He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . Li auisch=deu sches und Deu sch=li auisches W e =Buch [...], Knigsbe g: Im D uck und Ve lag de Ha ungschen Ho buchd ucke ey, 1800, [12 15 ]. This is he i s ime ha he Cou o Jus ice has uled on his ma e .
Heilsbe g Ch is oph F ied ich 1795-11-07: B ie an Immanuel Kan . He was bo n in
Heilsbe g, Ge many. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: ko po a.zim.uni-duisbu g-essen.de
2021-06-04].
Heilsbe g Ch is oph F ied ich 1796-05-22: B ie an Immanuel Kan . He was bo n in
in e ne e: h ps://ko po a.zim.uni-duisbu g-essen.de/Kan /b ie e/705.h ml [žiū ė a
2021-06-04].
Heilsbe g Ch is oph F ied ich 1798-02-27: B ie an Immanuel Kan . P ieiga in-
Heilsbe g, Ge many. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
2021-06-04].
Helbig Jö g 1996: In e ex uali y and ma king In es iga ions in o he sys ema ics and
unc ion o signaling by in e ex uali y, Heidelbe g: Win e . Heinemann Wol gang 1997: On he
in oduc ion o he concep o in e ex uali y om a ex -linguis ic poin o iew. This is a
ex message. Linguis ic and li e a y schola ly con ibu ions o in e ex uali y, edi ed by
on J. Klein, U. Fix, Tübingen: S au enbu g Ve lag,
21–37.
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
94 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
J – Jenisch Daniel 1799 [1800]: Ʒwey e Vo ede. – Mielcke Ch is ian Go lieb.
Li auisch=deu sches und Deu sch=li auisches W e =Buch [...], Knigsbe g: Im D uck und
Ve lag de Ha ungschen Ho buchd ucke ey, 1800, [6 11 ]. This is he i s ime ha he
Cou o Jus ice has uled on his ma e . In his 1796 book Philosophisch-K i ische
Ve gleichung und Wü digung on ie zehn äl e n und neue n Sp achen Eu opens
(Philosophically-c i ical compa ison and app ecia ion o ou een olde and newe
languages o Eu ope), Daniel Jenisch w i es: Kan Immanuel 1800: A e w i ing o a F iend.
[…] Mielcke Ch is ian Go lieb. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
Li auisch=deu sches und Deu sch=li auisches W e =Buch [...], Knigsbe g: Im D uck und
Ve lag de Ha ungschen Ho buchd ucke ey, 1800, [16 16 ] This is he i s ime ha he
Cou o Jus ice has uled on his ma e . Immanuel Kan : An h opology, His o y and
Educa ion, ed. by he au ho by G. Zölle , R. Louden, Camb idge and o he s This is he
Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. Udo Ke n 2007: "Because I was a human being". Immanuel
Kan 's in oduc ion o li e and wo k. […] Ke n Udo (H sg.) is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . Wha is and was o be. Na u und F eihei by Immanuel Kan , Be lin, New Yo k: Wal e de G uy e , 43 […] 92. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e . Koženiauskienė Regina 1990: Talks and dedica ions o he 16 h and 18 h cen u ies, Vilnius:
I 's science.
The In e ex uali y: Re e ence, alleged dialogue, and o he o ms o s ylis ic exp ession.
[…] Li huanian language 1, 1[…]10. M. Mielcke Ch is ian Go lieb was bo n in 1800 in E s e
Vo ede. […] Mielcke Ch is ian Go lieb. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
Li auisch=deu sches und Deu sch=li auisches W e =Buch [...], Knigsbe g: Im D uck und
Ve lag de Ha ungschen Ho buchd ucke ey, 1800, [2 5 ]. This is he i s ime ha he
Cou o Jus ice has uled on his ma e . Mal e Rudo , h sg. 1990: Immanuel Kan in Rede und Gesp äch, Hambu g: Felix was bo n in Hambu g, Ge many, and is he son o a Ge man a he and a Ge man mo he .
Published by Meine .
William Meye was bo n in 1927 o Anna Mielcke. […] Al p eußische Geschlech e
kunde 1, 121[…]122, which is loca ed in he dis ic o Al p eußische Geschlech e .
In 2003 he published In e ex uali y: Theo y and P ac ice, Vilnius Uni e si y P ess.
Mielcke Ch is ian Go lieb 1799-04-11: B ie an Ch is oph F ied ich Heilsbe g. This
is he i s ime I ha e ead his book. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on
226–229.
he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
W e =Buch [...], Knigsbe g: Im D uck und Ve lag de Ha ungſchen Ho buchd ucke ey.
Union. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he
in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Published by T iškai ė, Sidab ai ė 2019, Mielcke Ch is ian Go lieb 1800: Li auisch=deu sches und Deu sch=li auisches Pe auskai ė Rū a, Šinkūnienė Jolan a 2015: Once again abou he in e ex uali y. This is he i s ime ha he in e ex uali y o he in e ex uali y o he in e ex uali y o he in e ex uali y o he in e ex uali y o he in e ex uali y is discussed. Wha does he say abou he scien i ic ex ? […] Spoken by 67, 67[…]85.
S aipsniai / A icles 95
K is ijono Go lybo Milkaus žodyno Li auisch-deu sches und
Deu sch-li auisches Wö e -Buch (1800) p ã a mės: da a imas i
in e eks inės sąsajos
Pu ina Ne i, he las p o o- e olu ion o he 20 h cen u y. The s udy o p ac ical
Vilnius: Aidai.
Pu inai ė Ne ija 2005: Kan as i Donelai is apie lie u io cha ak e į. – Naujasis
židinys-Aidai 1–2, 34–40. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://nzidinys.l /wp-con en /uplo-
philosophy by Kan o, ads/2018/NZ-2005-n -1-2.pd [ iewed om 2021-06-03]. Pu inai ė Ne ija
was bo n in 2003 in Kan as, Russia. […] The new ligh house - Aidai 7[…]8, 389[…]396. This Decision
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
K is ina Ricke ičiū ė 1968: I. Kan 's app oach o he Li huanian language and cul u e. […] The p oblems
1, 56–65.
Susan Shell 2011: ‘Nachsch i eines F eundes: Kan on Language, F iendship and he
Concep o a People. This is he Kan ian Re iew. This is he Camb idge Uni e si y P ess.
Accessed om he In e ne : h ps: documen s.mx/nachsch i -eines- eundes-kan s-pos sc ip -o -a- iend.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In 2006, she was ma ied o Ch is ian Go lieb Milkus. Li e and li e a y ac i i ies, Vilnius:
Li huanian Ins i u e o Li e a u e and E hnog aphy. The i s edi ion o Immanuel Kan 's
P alba Ch is iano Go lieb Mielke was published in 1800. This Regula ion shall en e in o
o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. Access o he In e ne : h ps: e-jou nals. This Decision shall en e in o
o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. T iškai ė Bi u ė 2019: Milkų šeima XVIIXVIII a. P ussian Li huania: he
econs uc ion o he genealogy. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. T iškai ė Bi u ė, Sidab ai ė Ža in a, pa ., 2019: The
Li huanian cou in he 18 h cen u y in P ussia The documen a y legacy o he Milk amily =
Die Hin e g ünde de li uanischen Bewegung im 18. The cen u y in P ussia 2. Das
dokumen a ische E be de Familie Mielcke, Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Li e a u e and
E hnog aphy. I is loca ed in he ci y o Vilnius. Zigmas Zinke ičius 1990: The his o y o he Li huanian language 4. Li huanian language in he 18 h and 19 h cen u ies, Vilnius: Mokslas.