64 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA
Vilniaus uni e si e as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Resea ch a eas: language con ac s in synch onous and
diach onous aspec s, ex ual and linguis ic s udies o ancien
w i ings, s udies o he wo ld iew o language.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Cons uc ion o he TAI YRA
This is seman ics.
In eligious ex s
(REMIANTIS KONSTANTINO) I'm going o ake a look a his.
The poin s o se ice a e as ollows:
(1629, 1644))1
Seman ics o he Cons uc ion ai y a / o jes
in a Religious Tex (Based on Punk ai sakymų
by Cons an ine Si ydas (1629, 1644)2
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The cons uc ions analyzed in he a icle a e hose in he ex o Si ydo's se mons. In mode n syn ac ic
seman ics, hese uni s a e desc ibed as de i a i es and assigned o he equi alence g oup, and hei
seman ic ep esen a ion is p esen ed as he schema TR1, i.e. R2. In he scheme, R1 and R2 a e linked by an
open equi alence based on he co ec ness o he claim, and R2 can be a conclusion, a gene aliza ion, a
cla i ica ion. The ex is a me a ecs ical agmen , which is inse ed by means o a compound, i.e. 1 This
a icle was p epa ed as pa o he p ojec Religious ex as a ool o in e cul u al communica ion. NAWA,
Poland, he Polish P og amme, P ojec No. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The a icle is pa o he p ojec Religious ex as a ool o in e cul u al communica ion. NAWA, Poland,
P og amme POLONISTA, P ojec has much in common wi h lexical pa allels, bu s ands ou o i s g ea e
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A icles and a icles 65
Kons ukcijos ai y a / o jes seman ika eliginiame eks e
( emian is Kons an ino Si ydo Punk ais sakymų (1629, 1644))
isual and con en ichness, pe o ming an impo an s ylis ic unc ion. Me a eks iniai in a pai, he s a ing
cons uc ion i.e. Si ydo Pos ilė is qui e common (abou 1000 uses), so i is assumed ha he allego ical
in e p e a ion o concep s and phenomena domina es he Si ydo ex . In he pu sui o image y, he au ho
kad ai y a cha ak e ingas šio ba oko au o iaus s ilis inės manie os b uožas. Jie ka ojami
iename sakinyje a ba ilgesnio eks o a ka poje, ku ią suda o keli sudu iniai sakiniai. Jų
unkcijos labai į ai ios: a) in o macijos a ku iamoji, pagalbinė; b) aiškinamoji; c) e o inė.
skill ully combines wo d wi h image, and me a ex inse s b ing cla i y and become a powe ul he o ical
igu e in he p ocess o educa ing belie e s and shaping mo al a i udes. These wo ds a e: me a ex , lexical
pa allels, allego y, and se mons by Kons an in Si ydas.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle add esses he cons uc ions ha a e in he ex o he se mons o S . In he
con empo a y esea ch o syn ac ic seman ics, hese uni s a e e med ‘conclusi e
componen s and a e a ibu ed o he g oup deno ing equi alence. The seman ic
ep esen a ion is exp essed by he scheme TR1. In he scheme, R1 and R2 a e linked by he
ela ion o open equi alence based on he co ec ness o he s a emen , whe eas R2 may
exp ess a conclusion, gene aliza ion, cla i ica ion. The me a ex ual agmen s used in a
eligious ex , which a e inse ed by means o he ph ase i.e., ha e much in common wi h lexical
pa allelisms. Howe e , hey s and ou o hei g ea e i idness and ichness o con en and
play an impo an s ylis ic unc ion. The me a ex ual inse s s a ing wi h he cons uc ion
a e a he widesp ead in Si ydas Pos il (abou 1,000 cases). I can he e o e be assumed ha i
is a cha ac e is ic ea u e o Si ydas ba oque s yle. They ecu in a single sen ence o in a
longe passage composed o se e al compound sen ences. Thei unc ions a e a ied: (a)
in o ma ion es o a ion, auxilia y (b) he explana o y; c) he o ical The ex by Si ydas is
domina ed by he allego ical in e p e a ion o concep s and phenomena. To achie e i idness,
he au ho skill ully combines a wo d and an image, whe eas me a ex inse s add anspa ency
and become a powe ul s ylis ic de ice in he p ocess o educa ing belie e s and shaping hei
mo al alues.
KEYWORDS: me a ex , lexical pa allels, allego y, se mons, and Cons an ine
I 's he sy up.
The analysis ca ied ou in his a icle is conside ed in e disciplina y and
ela es o se e al me hodological solu ions ela ed o seman ic syn ax,
s ylis ics,
KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA
66 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII in he ield o biblical (allego ical
in e p e a ion) and e hno- heology, and i s main pu pose is o e eal he ole o he
me a ex in he eligious ex (by limi ing only one ype o compound seman ics […]
cons uc ion wi h compounds i.e. o jes ). A he same ime, discuss he
y a siekiama pa ody i alego inės in e p e acijos s a bą eliginio eks o sudė yje
ounda ions o i s o ma ion. The asks o be unde aken a e mul i ace ed: a) on
he basis o he s udies al eady ca ied ou , o p o ide cons uc ions wi h
compounds, i.e. he unc ions o inse ing he p inciples in o he ex and examining
lenkų kalboje; b) a skleis i jų unkcijas Biblijos e imuose (iki šiol a lik ais
y imais bu o galima em is ik agmen iškai); c) konk e aus eks o pag in-
hei seman ics in gene al in Li huanian4 and wo main dis inguished esea ch
cons uc ions (examina ion o Si ydo Pos ilė); d) he abili y o ace Si ydo's
indi idual in e p e a ions o biblical concep s de e mined by e hnic adi ion and cul u al con ex .
1. The a ge (equi y)
Cons uc ion in Li huania
Va ious me a ex ual elemen s, including he compound, ha e al eady a ac ed he a en ion o
schola s. In he g amma o he cu en Li huanian language, simila cons uc ions a e called
p ecise wo ds o ph ases, which cla i y o cla i y he meaning o wo ds wi h he same unc ion in
he sen ence. They a e combined wi h nouns, p onouns, adjec i es, nume al nouns o p onouns (DLKG
1997: 633). Resea che s o he syn ax o he mode n Li huanian language used he e m equa ion o
desc ibe his ype o cons uc ions. Jonas Balke ičius in he syn ax o P edica i e cons uc ions
(1998:102) w i es: "When be ween wo an eceden s o he same deno a ion, ha is, be ween
adposi ions, one can pu an equali y sign, one can call hese cons uc ions equa ion cons uc ions".
Roland Mikulskas desc ibes hem in a simila way: […][...] his cons uc ion, like lo .id es , in oduces a
e ision o an ea lie sen ence, ph ase o wo d. Logically, he whole sen ence wi h he inse ion
could be analyzed as a sepa a e equa ion o cons uc ions, in which case his syn ac ic elemen
would pe o m he unc ion o he conjunc ion. Fo example, in he sen ence P ela e Jonas Mačiulis,
ha is, he poe Mai onis, was in e es ed in 3 The e m is e y new, i is p oposed o be used by Anna
We zbicka in o de o e eal e hnic elemen s in he eligious ex (2021: 254 […] 26).
4 The au ho o his a icle would like o hank D . Lo e a Vaičiulė-Semenienė and D . Rolandas Mikulskis
o hei discussions and aluable consul a ions on he cu en s a e o cons uc ion in he
con empo a y Li huanian language.
A icles by A icles 67
Kons ukcijos ai y a / o jes seman ika eliginiame eks e
( emian is Kons an ino Si ydo Punk ais sakymų (1629, 1644))
P ela es Jonas Mačiulis does no seem o be awa e o he ac ha he e a e
me jo subjek e P ela as Jonas Mačiulis, ai y a poe as Mai onis, be g iež ai sin-
aksiškai azė ai y a poe as Mai onis y a adpozicijos padė yje i ini inio sakinio
ypical connec ions be ween he wo ypes o connec ions.
ukcijos a eju“5.
Schola s s ill use he e m in e pola ion, which comes om Jono Jablonski's
G amma o Li huanian Language G amma , and hei unc ion is desc ibed qui e
speci ically: […]in e pola ions [...] in e e e wi h a ious g amma ical and e en
ex ual anks […] i is also a means o o ming modali y, and elemen s o discou se
om he sen ence, and in he ex […] and a means o g amma ical cohesion, i.e.
binding […] (Akelai is 2010: 57). Gin a o Akelai is uses he e m in his a icles and, in
examining he s ylis ic unc ions o such gi s, desc ibes hem as pa en he ical
cons uc ions7 and is based on Regina Koženiauskienė's Rhe o ica, which discusses
he s ylis ic unc ions o speech. He e he au ho p oposes o use pa en heses as
a way o cla i ying, explaining complex he o ical igu es such as me apho ,
ca ha sis, hype bole o license, in o de o achie e cla i y and simplici y
(Koženiauskienė 2001: 176 […] 178, 189 […] 190, 2019, 2 240, 341). Juozas Pikčilingis
pa icula ly emphasizes he cla i y and p ecision achie ed in his way in he ex as
"all- ecognised and app ecia ed s ylis ic ea u es" (Pikčilingis 1971: 43). he ac
ha esea ch on such ypes o s uc u es is ele an and necessa y, and a he
same ime complex, is also discussed in sol ing di o ce p oblems. Albinus D uk einis
(2021) in an a icle published on he websi e o he VLKK a gues ha he bounda ies
be ween, say, cons uc ions as explana o y, cla i ying pa s o sen ences
(adjec i es, ad e bs, e c.) and as inse ions can be slippe y: "The ela ionship and
signs o ce ain inse ions and desc ip i e pa s o sen ences a e no always easy
mi i a ski iami, nes y a a imõs komunikacinės paski ies. I ieni, i ki i kyla
o ecognize, he au ho 's wishes, encou agemen s, doub ul communica ion,
sakomą u inį ki u, aiškesniu u iniu a ba įsi e p i su sa o asmenine nuos a a,
sakomo dalyko e inimu i panašiai. Toks a imas bend as jų bu imo kalboje
pape wo k o m he basis o success in a ibu ing speci ic cases o one o
ano he ".
5 I would like o hank D . R. Mikulski om he bo om o my hea o he commen s and commen s
he made in w i ing. 6 Gin au as Akelai is (2010: 63), ha ing examined he desc ip ion o J. Jablonski's
in e pola ions, concludes ha he p oposed wo concep s o hese de i a i es: (a) a na ow one laid
down in he academic syn ax desc ip ions o he Li huanian language (LKG III 1976: 701[…]713; DLKG
1997: 641[…]644), which includes in e pola ions o con empo a y, s anda d wo ds and ph ases (DLKG
1977: 645); and b) a b oad concep o inse ions, in which he also combines cons uc ions
g amma ically ela ed o he wo ds o he sen ence (plg. In he ligh o he o egoing conside a ions, he Commission concludes ha he con es ed measu e cons i u es S a e aid wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y.
7 This e m has been used since ancien imes by Polish syn ax esea che s, plg. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA
68 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Išsamiai a lik a ek a inių kons ukcijų y imo būklė lie u ių kalboje i joms
apibūdin i a ojamas e minų spek as, leidžia kons a uo i, kad iki šiol šie kal-
bos phenomena we e s udied in gene al, speci ically me a ex -speci ic
cons uc ions wi h a compound i.e. synonyms wi h a compound knowledge we e
no gi en a en ion. Mo e de ailed esea ch on his opic, based on his o ical
ex s in Li huanian, has gene ally no been ca ied ou .
How much mo e de ailed is his compound in he cons uc ions discussed in he
wo ks o Polish scien is s. The syn ac ic unc ions o hese elemen s we e
analyzed, and i was conside ed o which g amma ical class hey should be assigned
(Wiśniewski 1990: 91119). The esea che s analyzed a ious ypes o ex s:
con empo a y, ancien and only pa ially eligious. Anna Wie zbicka, one o he i s
o s udy hese phenomena in he Polish language, in an a icle de o ed o he
kaip iene us, „ku ie eks e nu odo ek i alen iškumą a k aziek i alen iškumą,
"second-plan ex " […] me a ex , p esen s hese elemen s and hei in oduced
inse s can be desc ibed as ha ing a modal s uc u e […]I will say he same hing
di e en ly[…] (Wie zbicka 1971: 117[…]118). In mode n syn ac ic seman ics, hese
uni s a e desc ibed as de i a i es and assigned o he equi alence g oup, and hei
seman ic ep esen a ion is gi en by he scheme TR1, i.e. R2. In he scheme, R1 and R2
a e linked by an open equi alence based on he co ec ness o he claim, and R2 can
be a conclusion, a gene aliza ion, a cla i ica ion. Such uni s a e cha ac e ized by an
unchanging in e nal ela ionship cha ac e ized by a pos posi ion wi h espec o
R1 and an an eposi ion wi h espec o R2 (G ochowski e al., 2014: 163[…]164; Kisiel
2013: 73[…]82). I can be assumed ha in a eligious ex , based on in e p e a ions o
biblical s a emen s o o he sou ces ( he Fa he s o he Bible, he w i e s o
An iqui y), such compounds ha e hei own seman ics, hei own unc ions, and
hese hings can be de ined mo e p ecisely. The commen a ies on he Bible
ansla ions by Jakub Wujek, Simon Budno, and S anisław Mu zynowski helped o
e eal he mos cha ac e is ic ea u es o he scien i ic s yle ha de eloped in
he language o he Polish humanis s o he Golden Age. Joanna Sobczykowa,
analyzing he p ecise cons uc ions used in he commen s o hese h ee amous
ansla o s, sough o e eal he in en ions o he au ho s, desc ibe he ea u es
o he s yle o he commen s and gi e examples o hem. In Bible commen a ies,
many explana ions, concep s, and cla i ica ions begin simply wi h he conjunc ion
o jes , o się ozumie, o się znaczy, mianowicie, and he conjunc ion o jes is
mos commonly used o quo e o ansla e ce ain La in agmen s in o Polish. The
au ho a gues ha he compounds men ioned in he ex do no ha e any s onge
s ylis ic unc ion (Sobczykowa 2012: 172, 265). Re u ning o he s udy o he
unc ions o he i s Polish me a ex and o some o he s a emen s o Anna
Wie zbicka, a en ion should be d awn o he opinion o his au ho . She w i es:
"Ou sayings, he e ogeneous in a ious espec s, a e he e ogeneous in ha hey a e cons an ly in e wined wi h he au ho 's ex and he me a ex . Me a ex guides can pe o m a a ie y o unc ions by enhancing he au ho 's

S aipsniai / A icles 69
Kons ukcijos ai y a / o jes seman ika eliginiame eks e
( emian is Kons an ino Si ydo Punk ais sakymų (1629, 1644))
"seman ic ab ic" o he ex , by combining, highligh ing, combining i s a ious
elemen s. Some imes hey can be emo ed wi hou des oying he whole.
Some imes no . [...] Pe haps he quan i a i e and quali a i e "inse ion" o he
me a ex in o he ex is one o he essen ial signs o s ylis ic di e en ia ion
(Wie zbicka 1971: 121). In he eligious ex , he me a ex agmen s used, inse ed
by means o a compound, i.e. ha e much in common wi h he pa a aliza ions o he
lexicon, abou which he e a e w i en Polish (Bieńkowska 1994: 517; Ku aszkiewicz
1986: 619; Za ębski 2015: 281296) and Li huanian (K uopas 1960: 223254; Ru ko ska 2016:
Vasiliauskienė esea che s), bu wi h a la ge depic ion, a di e en s yle,
pe o ms an impo an ou is unc ion. The combina ions o hese ypes can be
conside ed one o he elemen s o he he o ic o he so-called snekam language,
aiškin i pap as iems klausy ojams sudė ingus dalykus. Apie ai ašy a emian is
senosios lenkų kalbos eks ų pa yzdžiais (H abec 1960: 409; Bieńkowska 1998:
cha ac e is ic o he se mons ha we e sough 291298; Umińska-Ty oń 2021: 225230),
such signs a e ound in he ex o Mikalo Daukšos Pos ilės (1599) (Lebedys 1963;
Ru ko ska, Jachimo ič 2022), cha ac e is ic o he Se mon o Si yd.
2. Cons an ine's Se an in he Pos
The use o a quasi-equi alen
cha ac e is ic cons uc ion analysis
In o de o e eal he seman ics and unc ions o he in es iga i e cons uc ions in he eligious
ex , he ex o he se mons o Cons an ine he G ea was chosen (Punk ai sakymų nuo ad en o
do Ga ėnios, 1629 […] PS/PK I, Punk ai sakymų Ga ėniai, 1644 […] PS/PK II). Me s iniai in a pai, s a ing
wi h he cons uc ion, i.e. ha is, Pos ilėje is qui e common (i has been used abou 1000 imes, how
much less o en he synonyms […] išmanyk ozumiej occu , so i is bold o say ha his is a
cha ac e is ic ea u e o his Ba oque au ho 's s yle. They a e epea ed in a single sen ence o in
longe sec ions o a ex made up o se e al compound sen ences. The unc ions o he ex
in e aces a e e y di e se: a) in o ma ion eco e able […] inse ed in o ma ion mic o oponyms
and mo e complex heological e ms; c) he o ical […] ein o ces he he o ical line o he ex in
a ku ian ūks amus agmen us, pa a o us anks esniame sakinyje; b) aiški-
namoji – aizdingai aiškinamos są okų eikšmės, dažniausiai bibliniai a dai,
o de o highligh a ce ain con en . In he case o A icle 8 Tikslesnius, quan i a i e da a can be
p o ided using he ecen ly published K. Si ydo Poin s
sakymų Indeksą (ž . h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=91). S aipsnyje pa eikiami apy iks-
liai skaičia imai, nes s a biausia šiame da be laikoma kokybinė šių junginių analizė.
KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA
70 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII space is mainly alloca ed o he second
and hi d g oups o examples.
In Si ydo's ex , he in e ludes a e used o explain unknown wo ds, o explain
biblical e ms, o p esen he eachings o he Chu ch's a he s, o make
illus a i e compa isons. I is also a way o eaching he ai h ha is in ha mony
wi h he eachings o Sc ip u e, ha b ings i s con en and he o ic close
oge he , ha is based on ai h ulness o he ai h, ha seeks o cul i a e and
s eng hen i . I is also impo an o men ion Si ydos' own li es yle, his pe sonal
in e p e a ions. In o mula ing he essen ial s a emen s o he Bible, i was
impo an o ake in o accoun he p o isions o he Council o T en (1545-1563)
and all he p eache s had o comply wi h hem, e en i hey chose he me hod o a gumen a ion ha was mos accep able o each pe son.
Le 's look a a ew o hese ypes o compounds, conside ing how hei con en
and o m de e mined he in en ions o he p eache . They we e undoub edly
ela ed o he cul u al and his o ical con ex in which his w i ings we e
composed, in ended o audiences and p ies s, o add ess hei cu en li e
issues, and o adap hem o hei le el o educa ion and eadiness o unde s and and u he in e p e he Wo d o God.
2.1 Explaining he meaning o eal nouns
In Si ydo Pos ilė, as in many o he pa abiblical wo ks, e i iable wo ds a e
explained. This is a cha ac e is ic ea u e o his ype o ex s, which was
widesp ead as a back as he Middle Ages and long es ablished i sel in he old
eligious Polish w i ing (see Pisa kowa 1984: 130[…]131). The concep , which is
incomp ehensible o o dina y people wi hou special heological educa ion, has
been explained in i s own way by a ious au ho s. Si ydas, in his explana ion,
elies on he Holy Sc ip u e o his own concep o he image y o he eal name.
Fo example, in explaining he place name Babylon, he e e s o he Apocalypse, in
which Babylon, one o he mos shocking images in he Bible, is punished in God's
judgmen o he ci y's idola y, p ide, and dep a i y (Słownik symboliki
biblijnej […] SSB 27[…]28). The explana ion in Si yd's ex is based on a me apho ical gene aliza ion o all he condemned, and he punishmen o hem is
nama „kančių jū a“, plg.:
9 I may be use ul o gi e he e only a ew illus a i e examples o he i s g oup: Pe ku i ( ay i a
Ieu Ch is u) łabay didius and b ungius mumus […]adeimus dowanoio P […]e[…] k o ego ( o ies
Ch ys u s[…]) nawiękße y koß owne obie nice nam da owł (PS I 89 […] 90); How could I ha e s ayed in
he ios a ha ime (in he ios now) and now I'm in he giedi es? Fo mo e in o ma ion on he
( o iéſ w g ʒechách) ʒá k o e śię e aʒ wſ ydićie? (PS I 153).
impo ance o he cul u al con ex , see Ru ko ska in 2020 and 2022. 11 The o m "Babel" is used in
he Rubesh and Ka alia e sions o he Bible. - Re . 18:1-21.
A icles by A icles 71
Kons ukcijos ai y a / o jes seman ika eliginiame eks e
( emian is Kons an ino Si ydo Punk ais sakymų (1629, 1644))
[…]Aniełas […]Ap eyßkimi Iono […]wyn o pa ode ha […] you ha e pu a wi e on he
s one kayp melnićios didi ime e ma iasna a damas. […] And he g ea ci y o
Babylon shall be called by ha name. - Re ela ion 18:21. The Babylonians will be
de ea ed by he Babylonians and he Babylonians will be de ea ed by he
Babylonians (PS I 53). […]Anioł […]wobi[…]weniu I[…]na S. exp essed when […] he was
able o mo e he k[…]mień i[…]koby młyński g ea w […]ućil in he sea o wo ds. […]
The g ea ci y o Babylon will be des oyed (Re . 18:21) The Babylonians we e he
mos powe ul men in he wo ld, and hey ough in he sea o he dea h (PK I 53).
In ano he se mon, Babylon is called a mix u e o sins. The au ho uses his
desc ip ion based on he Bible and S . Hugueno eachings on e e nal damna ion.
I is no su p ising, hen, ha he Bible speaks o Babylon as one o he
wickedes ci ies in he wo ld.
[…] Babylonian o he wes […] Hami ic G eek […] echow y […] oka[…]yi do nich
bliskich (PK I 168) […]
As can be seen om he examples, he e a e no speci ic his o ical o
geog aphical de ini ions o he wo d, he symbolic concep p e ails. Babylon
s ands ou as a symbol o diso de , sin, and decay. He opponen Je usalem, is
called in he Apocalypse Ch is 's concubine (SSB 2627). The e o e, he e is an
ob ious suppo o he symbolism o he Bible and i s adi ional
in e p e a ion, a phenomenon ypical o o he p eache s.
2.2 In e p e a ion o wo ds o o eign o igin
When bo owings a e inse ed in o he ex o a se mon, Si ydas does no limi
himsel o a li e al ansla ion, bu p o ides an in e p e a ion o hem. Fo example,
he A amaic ph ase Ma ana ha, which means "Ou Lo d has come" o "Come, ou
Lo d!" (BT, 1 Co in hians 16:22) explains i by means o a cons uc ion, ha is, by
ex ending easoning synonymously wi h unde s anding. Thus, he au ho appea s o
sujungia s e imos kilmės posakio aiškinimą su isu pamokslo punk u, ku iame
kalba apie ik ąją Viešpa ies a ėjimo p iežas į – ne ikinčiųjų pasme kimą. Čia
be a wo-dimensional in e p e a ion o a s a emen o o eign o igin, a emo ed
eikšmės, glūdinčios ci uo ame sakinyje iš 1 Ko 16,22, plg.:
12 Plačiai žinomas i pamokslininkų ci uojamas XV a. kū inys, plg. Hugon de Sanc o Ca o. In
om he s a emen Pos illam supe Ie emiam P ophe am, Cap. L. and
KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA
72 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[…] Iey […] ieg[…] kas ne mili Wießpa ies musu Iesaus Ch is aus le i be p ac ised by
Ma an A haa (1 Co 16:22) […] ay i a Wießpa s a ay ißmanik n sudo ku iami
i[…]duos p ac ised by a damas (PS I 66). […] This is he i s ime in he his o y o
he wo ld ha a man has been sen enced o dea h. "Le hose who do no lo e he
Lo d Jesus Ch is be ashamed o hei ansg essions" (1 Co in hians 16:22)
The ollowing examples show ha wo ds o o eign o igin can be ansla ed mo e
eely. They se e he au ho as a kind o he o ical igu e, which becomes he
suppo o pic o ial e lec ions. In choosing he image o he mi age o con ey he
di icul y o Ch is 's su e ing, Si ydas ecalls and emphasizes he meaning o his
wo d in he Semi ic and A amaic languages […]ka us[…] (Klein 1987: 380), plg.
(PS I 225) The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
[…]R[…]ce moie kapały my h[…] (Pnp 5,5) […] i is se in he sp aw[…]ch o many o
he go […]kości (PK I 225).
When explaining he wo d echo, he desc ibes S . The signi icance o John's
eaching. Si ydas does no e e o he wo d "echo" (echo g . […]χώ Ēch, lo . Echo
[…]aidas[…], […]a ga sis[…], […]ga s[…]), bu p o ides an ex ended explana ion in which
he echo appea s as a he o ical igu e, signi ying a oice ha c ies ou in he dese and e u ns o call o help.
išsigelbėjimo beieškančius, plg.:
"I'm going o ake a showe , I'm going o ake a showe , I'm going o ake a showe , I'm going o ake a showe , I'm going o ake a showe .
i kayp bu u ſug idamas ing ßaukiun i / nuog u mediu aba ołu n ku iu
puoła (PS I 139).
Echo o echo echo o echo o echo o echo o echo o echo o echo o echo o echo
o echo o echo o echo o echo o echo o echo o echo o echo o echo o echo
(PK I 139) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The La in ph ase ne us belli […]wa ne e[…], aken om Ma cus Tullius Cice o's
speech be o e Ma k An ony13 (Cyce on 2002) and meaning […] he unde ined mone a y
esou ces alloca ed o he wa io […], is associa ed wi h people, hi ed wa io s and
well-paid, in he ex agains people who ejec he goods o his wo ld and ake
ad an age o he e il. The au ho uses he symbolism o he Roman ex s, gi es i
eligious o e ones, and he wa is pe cei ed as a s uggle wi h spi i ual e il, e.g. i
has many simila i ies ha p o e he cul u al uni y o a la ge pa o Eu ope
13 Ci uojama emian is Filipika V, 5 (Cyce on 2002).
A icles o he 79 h
Kons ukcijos ai y a / o jes seman ika eliginiame eks e
( emian is Kons an ino Si ydo Punk ais sakymų (1629, 1644))
(Pawlak 2005: 27; 2012: 316 […] 334). Howe e , when alking abou p eache s indi idually,
he o iginali y o hei in e p e a ions can also be seen. E en opposed o he
igo ous demand o ollow he au ho i ies, he p eache s we e able o gi e
pe sonal in e p e a ions. Wi hou a doub , hose small de ia ions om he
equi emen s and adi ions we e caused by he desi e o each and in luence he
belie e s. This is only he beginning o a mo e de ailed esea ch a icle o discuss
he exp essions and s ylis ic ea u es o Si ydo Pos ilė's au ho 's hough . The
analysis o his ex s al eady ca ied ou clea ly es i ies o he ac ha he
Li huanian p eache sough o in e p e he Holy Sc ip u es di e en ly, sough a
way o con ey he impo an dogmas o he ai h clea ly and accu a ely, he could
namai. Jo eks ų palyginimai su Daukšos Pos ile (plg. Ru ko ska 2020; 2022),
ollow, only s eng hening he con ic ion o he independence o his hinking and
he o iginali y o eligious hough , and one o he mos impo an becomes he
simplici y and allego y o hose ins umen s, he p inciples o whose c ea ion we e
pa ially e ealed by he s udy o syn ac ic cons uc ions. The analysis o he
ex s o Kons an in Si ydas Pos ilė in his a icle can become a eliable
me hodological ool o e eal he ole o he me a ex in he o ma ion o he
biblical s yle in Li huanian and Polish languages, and hese solu ions can be applied o
he s udy o o he impo an eligious wo ks. Me a ex inse s a e no ea ed as
impe ec ions, bu a he as a ma k o a pa icula language syn ax (see Pisa kowa
1984: 136), so he ele ance o hei s udy is no in doub and becomes an impo an
ask o esea che s o ancien w i ings.
ŠALTINIAI
BF – Biblia w p zekładzie ks. Jakuba Wujka z 1599, ansk ypcja ypu „B”, op acował ks.
J. F ankowski, Wa szawa: O icyna wydawnicza „Voca io”, 2013.
BRK – Biblija, a ba Š en asis Raš as: ekumeninis leidimas, Senąjį Tes amen ą iš heb ajų,
a amėjų i g aikų kalbų e ė p el. p o . A. Rubšys, Naująjį Tes amen ą iš g aikų kalbos
e ė kun. Č. Ka aliauskas, Vilnius: Lie u os Biblijos d augija, 1999.
BT – Pismo Świę e S a ego i Nowego Tes amen u w p zekł. z jęz. o yg., op ac. zespół bi-
blis ów polskich z inicja ywy Benedyk ynów Tynieckich, ed. nauk. A. Jankowski e al.,
ł. ksiąg W. Bo owski e al., wyd. 3 na nowo wydane i pop ., Poznań: Wydawnic wo
Pallo inum, 1997.
Hugo de Sanc o Ca o 1482: Pos illa supe e angelia, Basel: Be nha d Richel.
Klein E nes 1987: A Comp ehensi e E ymological Dic iona y o he Heb ew Language o
Reade s o English, Ca a, Je usalem: The Uni e si y o Hai a.

KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA
80 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
LKŽ – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1–20, 1941–2002, ed. kolegija G. Nak inienė,
J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, y . ed. G. Nak inienė,
e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2008 (a naujin a e sija, 2018). P ieiga
in e ne e: www.lkz.l .
PS/PK I: Kons an inas Si ydas, Punk ai sakymų nuo ad en o iki Ga ėnios = Kons an y
Szy wid, Punk y kazań od Adwen u do Pos u: k i inis leidimas, pa . V. Vasiliauskienė,
K. Ru ko ska, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2015.
PS/PK II: Kons an inas Si ydas, Punk ai sakymų Ga ėniai = Kons an y Szy wid, Punk y
kazań na Wielki Pos : k i inis leidimas, pa . V. Vasiliauskienė, K. Ru ko ska, Vilnius:
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2015.
PSI – Kons an ino Si ydo Punk ų sakymų Indeksas [Index o Kons an inas Si ydas’
Punk ai sakymų]. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://senieji as ai.lki.l /db.php?sou ce=91.
SSB – Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoi , T empe Longman III: Słownik symboliki bi-
blijnej. Ob azy, symbole, mo ywy, me a o y, igu y s ylis yczne i ga unki li e ackie w Piśmie
Świę ym. P ymasowska Se ia Biblijna, Tłumaczenie: Zbigniew Kościuk, Wa szawa:
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he ield o li e a u e
Akelai is Gin au as, Pa en hesis in poe y, published in 2005. […] Man and he Wo d 1,
29[…]34. The Gospel o Ac s: In e p e a ions and Explana ions in he G amma ical
Wo ks o John Jablonski Language cul u e 83, 57 and 65.
Vy au as Ališauskas 2011: […]Ishgi sk Giesmių giesmę, hu y o unde s and i ...[…]. […]
Homilies o he songs o he songs. O igen, ansla ed om La in by G. Zukas, ex s on,
in oduc ion and commen s w i en by V. Alishauskas, Vilnius: Aidai, 1819. Balke ičius
Jonas 1963: Syn ax o con empo a y Li huanian language, Vilnius: S a e publishing house
o poli ical and scien i ic li e a u e.
Balke ičius Jonas 1998: Syn ax o p edica e cons uc ions o he Li huanian language, Vilnius:
Ins i u e o science and encyclopedia publishing.
BARDSKY CRZYZTOF, S.L. 2006: "Slowly bu su ely, we a e going o ge he e." The
me hodology o symbolic-allego ical in e p e a ion o he Bible and i s heological and
Wydawnic wo A chidiecezji Wa szawskiej.
Bieńkowska Danu a 1994: Sze egi wy azowe w p zekładzie Biblii Leopoli y (z
pas o al applica ion, Wa saw: p ob lemów ksz ał owania się synonymii s a opolskiej). […]
39, 5–18.
A icles by A icles 81
Kons ukcijos ai y a / o jes seman ika eliginiame eks e
( emian is Kons an ino Si ydo Punk ais sakymų (1629, 1644))
Bieńkowska Danu a 1998: O pewnej me odzie p zybliżania eks ów świę ych
Judgmen o he Language Commission by Jakuba Wujka. The unc ion o wo ds in
e angeliza ion. Ma e ials o he con e ence 6 o 8 May 1998, edi ed by M. Kamińska, E.
Umińska-Ty oń, Łódź: A chidiecezjalne Wydawnic wo Łódzkie, 291 o 298.
"Cybe secu i y and he Fu u e o he Digi al Economy" by Jakub Woj ek. […] Rhe o ic o
he Jesui Socie y and i s con ex , ed. K. Koehle , Ł. Cybulski, Wa saw: Wydawnic wo
Uniwe sy e u Ka dynała S e ana Wyszyńskiego, Cybulski Łukasz 2019: In e p e a ion in
99–119.
he 16 h cen u y Polish Bible Exegesis. This is he i s ime ha he Bible has been
ansla ed in o Polish. […] Wo d o God, Wo ds o Men: T ansla ions, Inspi a ions,
T ansmissions o he Bible in he Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h in he Renaissance,
edi ed by J. Pie zak-Thébaul , Go ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech Ve lage, 303[…]317.
Cyce on Ma k Au eliusz 2002: Mowy agains Ma kowi Au eliuszowi, ansla ion by he
au ho K. Ekes, Wa saw: P oszyński and Ska.
In 2014, she published The T ans o ma ion o Biblical Sou ces in Religious Poe y. […] Old
Li huanian li e a u e 38, Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Li e a u e and E hnog aphy, 95 […]
134.
DLKG 1997: G amma o he cu en Li huanian language, edi ed by V. Amb azas, 3 d
amendmen . Published by Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. The
ollowing is an exce p om he book, The Case o Syn ax and In e p e a ion:
In e p e a ions and In e p e a ions o he Seman ic Seman ics. The Commission shall
be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
G ochowski Maciej, Kisiel Anna, Żabowska Magdalena 2014: Słownik nes ing pa ykuł
polskich, K aków: PAU. This is he i s ime ha he e en has been held in Poland.
H abec S e an 1960: On he language o he Bazilikowski ansla ion o he amendmen
o he Republic by And zej F ycz Mod zejewski. […] Bo n in Poland. His o y o he
language, olume 3, chap e 1, Wa saw: S a e Ins i u e o Educa ion, numbe 396-424.
Kisiel Anna 2013: O ekwiwalencji: ha is, i means o be. […] P zegląd Humanis yczny 5,
73–82.
Koženiauskienė Regina 2001: Re o ika: iškalbos s ilis ika, 2-asis pa ais. leid.,
Vilnius: Ins i u e o he publishing o science and encyclopedias. John Paul II:
Pa allelism in he Discou se o he Ca echism o he Chu ch (1595) […] Ques ions o he
Li huanian Language 3, ed. R. Mi onas and o he s, Vilnius: S a e publishing house o
poli ical and scien i ic li e a u e, 223254.
KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA
82 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Ku aszkiewicz Władysław 1986: Uwagi o języku Mikołaja Reja. He is also a
membe o he Polish Academy o Sciences. Polish language li e a y. The s udy
Labu is Vi as 2002: Lie u ių kalbos sin aksė, Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e o leidykla.
Lebedys Ju gis 1963: Mikalojus Daukša, Vilnius: Vals ybinė g ožinės li e a ū os
o his o y and s uc u e, Wa saw, Poznań: PWN. publishing house.
LKG III […] G amma o he Li huanian language 3: Syn ax, ed. by K. Ul ydas, Vilnius:
1976.
Mokslas, Panuś Kazimie z 2001: Za ys his o y o he p eaching in he Ca holic chu ch 2:
T easu y in Poland. F om he Middle Ages o he Ba oque, K aków: Wydawnic wo […]M[…].
In 2005 he published a book en i led Koncep w polskich kazaniach ba okowych (Concep in Polish Ba oque Classics) in Lublin (Poland).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Paul Wiesław, The compa a i e s udy o e udi ion in he humani ies, 2012 S udy o he ield
o humanis ic s udies in he 17 h cen u y, Lublin: Wydawnic wo KUL. Pikčilingis Juozas 1971:
Li huanian language s ylis ics 1, Vilnius: Teaching. Pisa kowa K ys yna 1984: His o y o he
composi ion o he Polish language, W ocław, Wa saw, K akow, Gdańsk, Łódź: The People's
Republic o Poland The Ossolians. Ru ko ska K is ina 2016: Kons an in Si ydo Poin s o he
monumen o Li huanian and Polish cul u e o he i s hal o he 17 h cen u y […] Punk y
kazań Kons an ego Szy wida […] zaby ek piśmiennic wa li ewskiego i polskiego om he
i s hal o he 17 h cen u y, Vilnius:
Li huanian language ins i u e.
Ru ko ska K is ina 2020: Š č. She is a membe o he Russian Olympic Commi ee.
Re lec ions o he cul o he Vi gin Ma y in he Poin s o Cons an ine Si idus. […] Old
Li huanian li e a u e 49, sou h. O. Dily ė-Čiu inskienė, Vilnius: Li huanian Ins i u e o
Li e a u e and Folklo e, 1545. RUTKOVSKA-KRISTINA: On c ea ing he images o biblical
cha ac e s in se mons om he u n o he 17 h cen u y. Cul u al con ex s e sus he
au ho s pe sonali ies. Beyond De o ion: Religious and Li e a y Communi ies in he 16 h and
17 h Cen u y Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h, edi ed by Ł. Cybulski, K. Ru ko ska, Gö ingen:
Vandenhoeck and Rup ech , 65 o 101.
"Ru hko skaya K is ina" by Jachym Kaczynski, "Immo ali y, i les and desc ip ions
o Ch is in he Apos le's Flesh" by Jakub Woj ek and "The Apos le in he Flesh" by
Mikołaj Daukszewski, published in he yea 2021 E hnolingwis yka 34 [ o be p epa ed o he p ess].
Sobczykowa Joanna 2012: O naukowej polszczyźnie humanis ycznej zło ego wieku.
Wujek-Budny-Mu zynowski, Ka owice: Wydawnic wo Uniwe sy e u Śląskiego.
A icles by A icles 83
Kons ukcijos ai y a / o jes seman ika eliginiame eks e
( emian is Kons an ino Si ydo Punk ais sakymų (1629, 1644))
Umińska-Ty oń Elżbie a 2001: Kadź, also known as Zolnica. Halinie Wiśniewskiej na 50-lecie
kowej. – S udia z his o ii języka polskiego i s ylis yki his o ycznej o ia owane P o eso
Jej p acy naukowo-dydak ycznej, ed. This is he i s ime I' e been able o do his in
my li e. The Cz. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Vasiliauskienė Vi ginija 2016:
S uc u e, con en and sou ces o he speeches o Kons an inas Si ydas, Vilnius:
Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Wojciech Jadwiga 2005: O me a ekście, Wa saw: The Ca hed al o he Fo mal Language
The UW.
Wie zbicka-Anna (1971) is he au ho o Me a ecs in he Tex . […] On he ex o he spy,
edi ed by M. R. Mayenowa, W ocław: Zakład Na odowy im. The Ossolians, 105 o 121. Anna
Wie zbicka, E hno- heology, e hno-Ch is iani y: Di e ences in he ways o ela ing o
God, Jesus and Ma y, in Polish and in English, iden i ied h ough NSM. […] The i s
In e na ional Cong ess o E hnology. E hnology […] balance shee o he discipline: s an
badań, me ody i pos ula y badawcze, Lublin Poland, 20 June […]24 June 2021, 254 […]261.
Wiśniewski Ma ek 1990: Fo malnog ama yczny opis leksemów TO. This is he i s ime
ha he e m has been used in his way. 2. Slo ak in he unc ion o a spoken,
pa y-speaking o non-speaking pe son. […] Ac a Uni esi a is Nicolai Cope nici. […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Polish philology 31, 91[…]119.
Za ębski Ra ał 2015: Nag omadzenia leksemów współ unkcyjnych as an elemen o he
s yle o he six een h-cen u y p ose o he dia y o Mikołaja K zysz o a Radziwiłła.
Dispu e se lemen o he Language Commission ŁTN 61, 281296. In he yea 2012 he was
awa ded he Nobel P ize in Li e a u e o his wo k Me aphysics: he discou se o
non-na i e speake s (Me aphysics: he discou se o non-na i e speake s) published by Šiauliai Uni e si y P ess.
KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA
84 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXVII
Seman ics o he Cons uc ion ai y a / o jes
in a Religious Tex (Based on Punk ai sakymų
by Cons an ine Si ydas (1629, 1644)
Summa y
Va ious me a ex ual elemen s, including he ph ase "i is," ha e al eady d awn he a en ion o
esea che s. The syn ac ic unc ions o hese elemen s ha e been analysed; he g amma ical
class o which hey should be a ibu ed has al eady become he subjec o discussion. In he
ex s o s anda d language, hese elemen s designa e equi alence o quasi-equi alence, whe eas
he inse s in oduced by hem can be desc ibed as ha ing he modal s uc u e "I will ell he
same in di e en wo ds." The s udy e ealed ha hey play a sligh ly di e en unc ion in a
eligious ex ; hey mani es g ea e i idness and con en ichness and pe o m an impo an
s ylis ic unc ion. The Se mons o Cons an ine he G ea (1629), wi h he ph ases "This is he
1644) cons i u ed he empi ical basis o he esea ch. As illus a ed by a dozen examples
way, his is he way" and "The Se mon on he Moun ," analyzed in he Se mon on he Moun , a e
hey a e mainly s ylis ic de ices helping o highligh and s eng hen he majo aspec s
o biblical and eligious con en in a di ec manne . The cla i ica ions o biblical names
i id in e p e a ions o he symbolic and igu a i e meanings o biblical ph ases and s a emen s.
They a e o en no di ec ly linked o he in e p e a ion o biblical passages o wo ds, bu a e
mo e eely used in he p ocess o easoning. The ph ases o his ype can be conside ed a
s ylis ic de ice o he colloquial language, which is cha ac e is ic o se mons in ended o explain
complex ma e s o he gene al public. I was p e iously discussed by e e ing o he examples
om he ex s in Old Polish; These ea u es we e also ound in he 1599 Pos il by Mikalojus
Daukš a; I is also a cha ac e is ic ea u e o Si ydas se mons. The in e p e a ions o such a
ype con ey simplici y o he eligious na a i e and app op ia ely ende he p eache 's o iginal
hough o belie e s.
Deli e ed on 10 July 2022
KRISTINA RUTKOVSKA
Vilnius Uni e si y, Polish Cen e o he
S udy o he His o y o he Polish Language,
Uni e si y S ee 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, Li huania k is ina. u ko [email p o ec ed]om