S aipsniai / A icles 11
DARIUS IVOŠKA
Ins i u ü li auische Sp ache
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-3898-0000
Wissenscha liche Fo schungs ich ungen: His o ische
Onomas ik, Bal isch-slawisch-deu sche Sp achkon ak e.
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
Social s anding and
Iden i ica ion o he
Women in P ussia
This is DES 14.16. JHS. Wha a e you doing? The backg ound
o he DOCUMENTS
Ge man O de s
P ūsijos mo e ų socialinė padė is
i jų iden i ika imas XIV–XVI a.
Vokiečių o dino dokumen uose
The anno a ion
The naming and iden i ica ion o women in his o ical sou ces, pa icula ly in he medie al
chancelle y documen s o he Ge man O de and ea ly mode n imes, is a phenomenon ha is in
need o esea ch om he poin o iew o many scien i ic disciplines. This opic is no only he
subjec o esea ch in he ield o nomencla u e, bu also conce ns gene al linguis ics,
his o y, sociology, an h opology, e c. In his essay, an a emp is made o look a he ocus
om wo pe spec i es. On he one hand, i is in e es ing o see whe he he women in he
his o ical documen s can be iden i ied by hei names, which may ha e been eco ded, and on
he o he hand, he ques ion a ises as o how hei social s a us and he name o
iden i ica ion o women co ela e. SCHÜSSELWÖRTER: women's name, women's name, middle
age, social s a us.
DARIUS IVOŠKA
12 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
The anno a ion
The naming and iden i ica ion o women in his o ical sou ces, especially in he chance y
documen s o he Teu onic O de (he ea e – DO) o he Middle Ages and he ea ly mode n
pe iod, cons i u es a phenomenon ha is in need o esea ch om he poin o iew o many
academic disciplines. The opic is no only he subjec o esea ch in onomas ics, bu also
conce ns gene al linguis ics, his o y, sociology, an h opology and o he s. In he p esen pape ,
i is a emp ed o app oach his opic in wo ways. On he one hand, i is in e es ing o see
whe he he women in he his o ical documen s a e iden i iable by hei possibly eco ded
names; On he o he hand, he ques ion a ises as o how hei social s a us and he naming o
iden i ica ion o women co ela e. KEYWORDS: men ion o womens (names), naming o women,
Middle Ages, social s a e.
I. In oduc ion o he subjec
The subjec o his s udy is he peculia i ies o women and hei men ion o
hei names as indica o s o hei social s a us in he his o ical documen s o
he Ge man O de (DO). Fo p agma ic easons, howe e , i was no only limi ed
o he sou ces o he ime o he O de , bu also a sou ce om he imes o he
ea ly Duchy.
P ussia was in ol ed.
To he empi ical ma e ial and i s sou ces Fo he in es iga ion, he
handw i en and p in ed his o ical documen s o he DO as well as hose o he
ea ly ducal pe iod o P ussia we e delibe a ely sough ou . The easons o he
choice o he documen s o he Chancelle y o O de s and Duchies w i en in
Ge man and La in and he ole hey play in he esea ch on he names o P ussia
and Li huania, as well as he languages in which he co esponding documen s
beda es hie keine speziellen E klä ung, weil die ühe His o iog aphie
we e w i en, ha e al eady been discussed se e al imes (Blažienė, 2016: 209;
I oška, 2016: 63; 2019: 98[…]99; 2020: 133[…]135). The main body o he sou ces
explo ed a e he p i ileges o he D.O., he end o he 14 h cen u y. […] Beginning
o he 15 h Jhs. ha e been issued. These a e mainly he handw i en
handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en
handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en
handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en
handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en handw i en
A icles 13 and 14 o he S ai s Code
Soziale S and und Iden i izie ung on F auen im P eußen
des 14.–16. Jhs. au g und de Dokumen e des Deu schen O dens
En ies on axable inhabi an s o he eas e n pa o he Duchy o P ussia in
he Tu kish ax egis e s1. The cha ac e and pu pose o he abo e-men ioned
documen s indica e, wi hou hei special e alua ion, ha hey con ain a lo o
in o ma ion abou he inhabi an s o P ussia, hei ela ions wi h each o he
and wi h he adminis a ion o he O de , as well as hei li ing and wo king
condi ions. Such di e se in o ma ion s ocks a e in e es ing and essen ial o
he s udy o nume ous ields o expe ise.
To he p ojec
Al eady he i le o he a icle e eals ha i will basically no be women's names, bu
women's men ions and he esul ing equency o emale names in he la e Middle Ages and
soon a e . The au ho o he essay came up wi h he idea o looking a he
his o ical-nomicological ma e ial om such a poin o iew a e a de ailed e alua ion o he
ex alinguis ic con ex in which i is loca ed. His o ical names hemsel es, hei naming
equency, a ia ion, adap a ion o he pa adigms o a o eign language, e c. a e meaning ul
phenomena. Howe e , he e a e many cases whe e a pe son is men ioned se e al imes in he
his o ical documen s, a leas wi h di e en appella i es (p obably o pa ial iden i ica ion
easons), bu no named by name. I is p ecisely such phenomena ha p o oke an al e na i e,
onomas ic analysis o women's men ions as signs o hei social s a us in 14 h- and
16 h-cen u y P ussia. Jhs. pu in place. 1 The desc ip ion o he sou ces ollows in he
chap e […]Women and women's names men ioned in he documen s o he Ge man O de and
he Duchy o P ussia in he 14[…]16. Jh.
Fo schungske n ab ennendes Fo schungs o haben.
Zum Ziel des o liegenden Au sa zes wi d eine k i isch-übe blickha e
DARIUS IVOŠKA
14 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
I would like o ask he Commissione whe he he is p epa ed o accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on he En i onmen , Public Heal h and Consume P o ec ion. Female
WOMEN'S NAMES and su names
The documen s o he Ge man
O de and o he Hea
P ussia on he 14 h and 16 h. JH. Wha a e you doing?
Wi h he in en ion o ch onologically explo ing he p oblem o women's names
as signs o hei social ole, he oldes sou ces o he 14 h cen u y we e
i s s udied. Jhs. elec ed, ollowed by he la e ones o he 15 h and 16 h.
Jhs.
This is he i s ime ha I ha e been able o do so. 105, 107 Among he ea lies
men ions o women, espec i ely, Female names apply in he cases documen ed in
he p i ileges o he DO. These a e he O de 's olios No. 105 and 107 (he eina e
e e ed o as […] OF). Bo h olian s a e basically p i ileged collec ions. The OF
105 also con ains documen s o a di e en na u e, such as in e nal and ex e nal
bo de desc ip ions o he O de S a e, ea ies and so on. Ag eemen be ween
he DO and he bishops o Samland and E mland, e c. Bu wha is much mo e
use ul o onomas ic esea ch and has been added o he OF 105 is called he High
Mas e Regis e . Hands-on (p i ileged) a e he bes esea ch subjec s o he
namesake, because hey' e no jus he place names. I con ains names o
people, bu also c ea es a e y aluable con ex wi h de ailed addi ional da a. In
his way, he ela ionships be ween he p i ileged, such as kinship ela ionships,
which ha e been pa icula ly use ul o his s udy, also eme ge.
In no way can i be said ha he e a e many e e ences o women in O.F. 105 and
107. The e a e a leas wo documen ed cases in he OF 105. The i s men ion is
o a e y abb e ia ed hand, on he basis o which he ma shal o he D.O. Ru he
on Elne in he yea 1373 had awa ded he (OF 105 106 , s. Abb. 1) 2 Löcknicken, K .
B üde n Pimenen, Wisselgin und ih em Ne en 6 Hoken Land zu Lekeniken2
Ge dauen (Ge ullis 1922: 87) was bo n in Ge many.
S aipsniai A icles 15 and 15
Soziale S and und Iden i izie ung on F auen im P eußen
des 14.–16. Jhs. au g und de Dokumen e des Deu schen O dens
Figu e 1, OF 105 and 106
The nephew is e e ed o as […]wes [e ] […]on by Pimenen and Wisselgin, his name
is no men ioned, no is he name o his mo he . The names o male pe sons a e
almos always eco ded in such documen s, wi h he excep ion o hei
non-ma u e successo s and hei s. Hence, i can be concluded ha he amily o
he sis e o he wo b o he s did no ha e a male, adul head o he amily. Since
he nephew ul illed a leas one equi emen o he u u e hei (he was o he
male sex), he succeeded in he hand as as a p i ileged one di ec ly a e his
uncles. His mo he was only men ioned o indica e kinship be ween he uncles and
he nephew o iden i ica ion easons. The woman, as an he edi a y subjec , was
no named by he name, al hough she may ha e had o ill he ole o head o he
amily.
In he OF 105 he e is also a special case in which a woman is men ioned, whose
name is also documen ed. The documen da ed 1392 is, o unclea easons,
inse ed be ween he o egoing 1262 and he subsequen 1286 documen s
da ed qui e di e en ly. The E ame F owe Ge d ud oge he wi h I em One
We nhe , who p omised o bu n an e e nal lamp in a Königsbe g hospi al on he
day o S . Ge ude […]cu (OF 105 29 […]29 , s. Abb. 2)
Figu e 2, OF 105 29 […]29 is he
The name o he honou able lady is men ioned in his case because she was
he di ec con ac pe son in he ag eemen wi h he mayo o he ci y o
Königsbe g. I 's one o he ea lies emale names men ioned in he D.O.'s
documen s. No mo e women. Thei names a e men ioned in OF 105.
DARIUS IVOŠKA
16 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
Ein ande e O dens olian , de unge äh dieselbe Zei spanne um ass , nämlich
OF 107, übe lie e auch einige Zeugnisse übe F auen. Zunächs geh es um
1396 e wähn e K e schme s Haus au, die zusammen mi ih em Mann als eine
Begüns ig e angegeben wi d, ih Name abe ehl . Die K e schme amilie soll
in Samland o Gi mow3 and ecei ed 20 ac es o land om he Samland Vog
Johan on Lo ich (OF 107 301 , s. Abb. 3)
Figu e 3, OF 107 301 is shown.
The name o K e schme He mann is he only documen ed name o all he bene icia ies. The
names o he wi e and o he hei s a e no gi en. Pa icula ly s iking he e is he ac ha
he housewi e is men ioned in he i s place, namely di ec ly a e he main bene icia y
[…] 1339 I em dedim[…] idelibus no[…] iß ni wex e ilio a iß sui […]u heyken none ncoß
ih em Mann. Übliche weise we den in den Hand es en nu die E ben und
Nachkommen männlichen Geschlech s genann , on denen nu die, die bei
de P i ilegienauss ellungs- und dem Ve gabeak p äsen gewesen wa en, z.B.
in campo Gi dewi higen4 [...] (OF 105 240 ). This ex ac shows ha no one o he han he
main c edi o was en e ed in he handw i en ex . The men ion o igh ul hei s and
descendan s, which belongs o he usual ixed o mula, is also omi ed. A eal example o a
ypical handshake in he sense o he belie would be 1376 [...] wi h he will un […]i
me egebi eg[e ] o lien n[…]d gebin un[…]i[ ]n ai h ul Jacob Smalken […]n wi[…]ekan he
b ide nd […]i[…]ne igh hei s o he newcome s h ee hacke gauladin5 [...] (OF 105 68 ). The
c ude male line o bene icia ies and descendan s is e y clea , he names o seconda y
hei s may be bo h men ioned and omi ed. Women a e men ioned in such documen s only on
an excep ional basis.
3 Ge mau, K . Fischhausen, Ki chspiel Ge mau (Blažienė 2000: 41).
4 Ge eniken, in he Samland (PUB III 234), alsely ead by Ge ullis (1922: 40) as Gi deni higen. 5
Gauleden and K . Wehlau (Blažienė 2005: 60) was bo n in he illage o Wehlau.
S aipsniai / A icles 17
Soziale S and und Iden i izie ung on F auen im P eußen
des 14.–16. Jhs. au g und de Dokumen e des Deu schen O dens
In he OF 107 he e is s ill a peculia en y, which was eco ded in he yea 1388 and on he
basis o which [...] b o he Johan on Lo ich Voy c[…]u Samland ha e gi en Ma yn a
ouwe c[…]u Slakalaux6 wi h ij hoken acke do […]elbe[…] and ha e done ha mb will
ha wenne do owe a m was and did no see he acke was g own nd nß do dyn[…]
was done by nd Im do c[…]p ien c[…]um […] igh al i eß hand e[…] ga e he same abb di di di
diß well i[…] .
Figu e 4, OF 107 183 is shown.
Rega dless o he woman's po e y and need, she was he sole owne o he
p ope y and all ela ed igh s a he ime. Bu ha was no eason o gi e he
name o he o me owne when g an ing all he owne ship igh s o M Me yn.
I mus be unde lined ha no only he p ope y, bu also he woman he sel
came unde Me yn's possession a e he hando e . This is a plausible
e e ence o he social s a us o women a he end o he Middle Ages. The las
ba en en ies o he chance y in he OF 107 conce n a widow who en e s a sho
egis e a ound 1400 and was designa ed oge he wi h he son as he owne o
wo ac es o land o which she had no deed o us (OF 107 1 , s. Abb.
Figu e 5, OF 107 1 is shown.
This is Schlakalken, K . Fischhausen, Chu ch play o S . Lo enz (Blažienė 2000: 144) He is a membe o he Chu ch o S . Lo enz.
DARIUS IVOŠKA
18 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
In iew o his, i was in ended o issue he handw i en ex by making a
i le-like no e Kyne wy we wi h I em one (OF 107 3 , s. Abb. 6) bu he shee
emained emp y.
Figu e 6, OF 107 3 is shown.
This case is ex ao dina y because he designa ion Ibidem Kyne eyne wi ewe wi h
I e[m] one (OF 107 1 ) seems o con ain he name Kyne, which can also be judged om
he in o ma ion o Reinhold T au mann (1925: 45). Among o he men ions o he name
Kynne, he au ho also led nolens he e a ises he ques ion o whe he Kyne is a
den e mein lichen F auennamen Kyne an, spa e abe beliebige Kommen a e
übe den e en uellen geschlech so ien ie en Namengeb auch aus. Volens
masculine o eminine name? The ques ion ne e seems o ha e been asked and deal
wi h be o e. The only ema ks and hin s on i s eminine na u e a e gi en by he
edi o and publishe o he […]Ma ienbu ge T essle buchs de Jah e 1399[…]1409[…]
D . E ich Joachim and he edi o o he […]Kon en üh ungsbuchs de Elenden
B ude scha on Königsbe g-Löbenich (1477[…]1523)[…] Die e Heckmann. On he
basis o Joachim's en ies in he T essle Book's Pe sons and Places Regis e […]
Judekynne = Jüdin (MTB 619) […] he e is no doub ha he conside s bo h wo ds o be
synonyms. See also Kuwe kynnen = Ku innen, Ku ish women (MTB 624). I u ns ou
ha -kynne is conside ed a su ix o a so e eign mo pheme ha is supposed o
ca y he meaning "woman". This is la e e ealed by many o he women's
men ions. Heckmann (2000: 25) clea ly conside s -kynne o be a o eign language
Su ix […], which, acco ding o him, should ha e been used […] in eminine names, such as
P ewschkynne o Ly awekynne ins ead o P ewszsche and Ly awesche[…]. The
ema ks a e e y accu a e, which can also be con i med by he exce p s om he
T essle buche en ies, such as 1407 o he women Mackynnen Su willen mumes (MTB
434).
This is c edible, bu aises ce ain ques ions in connec ion wi h he en ies in
he […]Sc ip o es Re um P ussica um[…] (he eina e […] SRP).
S aipsniai A icles 19 and 19
Soziale S and und Iden i izie ung on F auen im P eußen
des 14.–16. Jhs. au g und de Dokumen e des Deu schen O dens
In he ch onicle o Wigands o Ma bu g, among o he hings, a guide named
Kynne is also epo ed: 1386 [...] Bunse, Rexa, Ma yco, Kynne nd Da ge
wellin o Mislo czü
Susendo [...] (SRP II 668[…]669), Eykin nd syn b o he , Mase, Sko z, Bunse, Kynne,
1386 [...] an de Wisle czwe mile obinwendig Ragni dy wege gancz s, als sy
Da ge, Rexa, Ma eiko nd Paül habin lasin czeichen [...] (SRP II 67133), [...] These ha e
gone away P eiwus, he com u s o he Ragni dynas y, Zanda and Kinnen om
he Balge, Claus, Wi semund nd Lailicke om he Ragni dynas y [...]
(SRP II 673), 1394 [...] Zanda nd Kinne s deme cmi amp czu Syn hs in he a ea o
Balge ha e gone his way in he xciiij ja e ken Weduckeln [...] (SRP II 678), Can i be
assumed ha among he many men who showed he b o he s he ways om
P ussia o Li huania, he e had also been a woman? This is ha dly possible because
he men ions o women in he DO documen s always con ained ce ain
designa ions indica ing hei gende 7. Whe he i is possible, howe e , ha a man
possessed he name, which should be based on he appella i e meaning "wi e,
wi e", is a ques ion ha has ye o be answe ed.
This is he second edi ion o he MARIENBURGER TRESSLER BOOK.
THE YEAR 1399 […] 1409 and ha
GREAT BOOK o Ge man in e es a es
O de o Knigh s 1414 and 1438
Ano he sou ce ha p o ides ela i ely nume ous women's men ions is he
Ma ienbu ge T essle buch o he yea s 1399-1409 (also known as he MTB). This
is he p in ed e sion o he O de 's olio No. 140, one o he ew inancial
documen collec ions o he D.O. p ese ed o da e. In he egis e o income
and expendi u e o he DO, he
Women mo e o en han p e iously men ioned:
In he yea 1400, he woman om Tzippelynsdo in he a ea o Os e ode [...] wi h I ish child en
ga e he DO 15 ma ks (MTB 45). 1403 Kunne Pauwil Ruszen has published se en e e ences o he social
and cul u al Family s a us, as in he cases Kyne eyne wi ewe wi h I e[m] […]one (OF 107 1 ), deß
me c[…]ene s haw[…] aw (OF 89K 19 ), he women Mackynnen Su willen mumes (MTB 434) and
o he s, accompany almos all women's men ions in he medie al documen s o he
The D.O.S.
DARIUS IVOŠKA
26 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Blažienė G asilda 2017: Old P ussian p ope names as a sou ce o he old P ussian
lexicon. The e was an encoun e wi h Bal is i in Pisa. The s udy o e saggi, Pisa: Joke ,
Diehlmann Hans Heinz 2006: Die Tü kens eue im He zog um P eußen 1540/2,
Memel – Tilsi , Hambu g: Ve ein ü Familien o schung in Os - und Wes p eußen.
63 and 85. Diehlmann Hans Heinz 2008: The Tu kish ax in he Duchy o P ussia 15403, Ragni
[…] Ins e bu g […] Geo genbu g and Saalau, Hambu g: Associa ion o Family Resea ch in
Eas e n and Wes e n P ussia.
Ge ullis Geo g 1922: The old P ussian place names, Be lin, Leipzig: associa ion o
scien i ic publishe s Wal e de G uy e & Co. GZB […] The g ea in e es book o he
Ge man O de o Knigh s (1414-138, ed. P. G. Thielen, Ma bu g: published by N. G. Elwe ,
1958.
Heckmann Die e 2000: The accoun book o he w e ched b o he hood o
Königsbe g […] Löbenich (1477-1523), Cologne, Weima , Vienna: Böhlau publishing
house. I o Da iuskaus 2016: Rema ks on he p oblems o Bal ic place names wes
o he Weichsel. The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 74, 208 and 225. I oška Da ius 2019:
Li huanian his o ical pe sonal names in he Ma ienbu g T essle book o he
yea s 1399-1409. […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 81, 97[…]109. […] Ac a Linguis ica
Li huanica 81, 97[…]109 […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica […] is a Li huanian language
book w i en by he Li huanian linguis and w i e . I oška Da ius 2020: On he ques ion o he Bal ic p ope names o he egion o Ragni and Tilsi in he documen s o he O de o 14. […]15. o he cen u y. This is Ac a Linguis ica.
Li huanian 83, 132150.
MTB […] The Ma ienbu ge T esslebuch o he yea s 1399-1409, edi ed by he a chi is
D . Joachim, Königsbe g In P ussia: published by Thomas & Oppe mann, 1898. OF […] O de
olios om he sec e s a e a chi es, P ussian cul u al he i age […] (in
I would like o ask he Commissione whe he he is p epa ed o accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on he En i onmen , Public Heal h and Consume P o ec ion.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 3, L g. 1335-1341, published on
behal o he His o ical Commission o Eas and Wes P ussian Land Resea ch, edi ed by
M. Hein, Ma bu g: N. G. Elwe Ve lag, 1944. SRP II […] Sc ip o es Re um P ussica um, The
his o ical sou ces o he P ussian p ehis o y up o he all o he ule o he O de , ol.
2, edi ed by T. Hi sch, D . M. Töppen, D . E. S ehlke, Leipzig: published by S. Hi zel, 1863.
T au mann Reinhold 1925: The old P ussian pe sonal names, Gö ingen:
Vandenhoeck and Rup ech .
S aipsniai / A icles 27
Soziale S and und Iden i izie ung on F auen im P eußen
des 14.–16. Jhs. au g und de Dokumen e des Deu schen O dens
P ūsijos mo e ų socialinė padė is
i jų iden i ika imas XIV–XVI a.
Vokiečių o dino dokumen uose
The SANTRAUKA
Vly ės idu amžių in he ea ly mode n women's pe iodicals and hei iden i ica ion in he
his o ical sou ces, especially Vokiečių o dino in he o icial documen s, is no one o he ields o
science ha domina es he phenomena. S aipsnyje examined ne ik mo e ų į a dijimas a du,
be i a do ela ionship wi h he s a us o mo he s du ing he pe iod o he ial. The
empi ical esea ch allows easy and consis en examina ion o he dynamics o calami ies.
Pas ebė a, kad XIVXVI a. in he pe iod o he basic changes in he women's cus oms, a dais a
iden i ika ime ne yks a. Kaip pa odė ch onologinis y imas, mo e ų a dai, kaip pag indi-
nis jų iden i ika imo būdas – gana e as eiškinys, ypač lyginan su y iškų a dų paminė-
jimu. Gausesni mo e ų a dų paminėjimai kai ku iuose dokumen uose ne odo endencijos
hei ki imo in e ms o ime, hey a e mo e dependen on he pas o al memo ial ci cums ances
in he documen s. The Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om
he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o equal
ea men o men and women and on he p inciple o equal ea men o women and men. I is
documen ed ha women a e he leas o hese cases, when hey a e he only ones who answe ,
hey a e he only ones who iden i y hemsel es, hey a e he only ones who iden i y hemsel es,
o example, 1373 me ais b oliams Pimenen and Wisselginbei in he sepa a ion o he sons o he land, his is iden i ied as he leas o he b o he s Sese s sūnus […]wes [e ] […]on o Pimenen and
Wisselgin OF 105 106 . This is he i s ime I' e seen i . I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do
i , bu I'm no going o be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o
do i . The main sando y subjec s o he Ki ais cases a e he y ai bu ę, so he documen ed
ones a e he speci ic ones o he į a dijami. O cou se, a min ina i ai, kad mo e s socialinis
aidmuo laikais aip pa con ibu ed o he gana san u aus o women's his o ical
idu amžių isuomenėje bei ka alikų bažnyčios laikysena mo e s a ž ilgiu kalbamaisiais
documen a y.
I 's he 22nd o May, 2023.
DARIUS IVOŠKA
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lie u a
I'm no going o be able o do i .
