Recenzijos / Re iews 313
VIDAS VALSKYS
Boa d o Educa ion and Doc ine o he A med Fo ces o
Vals ybinė lie u ių kalbos komisija
Li huania ORCID id: o cid.o g./0009-0000-9983-0634 Di ec ions
o academic esea ch: e minology, syn ax, language
policy.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Mac oeconomic de elopmen s
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc
Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2022, 136 p.
This app op ia ion is in ended o co e commi men s emaining o be se led om p e ious p og amming pe iods.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In 2022, he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language published an elec onic s udy o he
science o Ramune Vaskelai e Mac oeconomics e minology: easons o
synonymy […] ano he comp ehensi e s udy o he synonymy o e ms, which
could be conside ed a simila na u e and heme o he esea ch o he au ho o
his ea lie s udy in o he ields (e.g. as ology (Vaskelai e 2021) and a new look a
he e m mac oeconomics and i s use in educa ional publica ions […] in leading high
schools. The scope o Nemenk (136 pages) o he s udy o science is indeed a
ele an publica ion, as i allows no only o highligh he easons o he
synonymy o e ms in he spoken a ea, bu also o ouch on some o he aspec s
o he use o mac oeconomic e ms, o examine some common p oblems o he
c ea ion, use, compe i ion, implemen a ion o e ms. Acco ding o he publica ion
Į ade, "a scien i ic s udy ocusing on mac oeconomic e ms is expec ed o
con ibu e o he compa a i ely inadequa e esea ch on economic e ms and o
elimina e hei gap" (p. 10). Since i is no possible o co e many aspec s in one
place, he au ho has chosen o explo e mo e closely he synonymy o
mac oeconomic e ms, which, a e examining and summa izing i , can be ai ly
eliably sol ed no only by he se lemen o non-se lemen o he e m in he
ield o s udy (12 p.), bu also by aising o he e minological peculia i ies.
VIDAS VALSKYS
314 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The scien i ic s udy is made up o P a a mė, Į adas, i e eaching depa men s,
he esul s, lis s o sou ces and li e a u e, San auka in English. The book e iews
he genesis o mac oeconomics (science and subjec ma e ), he easons o
esea ch, he objec o mac oeconomics, he de elopmen o he Li huanian e m
in his ield, aises and jus i ies he impo ance o synonyms as one o he ools
o he e m s udy. The concep o a iance is closely ela ed o he concep o
synonymy, he simila i ies and di e ences o hese concep s a e indica ed, hei
pli imo Lie u os i ki ų šalių e minologijos da buose mo y ai i p iežas ys.
Au o ė, p ipažindama šių są okų glaudų yšį i ibos a p jų nebu imo galimy-
in e p e a ion and usage a e discussed, howe e , he a o emen ioned bounda y is
d awn and he iew ha synonymy and a iance a e no iden ical subjec s is
consis en ly adhe ed o. Ten mac oeconomic ex books (o pa s o economic
ex books) published by a ious highe educa ion ins i u ions o e he
wen y-yea pe iod ( om 1997 o 2017) we e selec ed o analysis. I seems o be
su icien o e eal he subjec o he s udy and o examine i in de ail, o discuss
he main consump ion and managemen pa e ns, o iden i y he easons o he
synonyms. The s udy o science is w i en in a clea , comp ehensi e language, he
s a emen s and conclusions a e o mula ed ca e ully and p ecisely, only one o he
pinch s a emen has occu ed (e.g., di e en English names o he same concep s
we e men ioned as he eason o he synonymy o Li huanian e ms) (87 p.). This
ype o bu ning spoon […] does no look a he co ec ional e iew: Š enčonienė
(should be Š enčionienė, 10 p.), agg ega ed eques and agg ega ed eques (in he
second case he e should be an o e , 41 p.), named (should be named, 50 p.),
al ena y ius (83 p.), ypologinem (85 p.) and k . The wo d "go e nmen " could also be conside ed as a non-obse a ion o he w i ing o he go e nmen in a small le e (in he lis o li e a u es indica ing he Go e nmen o he Republic o Li huania)
he decision o 6 No embe 2000).
A sui able and accu a e selec ion o empi ical ma e ial is e y impo an o
conduc ing a quali y s udy. Since he da a we e no aken om dic iona ies o
e ms, bu om ex books o mac oeconomics, i was e y impo an ha all he
e ms in he ield o mac oeconomics used in he de aul ex books we e included in
he esea che 's epo , so ha hey did no in e e e wi h (and he e o e could
no espond o) common e ms used in many ields o science o o he ields o he
han mic oeconomics. The au ho mainly applied wo c i e ia o selec he
app op ia e e ms: he g aphical ma king c i e ia (e.g. when he concep o he ield
o s udy is highligh ed in bold in he ex ) and he de ini ion c i e ia (i.e.
[…]mac oeconomics e ms o keep he e ms de ined in mac oeconomics manuals[…]
(20 p.)). These c i e ia seem o be a good basis o collec ing he necessa y da a and
disconnec ing he i ele an ones, bu hey do no comple ely elimina e he
possibili y o inding non-mac oeconomic e ms among he analy ical e ms. This is
acknowledged by he au ho he sel , s a ing ha […][n]d awing a e y p ecise line
be ween mac oeconomic and o he b anches o economics is no he aim o his wo k, because i is no o a e minological na u e
Ramunė Vaskelai ė. Mak oekonomikos e minija:
sinonimijos p iežas ys
Re iews o Re iews 315 wo k, and he e is no s ic bounda y be ween he e ms
o nea by b anches o science o ocabula y in he dic iona ies o e ms (p. 22).
The e o e, he e is no g ea doub abou he ep esen a i eness o he ma e ial
k oekonomikos e minų in en o ių čia ap a simi e minai u ė ų pe eik i“ ( en
unde conside a ion. The second sec ion o he s udy is de o ed o he
quan i a i e (pa ly and quali a i ely) analysis o synonyms o e ms used in
mac oeconomic ex books. In o al, he e a e 355 synonyms in he ex books, and
he e a e no synonyms in 522 e ms. Such a ela ionship would seem o sugges
ha mac oeconomic e minology is qui e es ablished, bu gi en ha a la ge
numbe o non-synonymous e ms a e used only in one o he manual, and 52 o
hem ha e one o he o he a ian , he opposi e conclusion can be d awn, namely
ha mac oeconomic e minology is pa icula ly es ablished. Howe e , his is
ca ego ically inco ec , as he de elopmen o he e m om he poin o iew
o synonymy should be assessed om a sample o mo e han 10 su ey manage s.
In addi ion o he e minology (non-exis ence) o e ms, o he easons o he
synonymy o e ms men ioned in Li huanian and o eign e minology wo ks a e
also discussed: he de elopmen o he language o science, he managemen and
no maliza ion o e ms, he in e ac ion o languages, he in luence o s yle o
gen e, e c. In o de o de e mine "which one o he o he eason de e mines he
synonymy o he e ms used in mac oeconomic manuals" (29 p.), he au ho o he
s udy uses a ai ly common ool in e minology wo ks - he classi ica ion o
synonyms in o ypes acco ding o o igin (na i e, o eign and mixed languages) and
composi ion (language and ocabula y e ms), as well as he classi ica ion in
e ms o nomina ions (so-called aspec synonyms) and combina ions (non-language
and non-language e ms). Such a me hodology makes i possible o g asp and
desc ibe a wide ange o easons o he synonymy o e ms, and hus o pu sue
he objec i e o he wo k […] o examine he main easons o he synonymy o e ms used in mac oeconomic manuals.
The hi d chap e , which deals in de ail wi h synonyms by o igin, ocuses on he
synonymic ac ions o such e ms as he in luence o o eign languages and he
no maliza ion o language. The e m " e minology" is o en used as a synonym o
he la e e b (some imes hey a e combined wi h a conjunc ion, e.g.
" e minology" and " e minology" (p.64), o " e minology" and " e minology" (p.113),
al hough some imes only one wo d is used, e.g. " e minology" (p.36). Is he e a eason
o his a ia ion in he de ini ion o he e m? Wouldn' ha be enough o one
e m? Since e ms a e egula ed by essen ially gene al p inciples o g amma
(especially he p inciple o pu i y applied o he lexical laye , which is mos ele an
when discussing he synonymy o e ms) and codi ica ion c i e ia, would g amma
be enough? In he case o synonyms, he 103 synonyms ha make up almos a hi d
o all synonyms, he g oups o equen and a e synonyms a e dis inguished. T ue,
i is no en i ely clea wha is conside ed common and wha is conside ed a e.
VIDAS VALSKYS
Ac a Linguis ica 316 Li huanica LXXXIX is he i s o i s kind in he Eu opean Union.
Wha quan i a i e indica o de e mines he assignmen o one g oup o ano he ?
Wha is conside ed a e can be deduced om he asse ions ha […]a synonym is
gi en in only one o he manual[…] (p. 37) o […] e ms ha ha e a synonym in only one o
wo manuals[…] (p. 58), al hough such a di ision is almos con adic ed by he
asse ion ha […] o exclude he use o a e m in manuals 1[…]3 would be inaccu a e in
e ms o i s synonymy, and he e o e o conside such cases as isola ed cases o
use[…] (p. 40). Elsewhe e i is s a ed ha […][in] a e and equen cases o synonymy
a ious synonyms a e classi ied acco ding o whe he he synonyms o he e m a e
common in he manuals[…] (p. 58). I can be assumed ha he clea e he dis inc ion
be ween he equency and a i y o synonyms, he less oom he e would be o
ce ain doub s abou bo h he accu acy o he dis ibu ion o da a and hei
in e p e a ion. When discussing cases o synonymy, examining a ious aspec s o
hei exp ession and p esen a ion in ex s, wo ds o combina ions o wo ds a e
used in he minimums and kabu ēs, e.g. "money inse ions" (49 p.) o "push e ec " (52
p.). The examina ion o bo owings used in kabu ēs (e.g., […]šokas[…] 55 p.) is based on
he assump ions o he esea che s o he wo ld languages ha such w i ing may
indica e a desi e o in eg a e he wo d in o he ex and (o ) a desi e o b eak away
om he o eign wo d, bu i is possible o miss he s udies o he au ho 's
obse a ions on how o e alua e wo ds o Li huanian o igin used in kabu ēs. Does
hei inclusion no indica e ha he au ho o he manual (and (o ) he edi o o he
ex ) is inco ec , doub s abou he app op ia eness, accu acy, e c. o he e m?
Can such wo ds o bo h Li huanian and o eign o igin o hei compounds be
conside ed as usual synonyms o e ms, in o he wo ds, can hey be equa ed wi h
eal e ms p esen ed wi hou owels? In addi ion, he use o he e m "synonymy" in
he con ex o he use o he e m "synonymy" in he con ex o he use o he
e m "synonymy" in he con ex o he use o he e m "synonymy" in he con ex
o he use o he e m "synonymy" in he con ex o he use o he e m
"synonymy" in he con ex o he use o he e m "synonymy" in he con ex o he
use o he e m "synonymy" in he con ex o he use o he e m "synonymy". The
English language is igh ly conside ed o be he main sou ce o bo owing
mac oeconomic e ms, as e idenced by he a ious synonyms ha ha e a isen due o
he use o bo owing om he English oo . Sepa a ely, he e ms boom, clea ing,
ba e , leasing, ac o ing, e c. a e discussed, hei hanks, Li huanian ma ching
sea ches and o he consume peculia i ies a e discussed. Along wi h e ms o
English o igin, o e ing is discussed, al hough i is explained as de i ed om he
F ench o ei (69 p.), as well as impo s and expo s, which a e ecognized as wo ds
o La in o igin ha ha e en e ed he English language (70 p.). The English language
he e could indeed be an in e media e language, bu i does no seem e y easonable
o call hese wo ds in e ms o English o igin. Should his g oup (o he
English-language e ms) ha e been called mo e p ecisely? Kyla unce ain ies looking a he 7 h
Ramunė Vaskelai ė. Mak oekonomikos e minija:
sinonimijos p iežas ys
Re iews Re iews Table 317 o he da a p o ided and hei in e p e a ion. In sho , in
he second column, which is called he synonymy o Li huanian e ms, he e ms
cu ency egime cou se sys em a e p o ided, all o which a e in e na ional, so wo ds
o non-Li huanian o igin, so i emains unclea why hey a e discussed oge he wi h
Li huanian e ms. The analysis o cases o synonymy o condi ional e ms o
nomina i e a ia ion p esen ed in he ou h chap e makes i possible o "explain
why wo o mo e e ms o Li huanian o igin o wo o mo e bo owings compe e wi h
each o he " (p. 76). The a ia ions in nomina ions and exp essions eco ded in
mac oeconomic manuals a e jus i iably linked o he o ma ion o e ms, he
non-exis ence o e ms, he desi e o name di e en ea u es, he suppo o
di e en sou ces, he di e ences in classi ica ion and o he ac o s o synonymy
o e ms. The di e si y o e ms is iewed b oadly […] no only in he speci ic ex ,
bu also a he in e ex ual le el […] his allows o co e e en mo e aspec s and
p o ide de ails o he mos app op ia e sea ches, which a e p omo ed by unc ional
a ge ing, inconsis en concep ualiza ion o he e m and o he mo i es, he
pic u e. A he end o he chap e , cases a e men ioned "when one concep is
in e p e ed by ano he , and bo h au ho s o he guidelines a e e e ed o as
synonyms" (p. 89). One example o his ype is gi en […] he concep o g oss income is
used as a synonym o g oss na ional p oduc . While he e is no e idence o suppo
he use o he e m "synonymy" in his con ex , he au ho s o he s udy poin ou
ha he synonymy o e ms in o eign e minology is also an objec o s udy, and
ha he au ho 's insigh s in o he possible expansion o he ield o s udy in e ms
o accu acy (o inaccu acy) and o he examples o synonymy in Li huanian esea ch
could be heo e ical and p ac ical aspec s o he au ho 's app oach. The i h
chap e deals wi h he common oo synonyms and hei po en ial and causes o he
o ma ion o wo ds ha de e mine hei usage. A he beginning o he chap e , he
di e ences in he ea men o synonyms in Li huanian and o eign e minology
wo ks a e discussed. In o eign e minology, such ypes o synonyms a e usually no
dis inguished ( he synonyms ha name he same concep a e conside ed in cases o
e minological a ia ion), while in Li huanian e minology he concep o synonyms is
inc easingly es ablished (see A. Umb as, A. Mi ke ičienė and he wo k o his au ho ),
he s udy o synonyms be ween synonyms and non-synonyms, among o he hings,
allows hem o be analyzed and sys ema ized. The cases o synonymy o common oo
e ms a e discussed in mo e de ail in he mac oeconomics manuals below. As you
migh expec , synonym pai s consis ing o he p eposi ions -inis ediniu and kilmininku,
which a e he dependen clauses o he compound e m (e.g., inancial in e media y
and inancial in e media y), we e he mos common. Reasons o he p e alence o
such cases […] […]no only he a ailabili y o language

VIDAS VALSKYS
318 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
he possibili y o making e ms wi h p eposi ions -inis ediniais, bu also such e ms wi h
kilmininkinį dėmenį u inčiais e minais siejan is eikšmės panašumas a eikš-
he unce ain y o mea di e ences" (95 p.). O he common oo synonyms in
mac oeconomic manuals a e de e mined by he in e changeabili y o o ms, he
in luence o o he languages, he sea ch o ma ches o one's own o igin. A g oup o
synonyms o e ms wi h an une en numbe o clauses (e.g., senio income and senio i y,
accele a ion heo y and accele a o ) allows he iden i ica ion o such easons o hei
use as he a oidance o ca ds and he pu sui o abb e ia ion, which is associa ed wi h
b e i y, om he p inciples o a common e minology, bu he applica ion o he au ho 's
pu sui , such as he Keynes a gumen agains he heo y o economics, is also no ed.
The six h chap e o he s udy is pa icula ly aluable, in which signi ican bu s ill
a he mino aspec s o Li huanian e minology (which a e gi en mo e a en ion in
he wo ks o A. Mi ke ičienė) a e explo ed, such as he selec ion and unc ional
dis ibu ion o ce ain s yles o condi ional e ms, which e eal he di e ences in
communica ion si ua ions, he impo ance o add esses and he use o a ious
o he s yles o e bs, help o e eal e ms o highligh he peculia i ies o
synonyms. I is ue ha eade s may be somewha con used by he use o he
unca ed o m o he e b (ins ead o he s ylis ic e b) in he nouns o he
ad e bs. O he , o a hickness 6.2 The i le o he submission […]The exp ession o
he e b in mac oeconomics manuals[…] seems o ocus on he syn ac ic aspec o
he e b as he exp ession o he main pa o he sen ence, bu he con en o he
submission is alloca ed o he add essee and o he ways o exp essing he s ylis ic
e bs o analyze, o discuss he inclusion o synonyms in he ex . A ce ain eason
o he use o synonyms is also sol ed by he me hods o ma king synonyms used in
mac oeconomics ex books (submission in b acke s o me a- e bal commen a y o ,
o he wise, called inse ion e c.) […] in he i s case, i is possible o alk abou
[…] a ia ions ela ed o he change o loan o he ma king o non- e mis s[…] (108 p.),
ki aip a ian , unkcinio s iliaus eiksniu: mokomojo pobūdžio leidiniuose sie-
while he second me hod is mainly ela ed o […] he add essee, he na u e o he
publica ion, which allows o explain he main mac oeconomic concep s […] (109 p.). The
s udy is summa ised in applicable, p ecisely o mula ed conclusions, which e eal no
only he esul s o he s udy bu also he consump ion endencies o
mac oeconomic e ms and ce ain de elopmen s. The cle e selec ion and cle e
applica ion o he esea ch ools allowed o iden i y and discuss he easons o
he synonymy o e ms in he ield o s udy […] by analyzing he ypes o synonyms
and opposi ions, he in luence o o he languages and he language managemen ac o s we e highligh ed, and he in luence o o he languages e ealed a ious synonyms
Ramunė Vaskelai ė. Mak oekonomikos e minija:
sinonimijos p iežas ys
A e iew o Re iews 319 led o he conclusion ha he e may be di e ences in he
names o al e na i es o he same concep due o he une en classi ica ion and
naming o he concep . The main easons o he p e alence o he common oo
synonym […] he abili y o make wo ds, seman ic di e ences, he possibili y o
in e changeabili y, and in ce ain cases, when a sho e e m is used alongside a
longe e m, he pu sui o cla i y, sys emici y.
The au ho 's heo e ical p epa a ion and insigh in o he con ex o he s udy is
indica ed by an imp essi e lis o li e a u e a he end o he s udy. T ue, ha lis
would be e en longe i i included all he wo ks men ioned in he s udio. John M.
Keynes' The Gene al Theo y o Employmen , In e es , and Money (1936) is one such
example. Adam Smi h's The Na u e and Causes o he Weal h o Na ions was i s
published in 1776. As a as can be unde s ood, bo h o hese books we e no published
in Li huanian, so he bibliog aphical e e ences o hese publica ions in English would
ha e been e y help ul o eade s o he scien i ic s udy.
Despi e he ema ks made he e, Ramune Vaskelai e's s udy o he science o
mac oeconomic e minology: easons o synonyms lea es a solid, comp ehensi e
and quali a i e scien i ic wo k, which signi ican ly complemen s he wo k o
Li huanian e minology, aimed a he s udy o e ms in a ious ields. This s udy o
science may be signi ican no only because o he added analysis o mac oeconomic
e ms, bu also because o some aspec s o gene al e minology ha a e discussed
in he wo ks o o eign e minologis s, bu un il now ha e no been mo e ca e ully
examined in Li huanian e minology, upda ing, o example, he cogni i e, discu si e
o unc ional easons in luencing he synonymy o e ms. I is hoped ha he
heo e ical insigh s and esea ch esul s p esen ed in his scien i ic s udy will no
only inspi e i s au ho s o unde ake new e minology esea ch, he heme o which
is sugges ed in he s udy, bu will also ecei e he a en ion and e lec ion o
e minologis s and linguis s in o he ields, gi ing a oo hold in analyzing and
e alua ing a ious aspec s o e minology and o he linguis ic phenomena.
Deli e ed on 23 Oc obe 2023.
VIDAS VALSKYS
Lie u os ka iuomenės Mokymo i dok inų aldybos ado ybės š abo
The Depa men o Doc ine and
he Doc ine o he Fai h, 5A,
LT-10322 Vilnius, Li huania
Vals ybinė lie u ių kalbos komisija
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.