204 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
Vilniaus uni e si e as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch: onomas ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Gi ing a Bal ic Name
In he Polish Emig a ion
1991-2020 M. (JUNGTIN) S. He is a membe o he Democ a ic Pa y o Ko ea.
The Kingdom's Ad oca e
T ends o Bal ic Names
Gi ing among Emig an s in 19912020.
The Uni ed Kingdom Case2
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle p esen s he policy o gi ing and o ming Bal ic su names gi en in he Uni ed
Kingdom o child en o Li huanian emig an s om 1991 o 2020. I has been ound ha emig an
pa en s o en gi e hei child en he names o na u al, pagan goddesses and gods, amous and
legenda y pe sonali ies o he pas . Mos o en, he names a e a ied, and euphony is
obse ed when gi ing names. ESMINIAI WORDS: pe sonal name, Bal ic name, iden i y, ashion o he name.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle p esen s he ends o Bal ic names gi ing o child en o Li huanian emig an s
in he Uni ed Kingdom in 19912020. Emig an pa en s o en gi e hei child en names o
na u al phenomena, pagan dei ies, as well as enowned and legenda y his o ical igu es.
Va ia ions in name endings a e common, euphony being o en conside ed when gi ing names.
KEYWORDS: gi en names, Bal ic names, iden i y, name ends. 1 The a icle was p epa ed
acco ding o he VLKK p ojec Li huanian immig an child ens names 19912020, No K-12/2022.
2 The a icle was p epa ed unde he S a e Commission o he Li huanian Language p ojec Names o
child en o Li huanian emig an s in 19912020, no. K-12 and 2022
A icles o he a icle 205
Bal iškų a dų da imo polinkiai emig acijoje
1991–2020 m. (Jung inės Ka alys ės a ejis)
ĮVADAS
A e Li huania egained i s independence in 1990, ano he wa e o emig a ion o
o eign coun ies began. Du ing he second decade o he 21s cen u y, mo e
han 482 housand ci izens decla ed hei depa u e om Li huania, al hough
some o hem la e e u ned (see 123.emn.l ). Be ween 2010 and 2020, emig an s
Jung inę Ka alys ę ( oliau – JK), Ai iją, Vokie iją i No egiją3, ku jiems gimė
aikai.
1991–2020 m. No egijoje gimusių Lie u os piliečių a dų y imas pa odė,
om Li huania mos ly wen o he ac ha hei su names usually ha e he
usual Li huanian endings, w i en in he usual le e s, hei compounds. The
pe cen age o No wegian immig an child en wi h Bal ic names, de i ed om
Li huanian, o he Bal ic lexicon, which a e mo e cha ac e is ic o gi ls: co e s 19
pe cen o gi ls' names and 9.5 pe cen o boys' names (Sinke ičiū ė 2022). As a
esul , i was in e es ing o see how Bal ic names had sp ead in emig a ion,
wha hei cha ac e is ics we e, conside ing he pe sonal names ha o igina ed om Li huanian in he lexicon o o he Bal ic languages as Bal ic.
To s udy he Bal ic su names o child en bo n in he coun y o […] UK […] in he la ges
pos -Independence emig a ion om Li huania in 1991[…]2020, in o de o discuss he p ocesses o gi ing
and o ming hem. The aim was o de e mine which g oups o Bal ic su names a e he mos common,
how hey o m se e al pe sonal names, wha is cha ac e is ic o su names and wha a e hei
a ian s. The UK is an old Li huanian diaspo a: Li huanians began o emig a e o he UK in he 19 h
cen u y (Dapku ė 2009: 11) and ca ied ou ac i e cul u al ac i i ies un il he 21s cen u y (Gaspe ienė
2009: 77 […] 88). Al hough he local Li huanian communi y was no p epa ed o he new wa e o
emig an s, since he end o he 20 h cen u y, he a i al o Li huanians has e i ed he o ganiza ions
ounded by he ea lie gene a ion, e i ed he communi y and i s cul u al and educa ional li e, spo s
ac i i ies (Ilgūnai ė 2009: […] 17318). As elsewhe e, English is spoken by many emig an s om o he EU
coun ies, A ica and India, e c. In he Uni ed Kingdom, 60726 Li huanian ci izens we e egis e ed in he
į JK iš Lie u os emig a ę piliečiai susidū ė su ki akalbe aplinka: JK dominuoja
G ea B i ain in 2010, see h ps: weba chi e.na ionala chi es.go .uk www.gwuk60105160709 h p:
ie u i sa o kalbas i kul ū as bei joms būdingus a dus. No s Lie u oje (ž .
www.ons.go .uk/ons elcensus/2011-census-key-s a is ics- o -local-au ho i ies-in-england-and-wales--
3 O icialiais duomenimis, 2010–2020 m. iš Lie u os į Didžiąją B i aniją iš yko 213986, į Ai iją –
43814, į Vokie iją – 35462, į No egiją – 36419 Lie u os piliečiai (ž . 123.emn.l ). Vien
q - able-203ew.xls. 4 Fo example, he s a is ics o 2021 can be ound a h ps:
www.ons.go .uk/peoplepopula ionandcommuni y/popula ionandmig a ion/in e na ionalmig a ion/a ic-
les/analysiso socialcha ac e is icso in e na ionalmig an sli ing in england and
wales2021census#e hnic-g oup.
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC 206 (Linguis ic Ac o Li huania) was adop ed by he Li huanian Pa liamen .
159[…]169), i is common o ha e su names and su names, bu he spelling, g amma
and o ms o Li huanian pe sonal names a e e y di e en , and he UK is widely
used o o he languages besides English, cha ac e names.
The names o women coincide wi h he names o o he languages, less wi h he
names o men, which a e ypical o he Li huanian language, because due o he
ba u i daug skolin ų a dų, ku ių kamienai nesiski ia nuo ki ų Eu opos kal-
endings, hese names a e exclusi e. Pe sonal names in Li huanian language. Due o
he di e ences, Li huanian loan names ha e hei own o ms, al hough hey belong
o he same cul u al clade as he names o o he languages. Resea che s o
su names in o he languages, when discussing he di e ences be ween he
su names o immig an s and he inhabi an s o he coun y o immig a ion, do no
seem o pay much a en ion o his aspec , since he su names hey s udy a e
usually di e en by ibe, while o he pe sonal names a e non-Eu opean. Because o his, he linguis ic esea ch access applied o he names o o he languages is usually no sui able o s udying Li huanian names.
1. T ea men o immig an s by name
Cases o gi ing, using and changing he names o immig an s om o he coun ies ha e been
ex ensi ely s udied, especially by sociologis s and psychologis s, and hei analysis and esul s
depend on he subjec ma e o he s udy, he me hods used, he numbe o people who ha e
immig a ed o he coun y, he coun y's policy owa ds immig an s, and he naming adi ions o
hei languages and cul u es. Immig an su names end o be s udied by quali a i e and quan i a i e
me hods, as immig an s gi e hei child en names ha a e ypical o he coun y o immig a ion,
main ain hei cul u al names, look o common pe sonal names o a e guided by amily adi ions
(Ge ha ds, Kämp e 2017). The e may be di e en su name pa e ns in immig an and mixed (one
pa en is a ci izen o he coun y o immig a ion) amilies: o example, mixed No wegian amilies
a ely gi e immig an su names om o he coun ies (Reis æ e 2012). A s udy o Finnish Russian
su names showed ha he g ea es need o in eg a e in o he local communi y is el by pa en s
li ing in a eas whe e he e a e ew Russian-speaking esiden s (Eskola, Hämäläinen 2019: 213). The
easons o gi ing and changing immig an names, because names indica e a pe son's indi idual
iden i y and belonging o he amily, a e social and legal. In he wo ks o i e sociologis s, he
ela ionship be ween name and iden i y is ex ended by he pa ame e "body", because "ou indi idual,
social, ci il and legal iden i y a ises om he in e wining o ou names and su names wi h ou body"
(Pilche 766, wi h li e a u e), emphasizing he connec ion be ween name and gende . The names o he
child en o immig an pa en s and he names o he child en o immig an pa en s in he coun y o
o igin a e assigned o he names o immig an pa en s in he coun y o o igin because hey canno
be di e en ia ed: hey do no di e om he names o o he immig an coun ies on he basis o
iden i y (Finch 2008: 712 […] 714). Jü gens Ge ha ds and Julia Tuppa become Ge man ci izens, ha e a
(Ge ha ds and Tuppa 2018: 2).
A icles o he 207 h
Bal iškų a dų da imo polinkiai emig acijoje
1991–2020 m. (Jung inės Ka alys ės a ejis)
leas a seconda y educa ion, and gi e gi ls a mo e common Ge man name han boys. On he o he hand,
(2018), nus a ė, kad Vokie ijos imig an ai dažniau duoda šios šalies a dus, kai
kul ū inis a s umas a p imig an o šalies iki Vokie ijos y a nedidelis, imig an ai
linguis ic in eg a ion, pa ne ship wi h people bo n in Ge many and emo ional iden i ica ion wi h he
coun y o bi h, emig a ion, s uc u al and social in eg a ion a e no e y impo an when choosing
a name o a child (Ge ha ds, Tuppa 2018). The in luence o names on he in eg a ion o immig an s
in o he labou ma ke is being conside ed. Joshua and Polish immig an child en in he Uni ed S a es,
called by "Ame ican" sounding names, ha e achie ed mo e p o essionally han he e hnic names hey
ha e ecei ed, al hough e hnic names ha e a posi i e e ec on he p o essional achie emen s o
R. Golds eino, Guy S ecklo (2016) y imas pa odė, kad ai ių, i alų, okiečių
Russian and especially Jewish immig an child en. Howe e , mig an s, especially women, wi h unusual
su names in he coun y o a i al a e o en disad an aged (Ge ha ds, Tuppa 2018: 3; Pennesi 49 […] 52
e al.). The esea che s also analyze he deg ee o in eg a ion o immig an s in o he hos socie y,
as he names can be used o assess he in luence o compe ing cul u es. Acco ding o a s udy by
Ch is inas A. Sue and Edwa d E. Telles (2007) on he a i ude o Spanish-speaking pa en s in Los
Angeles o assimila ion, he esul s o o he s udies con i med: e hnic names a e mo e o en gi en
o sons han daugh e s, hey do no ollow he amily line, hey a e conside ed descendan s o
adi ions, hey need less p o ec ion om disc imina ion, which indica es a di e en gende
assimila ion p ocess. Ellen S. B amwell, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD,
PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD,
PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, PhD, e c. She is also a
membe o he boa d.
In No way (Reis æ e 2012).
The su names gi en o child en by immig an s in he UK, as in o he coun ies, a e
e y di e en and depend on he communi ies and hei cul u al and linguis ic
adi ions. No only he close social ies o he communi y in luence he
con inui y o he name sys em, bu also he in ol emen o indi iduals in he
cul u e o he hos coun y, and o e ime he in luence o he name cul u e,
globaliza ion and i s impac on language and cul u e inc eases (B amwell 2012:
377-385). The names o boys bo n in he UK a e mo e likely o e eal e hnic
in o ma ion han hose o gi ls: o example, in a ious communi ies in England
2017: 815). Miš iose JK šeimose ė ai aikams enka a dus, simbolizuojančius
and Wales, he names o Muslim boys bo n in he UK a e simila , while hose o
y ui, dėl ku ios gali bū i pe ženg os asės, e ninės p iklausomybes i ikėjimo
Muslim gi ls a e di e en (Pilche 's hopes and aspi a ions o he u u e, al hough child en a e conside ed o belong o he UK collec i e).
The e is no ex ensi e esea ch on Li huanian su names gi en in emig a ion, bu
s a s y i. Nus a y a, kad dauguma No egijoje gimusių emig an ų iš Lie u os
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica XC 208 child en's names co espond o he g amma o
he Li huanian language, because mo e han 85% o hem ha e he usual endings,
w i en wi h he usual combina ions o le e s. Regis e ed su names show he
pa en s' e hnici y o he child en o he Li huanians (Sinke ičiū ė 2022), al hough
om he poin o iew o he Li huanian language, he pa en s beha e di e en ly:
some pa en s wan he child en o lea n and speak Li huanian, o he s do no ca e
91–126). Emig an ai JK dažnai aikus adina įp as ais lie u iams a dais, ku ie
daugiausia y a skolin i (Sinke ičiū ė 2021a). Ta p emig acijoje duo ų a dų pa-
(Jakai ė-Bulbukienė 2015: si iko and naujų, p e iously did no gi e Bal ic names in
Li huania (Sinke ičiū ė 2023). Ch is ian Schille (2024) in es iga ed he mo i es o
gi ing child en's names o Li huanians li ing in Ge many o c ea ed by mixed
amilies, as well as hose wi h Li huanian oo s, and no iced ha he p onuncia ion
o names and he adap a ion o Li huanian and Ge man languages a e impo an
o pa en s in naming hei child en, as well as he impo ance o non-p oblema ic
communica ion in bo h languages and he desi e o a oid nega i e associa ions.
E o s o econcile di e en languages and cul u es show Li huanian ci izens' names in No way, wi h simila o ms in Li huanian and o he languages
(Sinke ičiū ė 2022) This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
Má cia Sipa icius Seide (2020: 100–121) pas ebėjo, kad XX a. p adžios emi-
he e a e sepa a e ques ions abou he su names g an ed by Li huanian
descendan s in B azil, wi h which hey iden i ied hemsel es in he closed
Facebook g oup o he Li huanian communi y, which a e usually no in he
Li huanian language, because he pa en s a e mos ly iden i ied wi h he hos
coun y, al hough he e ha e been cases whe e he emig an s e ained o
es o ed hei o iginal iden i y. Thus, he su names o la e Li huanian
emig an s changed wi hou he use o he Li huanian language, as people sough
o assimila e o he immig an en i onmen o he coun y. Da ius Daukšas (2019:
230[…]240; 2021: 230[…]243) has no iced ha su names a e indica o s o o he ness
a e s udying he second gene a ion o immig an s in No way, who associa e
hei u u e wi h No way, iden i y wi h i , conside i hei home, some ake ci izenship and al hough hey ha e a dual iden i y, No wegians do no conside hem hei own because hey be ay hei su names and su names.
Resea che s o social sciences emphasize ha Li huanian names a e speci ic
because o hei o ms and spelling ea u es. In he Uni ed S a es, Li huanians
seem exo ic o o he s because o hei i s and las names (Čiub inskas 2014: 15).
In No he n I eland, a name-gi ing s a egy has been obse ed o ci izens who
ha e le Li huania: child en a e gi en names o a ious o igins, bu pa en s who
gi e an English name choose one ha has a simila co espondence o he
Li huanian name, while pa en s who gi e a Li huanian name aim o make i easy o
p onounce, no o use he le e s š, ž, č (Liubinienė 2011: 150). Daukšas (2013, 2016;
2018; 2019), who analyzed he beha iou o Li huanian emig an s in No way, ound
ha Li huanian names and su names do no sound No wegian, so hey can be
main ained as Finnish, al hough he su names e ained by Li huanians hemsel es indica e hei sel -wo h and iden i y.

S aipsniai / A icles 209
Bal iškų a dų da imo polinkiai emig acijoje
1991–2020 m. (Jung inės Ka alys ės a ejis)
Ne inga Liubinienė, who s udied Li huanian emig an s in No he n I eland (2011:
149[…]151), no iced ha Li huanian names cause hem p oblems because mos o
he names a e di icul o p onounce and emembe . As a esul , some
Li huanians ha e adop ed he usual name, al hough some o hem la e e u n
o he old name. In many coun ies o emig a ion, he name and su name o
Li huanians indica e o igin, e hnici y (Kuzneco ienė 2011: 97; Liubinienė 2011: 148;
Jakai ė-Bulbukienė 2015: 84). Pe sonal p onouns can be used o es ablish a
pe son's iden i y (Al o d, 1988: 51; Ald in, 2018), and he name is conside ed a
symbolic ma ke o he bounda y be ween he majo i y socie y and he
mig an mino i y (Ge ha d, Tuppe , 2018: 4). Thus, he names de i ed om he
Bal ic lexicon because o hei s ems indica e Li huanian exclusi i y and es i y o he pa en s' decision o a ibu e Li huanian iden i y o hei child en.
2. T ea men da a
Names collec ed om 2006 om he S a e Li huanian Language Commission and
la e un il 2020 illed in he Da a Cen e Regis y, whe e, acco ding o he laws o
Li huania, ci izens bo n ab oad a e eco ded in he da a accoun o he Republic
o Li huania. To iden i y by place o bi h […] UK […] o selec he names o
Li huanian ci izens, knowing he sex o he child en and he yea o bi h, bu
wi hou in o ma ion abou he ci izenship o he pa en s, hei place o bi h,
age, social ela ions and languages spoken in he amilies. In his way, he names o
child en bo n in Li huanian amilies who do no ha e Li huanian ci izenship
emained in he UK. Howe e , he ad an age o his s udy is ob ious: i co e s a
la ge amoun o da a, which has led o signi ican esul s ha summa ize he naming ends in emig a ion.
Acco ding o he Regis a ion Cen e, 36934 Li huanian ci izens we e bo n in he
UK in 1991-2020: 17965 gi ls and 18969 boys. 1 The g aph shows ha he numbe o
Li huanian ci izens bo n in he UK has been une en in indi idual yea s, inc easing
since he i s decade o he 21s cen u y; Mos Li huanian ci izens we e bo n in
he UK in 2014-2016. Due o his, he su ey o immig an su names by yea o
decade was inaccu a e.
JK gimę Lie u os piliečiai dažniausiai egis uo i ienu a du: 89,4 p oc.
me gaičių (16066 a dai), 89,5 p oc. be niukų (16983 a dai)7. JK gimusios
ienu a du egis uo os me gai ės pa adin os 1753, be niukai – 1758 ski in-
The pe cen age o Li huanian ci izens egis e ed unde one name in Li huania is sligh ly highe han
he pe cen age o Li huanian ci izens egis e ed unde one name in No way, bu he p opo ions
a e simila .
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
210 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
kalbai8. Taigi abiejų lyčių a dų skaičius y a panašus. Dažniausi ienana iai JK
The names o he child en bo n a e gi en in Table 1. As in No way (see
Sinke ičiū ė 2022), he mos common a e Emilia and Lukas, and he mos popula
boys' names a e mo e common han gi ls' names. Among he mos common
emale su names in he UK a e he Bal ic su names Gabija, Vil ė, indica ing ha
in emig a ion, as in Li huania, among he mos popula su names a e he Bal ic
pe sonal names9. This is DIAGRAM 1. F om 1991 o 2020, Li huanian ci izens bo n in
he Czech Republic we e gi en Bal ic su names o child en bo n in he Czech
Republic. They we e mo e common in gi ls' su names: hey comp ised 16.4% o
gi ls' su names (2,633 names) and 7.8% o boys' su names (1,333 names) han
single-name su names, acco ding o he UN. This endency is also seen in
No wegian single Li huanian su names, whe e Bal ic gi ls' names a e also hal as
common as boys' names (Sinke ičiū ė 2022). The o al numbe o Bal ic su names
in he Czech Republic was 232, and he o al numbe o non- ecu ing su names in
he Czech Republic was 214. an a e age o ~11,3 gi ls and ~6,2 boys named a e
one Bal ic name. These numbe s show a sligh ly less han hal he equency o whi e gi ls' names han boys' names.
8 Depending on he pu pose o he s udy, his p ac ice is common, and so do esea che s o o he
language names. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
9 Among he mos common gi ls' names in 2011 a e Gabija, Ugnė, Aus ėja, Goda, Rugilė, Vil ė
(Sinke ičiū ė 2012: 3–8).
10 Toge he wi h su names, hey comp ised 14.7% o gi ls' and 7.0% o boys' names, Li huanian,
piliečiams duo ų JK i iamuoju me u.
A icles by A icles 211
Bal iškų a dų da imo polinkiai emig acijoje
1991–2020 m. (Jung inės Ka alys ės a ejis)
One LENTEL. The mos common Li huanian ci izens' names gi en by he UK in 1991-2020
The
he Old
names o
Me gai es
Gi ls'
names
gi en by JK
skaičius
(n=16066) The ollowing able is inse ed:
Pe cen age o co e age
Bo n in he UK
Pa o
Li huanian
ci izens gi ls names
(n=100 %)
Names o
boys
Numbe
o boys'
names
gi en by JK
(n=16983) The ollowing able is inse ed:
Pe cen age o co e age
Bo n in he UK
Pa o he
names o
Li huanian ci izens' sons
(n=100%) No u he wo ked han ho - olled
1. Emilia 441 2.45% Luke 670 3.53% Wha is he meaning o he name Emilia?
2. Kamilė 336 1.87% Ma as 653 3.44% This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o ind a solu ion.
3. Gab iel 311 1.73% Kajus 455 2.40% This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
4. Gabia is 310 1.73 pe cen Nojus is 420 2.21 pe cen
5. Leia is 304 1.69% Dominic is 383.02%
6. Emma 295 1.64% Benas 330 1.74% Wha is he meaning o he name Emma?
7. Amelia 1.26% Daniel 227 310 1.63% Wha is he meaning o he name Amelia?
Milan 204 1.14% A onas 286 1.51% and he es o he wo ld
9. E e 200 1.11% Daniel 276 1.46% Wha is he Bible's iew o ma iage?
10 Vil ė 200 1,11% Domas 271 1,43% This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o ob ain in o ma ion on his ma e .
The su names o Li huanian ci izens bo n in he UK comp ise 10.6% o gi ls' su names (1899 de i a i es)
and 10.5% o boys' su names (1986 de i a i es). Gi ls bo n in he UK wi h only one su name we e
egis e ed in 1841, boys […] 1940 wi h di e en su names, so su names combina ions a e a e. O
hese, he mos common combina ion o gi ls' names is Anna Ma ia 511, boys' names […] Dominic John 4.
The wo su names egis e ed 9.9% o gi ls (1780 gi ls) and 9.8% o boys (1852 gi ls). The combina ions o
he a e ina and a e qua e na y su names o Li huanian ci izens bo n in he UK make up 0.7
pe cen o gi ls (119 combina ions) and he Bal ic. They included 9.9% o gi ls (261 combined) and 14.9% o
boys; On a e age, he name occu s in ~2.7 gi ls' and ~2.4 boys' combina ions, indica ing a low equency
0,7 p oc. be niukų (134 de iniai) a dų.
Dalį keliana ių a dų suda ė asmen a džiai, iš ku ių abu a ienas a das bu-
o names and a condi ionally la ge di e si y. 11 Numbe s indica e how many imes a name o a
(198 de iniai) keliana ių a dų12. Keliana iuose a duose, iš ku ių abu a ienas
a das bu o bal iškas, iksuo i 97 mo e ų i 83 y ų nepasika oję asmen a -
combina ion o names occu s in he su name JK. In cases whe e he name is gi en only once, he
numbe is no indica ed. 12 They included 1.6 pe cen o gi ls' and 1.2 pe cen o boys' names gi en o
Li huanian ci izens by he JU a he ime o he in es iga ion.
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
212 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian XC
3. The name o he Bal ic S a es
PAMATO INVASIONS […] This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha a company has been awa ded he i le o PAMATO INVASIONS.
Acco ding o he basis, Bal ic names a e di ided in o wo-wo d pe sonal names,
sho ened su names, appella i e and place names (Sinke ičiū ė 2011: 216218). The
uni o m names o hese g oups gi en o Li huanian ci izens bo n in he UK show
ha he endencies o gi ing UK emig an names in 1991-2020 a e simila in all o
Li huania (Sinke ičiū ė 2011). They a e shown in wo ables showing he numbe
o sepa a e and epea ed singula pe sonal names o Li huanian ci izens bo n in
he UK and he pe cen age o hem in b acke s. Two slowly. Uni o m su names
o Li huanian ci izens bo n in he Czech Republic by g oup
Two-T ump
appella e
appella e
appella e
appella e
appella e
appella e
appella e appella e appella e appella e appella e appella e appella e appella e appella e appella e
Numbe o gi ls'
names and %
(31,5%) (14,2%)
(46,1%) (8,2%)
(100%)
Numbe o
epea ed gi ls'
names and %
(5,4%) (11,8%)
(78,2%) (4,6%)
(100%)
Numbe o
boys' names
and % (45,8 %)
(22 %) (27,1 %)
(5,1 %) (100 %)
The e a e
skaičius i %
472236453 boys'
(35,8 %)
names.
(16,7 %)
(44 %)
(3,5 %)
(100 %)
The mos common a e na u al names de i ed om ees, e.g. Eglė 1813, Liepa 154,
me gaičių a dai, apiman ys 46,1 p oc. a ski ų i 78,2 p oc. pasika ojusių a dų.
small plan s, e.g. B uknė 2, Luknė 70, Mė a 39, Ramunė 2, Rugilė 79, Ugnė 149, Vėja 2,
Vūnė 4, Vė a 2, p ecious me als, s ones, e.g. Auksė 47, Deiman ė 68, Rubina 3,
a gam os objek ų, p z., Akmėja 2, Dangė 2, Saulė 94, Saulėja 4, Smil ė 111,
Upė 3, Upėja 2, gam os eiškinių, p z., Aida 9, Auš a 4, Miglė 88, Rasa 3,
Rubin. Commonly associa ed wi h Li huanian goddesses, my hical beings a e
pe sonal names, e.g., Aus ėja 191, Gabija 310, Medeina 11, Milda 33, Vai a 5, Žemyna
11. O he names indica e posi i e quali ies […] beau y, he o igin o 13 names is
lis ed on he websi e a dai. lkk.l .
A icles and a icles 219
Bal iškų a dų da imo polinkiai emig acijoje
1991–2020 m. (Jung inės Ka alys ės a ejis)
o show ha he use o Bal ic names also a oids he end o he Li huanian
language as an indica o o Li huanianness.
Alongside he usual gi l's names, he e a e pe sonal names o he same oo ,
w i en wi h -e, e.g. The ollowing able shows he o al numbe o sea s in he
Chambe o Depu ies in he Eu opean Pa liamen : he numbe o sea s in he
Chambe o Depu ies in he Eu opean Pa liamen , he numbe o sea s in he
Chambe o Depu ies in he Eu opean Pa liamen , he numbe o sea s in he
Chambe o Depu ies in he Eu opean Pa liamen , and he numbe o sea s in he
Chambe o Depu ies in he Eu opean Pa liamen : Because o he spelling, he e
plg. Ąžuolas 53 i Ažuolas 2, Rūkas i Rukas. Visų JK bal iškų a dų kon eks-
a e also a ian s wi h he p e ixes -ėja and -eja, plg. In he case o he la e , he
a ian s a e no widesp ead (<5 pe cen o emale names a e epea ed; almos
none o he male names). Thus, he o ms o su names egis e ed a e a conscious
choice o he pa en s, he ypical le e s o he Li huanian language, i he
pa en s choose names con aining hem, usually do no cause hem p oblems.
Ano he ea u e is he p oli e a ion o wo-le e abb e ia ions, usually de i ed
om wo-le e names, e.g., Aus ė 9, Geis ė 4, Gy ė 4, Deimis 7, Do as 5, Einius 2,
Gy is 16, Vaidas 4, Žygis 4. They show ha he i s pa o a name is he mos
impo an pa when making abb e ia ions. Unusual sho names, like o he mo e
common single names, indica e a endency o gi e sho names. Emig an
su names a e cha ac e ized by epea ing elemen s. P eposi ions a e epea ed in
some pe sonal names, mo e o en in […] appella i e and abb e ia ed names o
o igin. Such a e he p eposi ions o gi ls' names -ėja, plg. I is also known as
Aus ėja 205, Ais ėja 2, Ais ėja, Akmėja 2, As ėja, Auksėja, Min ėja, Saulėja 4,
Upėja 2, Vil ėja, and -i a, e.g. Eis i a, Ei i a, Meili a 3, Sangi a. The mos common
su ix in boys' names is -id, e.g. Jo idas, Tau idas 2. The p eposi ions -ūnė, -ūnas, e.g.
A ūnė 3, Jo ūnė, Ša ūnė 2, Vėjūnė 4, Vilūnė, Žiedūnė, which a e ypical o child en's
names; A ūnas 6, Me ūnas, Ramūnas 2, S ajūnas 4, Ša ūnas 10, and -ija, -ijus, o
example, Gabija 325, Domilija, Vilija 5; Gabijus 5, Do ijus 2, Minijus, Tau ijus. He is
also known as Gabijus. Some o he su names wi h p eposi ions a e popula in
Li huania. They show ha he sound o he name is impo an when naming
child en. The impo ance o euphony can also be seen om he wo-le e names
wi h he mos epea ed s ems. Female names o en ha e an opous s ems: gall,
e.g., Jogailė 6, Mingailė 9, Rimgailė; This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Min-
e.g. A mina, Deimina 3, Jusmina, and he like he popula ion, e.g. Gin au ė, Min au ė
2, Vil au ė; illas, such as Dei ilė, Do ilė 2, Ei ilė 4, Ged ilė, Rad ilė 14; ineya ds, such
as Dei ina 2, Ei ina 6 and he like The names o he men o en ha e an oposis, such
as Algi das 12, Daugi das, Mangi das 3, man -, such as A man as 3, Doman as 103, Eiman as 3, Ge man as 4, I man as Joman as 2, Ski man as Skoman as 4; min 3, such as A minas 77, Deiminas 4, Gediminas 13, yd-, such as A ydas 7, Man ydas 13 and 57, Tau ydas 5.

DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
220 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
k . Ka ais abu d ina io a do na iai u i ą pa į kamieną, p z., min-: A minas
Mindaugas, also known as Doman as Ski man as, also known as Man ydas
Vy au as. Pa o he endings o he wo-wo d names coincide wi h he p e ix
names. The e a e some such emale names wi h seconda y su names mil- (plg.
Almilė), gil- (plg. Jogilė), euphonious singula p e ixes -ilė ediniams, e.g. Rugilė 82,
Gi ilė, Ka ilė 14, Midilė, Ne ilė 7. The names o he seconda y s ones min - (pl.
A min a), gin - (pl. Milgin a, Eigin as) coincide wi h he endings o he one-s o y
ma iages wi h he p e ix -in a, -in as, pl. Ramin a is 13, O in a is 11, Ja in a is
Da yn, Jo yn, and O yn a e h ee. Repea ed ending elemen s con i m ha a
owel sound is obse ed when gi ing names. The p onouns can also a ec he
spelling o he s ones, since mos likely because o he equency o he
p onoun -id he names sp ead o he middle o he second s one, e.g. Al idas, a he han o he spelling.
The e o e, he Bal ic names ha e s anda d spelling. As in Li huania (Sinke ičiū ė
2018), hey a e a ian iški; The names o he ba hs o he same s one a e usually
a ied. JK gi es p eposi ions -ėja, -i a, -ūnė, -ūnas, -ija, -ijus and k . ediniai, he
seconda y owels o he wo-syllable names man -, mini e c., indica ing ha he
meaning o he name is no impo an in naming child en, bu he sound o he
name. This idea is suppo ed by he coincidence o he endings o wo-le e
names wi h p e ix names, which mos likely encou age gi ing child en wo-le e names wi h simila sounds.
This is a discussion on:
The names o Li huanian ci izens bo n in he UK show ha almos 9 ou o 10
amilies used he s a egy o gi ing one name, almos 1 ou o 10 amilies […] wo
(some imes mo e) names. Thus, when pa en s name hei child en, hey seek a
comp omise, no by combining di e en names, bu by choosing one name, which
is usually no a whi e pe sonal name, as is he case wi h su names. This indica es
ha UK pa en s mos ly y o choose names o non-Li huanian o igin ha a e
app op ia e o hei unde s anding o he mul ilingual en i onmen . Howe e ,
since he e is no pe iod o esea ch on all Li huanian su names, i is no possible
o compa e hem wi h su names gi en in emig a ion: i may be ha such a su name s a egy is cha ac e is ic o all Li huanian su names. On he o he hand, in his ype-
mą nebu o į auk i JK Lie u os piliečiams gimusių aikų, ku ie egis uo i ne
Lie u os piliečiais, a dai. Kiek jie eikšmingi a lik am y imui, negalima pasa-
ky i dėl nežinomo duomenų mas o.
Assessing he ac ha UK-bo n gi ls a e gi en almos hal as many e hnic names
as boys, i can be ound ha he esul s o he su ey o immig an names om
Li huania con adic he esul s o names om o he languages, acco ding o
which e hnic names a e mo e o en gi en o sons han daugh e s (Sue, Telles
S aipsniai / A icles 221
Bal iškų a dų da imo polinkiai emig acijoje
1991–2020 m. (Jung inės Ka alys ės a ejis)
2007: 1388, wi h li e a u e). I may be ha he pa en s who gi e gi ls Bal ic names
mo e o en seek o show hei mode ni y, o s and ou om he es . On he
o he hand, he Li huanian na u e o names needs o be unde s ood mo e b oadly:
o app ecia e no only hei gene ic Bal ic o igin, bu also he peculia i ies o hei
o ma ion. Because o his, unique Li huanian language names a e conside ed and
bo owed, pe sonal names wi h Li huanian language o ms, such as Mo a,
K is ijonas, Lau ynas, Mo iejus. This is also common in o he languages, such as
No wegian (Helleland 2007: 554). Ano he indica o o he Li huanian na u e o
names is he endings, because hey dis inguish Li huanian names om pe sonal
names in o he languages. The e o e, conclusions abou he e hnici y o Li huanian names in emig a ion canno be d awn by e alua ing names only acco ding o hei ances al o igin.
The Appendices
Bal ic names we e gi en o gi ls almos hal as o en by UK pa en s, and hese
p opo ions a e simila o he p opo ions o Bal ic names gi en o child en o
No wegian emig an s a he same ime, al hough he p opo ion o hese names
was sligh ly highe in No way. The e o e, Bal ic su names in emig a ion a e no
only a No wegian phenomenon, bu also ypical o o he coun ies. The highe
equency o gi ls' names shows ha gi ls' names show he beau y and sound o
he Li huanian language.
Suda an keliana ius JK aikų a dus, iš ku ių abu a ienas bal iškas, daž-
mos ly gi e bina y names, whose second membe o he su ey is a whi e name).
de iniuose y a didžiausia bal iškų a dų į ai o ė, kiekybiškai daugiau y a okių
Such combina ions o gi ls' names, al hough combina ions wi h Bal ic names and
liana ių be niukų asmen a džių dalį. JK me gai ėms būdingesni d ina iai a -
dai, iš ku ių pi masis na ys – bal iškas asmen a dis, dažnai XXI a. populia us
include a la ge ke a das. The e o e, when pa en s egis e gi ls, hey o en
w i e he i s name o he gi l i s han he name o he boy. This con i ms ha
Bal ic JK names a e mo e ypical o gi ls. F om he su names o Li huanian
ci izens bo n in he UK, i can be seen ha he pa en s mos ly call he gi ls by
hei i s names, he boys by hei i s and las names. The appella i e, as well as
he e nacula , names o he pa en s indica e he aluable subjec s: Li huanian
ypa ybes, pa auklius dalykus, b angiuosius akmenis, me alus. Iš d ikamienių,
na u e, i s phenomena and objec s, coas al places, he asse ion o human
appella i es and sho names o o igin seen by he pa en s impo an Li huanian
his o y, Bela usian eligion and my hology: names associa ed wi h my hical and
amous pas pe sonali ies, goddesses, child en. The e o e, he signi icance o he name is impo an o he pa en s, he cul u al weigh o he name.
In he Uni ed S a es, immig an su names ha e become euphonious (bipola su names,
ca oon s ones, appella ions, and sho ened su names o o igin a e linked o hose o
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
22 o he Ac Linguis ica Li huanica XC i sel ). The seconda y s ems o he
wo-wo d names, which coincide wi h he p e ix names o he same ba hs,
con i m he impo ance o euphony in naming child en. Mos likely, because o
simila sounds o o he su names, su names wi h sho o igins a e also
common, which usually epea he beginning o long su names o ha e epea ing
s ones in common su names. The ac ha pa en s call hei child en by hei
oices is con i med by a Schille (2024) s udy in Ge many. The ba hs o he
names, he p ecep s, he s ones o he double names a ied in he name. The
esul s o he s udy showed ha seconda y a ian s, also due o spelling, a e
no common in he su names o emig an s: he mos common a e he common
Li huanian su names o kamienų and baigmenų. Thus, he esul s o he
conscious decisions o he pa en s o he o m o child en's names egis e ed in he UK.
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DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
224 o he Li huanian Language Ac XC
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Kaunas: Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y, Liubinienė Ne inga 2011: […] I am Li huanian always, I
can only ha e ano he ci izenship[…]: immig an s om Li huania because o hei iden i y
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Maciejauskienė Vi alija 2007: The Li huanian sys em o pe sonal names. This
Pe sonennamensys eme. Anlässlich de 65. Gebu s age on Rosa Kohlheim und Volke
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Ka en Pennesi 2016: They
can lea n o say my name: Redis ibu ing Responsibili y o In eg a ing Immig an s
o Canada. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Jane Pilche , Names, Bodies and Iden i ies This is he i s ime ha I ha e been able o do so. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Pliche Jane 2017: Names and Doing Gende : How o enames and su names con ibu e
o gende iden i ies, di e ence, and inequali ies. This Decision shall en e in o
o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Reis æ e Gu o 2012: Immig an s in No way and Thei Choice o Names: Con inua ion o
Adap ion? […] Names and iden i ies, Oslo s udies in language 4(2), eds. B. Hellela, Ch.-E. Wha
is he Bible's iew o ma iage? This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in
he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Schille , Ch is iane, Mo i de Vo namenwahl ü Kinde in Deu schland (Mo i e o he Vo namenwahl o child en in Ge many who li e as Li huanians and Li huanians). This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.

S aipsniai / A icles 225
Bal iškų a dų da imo polinkiai emig acijoje
1991–2020 m. (Jung inės Ka alys ės a ejis)
Sinke ičiū ė Dai a 2011: New names o Li huanian-bo n child en and hei
spellings. Language cul u e 84, 214 and 229.
In he 2012 census, he popula ion o child en bo n in 2011 was 20 million. […]
Na i e language 7, 3[…]8.
Sinke ičiū ė Dai a 2018: Li huanian name o na u al subjec o igin:
T ends o he las cen u y. […] Onomas ica U alica 13, 243 […] 257. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he coun y ha he name has been used.
"Since he beginning o he yea , he school has been called he "Skolin ų a dų su baigmeniu" (Li huanian Va dena).
( he aspec o digni y). […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 84, 232 […] 253. This is he
i s ime ha he Ac has been amended. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The names o ci izens o he Republic o Li huania bo n in he Uni ed Kingdom: hei
di e si y in egis a ion documen s. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Access
o he In e ne : h ps: www.pasauliolie u is.l o in he egis y documen s o he
Republic o Li huania. The name o he pe son who will be bo n in Li huania in 2022 is he
Li huanian ci izens bo n in No way, and he name o he pe son who will be bo n in
Li huania in 2022 is he Li huanian ci izens bo n in No way. […] The wo ld o Li huanian,
2022-05-20. Access o he In e ne : h ps:
www.lie u iskumo- aiskos-i ai o e-no egijoje-gimusiu-lie u os-pilieciu- a dyne. This
is a lis o he municipali ies o No way by popula ion. "Since he beginning o he 20 h
cen u y, he e has been a g ea di e si y o Li huanian immig an su names in
Li huania. […] The wo ld o Li huanian, 2023-05-31. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: pasauliolie u is.l e y- e u-lie u isku- a du-i ai o e-emig an u-is-lie u os- a dyne. Sipa icius Seide M. 2020: An h oponimia, diaspo a and mig a ion: he descendan s o he Li huanians in B azil. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Do no use.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Ch is ina Sue A., Telles Edwa d E. 2007: Assimila ion and gende in naming. This Decision
shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. 123.emn.l […] Mig a ion by numbe s (S a is ics po al o he Republic
o Li huania). su names. lkk.l […] Lis o su names o ci izens o he Republic o Li huania. weba chi e.na ionala chi es.go .uk has been upda ed o 20160105160709 by h p: www.ons.go .uk ons el/census/2011-census key-s a is ics- o -local-au ho i ies-in-england-and-wa-
les/ - able-qs203ew.xls – Jung inės Ka alys ės nacionalinės s a is ikos biu as, 2021 m.
duomenys.
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
226 o he Li huanian Language Ac XC
T ends o Bal ic Names Gi ing among
Emig an s in 19912020. The Uni ed Kingdom
The case
SUMMARY
This a icle s udies he endencies obse ed in naming p ac ices and he o ma ion
o Bal ic names gi en o child en o Li huanian emig an s in he Uni ed Kingdom om
1991 o 2020. The mos cha ac e is ic Bal ic names o gi ls a e ela i ely uncommon among
emig an amilies, comp ising 16.4% o gi ls' names and 7.8% o boys' one-membe names gi en in
he UK. Child en, especially gi ls, a e gi en names inspi ed by Li huanian na u al elemen s, such
as coas al landma ks, posi i e and o highly alued ea u es, and symbolic ma e ials like
p ecious me als and s one names. Addi ionally, names o pagan dei ies, legenda y pe sonali ies,
p inces, kings, and amous amilies a e equen ly chosen o emphasize cul u al oo s and
exp ess a deep app ecia ion o Bal ic he i age. App oxima ely one- en h o child en ca y
double names, wi h hose ea u ing a leas one Bal ic name being e en less common (9.9% o
gi ls and 14.9% o boys). Bal ic names end o p ecede in double names o gi ls mo e o en han
o boys, mi o ing pa e ns obse ed in single names. In he UK, a ia ion in Bal ic names o
emig an s' child en is p e alen , pa icula ly in su ixes, wi h common de i a ions including
su ixes -ėja, -i a, -ūnė, -ūnas, -ija, and -ijus, among o he s. Compound names o en inco po a e
s ems like man and minas as well as some o he s as he second membe . Mos likely, he
coincidence o he endings o some compound names wi h he endings o some su ixed names
has been a ac o a o ing he sp ead o simila -sounding combina ions, which shows he
impo ance o euphony in naming p ac ices.
Deli e ed on 27 Feb ua y 2024
DAIVA SINKEVIČIŪTĖ
Ca hed al o he Bal ic
Vilniaus uni e si e as
The Uni e si y o Vilnius, 5, LT-01513 Vilnius, Li huania
dai a.sinke iciu [email p o ec ed]