Li huanian Linguis ic Ac
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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Recei ed by Gau a: 2025-02-06. Accep ed: Accep ed by:
2026-04-09. 1 Sou h Ge man Va nish F ee Speech
Nomina ions and e alua ions
Pe cep ions o he Na i e Language Va ian among Sou h Samogi ians:
Naming and E alua ion
I'm no going o lie o you.
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
The e-mail add ess is diana.damb [email protected]
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-0346-8421 Resea ch a eas include geolinguis ics,
pe cep ual dialec ology, and sociolinguis ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Based on he me hodologies o geolinguis ics and pe cep ual dialec ology, he a icle analyzes he nomina ions and
e alua ions o he sou he n lowland a nish a ian s o hei language. The ecogni ion o he a ian o one's
own language is based on he analysis o he dialec compe ence (dialec compe ence) and he dialec image (dialec
image) o he membe s o a simple language communi y. Dialec compe ence co e s he s e eo ypical
cha ac e is ics o a language a ian o i s use ha ha e o med in he subconscious, and he isual
cha ac e is ics o a dialec a e de e mined by he s e eo ypical simila i ies and (o ) di e ences in linguis ic
ea u es. In my iew, he main and dis inc i e ea u e o he sou he n lowland e nacula is ha i is spoken only
by he membe s o he olde language communi y hemsel es, by young people and hose who ha e mo ed om
o he a eas, ei he in a common language (o a language o highe educa ion) o in a mixed language a ian wi h
o he lowland dialec s. The mos common ea u e by which a a ian o he Sawa language is ecognized is called
he sho ening o he ends.
Geog aphical (u ban) dis ances a e one o he mos impo an ac o s in luencing he nomina ion o he
a ian o one's own language: usually a niškiai gi es ei he he name o he se lemen o he name o he
adminis a i e o municipal cen e o which one is mig a ing.
Bo h he p o ision o he olde and olde gene a ions o a niškių ha young people do no speak
e nacula ly, and he isual app oxima ion o he a ian o hei own language o he common language o
he younge gene a ion o esea che s can show he con e gence o he lowe a niškių e minology and he
common language, and he he e ogenei y o he linguis ic a ea o he nomina ions.
ESMINIAI WORDS: pe cep i e dialec ology, linguis ic p o isions, sou he n lowland Va niškiai, dūnininkai, he
a ian o he language i sel .
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
This a icle ocuses on he nomina ions and pe cep ions o one's own linguis ic a ian wi hin he Sou he n
Samogi ian subdialec o Va niai, which a e analyzed using geolinguis ic and pe cep ual dialec ological
me hodologies. Recogni ion o one's own linguis ic a ian is based on he s udy o dialec compe ence and dialec
image displayed by egula membe s o he speech communi y. Dialec compe ence encompasses all s e eo ypical
cha ac e is ics o he language a ian and i s use o med wi hin one's subconscious, while dialec images
esul om s e eo ypical simila i ies and o di e ences be ween linguis ic ea u es.
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Acco ding o he subjec s analyzed, he p ocess o eplacing he s anda d Li huanian p onuncia ion o u o o
o u, which is he main and dis inc i e cha ac e is ic o he Sou he n Samogi ian subdialec o Va nia, is
e lec ed only in he language o he e y oldes membe s o his speech communi y. Younge gene a ions and
indi iduals who ha e a i ed he e om o he pa s o he coun y a e pe cei ed as using a a ian mixed wi h
ei he S anda d Li huanian (o he Aus o-Hunga ian dialec iden i ied wi h i ) o wi h o he Samogi ian
subdialec s. Reduced endings a e seen as he mos ypical ea u e which helps o iden i y ones own linguis ic
a ian .
Geog aphical (spa ial) dis ance is one o he main ac o s a ec ing he nomina ion o ones own linguis ic a ian .
Speake s o he Va angian subdialec ypically assign o hei a ian he name o hei esiden ial a ea o he
adminis a i e (municipali y) cen e o which hey a e mig a ing. The s udy also shows ha olde and olde
gene a ion speake s o he Va nia subdialec belie e ha young people do no use he dialec , while he image o
hei own a ian p e alen among he younge gene a ion is close o S anda d Li huanian. Bo h o hese
indings sugges a con e gence o dialec al and s anda d language wi hin he Va angian subdialec , wi h
cha ac e iza ions and nomina ions poin ing owa ds he linguis ic he e ogenei y o his dialec al a ea.
KEYWORDS: Pe cep ual dialec ology, language a i udes, Sou he n Samogi ian subdialec o Va niai,
dūnininkai, own linguis ic a ian .
1.The ollowing able is inse ed:
A new assessmen o he linguis ic si ua ion a decade ago showed ha he a ea o he
sou he n lowland a ie ies alls in o he a ea a ound he Telšius lowland egion, so he
language o he local people should be cha ac e ized by a ce ain s abili y, wi h bo h s ong
adi ional languages and ela i ely s able lowland geolec (in he sou he n pa o he
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Plunges, […]
Tau agė[…]s (Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014b: 257, 260). This is he i s ime ha he
e m has been used in his way. The da a showed ha he a nishes, o ming a
common egion, would in he u u e " end o esemble hei no he n neighbou s" (Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014b: 260).
T adi ional a nishes and neighbou ing no he n and lowland ( elšiškiai and k e ingiškiai) ha e bo h
phone ic simila i ies and di e ences. In addi ion o he abo e-men ioned, he e a e also a numbe o
simila i ies be ween he wo species, namely, he "B" (B) and he "C" (B) (B) (B) (C) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)
(D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E)
(E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E)
(E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E)
(E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E)
(E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) (E) ( This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha
o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The common ea u e o
he o he lowlands is he long-s emmed s em o he s one and he c ossed end, and he double-spelling o
he wo d (e.g. bjiɛ1ˈjuɔɪ j ] bėgió i) (Zinke ičius: 73, 74, 473 (land numbe 28), 475 (land numbe 30), 476 (land
numbe 31), 479 (land numbe 483), 483 (land numbe 38), 485 (land numbe 40). This Decision shall en e in o
o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. No 28, 31, 33, 36, 39; Salys 1992: 36; LKTCH 2004: 223 and k . ).
In addi ion o he a o emen ioned ea u es, o he phone ic ea u es a e cha ac e is ic o a niški: uni e sal
emo al o he c oss; he sho owels u, i and he double ul, u , il, and in he double ui he dis ibu ion o he
i s owel (e.g. bù o [ˈbʋɑ], [ˈboɑː]; mˈmɪˈk ks], [ˈmɪjks]; pùl i [1ˈpolj je]; kù i [1ˈk j ɪj ], [1ˈko j je]; g
ˈˈˈjɪ , [ˈ ]; mu las [mɪmls], [2ˈmoɪls]); abb e ia ion o he owel sounds (e.g. ka pas [2ˈkɑmps]); I is also
known as he "Di ine Voice" o "Di ine Voice" o "Di ine Voice" o "Di ine Voice" o "Di ine Voice" o "Di ine
Voice". In some o ms, ins ead o a ika ų č, dž is accompanied by , d (e.g. jáučio [1ˈjɛæ j];ɛkdžio [ˈmjɛdje],
bu jáučių [1ˈjæju];kdžių [ˈmjɛju]) (Zinke ičius 1966: 32)
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Geolek u is based on adi ional e minology ha has o med he e ogeneous a ian s o he language wi hou
s ic geog aphical bounda ies, and egiolek u […] a ian s o he language ha ha e esul ed in a common
language ha in luences geolek us (s) and (o ) egional language a ian s (Hoppenb ouwe s 1983: 1 […] 25; Aue
2005: 7 […] 42; Taeldeman 2010: 355 […] 374; Aliūkai ė, Mikulė 2014: 41 […] 44). In he no he n lowland a eas, s able
geolec s a e o med a ound Skuõd, Maže kius, K ẽ ing and Plùng, in he sou he n lowland a eas […] a ound Taũ ag,
ansi ional […] a ound Kemę, Rasé inius (NTA 2014 (Land No. 13, 14); This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in
he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. No 105, 106;
LKTCH 2004: 200 sp. in o he building, 223[…]226 and k .) and k . In ecen yea s, due o he
changing socio-cul u al and socio-economic en i onmen ( eo ganiza ion and op imiza ion o
a ious ins i u ions), sou he n a me s, o a me s, ha e become inc easingly mobile and
hei social connec ions ha e expanded. In addi ion, he change in hei a i ude owa ds he
local, in he s udy called hei own, language a ian , is expec ed o change hei linguis ic
beha io (see Jawo ski and o he s 2004: 5; Ga e 2010: 19 […] 36; Ramonienė 2022: 11 […] 13 and
o he s). Resea ch on linguis ic p o isions based on he p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology
has also been ca ied ou in a ious egions o Li huania (Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2016a; 2016b;
Ge žo ai ė, Čepai ienė 2016; Aliūkai ė and k . 2017; 2020; Ge žo ai ė 2019a; 2019b; 2019c;
B azai ienė 2024 and k .). Howe e , he p o isions o he dunin a ea due o he a ian o hei
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language ha e been ho oughly s udied only in he a ea o he sou he n lowland ace-speci ic
pa a m, a niškiai in his espec has no ecei ed much a en ion om esea che s un il
now. The esea ch o he esea che s con i med ha bo h objec i e (con e gence and
le eling) and subjec i e ( he p o isions o he use o he common language) causes a ec
he a i ude o membe s o he language communi y o he local language a ian : changing
he nomencla u e alues o adi ional g amma ical ea u es and hei ealiza ion
(Damb auskienė, 2003: 107124; plg. Hickey, 2003: 351). The si ua ion o he Raseini language, he
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pu sui o he "p es igial" a ian ini ia es he e ision o he a ia ions o he language ha ha e no ye been s udied (Damb auskienė 2020: 228; 2021: 77 […] 79).
The objec o his s udy is he nomina ions and e alua ions o he a ian s o he
sou he n lowland a niškių dialec . The aim is o cla i y he nomina ions and
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e alua ions o he sou he n lowland a ie ies o hei own language.
To achie e his, he ollowing asks we e iden i ied: 1) o analyze he me allinguis ic
commen s o he esea che s and o cla i y he nomina ions o he a ian s o he
a niškių' own language; 2) based on subjec i e ex alinguis ic da a, iden i y he
cha ac e is ics o hei language a ian and de e mine he a ings o hei language
a ian ; 3) o examine he image y o he a ian o he local language ha has aken oo
in he consciousness o he sou he n lowland Va niškiai and o assess possible scena ios o linguis ic change o he Va niškiai dialec .
The s udy is based on da a collec ed in Janua y-Feb ua y 2025 om he sou he n lowland
a n om he a ea o he a icle by he au ho and a esea che o he Geolinguis ics
Cen e o he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, D . Simonos Vyniau ai is, and eco ded in a
ape eco de empi ine me džiaga om he Li huanian language a las (LKA 1977; 1982; 1991;
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u he […] LKA) 11 poin s: Ku š nų (LKA)
10 Va nių (LKA 191), ž enčio (LKA 193), T ẽ ų (LKA 220a), Laũk u os (LKA 254), Š
kšnos (LKA 282), 290 Da nos (LKA 288), Ka inėnų (LKA 322), Pajū K io (LKA 322),
Šilãlės (LKA 323) and Žema čių Naũmiesčio (LKA 355), see also he i s pain ing.
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Fo mo e in o ma ion on he sou he n lowland aces, see This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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The e m " a ian o he na i e language" was chosen in he a icle because i well e lec s he concep o bo h he
language o he subjec s hemsel es and he language o he a ian used in hei place o esidence. This e m was
used in he s udy o sou he n lowland acial p o isions (see Damb auskienė 2020; 2021: 7781). In Li huanian geolinguis ic
s udies, he common e m is a local a ian o he language wi h he co espondence e nacula in English (see
Labo 1972a: 208209, 222224; 1972b: 8791; T udgill 1974: 1719, 3235; Chambe s, T udgill 1980: 36, k 1214 and so on).
4
The e ms app oach and p o isions a e used synonymously in he a icle.
5
Since he numbe s o poin s in all h ee olumes o he LKA a e he same, he olumes o his publica ion a e
no lis ed in he ollowing a icle.
4
Figu e one. The sou he n lowland a nish LKA poin s (landscape agmen om Aliukai e and k .
2014: 143, igu e 75) and he ollowing able:
O he o al eco ded con e sa ions wi h 44 in es iga o s, he o al du a ion o he
con e sa ions was […] 22 hou s, 12 minu es and 23 seconds. In o de o in es iga e he
linguis ic si ua ion in he sou he n lowlands in eal ime as objec i ely as possible, a me hod
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o un eliable selec ion was applied o he subjec s o he s udy, i.e. people who ag eed o
speak a andom and ag eed o pa icipa e in he scien i ic s udy. This esul ed in bo h a
di e en sample o subjec s acco ding o sociodemog aphic da a (see able) and a di e en du a ion o he eco dings
(See also Appendix 2).
I 's he len il. Cha ac e is ics o he sociodemog aphic da a s udied
Numbe o
numbe o
imes by
imes
The Ly is
Men's
and
women's
10 Junio
ca d 2 8
19 Middle
ca d 3 16
15 Senio
ca d 3 12
44 Ou o
a o al o
8 36
6
The un eliable sampling me hod is app op ia e when he sample size is small and he su ey da a is used in
he explo a o y (o ial) s udy (see Gaižauskai ė, Mikėnė 2014: 36[…]37 o mo e in o ma ion).
5
Du ing he alks, he esea che s eco ded me aling is ic commen s (images, p o isions on
hei own language a ian , assessmen s o hei own and o he language a ian s, e c.),
sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics (sex, age, place o esidence, e c.). The esea ch ma e ial
consis s o o y- ou me a-linguis ic esea ch commen s on one's own language a ian and
o he language a ian s. The p o isions o he s udy a e examined on he basis o he
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me hodological p inciples o pe cep ual dialec ology, aimed a analyzing he unde s andabili y,
a ac i eness (g ace ulness) and egula i y o he a ian o one's own language. The age o
he subjec s is impo an o compa ing da a by gene a ion.
2.METHODS AND METHODOLOGY APPROACHES The basis o his s udy is empi ical da a on he
pe cep ion and assessmen o he a ia ion o one's own language, collec ed by combining
su ey and in-dep h in e iew (con e sa ion) me hods. The combina ion o con e sa ion
and in e iew is p e e able when i is necessa y o collec a ious da a no only abou he
subjec himsel , his p o isions, bu also o eco d his speech, audio eco ding o be used
o he egis a ion o linguis ic da a, esea ch (Au ekoe xea, O mae xea 2006: 157 […]162;
Schilling 2013: 66 […]133). The in e iews wi h he in es iga o s we e based on a
semi-s uc u ed and in-dep h in e iew de inys (see Rupšienė 2007: 65; Ka delis 2017: 257 and
8
he li e a u e ci ed he e, e c.).
Con e sa ions wi h he subjec s a e ca ied ou using a selec ed ques ion s uc u e and me hodology, he
essence o which is lexibili y, i.e. al hough he ques ionnai e is p epa ed in ad ance, i s ques ions a e no
necessa ily imed acco ding o he o de o o mula ion o he ques ions and he hough s augh by he
subjec s. The ques ionnai e is based on a selec ion o au ho s who s udied he Li huanian language a ian s
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o he collec i e monog aph and he pe spec i es o he membe s o he common language communi y and on
he ques ions o he pe cep ual su ey adap ed o he esea ch analyzed in his a icle (see Annex 1). The
in e iewe lis ened du ing he con e sa ions. This me hod o ma e ial collec ion is pa o a eliable and
high-quali y da a assu ance quali a i e su ey me hodology (Gaižauskai ė, Mikėnė 2014: 61). And speech con ol
allows you o collec language da a o quan i a i e esea ch o language da a ( o example, o calcula e
speech indica o s). Klausimyn's ques ions included objec s o in e es ( he place o esidence o he subjec ,
age, gende , educa ion, e c.) and subjec i e da a (geolinguis ic compe ence, p o isions o he e alua ion o
one's own language a ian , one's own language a ian ). In o de o cla i y objec i e da a, closed ques ions
a e asked o he subjec s, and open ques ions and a scale o e alua ing he seman ic di e en ial a e used
o accumula e subjec i e da a. The answe s o he open-ended ques ions sough o cla i y he geolinguis ic
compe ence and linguis ic p o isions o he subjec s, and he da a on he seman ic di e en ial scale allowed
o de e mine he assessmen sco es o he comp ehensibili y, egula i y, a ac i eness o he own
language a ian , he addi ional and e ised p o isions o he subjec s (see Appendix 1). Geolinguis ic
compe ence in scien i ic discou se is de ined as he abili y o a use o a common language o ecognize
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language a ian s, o loca e hem in a geog aphical, social, cul u al space (P es on 1989: 4; 1999: xxiii[…]xxi ;
Die cks 2002: 5253; Aliūkai ė, Commen s ma ked wi h codes, enc yp ing in o ma ion abou he subjec : place o
esidence, age, gende and o de numbe om he do ( ou capi al le e s […] i s le e o he name o he
LKA do ; numbe 1 […] pe son unde 35 yea s o age, 2 […] 36 […] 55 yea s o age, 3 […] o e 56 yea s o age; male […]
male, emale […] emale; he las digi […] ow numbe ) e.g. he commen code o he ep esen a i e o he
younge gene a ion […] KURŠ1_mo 2).
7
8
The semi-s uc u ed in e iews used o collec linguis ic da a a e commonly used in s udies based on quali a i e,
sociolinguis ic me hods, o example, his me hod has been used o s udy he sociolinguis ic pano ama o sou he n
Li huania, he ho izon al and e ical a iance o he lowland aces (plg. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Ramonienė 2022: 1518 and he like.
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Fo mo e in o ma ion on he ques ionnai e s uc u e, me hodology and o he ypes o in e iews, see: This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
10
The seman ic di e en ial e alua ion scale is a common ool o e alua ing seman ic a ia ion in linguis ic and
a ac i eness s udies (see P es on 2013: 170 o mo e in o ma ion). Fo mo e in o ma ion on he use o he seman ic di e en ial scale in esea ch, see
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.

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Mikulėnienė 2016a: 92 and he like. The s udy o linguis ic a ia ion is pa icula ly impo an o
he s udy o geolinguis ic compe ence, as i e eals he ela ionship be ween he linguis ic
a ian s imagined by he use o a common language and he socio-cul u al iden i y o hei
use s, showing ha linguis ic a ia ion is in luenced bo h by ideologically cons uc ed dialec al
images and by he cha ac e is ics o s e eo ypical language o med in he pas (e.g. Chambe s,
T udgill, 2014; see also Aliu, 2016b: 1730; Ge ži ė, 2019c: 1; Dambienė, 76 and o he s). One o he mos
impo an componen s o pe cep ual esea ch is he c i e ion o he a ac i eness o he
language a ian , and based on he me allu gical commen s o he o dina y use o he language,
he aes he ic alue o he language a ian is concep ualized (Aliukai ė 2007: 212 […] 213 and he
li e a u e e e ed o he e). The p o isions o he sou he n lowland a nishes on he a ian
o hei language a e analyzed on he basis o he me hodologies o pe cep ual dialec ology,
which gi e " he added dimensions o he a ian s o he language o he in en o y,
unde s anding, e alua ion and p ognosis (change and aids) o a ian s in he b oad sense, as an
impo an uni o language a ia ion in he ca ego y o he ep esen a ion o a ian s" (A.
liukai ė, Mikulėnienė 2016b: 18; pl. 157-158). The image y o he own language a ian is speci ied by
examining he aes he ic alues o he e alua ion poin s ha de ail he comp ehensibili y,
egula i y, a ac i eness.
This a icle con inues he s udy o he p o isions o pe cep ual dialec ology, based
on he me hodology o geolinguis ics ( egional a iance).
3. Nomina ions and accep ance o he own language op ion
Fi s o all, he esea che s we e asked o name he language a ian used in hei a ea o
esidence. Nea ly wo- hi ds o he esponden s (64%) ga e hei language a ian
nomina ions o he name o a speci ic ci y o own, which a e classi ied in o h ee g oups: 1)
language a ian nomina ed by he name o he inhabi ed a ea; 2) a language a ian named
a e he name o he adminis a i e and (o ) municipali y cen e o which he pe son is
mig a ing o public ( o example, o he municipali y, o he elde ly), economic ( o example,
o shops, o ma ke s), medical o o he easons, he eina e e e ed o as he name o he
e i o ial adminis a i e a ea; 3) Mixed language a ian , see pic u e 2. Figu e wo.
Dis ibu ion o nomina ions in he Sa o language a ian
7
The language a ian o he name o he se lemen is mos commonly e e ed o as Va
nių (LKA 191), T ẽ ų (LKA 220a) and Šilãlės (LKA 323) in es iga o s, e.g. he places […]
a niškiai (VARN2_mo 4), e iške (TVER2_mo 1), Šilalės a mė (ŠILA1_mo šilališkių kalba
(ŠILA2_mo 3), Šilalės a mė, šilališkių a mė (ŠILA2_mo 5). The name o he municipali y in
11
which he pe son esides is he same as he name o he adminis a i e dis ic in which
he pe son esides, e.g. he municipali y in which he pe son esides is he same as he
municipali y in which he pe son esides. simila o Telšiai, pe haps only killing
(VARN3_mo 1), Va nių and Telšiai a e no di e en (VARN3_mo 3); T e ish, u al, a niškiai
[…] he same snail (TVER3_mo 2); Tau agė, Šilu ė […] also known as (ŠILA2_mo 5). The la e
names belong o he hi d g oup o nomina ions. Only in he adminis a i e- e i o ial
a ea o he ci y a e nomina ions usually g an ed by he Ku š nų (LKA 102), K da nos (LKA
288), Ka inėnų (LKA 290) and Pajū io (LKA 322) in es iga o s, o example. he language o
Šiauliai (KURŠ1_ y 1); The local language […]... is assigned o he Šiauli (KURŠ3_ y 3), he
Šilalie i language (KVD2_ y 1), he Šilali language (KVD2_mo 4), he Šilalis egion (KVD1_mo 5);
he ollowing able is inse ed: Silalese slang, inclined o he language o he Telšiai side
(KALT1_mo 2); and In he language o Šilalė (KALT1_ y 4).
The nomina ion o a a ian o one's own language by he name o he place o esidence
p esupposes a p o ision o he esea che s ha he a ian o he language used in hei place
o esidence is cha ac e ised only by a dis inc i e local dialec . The name o he
adminis a i e- e i o ial a ea is likely o be associa ed wi h a a ian o he language spoken
in he cen e o a mo e p es igious dis ic o in a la ge ci y. The names o he mixed
nomina ion g oups no only link he names o he a ian s o hei own language o he
esiden ial a ea and he adminis a i e e i o ial a ea, bu also show ha he Va nians
iden i y and (o ) compa e hei own language a ian wi h he p es igious language a ian ha
has o med in he communi y, used in a geog aphically dis an a ea. The answe s o he ques ion
How would you desc ibe he language o he a ea whe e you li e? can be di ided in o h ee
g oups: 1) u al language and (o ) he language o he inhabi an s; 2) he non-Jewish mix u e and
3) he non-Jewish li e a y mix u e. The non-Jewish mixed language g oup Answe May is an
in e media e a ian be ween he opposi ion o he 1s and 3 d g oups, Ta mishka s.
Ne a mishka. Nea ly wo hi ds o he esponden s submi ed esponses ha we e assigned
o mo e han one g oup, which we e de e mined by he esponden s' insigh s, which di e ed
12
om gene a ion o gene a ion in he ep esen a ion o hei language a ian . I he
desc ip ions o mixed and mixed languages a e dis ibu ed in pe cen ages (68% and 72%
espec i ely), non-mixed languages make up less han a qua e (23%) o all esponses.
13
The language a ian is mo e commonly used by younge and middle-aged people (70% and 73%
espec i ely), by non-Jewish mixed- ace people (89% and 73% espec i ely) and by middle-aged
and olde people (89% and 73% espec i ely). Howe e , a la ge pa o he you h a niškių (40%)
in hei consciousness ha e a a ian o he language […] ne a miškas, o close o he common
language, see pic u e 3.
11
In he a icle, he esea ch me alwo king commen s a e w i en in he o iginal esea ch language and a e no co ec ed.
12
Fo example, UŽVE2_mo 3 commen The elde ly, he eigh y-yea -olds and he elde ly main ain hei own
language, while he younge […] mixed a e classi ied in g oups 1 and 3.
13
Pe cen ages a e calcula ed om he numbe o esponses o each i e .
8
Figu e h ee. Desc ip ions o he Sa o a ian o he language show ha al hough mo e han
wo- hi ds o he esponden s called he language o hei a ea o esidence he language o he
a miška, žemai iška, dūnininkų, in he opinion o almos all o hem (90%), only he main inhabi an s
o he a ea speak he language o he a miška. He's e y, e y old, no e en i y o six y yea s
old. He doesn' say "duna", "pyns". Ku šėnai […] illages, all o hem so shnek (KURŠ1_ y 1); The
elde ly occasionally ell s o ies, he younge one doesn' say hem (KURŠ1_mo 2); Locally, no one
speaks slang anymo e. No one he e unde s ands he language o he lowlands, no one speaks i .
Only a ew a e olde , hose o e 70 o 80 yea s o age. Young people say ha hey don' wan o be
humilia ed, hey don' wan o be humilia ed (UŽVE3_mo 2); The elde ly a e a li le mo e humble:
hei limbs a e cu o , hey cu o hei limbs, hey say "one b ead", hey cu o o he s, hey
cu o o he s. Young people speak loude , especially hose who go o he ci ies, e u n o speak
loude (LAUK2_mo 1).
Non-Jewish mixed language a ian s a e di ided in o h ee g oups: 1) mixed wi h common li e a y
language o iden i ied wi h i in high-le el language (62% o esponses); 2) mixed wi h no he n lowland
ad ice (23 pe cen o esponses); 3) mixed wi h bo h he communi y and he ad ice o o he a me s
(15 pe cen o esponses). Howe e , all h ee o hese g oups a e linked by he pe cep ion o he
non-Jemi ian mixed language, which is de e mined by he compa ison o he a ian o hei language
wi h he […] ik a[…] o he indigenous language, e.g. ou mixed language, some imes low-le el,
some imes low-le el, sligh ly low-le el, simple (KALT1_ y 4); Nei he his no ha , i 's no clean, you
won' call i di . Close bu no en i ely (KURŠ3_ y 3); They' e li e a y, hey' e educa ional, hey' e
online, hey' e in he middle o nowhe e, hey' e in school. O he Sa ma ians, he school does i s own
hing. No less han € 10 The G eeks ne e spoke he e, only he wo ds "ancien " a e s ill he e. We
a e a he lowlands. Compa ed o he Telshis, we a e no low-le el. I we don' speak Li huanian, i 's
Li huanian (ŠVK2_mo 4); No mal Li huanian language, no dis inc i e, nei he high-le el no low-le el […]
Li huanian language, simple Li huanian, closes o he common (ŠILA2_mo 3); We use he wo ds o all
he lowlands o mix, mix, mix, mix, mix, mix, mix, mix, mix. Silu also speaks (PAJŪ3_mo 1); O dina y
people alk like ha , bu no e y well. On ele ision, he speaks like Shiloh. I we' e low, we should alk
low. We don' alk low.
(ŠILA2_mo 4) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
In e media e opposi ion o non-in e media e language a ia ion is mos commonly a ibu ed by
esea che s o ep esen a i es o he younge gene a ion and (o ) educa ed and e u ning
esiden s, e.g. I don' laugh a he young people anymo e. They' e all high-school, li e a y people.
They don' lis en o me. Only child ens s o ies a e ansla ed, all li e ally. And pa en s wi h
child en in li e a y e ms (TVER2_mo 1); Young people speak less e nacula ly, mo e commonly,
o en ansla ing sen ences om English in o English. No less han € 5 bu less han € 5 Young
people speak highe , especially hose who go o he ci ies, e u n o speak highe
9
(LAUK2_mo 1) The ollowing able is inse ed: Educa ion speaks mo e egula ly, mo e clea ly,
educa ion does no use di e en wo ds. The e is no lowland language, simila o he common
language. The young man speaks di e en ly […] he speaks quickly. Son came back om ab oad,
speaks also (ŽENA3_mo 4). This p o ision is consis en wi h he desc ip ions gi en by
ep esen a i es o he younge gene a ion: in pe cen age e ms, hey mainly cha ac e ized
hei own language a ian as un eminine (ŽENA1_mo ), li e a y (ŽENA1_mo 3). Summing up he
e alua ions o he a ian o hei language, i can be concluded ha , acco ding o he belie s o
he Va nians, he e nacula is s ill spoken, o is spoken, only by he Va nians hemsel es, and he
language o o he s, especially young people and e u nees om o he ci ies, is mixed wi h he
common li e a y language o wi h he spoken language o he uppe classes. Only in he wes e n
pa o he subu b, nea he end o he summe in he wes e n lowlands, in he own o Zema
Chiu Naumi (355), acco ding o all he in es iga o s, hei language is one o he mos egula
(ŽENA2_mo 1), and in gene al (ŽENA1_mo li e a y (ŽENA1_mo 2), simila o he common language,
14
only I can' unde s and i (ŽENA3_mo 4). Bo h he olde and he olde gene a ion's esea ch on he
ac ha young people do no speak in ongues and he younge gene a ion's desi e o iden i y
hei own language a ian wi h he non- ongue a ian can indica e he ongoing ha m o
adi ional a nishes […] he mos easily ecognizable dis inc i e ea u es o a nishes,
especially he wo- oiced, o one- oiced, e usal o he owel.
4. In es men s in he own language op ion
Based on hei own language a ian assessmen s, hey e alua ed he use o hei language
a ian in he a ea o esidence o he subjec s acco ding o h ee ca ego ies: 1)
comp ehensibili y; (2) egula i y and (3) a ac i eness. Da a a e collec ed using a se en-poin
seman ic di e en ial a ing scale. Du ing he in e iew, he subjec s we e asked o a e all
h ee ca ego ies om posi i e (7) o nega i e (1). A sco e o 5 o 7 is conside ed posi i e, 4 […]
neu al, 1 o 3 […] nega i e.
Almos all (93%) o he Va nians belie e ha hei local language is easily unde s ood by
e e yone (see Figu e 4), because an incomp ehensible language is usually pe cei ed as he use o
unusual, special-meaning lexical uni s, e.g. I do no unde s and s ic wo ds […] unde s ood by
e e yone (VARN3_mo 3); I'm alking in gene al, because I hink o he people migh no
unde s and, some imes I'll pu my own dea h in he mix. some wo ds a e unclea (UŽVE3_mo 2);
o he ocabula y wo ds (LAUK2_mo 1); ou language […] is unde s ood by all, exp esses i sel in
i s na i e language, we do no ha e speci ic wo ds (LAU2_mo 4); I 's ha d o alk o o he people,
some o hem a e kille s. My g andpa en s, my pa en s had a special, di e en wo d (gonkos,
alkie uks), we don' alk like ha anymo e (SHILA2_mo 3). In he own o T e , nea he bo de
o he no he n Low Coun ies, he esea che s ound ha he language spoken in hei a ea
was di icul o speake s o o he languages o unde s and, e.g. T e sky, Dzukai, Luhansk,
and P ussian. The uppe ones won' suppo i , hey'll say we' e losing he gallows (TVER2_mo 3).
14
Abou he a e o he wes e n lowlands, see Zinke ičius 1994: 123; Bukan is 2002: 1213; 2007: 196; LKTCH 2004: 222
and k . He is also a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Eu opean Ins i u e o Gende Equali y. Because
o he Lowe Naujami dis ic (355), he e we e conside a ions ha his whole a ea should be assigned o he
sou he n lowland Raisians, because, being in he Raisi and Va niški pa ishes, he inhabi an s o he Lowe
Naujami dis ic and i s su oundings, like he Raisians, main ained a dualis ic a i ude (Jana ičienė,
Zinke ičius 1983: 102). Zema Čių Naūmies is (LKA 355) was assigned o sou he n lowland aces in he publica ion
XXI a. he beginning o Li huanian languages: geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic s udy (land maps and hei
commen s) in he published map (Aliūkai ė and k . 2014: 143). Howe e , Annex 7 o he same publica ion lis s he
Lowe Chios New Town (LKA 355) in he sou he n lowland a ie ies as a g oup o op imised LKA poin s (NTA 2014: 442). The e is a lack o esea ch on his subjec , acco ding o Z. Zinke ičius and A. Gi denio (PŽV 2017:mk 55).
16
Rupšienė Liudmila 2007: Me hodology o collec ing quali a i e esea ch da a om he
Uni e si y o Klaipėda. Salys An anas 1992: W i en by he au ho . Li huanian Language
Dialec s 4, Rome: Li huanian Ca holic Academy o Sciences. Schilling Na alie 2013:
Sociolinguis ic ieldwo k, Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. She is also a membe o
he boa d o di ec o s o he Camb idge Uni e si y P ess. John Talbo , Linguis ic
S abili y in a Language Space, published in 2010. […] Language and Space. An In e na ional
Handbook o Linguis ic Va ia ion 1: Theo ies and Me hods, edi ed by P. Aue , J. E. Schmid ,
Be lin, New Yo k: Wal e de G uy e , 355 […] 374. This is he i s ime ha his book has
been published. T udgill Pe e 1974: Sociolinguis ics: An In oduc ion, Ha mondswo h:
Penguin. This is he i s ime I' e seen his book. "Va monė Diana 2017: Images o
Li huanian Dialec s on he Men al Map o he Young and Middle-Aged Gene a ion o he
People's Republic o Li huania" […] Pe spec i es o Bal ic philology III. The Apocalypse o
he Bal ic Wo lds, Poznan:
Wydawnic wo Rys, h ee hund ed and o y- i e, h ee hund ed and six y- i e.
Zinke ičius Zigmas 1966: Li huanian dialec ology [Li huanian Dialec ology], Vilnius: Min is.
He is a membe o he Li huanian Academy o Sciences. Zinke ičius Zigmas 1994:
Dialec ology o he Li huanian language, Vilnius: Publishing house Mokslo and encyclopedias.
The PRIDAI
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal. Example o he ques ionnai e o he pe cep i e ques ionnai e, compiled by he au ho o he a icle acco ding o Aliuki e and k . 2020: 301306

17
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Regis e o sound eco dings
The Eil.
Place
LKA poin T ial
code Du a ion
Residen ial in es iga o
numbe
o egis a ion
one.
O he , o a
KURS1_V-
YR1
Ku shena
1 hou 33
minu es
16
seconds
2.
KURŠ1_m-
o 2
Ku šėnai
48
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
minu es
and 47
seconds
3.
KURŠ3_ -
y 3
Ku šėnai
35
minu es
and 43
seconds
4.
a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e :
UVE3_mo-
1
Junkilai
20
minu es
and 53
One hou , nine minu es, 27 seconds.
seconds
5.
UZ3_mo 2 Junkilai 1 a 52 minu es 49 seconds 6 U- u n 2 and 2 a e he same hing, 2 and 3 a e he same hing, and 2 and 3 a e he same hing, and so on. LAUK2_mo 1 Billions 20 minu es and 46 seconds 8. LAUK3_mo 2 Billion and nine LAUK3_ y 3 Billions o dolla s
18
10.
LAUK2_m-
o 4
Billions a
wo
This is a lis o
o'clock
six
minu es
hi y- h-
ee
seconds
ele en
This
Decision
shall
en e
in o
o ce on
he day
ollowing
ha o
i s
publica i-
on in he
O icial
Li huania,
Jou nal
o he
Eu opean
Union.
This is a
lis o
ai po s
in
Es onia,
g ouped
by ype
and
so ed by
loca ion.
This
Decision
shall
en e
g ouped by
ype and
so ed by
loca ion. I'm
in o
ai po s in
o ce on
he day
ollowing
ha o
i s
publica i-
on in he
O icial
Jou nal
o he
Eu opean
Union.
This
Decision
day ollowing
no su e wha
you' e alking
abou . This
shall
ha o i s
en e
in o
o ce on
he day
ollowing
ha o
i s
publica i-
on in he
O icial
Jou nal
o he
Eu opean
Union.
This
Regula ion
publica ion in
shall en e
in o o ce on
he wen ie h
Decision
shall
en e
in o
o ce on
he day
ollowing
ha o
i s
he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. P.O.V.E. - The Pigeon - 38 minu es and 32 seconds Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc .
Loca ion (355)
publica i-
on in he
O icial
Jou nal
o he
Eu opean
Union.
This
Decision
shall
en e
in o
o ce on
he day
ollowing
ha o
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
i s
publica i-
on in he
39
VARN2_ -
y 2 The
Va ni 28 minu es and 9 seconds
O icial
Jou nal
o he
Eu opean
Union.
This is a
lis o
ai po s in Li huania, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k. This is a lis o ai po s in Li huania, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion. ŠILA2_mo 5 Šilalė is 22. KV[…]D2_ y 1 K ėda na 28 minu es 16 seconds and 23 seconds KV[…]D2_mo 2 K ėda na 7 minu es and 27 seconds and 24 seconds KV[…]D3_ y 3 K ėda na 13 minu es and 4 seconds and 25 seconds This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. KALT1_mo 1 Kal inėnai 20 minu es 23 seconds and 28 seconds KALT1_mo 2 Kal inėnai 20 minu es and 4 seconds and 29 seconds KALT2_mo 3 Kal inėnai 21 minu es 27 seconds and 30 seconds KALT1_ y 4 Kal inėnai 22 minu es and 39 seconds and 32 seconds PAG2_mo 2 PAGURI 10 minu es and 15 seconds and 33 seconds PAG2_mo 3 Paju i 7 minu es 51 seconds and 34 seconds ZNA2_mo 1 The name o he Zemli es 10 minu es 6 seconds 35. ZEN1_mo 2 The name o he lowlands 6 min. 54 sec. 36 ZEN1_mo 3 The name o he lowlands 10 minu es 26 seconds 37. ZENNA3_mo 4 The name o he lowlands 20 minu es 27 seconds 38. VARN3_mo 1 Telšiai (wo king in Va nius) 27 minu es 44 seconds 40 VARN3_mo 3 Pa andenė 24 minu es and 9 seconds and 41 seconds VARN2_mo 4 Va ni 46 minu es and 43 seconds
19
TVER2_m-
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion
o 1
T e ai 44
minu es
and 3
seconds
42. 43.
TVER3_m-
o 2
T e ai 1
hou and
40
minu es
and 9 seconds and 44 seconds TVER2_mo 3 T e ai 21 minu es and 16 seconds O he o al: 22 hou s 12 minu es 23 seconds