Solvita LABANAUSKIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

LATVIAN PLANT NAMES IN THE DICTIONARIES OF JURGIS (AMBRAZIEJUS) PABRĖŽA

The article’s material comprises the names of 298 Latvian plant species, selected from two dictionaries by Jurgis (Ambraziejus) Pabrėža (1771–1849)—Taislôs augininu (1843; hereafter TA) and Waardaau tayslynee Auginiu (1834; hereafter WTA). While organizing and creating Lithuanian plant names according to the plant system devised by Carl Linnaeus, J. Pabrėža also relied on sources in other languages—he had books sent to him from Vilnius, St. Petersburg, and Riga (Gidžiūnas 1993: 207). One of these was Oekonomisch-technische Flora von Wilhelm Christian Friebe (Riga, 1805) (held in the Rare Books Department of Vilnius University Library). In his book, the German author provides not only Latin and German names, but also, alongside each, Latvian, Estonian, and Russian plant names, systematically collected, as the title indicates. As J. Pabrėža himself mentions in the preface to Tayslôs auginiu, Latvian as well as Russian (Muscovite) plant names from W. Ch. Friebe’s dictionary, Oekonomisch-technische Flora, found their way into both his botanical dictionaries. There were not enough Latvian equivalents for all Lithuanian plant names, since W. Ch. Friebe’s collection is narrow in scope and one-sided. Latvian plant nomenclature began to be collected and studied later, in the second half of the nineteenth century. In 2003, Inese Ēdelmane and Ārija Ozola’s book Latviešu valodas augu nosaukumi (hereafter LAN) was published; the plant names gathered from all earlier sources in it trace the history of the formation of the Latvian terminology base in this field (Reidzāne 2003: V). It was used to check the forms of the Latvian names in J. Pabrėža’s dictionaries.

The aim of this survey article is to compare J. Pabrėža’s Latvian and Lithuanian plant systematics terminology.

Latvian plant names in TA and WTA

The first attempts to create and select botanical names were made in WTA, and on this basis J. Pabrėža’s greatest lifetime scholarly work was subsequently continued

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Taiślōs augimui, encompassing nearly a thousand plant genus names.

Comparison of the dictionaries. In obtaining Latvian plant names, J. Pabrėža relied on a single German publication by W. Ch. Friebe, Oekonomisch-technische Flora. However, WTA and TA differ both in spelling and in the plant names themselves. The tables present forms of Latvian and Lithuanian plant names transcribed by the author (the Latvian data were checked against LAN, and the Lithuanian data against Giedrius Subačius’s study Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos žemaičių kalba (Subačius 1996: 12–42)). For example:

Latin Asarum europaeum – Latvian Kummelu pēdas (~ kummelu pēdas) [cf. kumeļu pēda, piparu zāle in LAN] –

Lithuanian Pypyyrtapy europyny (~ pipirlapė europinė) in TA – Latvian Kummelu pēdas. Pippiru Sahles (~ kummelu pēdas, pippiru zāles) in WTA;

Latin Convallaria majalis – Latvian Wetschokli. Wēlschawas. Wēschauštini (~ večokli, vēšavas, vešauštini) [cf. vēžokli, vēžavas, vēžauštini in LAN] –

Lithuanian Pakalnōty Wōōžbardzy (~ pakalnutė ožbarzdė) in TA – Latvian Wetschokli. Wehschawas. Weschi-austini (~ večokli, vēšavas, vēš-austini) in WTA;

Latin Fragaria vesca – Latvian Semmenes. Semmohgas (~ zemenes, zemogas) [cf. zemenė, zemenoga in LAN] –

Lithuanian Žemyny Žemōōgy (~ žeminė žemuogė) in TA – Latvian Semmenes. Semm-Ohgas (~ zemmenes, zemn-ogas) in WTA;

Latin Ficaria ranunculoides – Latvian Tukkuma Sahle (~ tukkuma zāle) [cf. tīukuma zāle in LAN] –

Lith. Szwatyk szwatykweedy (~ švatikas švatikvedė) TA – Latv. Tuhkume Sahles (~ tūkume zāles) WTA;

Lat. Malva rotundifolia – Latv. Kakku seers (~ kakku siers) [cf. kaku siers LAN] –

Lith. Katsury apsōkōrtaapy (~ katsurė apsukurtlapė) TA – Latv. Kakku seers. Pappeles (~ kakku siers, pappeles) WTA;

Lat. Nymphaea alba – Latv. Lehpa (appa). Baltas Lehpas (~ lēpa appa?, baltas lēpas) [cf. baltā (ās) lēpa, lēpu lapa LAN] –

Lith. Undlelyje baltooji (~ undlelija baltoji) TA – Latv. Lehpu lappa. Baltas lehpas (~ lēpu lappa, baltas lēpas) WTA;

Lat. Rubus fruticosus – Latv. Kasenes. Kasa (~ kazenes, kaza) [cf. kazene, kazu ogas LAN] –

Lith. Aawietie žiórkszynyny (~ aviete žiūrkštinė) TA – Latv. Kasene. Kasa ohgas (~ kazene, kaza ogas) WTA;

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Lat. Sambucus nigra – Latv. Plēderu kokks. Plūschus (~ plēderu kokks, plūšus)

[cf. plēderu koks, plūsti koks LAN] –

Lith. Bezdas juodasis (~ bezdīs juodasis) TA – Latv. Plēderu kokks. Pluschu (~ plēderu koks, plūšu) WTA;

Lat. Trifolium pratense – Latv. Abbolites. Abbolinas. Abbolu sahles (~ abbolites, abbolinas, abbolu zāles) [cf. ābolītis, āboliņu zāles, āboliņu LAN] –

Lith. Dobÿts takÿwnis (~ dobilas tankinis) TA – Latv. Abbolites. Abbolinas. Abbolu sahles. Abbolinni (~ abbolites, abbolinas, abbolu zāles, aboliņi) WTA;

Lat. Ulmus campestris – Latv. Gohba (~ goba) [cf. goba LAN] –

Lith. Winkszna ganikłwyny (~ vinkšna ganyklinė) TA – Latv. Goba Sauswesche (~ goba sausvēse) WTA;

Lat. Veronika officinalis – Latv. Apini semnes (~ apini zemnes) [cf. zemes apinis LAN] –

Lith. Wērony aptiekÿny (~ veronė aptiekinė) TA – Latv. Appini semnes (~ appini zemnes) WTA.

There are also cases in which WTA does not include the Latvian name found in TA, for example:

Latin Humulus lupulus – Latvian Appini (~ appini) [cf. appini LAN] – Lithuanian Aapinis vysórtynesis (~ apynis visurtiniais) TA;

Latin Solanum tuberosum – Latvian Rahcinas (~ rāčinas) TA [cf. rācenis LAN] – Lithuanian Džiögma Ropóoty (~ džiūgma roputė) TA;

Latin Stellaria media – Latvian Mauring (?) [not in LAN] – Lithuanian Žvayzdynyky Žłūgis (~ žvaizdinyke žliūgis) TA.

Synonymy and vividness. The material under study consists mainly of folk, that is, dialectal, plant names. The prominent Latvian terminologist V. Skujiņa classifies folk terminology as part of dialect vocabulary (Skujiņa 2002: 41). In Lithuania, the terminologist J. Klimavičius wrote about folk terminology: “in the Lithuanian linguistic tradition, folk terminology has primarily been put forward as the most important source and model for scientific terminology. <...> it is impossible to imagine botany not drawing on the folk language” (Klimavičius 1996: 4). Folk terminology is characterized by synonymy, vividness, and expressiveness. In botany, as in other fields, the phenomenon of synonymy is inevitable, especially at the beginning of the formation of terminology. Synonymy may be determined by how familiar a word is in a particular dialect (Keinys 1974: 46). Alongside the Latin term, J. Pabrėža provided one scien-

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tific name. In the German source, Latvian plant names form as many as 60 synonym rows; they are used synonymously as both one-word and two-word names, and therefore TA gives not just one, but also 2, 3, or even 4 synonyms. For example:

Latin Menyanthes trifoliata – Latvian Puppu lappa. Puplatschi (~ puppu lappa, puplači) [cf. pupu lapas, puplači LAN] –

Lithuanian Pylwity Puupłayszky (~ pilýtė puplaiškė) TA;

Latin Rosa canina – Latvian Ehrkschki. Wilke drilzehkle (ērkšķi, wilke drīcekIe) [cf. ērškis, vilka drīcekle LAN] –

Lithuanian Erszkroozý Eerszketis (~ ērškrože ēršketis) TA;

Latin Scirpus caespitosus – Latvian Aschki doni. Meldi (~ aški doni, meldi) [cf. aški, doni, meldri LAN] –

Lithuanian Smóklie kúoksztatojì (~ smukle kuokštotoji) TA;

Latin Calluna vulgaris – Latvian Wirsnes. Mellotni. Mehna sahle. Garzhe (~ wirsnes, mellotni, melna zale, garše) [cf. wirsnes, mellotnis, melna zale, garšes LAN] –

Lithuanian Wvrži wysórtynesis (~ viržis visurtin(i)asis) TA and others.

Folk plant names are characterized by vividness and expressiveness. In the words of Kazimieras Gaivenis, expressive terms are created even in the terminology of systematics (Gaivenis 1991: 29). J. Pabrėža, of course, took the Latvian plant names from the aforementioned source, without selecting between vivid and non-vivid names. However, there are quite a few vivid ones. For example:

Latin Hypericus perforatum – Latvian Jāņu sahles (~ Jāņu zāles) TA [cf. Jāņu zāles LAN] –

Lith. Jonón parmałspóugy (~ jonutė parmałspuogė) TA;

Lat. Pinguicula vulgaris – Latv. Dzeggu ses seetawas (~ dzeguzes sietavas) TA [cf. dzeguzes sietava LAN] --

Lith. Tóklie wysórtyvny (~ tuklė visurtinė) TA;

Lat. Primula officinalis – Latv. Gaila bikses (~ gaila bikses) TA [cf. gaila bikses LAN] –

Lith. Pawasaargy aptiekyny (~ pavasargė aptiekinė) TA;

Lat. Verbascum lychnitis – Latv. Saules szwezze (~ saules svecce?) TA [cf. saules svece LAN] –

Lith. Dewinmaacy mažesnioji (~ devynmacė mažesnioji) TA, etc.

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Some current scientific names have changed, for example, not Jāņu zāles, but divšķautņu asinszāle; dzegezes sietavas – parastā kreimule LAN. The figurative quality is retained in the Latvian name of the scientific species Verbascum lychnitis – parastais deviņvīruspēks.

One-word species names. TA is dominated by one-word Latvian plant names (176). In this dictionary, as in folk terminology generally, they designate both a genus and a species, e.g.:

Lat. Cornus sanguinea – Latv. Beswarde (~ bezvarde) [cf. bezvārde LAN] – Lith. Seedōla Kraujūvny (~ sedula kraujinė) TA;

Lat. Fraxinus excelsior – Latv. Ohsis (~ osis) TA [cf. osis LAN] – Lith. Ousis wysōrywnis (~ uosis visurīnis) TA;

Lat. Hyoscyamus niger – Latv. Driggenes (~ driggenes) [cf. drigene LAN] – Lith. Drygnie jōudooj (~ drignė juodoji) TA;

Lat. Salix amygdalina – Latv. Karklis (~ karklis) [cf. kārklis LAN] – Lith. Blindv mygdolyny (~ blindė migdolinė) TA.

Compound species names. The fewest plant names found are compounds whose two components are Latvian words, e.g.:

Lat. Cichorium intybus – Latv. Zellmellas (~ cellmellas) [cf. ceļmala LAN] – Lith. Cykooryje wysōrytnioji (~ cikorija visurīnioji) TA;

Lat. Potentilla anserina – Latv. Platkahjischi (~ platkājiši) [cf. platkājiši LAN] – Lith. Daugauy Žąstesala (~ daugale žąnsesala) TA;

Latin Spiraea ulmaria – Latvian Plohstbardsis (~ plostbardzis) [cf. plostbārzdis LAN] – Lithuanian Łąkswa Wędrikszis (~ lanksva vendrykstis) TA.

Compound species names. Another considerable portion of plant names consists of compounds—two-word names (122), whose (a) species-specific element is adjectival (or participial), or (b) genitive, for example:

a) Latin Agrimonia eupatoria – Latvian Sihki dadschi (~ sīki dadži) [cf. sīkadaži, sīki dadži LAN] –

Lithuanian Dyrwonka Gidunuy (~ dirvonka gydūnė) TA;

Latin Ribes nigrum – Latvian Melni sutrini (~ melni zutrini) [cf. melni zustrini LAN] – Lithuanian Meelwy Serbešta (~ mełvė serbenta) TA;

Latin Urtica dioica – Latvian Sihkas. Swehtas nah tres (~ sīkas, svētas nātres) [cf. sīkā nātre, svētā nātre LAN] – Lithuanian Notriny dwynōomy (~ notrynė dvinumė) TA;

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Latin U. urens – Latvian Baltas nātres (~ baltas nātres) [not in LAN] – Lithuanian N. twykłatioji (~ n. twikantioji) TA;

b) Latin Anthoxanthum odoratum – Latvian Tabaka sahle (~ tabaka zāle) [cf. tabaka zāle LAN] – Lithuanian Gardunytis kwapiingasis (~ gardūnytis kvapingasis) TA;

Latin Erythraea centaurium – Latvian Drudscha sahle. Wehdera sahle (~ drudža zāle, vēdera zāle) [not in LAN] – Lithuanian Tiima Šžiimtauksa (~ tyma šimtauksa) TA;

Latin Glyceria fluitans – Latvian Ehrsku ausa (~ ērsku auza) [cf. ēršku auzas LAN] – Lithuanian Saldūuny pluudórątoji (~ saldūnė plūdūrantojii) TA;

Latin Hypericus perforatum – Latvian Raggana kauli (~ ragana kauli) [cf. raganas kauli LAN] – Lithuanian Jonóty parmaltspóugy (~ jonute parmaltspuoge) TA;

Latin Iris pseudoaconus – Latvian Saules rassenes. Saubinu sahles (~ saules rassenes, saubinu zāles) [cf. saules rasene, zobinu zāle LAN] – Lithuanian Orairikszty Neteys Ajers (~ oranykštė neteis ajeras) TA;

Latin Primula officinalis – Latvian Gaila kahjas (~ gaila kājas) [cf. gaila kājas, gaiļa LAN] – Lithuanian Pawasaargy aptiekynny (~ pavasargė aptiekinė) TA;

Latin Salix fragilis – Latvian Sehtas wihtols (~ sētas vītols) [cf. sētas vītols LAN] – Lithuanian Bliindy graudiooji (~ blindė graudioji) TA;

Latin Syringa vulgaris – Latvian Wahzsemmes karkli (~ Vāczemmes karkli) [cf. Vāczemes kárkli LAN] – Lithuanian Babiliôs wysórtyynis (~ babylìus visurtinis) TA.

Similarities and differences between Latvian and Lithuanian names. Latvian plant names are sometimes partly or wholly matched by the scientific Lithuanian names given by J. Pabrėža—genetic correspondences, for example:

Latin Acer platanoides ~ Latvian Klawa (~ klava) [cf. klava LAN] – Lithuanian Klavs jowariveydis (~ klavas jovariveidis) TA;

Latin Aegopodium podagraria – Latvian Gahrses (~ gāršes) [cf. gāršes LAN] – Lithuanian Geerszwa (~ geršva) TA;

Latin Arunda phragmites – Latvian Needra. Steebrs (~ niedra, stiebrs) [cf. niedra, stiebrs LAN] – Lithuanian Nędry wysórtyynny (~ nendrė visurtinė) TA;

Latin Galium aparine – Latvian Marnakas (~ marnakas) [cf. marnakas LAN] –

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Lithuanian Kiimbara Maarnaka (~ kimbara marnaka) TA;

Latin Humulus lupulus – Latvian Appini (~ appini) [cf. appini LAN] –

Lithuanian Apiniis wysórtynesis (~ apynis visurtiniasis) TA;

Latin Lonicera xylosteum – Latvian Sausweschi (~ sausvēši) [cf. sausvēši LAN] –

Lithuanian Sauskuuny Sauswiitis (~ sauskūne sausvytis) TA;

Latin Symphytum officinale – Latvian Tauka sahle. Glume (~ tauka zāle, glume) [cf. tauku zāle, glume LAN] –

Lithuanian Tauky aptiekynny (~ taukē aptiekinē) TA.

In other cases, Latvian names correspond literally or partly to Lithuanian dialectal (Samogitian) names, for example:

Latin Solanum dulcamare – Latvian Bebra karkle (~ bebra karkle) [cf. bebra kārkls LAN] –

Lithuanian Džiógma Kaarklawyje (~ džiugma karklavia), Samogitian Bebraus kaarklag (~ bebraus karklai) TA;

Latin Iris germanica – Latvian Wilku sohbens (~ vilku zobens) [cf. vilku zobens LAN] –

Lithuanian Orariikszty wookyszkoji (~ oranykštė vok iškoji), Samogitian Wylkodalg ee (~ vilkodalgiai) TA.

Common Baltic-Latvian and Lithuanian borrowings also belong among the similarities discussed. These are Slavicisms that have entered the modern Baltic languages, for example:

Lat. Apium graveolens – Latv. Sellerijes (~ sellerijes) [cf. selerija LAN] –

Lith. Byttuny Saliera (~ bitūne saliera) TA;

Lat. Carum carvi – Latv. Kimmenes (~ kimmenes) [cf. ķimene LAN] –

Lith. Kmiins wysórtynesis (~ kmynas visurtiniasis) TA;

Lat. Polygonum fagopyrum – Latv. Grikki. Drikki (~ grikki, drikki) [cf. grikis LAN] –

Lith. Ruktis Gyks (~ rūgtis grikas) TA, etc.

Although the languages are closely related, there are more differences than similarities. Some distinctive Latvian features should be noted here. Germanisms stand out in Latvian plant nomenclature, for example:

Lat. Anethum graveolens – Latv. Dilles (~ dilles) [cf. dille LAN], Ger. Dill –

Lith. Kraaps skaudeeckwepąsis (~ krapas skaudiakvepansis) TA;

Lat. Valeriana officinalis – Latv. Baldriini. Baldrians (~ baldriņi, baldrians) [cf. baldriņi, baldrians LAN], Ger. Baldrian –

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Lith. Vylgy aptiekvyny (~ ilgė aptiekine) TA;

Lat. Viola odorata – Latv. Vijoles (~ vijoles) [cf. vijole LAN], Ger. Viole –

Lith. Prijalka kvapingoji (~ prijalka kvapingoji) TA.

These are German loanwords Dill, Baldrian, Viole, also used in present-day nomenclature (only violes – vijolites instead).

One of J. Pabrėža’s loanwords appears to have come from Latvian:

Lat. Viburnum opulus – Latv. Yrbenes. Irbenaji (~ yrbenes, irbenaji) [cf. irbines, irbenājs LAN] – Lith. Irbenis Póotelis (~ irbenis pūtelis) TA.

Latvian plant names in the TA index

It was found that the Latvian-language index of TA (hereafter TAR) contains 30 Latvian plant names that are not entered in the dictionary itself. A Latin equivalent is given alongside each Latvian name. This means that they were included on the basis of the index to W. Ch. Friebe’s book. When checked against LAN, not all the Latvian names could be found. Some of them are one-word plant names, for example:

Lat. Alnus glutinosa – Latv. Elkschnis (~ elkšnis) TAR [cf. elkšnis LAN] – Lith. Alksnis glytēsis (~ alksnis glitiasis);

Lat. Euphorbia Esula – Latv. Peenaines (~ pienaines) TAR [cf. pienaine LAN] – Lith. Kiaupyniy Szónpyina (~ kiaupienė šunpiena);

Lat. Sambucus Ebulus – Latv. Krukli (~ krukli) TAR [cf. krūklis LAN] – Lith. Beezdis Geradies (~ bezdis geradējis?);

Lat. Sempervivum tectorum – Latv. Embutti (~ embutti) TAR [cf. embuti LAN] – Lith. Ryvityna Stogui (~ rietina stogi) and so on;

Others are compound plant names, for example:

Lat. Acorus Calamus – Latv. Kalwju saknes (~ kalvju saknes) TAR [cf. kalvis LAN] – Lith. Ajers Tatarszka (~ ajeras tatarska);

Lat. Aethusa cynapium – Latv. Sunnu stohbri (~ sunnu stobri) TAR [cf. sunu stiebri LAN] – Lith. Zóorda szónpetrószka (~ zurda šunpetruška);

Lat. Asparagus officinalis – Latv. Laumas slohta (~ laumas slota) TAR [cf. laumas slota LAN] –

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Lith. Špara aptekyvnis (~ šparas aptiekinis); Lat. Menyanthes trifoliata – Latv. Grenojama sahle (~ gremojama zāle) TAR [cf. gremojamā zāle LAN] – Lith. Pylvityn Puuphtyžky (~ pilvytė puplaiškė) and others.

Two more Latvian plant names in the TA index are given without a Latin name or any other reference: Rahtnu saknes, Strallēnes.

Inaccuracies

In W. Ch. Friebe’s work Oekonomisch-technische Flora, some names appear with question marks next to them. Apparently, the author was unsure whether such a plant name actually existed. J. Pabrėža was less doubtful and marked fewer question marks. According to LAN, these names are common in Latvian dialects. For example:

Lat. Carex arenaria – Latv. Grīhslis (~ grīslis)? Mauklei? (~ maukleji) TAR, cf. grīsla, mauklejs LAN, Lith. Wykswa smyltyny (~ viksva smiltinė); Lat. Epilobium angustifolium – Latv. Kazu rohises (~ kazu rozes)? TAR, cf. kazu roze LAN, Lith. Ožrožy siaurtaapy (~ ožrožė siaurlapė) and others.

The dictionary contains errors by J. Pabrėža himself—omitted or transposed letters (some corrected in the index), for example:

Lat. Centaurea cyanus – Latv. Ruden pukkes (~ ruden pukkes) TA, cf. rudzu puke LAN, Latv. Rudsu pukkes (~ rudzu pukkes) TAR, Lith. Šzimtauksy Woostyka (~ šimtauskė vosilka) TA; Lat. Heracleum sibiricum – Latv. Bahrkschke. Kappa (~ bārkšķe, kappa) TA, cf. bārkšķi, ķepaini LAN, Latv. Bahrkschke, Keppa (~ bārkšķe, keppa) TAR, Lith. Bvarksztis Meszkpieda (~ barkštis meškpėda) TA; Lat. Pedicularis palustris – Latv. Ust sahle. Ustubunga (~ ust zāle, ustubunga) TA, cf. utu zāle, utubunga zāles LAN, Latv. Uts-sahle, Uttubunga (~ uts zāle, uttubunga) TAR, Lith. Otwaysa pórwyn y (~ utvaisa purvinė) TA;

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Lat. Spiraea ulmaria – Latv. Plostbārzdis (~ plostbāzdis) TA, cf. plosthārzdis

LAN,

Latv. Plostbārzdis (~ plostbāzdis) TAR,

Lith. takṣwa Wędriškztis (~ lanksva vendyškītis) TA.

Conclusions

In J. Pabrėža’s two dictionaries—WTA and TA—there are equivalents of plant names in other languages. Of the nearly one thousand Lithuanian plant names, J. Pabrėža provided 298 Latvian equivalents in WTA and TA, taken from the German book Oekonomisch-technische Flora von Wilhelm Christian Friebe (1805). The material consists primarily of folk Latvian plant names, which are often characterized by synonymy and vividness (emotional-expressive connotation). Among the abundance of synonyms in the terminology, modern Latvian botanical taxonomic terminology has more often selected a name other than the plant name used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Lithuanian botanists have given greater consideration to the names proposed by pioneers in this field. In terms of structure, Latvian botanical taxonomic terminology is diverse: 176 single-word and 122 compound plant names. Commonalities between Latvian and Lithuanian, as well as shared borrowings and borrowings characteristic of Latvian from German, were found. This is the first instance in the history of Lithuanian terminography in which Latvian plant names have been included in Lithuanian terminology dictionaries. After J. Pabrėža, equivalents in Latvian were included only in Lietuviškame botanikos žodyne (1938).

ŠALTINIAI

LAN – Ēdelmanē I., Ozola Ā. Latviešu valodas augu nosaukumi, Rīga, 2003.

TA – Pabrėža J. (A.). Taislós augimiu (rankraštis), 1843.

TAR – Taislós augimiu rodyklē.

WTA – Pabrėža J. (A.). Waarudaa taislynee Augimiu, Kretingoo, 1834.

LITERATŪRA

Friebe Ch. W. 1805: Oekonomisch-technische Flora, Riga.

Gaivenis K. 1991: Lietuviškų terminų vaizdingumo klausimu. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 29, 26–31.

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Gidžiūnas V. 1993: Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža (1771–1849), Roma, 205–210.

Jurgis Pabrėža (1771–1849), Vilnius, 1972.

Kecys St. 1974: Terminų sinonimijos klausimu. – Leksikos ir sintaksės klausimai, Šiauliai, 44–51.

Klimavičius J. 1996: Nuo liaudies terminijos prie mokslinės. – Terminologija 3, 4–25.

Reičdānė B. 2003: Priekšvārds. – Latviešu valodas augu nosaukumi, Rīga, V–VI.

Skujiņa V. 2002: Latviešu terminoloģijas izstrādes principi, Rīga.

Subačius G. 1996: Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos žemaičių kalba. – Lietuvių atgimimo istorijos studijos 8. Asmuo: tarp tautos ir valstybės. Vilnius, 10–113.

LATVIAN NAMES OF PLANTS IN THE DICTIONARIES OF JURGIS (AMBRAZIEJUS) PABRĖŽA

Summary

Two dictionaries of Pabrėža – Waarldaa tayshynnee Augimiu (1834, further WTA) and Taislós augimiu (1843, further TA) – have other language equivalents of plant names. From nearly a thousand Lithuanian names of plants in those two dictionaries 298 have Latvian equivalents, which were taken from a German book Oekonomisch-technische Flora von Wilhelm Christian Friebe (1805). Latvian folk names of plants comprise the biggest part of the material. The characteristic features of those names are synonymy and imagery (emotional-expressive connotation). From much terminological synonymy the present day Latvian botanical terminology most frequently selected a different name, not the name of the plant from the 18-19^th century. Lithuanian botanists took the suggestions of the pioneers of this field for the plant names more into consideration. In respect of the structure Latvian botanical taxonomy is variable: 176 one-word and 122 complex names. There are some Lithuanian and Latvian generalities, some common borrowings and some characteristic Latvian language borrowings from German. This is the first case in the history of Lithuanian terminology when Latvian names of plants were included in Lithuanian dictionaries of terms. After Pabrėža Latvian equivalents were included only into Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas (1938).

Solvita LABANAUSKIENĖ

Gauta 2004-11-01

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

E. paštas [email protected]

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