Lithuanian Construction Terminology, 1910–1937 (Based on Available Sources)

ROBERTAS STUŇŽINAS

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Lithuanian construction terminology, like technical terminology as a whole, began to take shape in the mid-19th century. Construction terms began to appear in the popular science and practical advice articles in the periodicals of the time—L. Ivinskis’s calendars (1846–1863), Keleivis (1849–1880), and Aušra (1883–1886)—for example: molis Ivinsk 1849 31, namas Ivinsk 1849 30, plitos degintos LTP VI 56, siena Ivinsk 1849 31, teptuwas Ivinsk 1849 31, ziame Ivinsk 1862 45. In the first half of the 20th century, the rapid development of construction terminology was driven by the emergence of specialist construction literature (construction textbooks and construction periodicals) and the development of construction science more generally: in 1922, the University of Lithuania opened in Kaunas, and the first Lithuanian construction textbooks appeared soon afterward.

This article examines the terminology of construction science, popular science, construction periodicals, and other publications from 1910–1937 (for the list of sources, see the end of the article) in terms of origin, structure, and development. The material studied comprises 1,393 distinct terms¹ (806 single-word and 587 compound), formed on the basis of inherited native and borrowed non-international vocabulary and created using the resources of the language itself. By terminological group, these are terms naming structures and their parts (27%), materials (20%), tools (17%), actions, processes, and states (16%), characteristics, properties, and quantities (6%), and other concrete objects and abstract concepts associated with construction (14%).

When discussing single-word construction terms, semantic term formation should be mentioned first. Semantic term formation² is a method of naming in which the principal means of creating terms is the semantic exten-

¹ Variants are not counted separately here; that is, formal variants of the same linguistic units that perform the same function and exhibit regular differences in sound structure (KPP 2003: 107).

² Vietoje termino semantinis terminų kūrimas (Гринев 1993: 129) vartojamas ir terminas leksinis semantinis terminų kūrimas (plg. Прохорова 1996: 8; Татаринов 2006: 188).

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tojimas (Татаринов 2006: 188). Šio tipo terminų grupėje pirmiausia skirtini terminizacijos būdu atsiradę terminai. Terminizacija – paprastųjų (terminių) žodžių ar kitų sričių terminų vertimas terminais (Gaivenis 2002: 18), reikšmių išplėtimas, susiaurinimas, apibendrinimas ir kitoks modifikavimas ir atribojimas nuo kitų reikšmių (Klimavičius 1996: 6). Žodžių semantinės plėtros atžvilgiu terminizacija gali apimti ne vieną terminologijos reiškinį: 1) paprastųjų žodžių semantikos visumos perkėlimą į terminus (Татаринов 2006: 188), 2) paprastųjų žodžių reikšmių specializaciją – susiaurinimą ar praplėtimą (Татаринов 2006: 188), 3) žodžių reikšmių perkėlimą (Keinys 1980: 63–64; Gaivenis 2002: 52).

On this basis, terms that correspond in meaning to ordinary words³ may first be distinguished, for example: akmuo JodelNorm 2, aliejus Kind 32, anglis Iv 48, apušė Januš 18, ąžuolas Kind 7, diemantas JodelTechn 9, eglė Januš 18, Kind 7, molis Reis 1, pienas Kind 50, pušis Januš 18, smėlys Januš 9, stiklas Ekz 3, tošis JodelTechn 156, žabai Vanag 28, žabarai JodelTechn 29, žvyras Reis 13; butas (dwelling house) Stat M1922 I 8, kambarys Januš 14, kūtė Vanag 10, lubos Januš 15, namas (residential building) Zubausk 9, tiltas Ekz 1; čerpe Šimol 72, grebėstas Iv 18, lenta Braž 2, rąstas Reis 24, sija Kind 14, siena Reis 1, (a post) šūlas Braž 10. The examples show that these are mostly terms corresponding to the basic or primary meanings of ordinary words and naming various construction materials, structures, their parts, and other construction-related things. Terms that emerged through the specialization⁴ of ordinary words—that is, through the narrowing or broadening of meaning—should be noted separately. In narrowing of meaning, the transfer of a name from one concept to another is based on the general features of the ordinary concept, but the narrowed concept also acquires other, additional features (Прохорова 1996: 79). More precisely, narrowing of meaning characterizes terms that have acquired a more specific construction-related meaning, for example: anga (small window)⁵ JodelTechn 135, dėmė (brick defect) JodelNorm 1, (foundation) duobė Ekz 3, kartys (poles on which timber is stacked) JodelTechn 161, (brick) krosnis Iv 18, kubilas JodelTechn 66, marka (pit) StatM 1923 I 6, minklė (clay dough) JodelTechn 117, (painting) padargai Ekz 6, skylė Kind 18. Broadening of meaning is characteristic of terms naming classes of objects, for example: druskos

³ Terms are compared with ordinary words on the basis of data from the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.

⁴ Sometimes term formation and specialization are regarded as separate methods of term creation (cf. Гринев 1993: 129–132); at other times, these phenomena are not strictly distinguished (see Татаринов 2006: 188–189).

⁵ The content of the term is clarified in parentheses.

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JodelNorm 1, floors Kind 13, stoves Šimol 4, ceilings (ceilings and floor slabs) Šimol 4.

This is one of the largest groups (making up about a fifth of all one-word terms) and one of the oldest in the terminology of the period under study—the terms were also widely used in 19th-century sources, e.g.: stone LTP VI 56, sand LTP VI 56, glass LTP VI 56, view LTP VI 125, wall LTP VI 125. About a third of all compound terms were formed with terms from these subgroups, e.g.: artificial stone Iv 7, clay tile Kind 34, carpenter’s door Kind 27, wrought iron (iron and steel) JodelTechn 170, cut iron JodelTechn 185, cast iron JodelTechn 171, rammed clay floor Ekz 4, acid-resistant vessel JodelTechn 144, primary clay Iv 2. The most numerous terms are wall (32), brick (25), stove (16), clay (15), room (13), stone (9) specific designations, e.g.: cob wall Braž 2, cast wall Ekz 3, clay-lump wall Braž 1, patterned wall Kind 8, hollow wall StatM 1922 II 17, wattle-and-daub wall Braž 2, green-brick wall Reis 2; fired clay brick Iv 6, well-fired brick Reis 14, air-dried brick Januš 16, green brick Iv 7, facing brick JodelNorm 2, building brick JodelNorm 2, fire-resistant brick JodelTechn 73, facing brick Ekz 5; stove with gas firebox Iv 64, stove with downdraught flame Iv 65, stove with ordinary firebox Iv 64, stove with a simple base Iv 64, rotary stove Iv 65; calcined clay StatM 1923 I 18, very lean clay JodelTechn 117, clay with strong binding Iv 15, sedimentary clay Iv 3, ordinary clay Iv 5, overly fat clay Vanag 15, over-kneaded clay JodelNorm 1, gray clay JodelTechn 29, fire-resistant clay Iv 5; guest / hostess’s work / servants’ / dining / room Januš 14; porous (honeycombed) stone JodelTechn 9, slab stone Kind 29, split stone StatM 1922 I 18, hollow stone JodelTechn 103.

A small proportion of one-word terms consists of metaphorical and metonymic terms. Generally speaking, metaphorical and metonymic terms belong to a distinct subtype of semantic term formation—tropic term formation (cf. Татаринов 2006: 188). Tropic term formation relies only partly on the semantics of a word—that is, on its motivating semantic feature (tertium comparationis) (Татаринов 2006: 188). In our case, however, these are mostly terminologized and, especially, specialized ordinary words used in transferred senses (this will be discussed further below).

Metaphorical terms make up the overwhelming majority of this group. Metaphorical terms arise when special concepts are compared with ordinary ones on the basis of certain features and named using words for ordinary concepts (Прохорова 1996: 42). In the construction terminology of the period under study, the most common are concrete metaphors; metaphorical naming has mostly been based on objects in the human environment:

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most often, concrete metaphors occur, and metaphorical naming has mostly been based on objects in the human environment: a) the human body, e.g.: (of a pestle) head StatM 1923 I 20, (of a dwelling) skeleton Kind 8, (of a roof) hump StatM 1923 I 11, (of a stove) base Kind 15, (of a device) cheeks StatM 1922 II 19; b) household objects, e.g.: rake (a tool for mixing cement) Šimol 71, (air) bearing StatM 1923 I 16, bedding (a layer of gravel and cement) JodelTechn 29, Kind 14, candle (a gas-fuel pipe) Iv 75; c) food, e.g.: purée (a lime mixture) StatM 1923 I 20, (of a road) crust JodelTechn 29, dough Braž 1. Considerably fewer terms are named after objects from the animal and plant kingdoms and other natural phenomena, e.g.: beaver (a device for pressing tiles) StatM 1922 II 18, geruvė StatM 1923 I 10, bear (a forging device) Ekz 3, snail Ekz 1, gills JodelTechn 21; (of masonry) bark StatM 1923 I 21, pea JodelTechn 77; cave (a brick-firing tunnel) JodelTechn 135. Abstract metaphors are rare, e.g.: destructive force Ekz 3, force producer (force) JodelTechn 188.

From the perspective of chronology and naming, most metaphorical terms are not new metaphors. Some can also be found in earlier 19th-century sources, e.g.: gūlis LTP VI 172, kepurė LTP VI 352, padas LTP VI 171, teszla LTP VI 167. It is also clear that a large proportion of the terms under discussion are products of secondary metaphorical naming. These terms may be created by terminologizing (specializing) ordinary words with non-primary, transferred meanings, or folk terms, e.g.: needle (part of a device) JodelTechn 85 – needle⁶ 2. “a thin metal rod, usually with a sharp end, serving various purposes and therefore of various shapes”; pancake (circular shape) JodelTechn 85 – pancake 3. figuratively “some flattened object”; pipe JodelNorm 5 – pipe 5. “tube”; (of a pestle) head StatM 1923 I 20 – head 8. “a rounded, thicker part of an object; front; top, upper part”; (air) bearing StatM 1923 I 16 – bearing 5. “layer”; (of a vessel) neck JodelTechn 181 – neck 4. “neck of a vessel or bottle”; [rafters]⁷ legs Reis 24 – legs 3. “the lower part of an object”; bear (a forging device) Ekz 3 – bear 5. “a large device with a heavy, thick end, for driving stakes, ramming clay, and the like”; base (floor) Kind 13 – base 3. “a rammed floor of a building or cottage, an earthen floor, a packed floor” LKŽe. This also applies to metaphorical diminutive terms, e.g.: little eye (a flaw, small hollow) Šimol 79, little head (the upper part of a component) JodelTechn 189, little cap (a certain type of arch) Ekz 4, (of lime) little shirt StatM 1923 I 20.

⁶ Data taken from the electronic edition of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language www.lkz.lt

⁷ Components of compound terms are given in square brackets.

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The result of tropic term formation could be only a few metonymic terms. Metonymy is the result of a change in meaning (a shift in semes) based on certain associations within conceptual space, time, or causality (Татаринов 2006: 189). In the material under consideration, terms name a way of carrying out work by reference to the tool, e.g.: lenta (a method of roofing) StatM 1923 I 8, piautuvas (a method of roofing) StatM 1923 I 8. These terms were formed according to specific metonymic models of terminology⁸; they are not ordinary-language words that have been terminologized.

Few compound terms have been formed using metaphorical and metonymic terms. Compound terms containing terms from these groups account for about one tenth of all compound terms, e.g.: geležinės dūdos JodelTechn 7, dūmtraukio galvutė Kind 18, plieninės geruvės JodelTechn 19, geležinis grėblys JodelTechn 66, triobos griaučiai Kind 8, gegnių kojos Reis 24, plento pluta JodelTechn 29.

Derivatives make up the largest share of one-word terms (about three quarters), e.g.: apdabinimas Ekz 3, atlošumas Ekz 4, atrama Ekz 4, aukštakrosnė Šimol 74, (barn) grindinys Kind 18, grūdelis Kind 41, įdėklis JodelTechn 190, įvarža Kind 26, kastuvas Šimol 71, kniedė JodelTechn 186, pabėgis JodelTechn 164, palangė Reis 24, pašlaitė Kind 27, protarpis JodelTechn 73, sąvarža Reis 22, statyba Reis 7, trauka Iv 80, uždanga JodelTechn 137. Based on data from the Lietuvių kalbos žodyno, it can be argued that most derivatives are old ordinary-language words and may have been adopted as terms from living speech. Some derivatives can be found in nineteenth-century sources, e.g.: priemaįża LTP VI 166, piaustuvas LTP VI 167. Therefore, in this case it would be appropriate to speak of the terminologization of ordinary-language derivatives—their specialization—and of other semantic methods of term formation. Names of familiar household objects, tools, structures, their parts, and other objects associated with construction should be considered terminologized, e.g.: (ventilation) aukštinis StatM 1922 III 20, dangtis (roof) Ekz 4, dūmtraukis Kind 16, dumtuvė JodelTechn 180, duonkeփis Kind 15, juodlubės Kind 25, kiaurinė StatM 1923 I 21, langinės Kind 12, lentyna JodelTechn 68, pakulos Kind 7, pastogė Reis 45, peleninė (furnace opening) Kind 15, perdaras (partition) StatM 1922 III 23, pluktuvas Braž 1, priemaįša Reis 2, viela Iv 18. Within this group, specialized names for various objects and devices that have acquired a more specific construction-related meaning should be distinguished, e.g.: atmata (construction waste) JodelTechn 21, (beam) graiža

⁸ Metonymic terms can be formed both according to ordinary language patterns and according to specific metonymic models of terminology (Прохорова 1996: 69).

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Kind 27, (wood) grūstuvas Vanag 26, pakopa (ladder) Ekz 3, pakura (part of a brick-drying kiln) JodelTechn 132, (furnace) pastogė JodelTechn 69.

A separate group consists of derivative terms characterized by a transfer of meaning. Here, metaphorical diminutives are the most common, e.g.: ardelis (a step in a furnace firebox) JodelTechn 39, langelis (furnace opening) JodelTechn 135, (metal) tinklelis Reis 36, urvelis (a small groove beneath a brick kiln) JodelTechn 135, žirneliai (cement lumps) JodelTechn 77. Also noteworthy are terms formed metonymically according to the foreign-language model agent name → instrument name, e.g.: džiovintojas (desiccator) JodelTechn 211, [kibirkščių gaudytojas] StatM 1922 III 19, [jėgos žadintojas] JodelTechn 188.

Some abstract concepts may also have been adopted from ordinary language, e.g.: aukštumas Kind 15, didumas Ekz 4, džiovinimas JodelTechn 68, išgaravimas Iv 73, (clay) kapojimas Iv 31, kietumas JodelTechn 8, (windows) kirtimas StatM 1922 III 10, (concrete) laistymas Šimol 71, našumas JodelTechn 73, (temperature) puolimas JodelTechn 200, stiprumas Vanag 16. Many can be found in the old sources mentioned above, e.g.: vėdinimas LTP VI 166, džiovinimas LTP VI 168, drėgnumas LTP VI 125, pliszimas LTP VI 58, tankumas LTP VI 58, tvirtumas LTP VI 126.

In some cases it is difficult to determine whether a derivative has been terminologized or newly coined. This is particularly true of nominalizations of verbs and adjectives with transpositional derivational meaning⁹ bearing the suffixes -imas/-ymas, -umas. Derivatives of this type are essentially equivalent in content to their base word, but belong to a different part of speech and therefore differ in syntactic function (Urbutis 1978: 165). Such derivatives can be formed from any verb or adjective, e.g.: aušimas Ekz 4, dažymas Šimol 4, drėgnumas Januš 17, džiovinimas JodelTechn 68, išbrinkimas JodelTechn 158, kreivumas Januš 21, minkymas Iv 25.

Among the derivatives discussed that have a pure action meaning, those formed with the suffix -imas/-ymas stand out for their transfer of meaning. These are metonymic terms formed according to the ordinary-language pattern action → result of the action, naming defects and other concrete things by reference to the actions, e.g.: iškyrypimas (a defect in wood) Kind 36, pertrūkimas (a defect in iron) 194, užgavimas (a defect in wood) JodelTechn 157, įsikišimas (part of a building) StatM 1922 III 10, praskėtimas (trough) Šimol 71, užlaužimas (curve) JodelTechn 200.

A small proportion of the derivatives can be considered neologisms. Most of the neologisms

⁹ When discussing terms with transpositional derivational meaning, usually only verb nominalizations with the suffixes -imas / -ymas are distinguished (cf. Umbrasas 2005: 44; Kaulakienė 2006: 81).

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Compounds make up the bulk, while suffixal and inflectional derivatives occur less frequently. More than half of the compounds are nominal compounds, that is, terms with a noun as the second constituent, e.g.: baltdāžai StatM 1922 I 22, degplytė Januš 19, degutžemis StatM 1923 I 16, mūrgastis Ekz 4, skaldasėmelis Šimol 79, skersšakė Kind 40, skliautrama Ekz 4, ugniasienis StatM 1922 III 15. Verbal compounds are somewhat less frequent, e.g.: dūmadengė JodelTechn 135, dūmalinda StatM 1922 III 19, greitmaišė Šimol 87, kertmušė Kind 25, sienagulis StatM 1923 I 21, vandenteikis JodelTechn 147, vandensaikas Ekz 7, žemsemė Ekz 5.

Among suffixal and inflectional derivatives, the most common are names for the results of actions, formed with the formatives -mena, -snis, -alas, -a, -is, e.g.: skirstmena Ekz 6, slugšnis StatM 1923 I 20, užtep alas Kind 33, apijuosa Kind 27, įtalpa (capacity) StatM 1922 I 9, gulda Ekz 5, riša (reinforcement) Ekz 6, nuolužis Ekz 6. A small group consists of tool names formed with the formatives -tukas, -klis, -tas, -a, e.g.: dengtukas (roof tile) JodelNorm 5, idėklis (clip) JodelTechn 190, ruštas (ridge tile) Iv 57, užštuma Kind 245. Isolated examples are names denoting entities possessing verbal or nominal properties, e.g.: glaustinė Ekz 4, rupuolis Šimol 57.

Derived forms, especially suffixal derivatives in -imas/-ymas, -umas, account for the largest share of multiword terms. The most frequent terms are atsparumas (19), įtempimas (5), bandymas (3), which form specific names, e.g.: atsparumas gniužimui JodelTechn 90, a. išoriniam slėgimui JodelTechn 147, a. kirpimui šlitei Ekz 17, a. slėgimui / spaudimui JodelTechn 9, a. sukimui / tempimui Ekz 17, a. vandens praleidimui Iv 9, a. vidujiniam slėgimui JodelTechn 147, laikinas a. JodelTechn 24, medžiagos a. Ekz 5; išvidinis įtempimas Šimol 66, leistinas akmens į. JodelTechn 24, leistinasis į. gniužimui / tempimui Ekz 17, medžiagos į. Ekz 17; koringumo / patvarumo bandymas JodelTechn 146, tvirtumo b. JodelTechn 145. Few multiword terms are formed with neologisms, e.g.: plokščias dengtukas StatM 1922 II 6, gegnės glaustinė Ekz 4, skliautraminė gegnės glaustinė Ekz 4, mišrioji gulda Ekz 5, geležinis idėklis StatM 1922 III 23, geležies rišos Ekz 6, laiptinis ruštas Iv 82.

From the perspective of current usage, a large part of the terminology under discussion can be seen to have survived to the present day. For example, more than half (56%) of the one-word terms can be found in current construction terminology dictionaries, e.g.: džio-vykla Iv 45, STŽ 134; gegnė JodelTechn 164, STŽ 165; guolis StatM 1923 I 16, STŽ 184; išklotinė Ekz 1, STŽ 207; įvarža Kind 26, STŽ 220; kietėjimas Šimol 84, STŽ 253; minklė JodelTechn 117, ALSTŽ 267; muštuvas

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JodelTechn 191, STŽ 351; paruošimas Ekz 5, ALSTŽ 104; pertvara Kind 19, STŽ 407; plyšimas Iv 14, ALSTŽ 42. In this case, however, it is more appropriate to speak of correspondence in the expression of terms, since their content may have changed. For example, the term butas StatM 1922 I 8 was used in the broader sense of gyvenamojo namo, valgykla Januš 40 in the sense of valgomojo kambario, while sutartis Januš 8 meant simetrijos. The terms that have survived most extensively to the present day are names for abstract concepts (actions, processes, properties), e.g.: aušimas Ekz 4, STŽ 61; dengimas Kind 32, STŽ 115; drėgnumas Ekz 3, STŽ 126; nelygumas Kind 43, STŽ 356; plyšimas Iv 14, ALSTŽ 42; rūdijimas Šimol 66, ALSTŽ 84; slėgimas JodelTechn 14, STŽ 544; spaudimas JodelNorm 6, ALSTŽ 267; tąsumas JodelTechn 119, ALSTŽ 120.

As for terms denoting concrete objects, it should be noted that a considerable number are historicisms, that is, they refer to objects no longer in use, e.g.: akėčios (a device for mixing cement) JodelTechn 66, bebras (a device for tightening roof tiles) StatM 1922 II 18, boba Braž 9, ližė (a smoothing tool) StatM 1923 I 11, pimpelis (a cord with a plumb bob attached) Braž 5. Some terms are archaisms, that is, terms displaced by other terms denoting the same referent, e.g.: apdabinimas Ekz 3, apsloginimas (appaudimas) JodelNorm 2, dūda (pipe) JodelTechn 29, glostimas (smoothing) StatM 1923 I 11, išvejavimas (ventilation) JodelNorm 1, pabūklai (devices) Ekz 4, padabinimas (maintenance) Ekz 5, plėnelė (film) JodelTechn 23, (of temperature) puolimas JodelTechn 200, sugalvojimas (calculation) Ekz 8, susėmimas (hardening) JodelTechn 85, sutartis (symmetry) Januš 8, sujienymas (joining) Ekz 8, ugnies nebijojimas JodelTechn 8, veidavimas (cladding) Ekz 5.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Lithuanian periodicals on construction, scholarly publications, and practical handbooks from 1910–1937 made extensive use of native Lithuanian terms and non-international loan terms. The main characteristics of construction terminology in the period examined are its traditional character and vitality.

2. The terminologization of ordinary vocabulary, especially specialization, was the main means by which construction terminology emerged. Terminologizing (specializing) ordinary words also gave rise to metaphorical construction terminology and to most derived terms.

3. Only a small proportion of terms could have been formed through other semantic means of term creation and by means of term formation. The core of the neologism group in the terminology consists of compound terms and suffixal derivatives.

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4. The compound construction terminology of the period under consideration is not extensive. Most compound terms were formed using simple words that had been terminologized and nominalizations of verbs and adjectives.

5. Some of the terms examined have already become obsolete and denote concepts that are no longer in use; however, many terms have survived and are used in contemporary construction terminology.

ŠALTINIAI

I

Ivinsk – Metu skajtlus ukiniszkas. Parašzitas par L. Iwiński, Vilnius, 1849–1862.

LTP VI – Lietuvių tautos praeitis. Skirtas „Aušros“ šimto metų sukakčiai paminėti. Parengė Jonas Dainauskas, Chicago, 1983.

II

Braš – Bražinskas J. Kaip ir iš ko galima statyti pigius ir tvomingus ūkio trobesius, Vilnius, 1910.

EKz – Statybos techniko teisems įgyti egzaminų programa. Sud. A. Maciejauskas, Kaunas, 1923.

Iv – Ivanauskas J. Plytų gamyba kaimo plytinėje, Kaunas, 1932.

Januš – Januševičius P. Namai, jų svarba, vieta, padėjimas, stilius, medga, statymas, Vilnius, 1917.

JodelTechn – Jodelė Pr. Statybos medžiagų technologija, Kaunas, 1923.

JodelNorm – Jodelė Pr. Statybos medžiagoms priimti normos ir joms bandyti sąlygos, Kaunas, 1929.

Kind – Kindurys V. Ūkiškų trobų statybos vadovas, Kaunas, 1935.

Reis – Reisonas J. Molio statyba, Kaunas, 1928.

StatM 1922 I – Statybos menas ir technika [1 sąs.].

StatM 1922 II – Statybos menas ir technika [2 sąs.].

StatM 1922 III – Statybos menas ir technika [3 sąs.].

StatM 1923 I – Statybos menas ir technika [1 sąs.].

Šimol – Šimoliūnas J. Statyba. I tomas: Statybos medžiagos, Kaunas, 1937.

Vanag – Vanagaitis R. Ūkio statyba: ūkininkams ir statybos darbininkams vadovėlis, Šiauliai, 1922.

Zubausk – Zubauskas K. Statybos ir butų tvarkymo įstatymai, taisyklės, Tilžė, 1922.

III

ALSTŽ – Anglų–lietuvių kalbų statybos terminų žodynas. Spec. red. A. Kudzys, Vilnius, 1993.

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (e. leidimas, www.lkz.lt).

STŽ – Statybos terminų žodynas. Moksl. red. A. Kudzys, Vilnius, 2002.

LITERATŪRA

Gaivenis K. 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius.

Kaulakienė A. 2006: Pirmojo lietuviško aukštosios mokyklos fizikos vadovėlio terminija. – Terminologija 13, 76–96.

Keinys St. 1980: Terminologijos abėcėlė, Vilnius.

Klimavičius J. 1996: Nuo liaudies terminijos prie mokslinės. – Terminologija 3, 4–25.

Umbrasas A. 2005: Lietuvių teisės terminija 1918–1940 metais (pagrindinių kodeksų terminai), Vilnius.

Urbutis V. 1978: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius.

Гринев С. 1993: Введение в терминоведение, Москва.

КРР 2003: Культура русской речи. Энциклопедический словарь-справочник, Москва.

Прохорова В 1996: Русская терминология (лексико-семантическое образование), Москва.

Татаринов В. 2006: Общее терминоведение: энциклопедический словарь, Москва.

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1910–1937 LITHUANIAN TERMINOLOGY OF BUILDING

This article deals with analysis of Lithuanian endogenic and old loaned building terminology of the begining of XX century according to origin, structure and development aspects. Overall 1393 terms are analyzed, i. e. 806 one-word terms and 587 composite terms.

Of all one-word terms terminologized (specialized) old lexis makes up about one fifth part: akmuo (stone) JodelNorm 2, namas (house) Zubausk 9, sija (beam) Kind 14. Metaphoric and metonymic terms in early building terminology are rather rare. The majority of metaphoric terms are the result of secondary metaphoric nomination: griaučiai (skeleton) Kind 8, grėblys (raker) Šimol 71, metonymic terms are originated according to specific terminology models: lenta (board) StatM 1923 I 8.

Three quarters of analyzed one-word terms are derivations. The facts of Lithuanian language dictionary suggest that a large group of derivations could have been borrowed from the folk language: dumtrau kis (chimney) Kind 16. In many cases it is difficult to decide whether derivations are terminologized simple words or newly made. In particular this can be said about transpositional abstracts of verbs and adjectives: aušimas (cooling) Ekz 4, akytumas (porosity) Šimol 20. Only a small group of derivations could be suggested as neologisms. The majority of the neologisms are compound derivations: degplytė (baked brick) Janūš 19. Derivations of suffixes and endings are rather rare: slug-snis (layer) StatM 1923 I 20, riša (bunch) Ekz 6.

The major part of composite terms are made with the abstracts of verbs and adjectives: patvarumo bandymas (proof of sustainability) JodelTechn 146, atsparumas gniužimui (stability to crushing) JodelTechn 90 and terminologized simple words: dirbtinis akmuo (artificial stone) Iv 7.

Most of the terms which are analyzed in this article are used at present. More than a half (56%) of one-word terms are found in modern term dictionaries of building: džiovykla (drying chamber) Iv 45, STŽ 134, kietėjimas (solidification) Šimol 84, STŽ 253, muštuvas (impact maschine) JodelTechn 191, STŽ 351. A significant part of terms are historisms and archaisms: akėčios (harrow) JodelTechn 66, bėbras (beaver) StatM 1922 II 18; apsloginimas (reduction) JodelNorm 2, glostimas (smoothing) StatM 1923 I 11.

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Robertas Stunžinas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected]

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Robertas Stunžinas | 1910–1937 m. lietuviškoji statybos terminija...