1910–1937 m. lietuviškoji statybos terminija (iš turimų išteklių)
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Terminology | 2007 | 14 125 Lithuanian construction terminology 1910–1937 (from available resources) Robert Stunning Institute of Lithuanian Language Lithuanian construction terminology, as in general all technical terminology, the middle of the 19th century.The articles of periodicals of that time – L. calendar (1846–1863), “Keleivis” (1849–1880), “Aušros” (1883–) began to be formed in Ivinskio 1886) – popularization of science and economic advice began to appear construction terms, for example: clay Ivinsk 1849 31, house Ivinsk 1849 30, spread burnt LTP VI 56, wall Ivinsk 1849 31, teptuvas Ivinsk 1849 31, winter Ivinsk 1862 45. The rapid development of construction terminology in the first half of the 20th century was due to the emergence of special construction literature (construction textbooks, construction periodicals) and the development of construction science in general – the University of Lithuania was opened in Kaunas in 1922, and the first Lithuanian construction textbooks appeared soon after. This article discusses the terminology of construction science, science popularization, construction periodicals and other publications from 1910–1937 (see list of sources at the end of the article) with regard to origin, structure and development. The research material consists of different1 1393 (806 single words and 587 compound words) terms created on the basis of inherited and borrowed non-international vocabulary and made by means of the own language. In terms of thematic groups, these are terms designating structures and their parts (27%), materials (20%), means (17%), actions, processes, states (16%), characteristics, properties, sizes (6%) and other concrete objects and abstract things related to construction (14%). In terms of single-word construction terms, the semantic term creation is particularly noteworthy. Semantic term creation2 – a method of nomination where the main means of term creation is the semantic expansion of the word1. Here, variants are not counted separately, i.e., formal variants of the same linguistic units that perform the same function and have regular differences in phonological structure (КРР 2003: 107). 2 Instead of the term semantic term creation (Гринев 1993: 129) the term lexical semantic term creation is also used (see Прохорова 1996: 8; Татаринов 2006: 188).
126 Robertas Stunžinas | 1910–1937 Lithuanian construction terminology... context of the terminology. Termination – translation of ordinary (dialectal) words or terms of other fields into terms (Gaivenis 2002: 18), extension, narrowing, generalization and other modification and separation of meanings from other meanings (Klimavičius 1996: 6). With regard to the semantic development of words, termination may include more than one terminology phenomenon: 1) transfer of the semantic totality of ordinary words into terms (Татаринов 2006: 188), 2) specialization of the meanings of ordinary words – narrowing or expanding (Татаринов 2006: 188), 3) transfer of the meanings of words (Татаринов 2006: 188). 1980: 63–64; Gaivenis 2002: 52). According to what has been said, the first term to be distinguished is that which corresponds in meaning to ordinary words3, e.g.: stone JodelNorm 2, oil Kind 32, coal iv 48, honeysuckle Januš 18, oak Kind 7, diamond JodelTechn 9, fir Januš 18, Kind 7, clay Reis 1, milk Kind 50, pine Januš 18, sand Januš 9, glass Ekz 3, toshi JodelTechn 156, frogs Vanag 28, cedars JodelTechn 29, gravel Reis 13; apartment (residential house) Stat M1922 I 8, room Januš 14, barn Vanag 10, ceiling Januš 15, house (residential hut) Zubausk 9, bridge Ekz 1; tile Šimol 72, slate Iv 18, board Braž 2, log Reis 24, beam Kind 14, wall Reis 1, (frame) beam Braž 10. The examples show that these are mainly terms corresponding to the basic or primary meanings of ordinary words, naming various building materials, buildings, their parts, other construction objects. Separately mentioned are the terms that have arisen from the specialization4 of ordinary words, i.e. the narrowing or widening of their meanings. In the case of narrowing of the meaning, the transfer of the name of one concept to another concept takes place according to the general characteristics of the ordinary concept, but in the narrowing concept other, additional characteristics also appear (Прохорова 1996: 79). More precisely, the narrowing of the meaning is characteristic of terms that have acquired a more defined construction meaning, e.g.: hole (box)5 JodelTechn 135, stain (brick defect) JodelNorm 1, (foundation) pit Ekz 3, kartes JodelTechn 161, (brick) furnace iv 18, tub JodelTechn 66, mark (pit) StatM 1923 I 6, dough (clay dough) JodelTechn 117, (painting) equipment Ekz 6, hole Kind 18. Expansion of the meaning is typical for terms naming classes of objects, e.g.: salts 3 Terms are compared with ordinary words based on the data of the Lithuanian academic dictionary. 4 Sometimes termination and specialization are regarded as separate ways of creating terms (cf. Гринев 1993: 129–132), sometimes these phenomena are not strictly distinguished (cf. Татаринов 2006: 188–189). 5 In square brackets the content of the term is specified. toying (Татаринов 2006: 188). In this case, the term is used primarily in the
Terminology | 2007 | 14 127 JodelNorm 1, floors Kind 13, furnaces Shimol 4, ceilings (ceilings and overhangs) Shimol 4. It is one of the most abundant (about one fifth of all mono-word terms) and the oldest terminology groups of the period under consideration – the terms are also used extensively in 19th century sources, e.g.: akmů LTP VI 56, smėlis LTP VI 56, stiklas LTP VI 56, źvira LTP VI 125, siena LTP VI 125. About a third of all the compound terms are made up of these groups of terms, e.g.: artificial stone Iv 7, clay tile Kind 34, carpentry door Kind 27, wrought iron (iron and steel) JodelTechn 170, cross iron JodelTechn 185, molten iron JodelTechn 171, clay floating floor Ekz 4, acid-resistant vessel JodelTechn 144, primary clay Iv 2. There are mainly terms wall (32), brick (25), furnace (16), clay (15), room (13), stone (9) generic names, e.g.: dřebtní zeď Braž 2, litá s. 3, pp. 3. Braž 1, log house s. Kind 8, hollow s. 1922, pp. 17. "S.M.S.A.". Braž 2, green brick s. Reis 2; fired clay brick Iv 6, well-fired p. Reis 14, air dried p. Januš 16, green p. Iv 7, finishing p. JodelNorm 2, construction p. JodelNorm 2, fire resistant p. JodelTechn 73, face p. Ekz 5; furnace with gas burner Iv 64, with falling flame Iv 65, with simple burner Iv 64, with simple base Iv 64, with rotating Iv 65; burned clay StatM 1923 I 18, very thin m. JodelTechn 117, m. with strong bonding Iv 15, sedimentary m. Iv 3, ordinary m. Iv 5, per riebus m. Vanag 15, perminkytas m. JodelNorm 1, gray m. JodelTechn 29, fire resistant m. Iv 5; guests / hostess work / servants / dining / room Januš 14; coring (hardened) stone JodelTechn 9, slab a. Kind 29, split a. StatM 1922 I 18, hollow a. JodelTechn 103. A small part of the single-word terms consists of metaphorical and metonymy terms. Generally speaking, metaphorical and metonymy terms belong to a separate subtype of semantic term creation – tropical term creation (see Татаринов 2006: 188). In the case of tropical term creation, the semantics of the word – the motivated semantic feature (tertium comparationis) – is only partly used (Татаринов 2006: 188). However, in our case, it is mainly the termized and especially specialized ordinary words of figurative meanings (more on this will be discussed below). In this group, the absolute majority consists of metaphorical terms. Metaphorical terms arise when special concepts are compared with ordinary ones according to certain characteristics and are named by words of ordinary concepts (Прохорова 1996: 42). In the construction terminology of the period
128 Robertas Stunžinas | 1910–1937 Lithuanian construction terminology... most place according to objects of the human environment: (a) the human body, e.g.: head (of a crushing machine) StatM 1923 I 20, blade (of a furnace) Kind 8, hump (of a roof) StatM 1923 I 11, base (of a furnace) Kind 15, jaws (of a device) StatM 1922 II 19; (b) household items, e.g.: rake (cement mixing tool) Šimol 71, (air) bearing StatM 1923 I 16, sheets (gravel and cement layer) JodelTechn 29, Kind 14, candle (gas fuel pipe) Iv 75; (c) a meal, e.g. puree (lime mixture) StatM 1923 I 20, (bread) crust JodelTechn 29, dough Braž 1. There are far fewer terms named after animals, plants and other objects of the natural world, e.g.: beaver (timber pressing device) StatM 1922 II 18, winch StatM 1923 I 10, bear (forging device) Ekz 3, snail Ekz 1, gills JodelTechn 21; (masonry) bark StatM 1923 I 21, pea JodelTechn 77; cave (brick-firing tunnel) JodelTechn 135. Abstract metaphors are rare, e.g.: disruptive force Ex 3, force creator (force) JodelTechn 188. In terms of chronology and nomination, most metaphorical terms are not new metaphors. Some of them can be found in earlier 19th-century sources, e.g.: gůlis LTP VI 172, kepurē LTP VI 352, padas LTP VI 171, teszla LTP VI 167. It is also obvious that a large part of the terms discussed are the result of secondary metaphorical nomination. These terms can be created by termination (specialization) of ordinary words of non-basic and figurative meanings or popular terms, e.g.: needle (part of a device) JodelTechn 85 – needle6 2. ‘metal cord, usually with a sharp end, for various purposes and therefore of different appearance’; pancake (circular shape) JodelTechn 85 – pancake 3. prk. ‘some flattened object’; trumpet JodelNorm 5 – trumpet 5. ‘pipe’; (press) head StatM 1923 I 20 – head 8. „circular, heavier part of an object; the front; ‘top, top’; (air) bearing StatM 1923 I 16 – bearing 5. ‘layer’; (indo) throat JodelTechn 181 – throat 4. “can, bottle neck”; 7 legs Reis 24 – legs 3. ‘the lower part of an object’; bear (forging device) Ex 3 – bear 5. "a large device with a heavy tip for hitting balls, plowing clay, etc." ; soles (asla) Kind 13 – soles 3. „plūktinė laying or buying axe, lait, grendymas“ in LKŽ. This also applies to metaphorical deminutive terms, e.g.: akutė (ida, hole) Šimol 79, galvelė (the upper part of the detail) JodelTechn 189, kepuraitė (a kind of vault) Ekz 4, (lime) t-shirt StatM 1923 I 20. 6 Data taken from the electronic edition of the Lithuanian language dictionary www.lkz.lt 7 Elements of compound terms are given in square brackets. often uses specific metaphors, metaphorical designation has mostly taken
Terminology | 2007 | 14 129 Tropical term creation could result in only a few metonymy terms. Metonymy is the result of the change of meanings (change of sems) according to certain space, time or causal relationships of concepts (Татаринов 2006: 189). In the material under consideration, the method of performing the work is named by means of metonyms, e.g.: board (roofing method) StatM 1923 I 8, saw (roofing method) StatM 1923 I 8. These terms are created according to specific metonymy models of terminology8, they are not terminated words of ordinary language. There are few compound terms formed with metaphorical and metonymy terms. Composite terms with the terms of these subgroups make up about one tenth of all composite terms, e.g.: iron pipe JodelTechn 7, chimney head Kind 18, steel winch JodelTechn 19, iron rake JodelTechn 66, trioby brick Kind 8, rafters Reis 24, road crust JodelTechn 29. Most of the single-word terms (about three quarters) are derived, e.g.: decoration Ekz 3, backrest Ekz 4, support Ekz 4, blast furnace Shimol 74, (frame) flooring Kind 18, grain Kind 41, insert JodelTechn 190, groove Kind 26, shovel Shimol 71, rivet JodelTechn 186, rail JodelTechn 164, window sill Reis 24, shed Kind 27, period JodelTechn 73, clamp Reis 22, construction Reis 7, pull Iv 80, curtain JodelTechn 137. Based on the data of the Lithuanian language dictionary, it can be said that most of the derivatives are old common language words and as terms they can be borrowed from the living language. Some structures can be found in 19th-century sources, e.g. priemaisza LTP VI 166, piaustuvas LTP VI 167. Therefore, in this case it would be appropriate to talk about termination of ordinary language structures – specialization and other methods of semantic term creation. Terminated are the names of ordinary household items, tools, structures, their parts and other objects related to construction, e.g.: (ventilation) loft StatM 1922 III 20, cover (roof) Ekz 4, chimney Kind 16, chimney JodelTechn 180, bread baker Kind 15, blacksmith Kind 25, shed StatM 1923 I 21, shutters Kind 12, shelf JodelTechn 68, pile Kind 7, shelter Reis 45, ashtray (furnace hole) Kind 15, door StatM 1922 III 23, razor Braž 1, impurity Reis 2, wire Iv 18. From this group, it is necessary to distinguish specialized names of various objects and devices that have acquired a more specific construction meaning, e.g.: atmata (construction materials) JodelTechn 21, (beams) graiza 8 Metonymic terms can be created both according to the usual language and according to the specific terminology metonymic models (Прохорова 1996: 69).
130 Robertas Stunžinas | 1910–1937 Lithuanian construction terminology... Kind a brick dryer) JodelTechn 132, (furnace) shelter JodelTechn 69. A separate group consists of derivatives of terms that are characterized by the transfer of meaning. The most common are metaphorical deminutives, e.g.: ardelis (furnace stove step) JodelTechn 39, langelis (furnace opening) JodelTechn 135, (metal) mesh Reis 36, urvelis (groove under brick kiln) JodelTechn 135, perneliai (cement lumps) JodelTechn 77. Also mentioned are the metonymic terms created according to the foreign language model name of the actor –> name of the instrument, e.g.: dryer JodelTechn 211, [spark] catcher StatM 1922 III 19, [force] awakener JodelTechn 188. Some abstract terms may have been taken from plain language, e.g.: height Kind 15, magnitude Ekz 4, drying JodelTechn 68, evaporation Iv 73, (clay) chopping Iv 31, hardness JodelTechn 8, (window) cutting StatM 1922 III 10, (concrete) watering Shimol 71, yield JodelTechn 73, (temperature) attack JodelTechn 200, strength Vanag 16. Many of them can be found in the mentioned old sources, e.g.: aeration LTP VI 166, dźiovinimas LTP VI 168, drėgnumas LTP VI 125, pliszimas LTP VI 58, density LTP VI 58, strength LTP VI 126. In some cases, it is difficult to determine whether a derivative is terminated or newly created. This is especially true of abstracts9 of verbs and adjectives with suffixes -imas/-ymas, -umas, which have a transpositional meaning. This type of derivative is essentially of the same content as the base word, but belongs to a different part of the language and therefore differs in its syntactic function (Urbutis 1978: 165). Such derivatives can be made from each verb and adjective, e.g.: cooling Ekz 4, dyeing Shimol 4, moisture Januš 17, drying JodelTechn 68, fading JodelTechn 158, curvature Januš 21, kneading Iv 25. From the discussed derivatives with pure action meaning, there are derivatives of the suffix -imas/-ymas, which are characterized by the transfer of meaning. These are metonymic terms created according to the action –> result of action model of plain language, naming defects and other specific things according to the actions, e.g.: deformation (wood defect) Kind 36, break (iron defect) 194, enchantment (wood defect) JodelTechn 157, intervention (part of a building) StatM 1922 III 10, cracking (bed) Šimol 71, cracking (curvature) JodelTechn 200. A small proportion of the formations can be considered new formations. Most of the new forms 9 When speaking about terms with transpositional meaning, only abstract verbs with suffixes -imas / -ymas are usually distinguished (see Umbrasas 2005: 44; Kaulakienė 2006: 81). 27, (wood) crushing machine Vanag 26, step (living room) Ekz 3, fireplace (part of
2007-09-13. "131,000 people are missing, including 131,000 children". More than half of the group consists of noun-enriched terms, i.e. terms with a noun-second sand, e.g.: baltdažai StatM 1922 I 22, degplytė Januš 19, degutžemis StatM 1923 I 16, mūristas Ekz 4, skaldassands Šimol 79, skerszakė Kind 40, skliautrama Ekz 4, ugniasienis StatM 1922 III 15. Slightly more rare are verb-enriched terms, e.g.: dūmadengtė JodelTechn 135, dūmalinda StatM 1922 III 19, greitmišė Šimol 87, kertmušė Kind 25, sienagulis StatM 1923 I 21, vandenteikis JodelTechn 147, vandensaikas Ekz 7, žemsėmė Ekz 5. In the group of derivatives of adverbs and endings, the most common are the action result names with the forms -mena, -snis, -alas, -a, -is, e.g.: skirstmena Ekz 6, slugsnis StatM 1923 I 20, užtepalas Kind 33, apijuosa Kind 27, įtalpa (capacity) StatM 1922 I 9, gulda Ekz 5, riša (armature) Ekz 6, nuolužis Ekz 6. A small group consists of tool names with construction forms -tukas, -klis, -tas, -a, e.g.: dangtukas (tilė) JodelNorm 5, įdėklas (šnyptas) JodelTechn 190, ruštas (krūnys) Iv 57, užstuma Kind 245. There are a few names of possessors of verb and noun properties, e.g. the concise Ex 4, the toad Shimol 57. With derivatives, especially derivatives of suffixes -imas/-ymas, -umas, the greatest part of the compound terms is formed. There are mainly the terms resistance (19), tension (5), test (3) of generic names, e.g.: resistance to compression JodelTechn 90, a. external pressure JodelTechn 147, a. shear shear Ekz 17, a. compression/pressure JodelTechn 9, a. twist/tension Ekz 17, a. water permeability Iv 9, a. internal pressure JodelTechn 147, temporary a. JodelTechn 24, material a. Ekz 5; external stress Shimol 66, permissible stone strength JodelTechn 24, permissible compression/tension strength Ekz 17, material strength Ekz 17; graininess/durability test JodelTechn 146, strength test JodelTechn 145. There are few composite terms with new constructions, e.g.: flat roof StatM 1922 II 6, beam compact Ekz 4, beam compact Ekz 4, mixed beam Ekz 5, iron insert StatM 1922 III 23, iron ties Ekz 6, staircase rod Iv 82. In terms of current usage, it is clear that a large part of the terminology in question has survived to this day. For example, more than half (56%) of single-word terms can be found in current construction dictionaries, e.g.: drying room Iv 45, STŽ 134; girder JodelTechn 164, STŽ 165; bearing StatM 1923 I 16, STŽ 184; liner Ekz 1, STŽ 207; groove Kind 26, STŽ 220; hardening Šimol 84, STŽ 253; dough JodelTechn 117, ALSTŽ 267; beater
132 Robertas Stunžinas | 1910–1937 Lithuanian construction terminology... tearing Iv 14, ALSTŽ 42. However, in this case, it is more about the correspondence of the expression of terms, because the content of the terms may have changed. For example, the term apartment in StatM 1922 I 8 was used in the broader sense of a residential house, the canteen Januš 40 in the sense of a dining room, and the contract Januš 8 in the sense of symmetry. To this day, most of the names of abstract concepts (actions, processes, properties) have survived, e.g.: cooling Ekz 4, STŽ 61; coating Kind 32, STŽ 115; moisture content Ekz 3, STŽ 126; unevenness Kind 43, STŽ 356; cracking Iv 14, ALSTŽ 42; rust Shimol 66, ALSTŽ 84; compression JodelTechn 14, STŽ 544; compression JodelNorm 6, ALSTŽ 267; ductility JodelTechn 119, ALSTŽ 120. Regarding the terms naming specific objects, it must be said that a large part of them are historicisms, i.e. they name obsolete objects, e.g.: akėčios (a device for mixing cement) JodelTechn 66, bėbras (a device for pressing tiles) StatM 1922 II 18, boba Braž 9, ližė (a device for leveling) StatM 1923 I 11, pimpelis (a rope with a tied swambal) Braž 5. Some terms are archaisms, i.e., terms that have been replaced by other terms with the same denotation, e.g.: obkladanie Ekz 3, obkladanie (pressing) JodelNorm 2, dýka (pipe) JodelTechn 29, strykanie StatM 1923 I 11, odvetrávanie (ventilation) JodelNorm 1, zbroje (devices) Ekz 4, obkladanie (maintenance) Ekz 5, fólia (film) JodelTechn 23, (temperature) útok JodelTechn 200, vymýšľanie (calculation) Ekz 8, zachytávanie (hardening) JodelTechn 85, zmluva (symetria) Januš 8, spojenie (joining) Ekz 8, nebáť sa ohňa JodelTechn 8, prekrývanie (covering) Ekz 5. CONCLUSIONS 1.Lithuanian native and non-international borrowed terms used extensively in construction periodicals, scientific publications and practical booklets in 1910–1937. The main characteristics of the construction terminology of the period under consideration are traditionalism and vitality. 2. Termination of ordinary vocabulary, especially specialization – the main ways of emergence of construction terminology. The termination (specialization) of ordinary words led to the emergence of both metaphorical construction terminology and most of the constructs. 3. Other semantic methods of term creation and term formation could have formed only a small part of the terms. The terminology group of newcomers consists of compound terms and derivatives of adverbs. JodelTechn 191, STŽ 351; preparation Ekz 5, ALSTŽ 104; partition Kind 19, STŽ 407;
Terminology | 2007 | 14 133 4. The composite construction terminology of the period under consideration is not abundant. Most of the compound terms are made up of terminated ordinary words and abstracts of verbs and adjectives. 5.A part of the examined terms are already obsolete and refer to non-used concepts, but many terms have remained and are used in the current construction terminology. ŠALTINIAI I Ivinsk – Metuskajtlusukiniszkas.ParaśzitasparL.Iwiński, Vilnius, 1849–1862. LTP VI – Lietuviųtautospraeitis.Skirtas„Auszros“šimtometųsukakčiaipaminėti. Parengė Jonas Dainauskas, chicago, 1983. II Braž – Bražinskas J. Kaipiriškogalimastatytipigiusirtvermingusūkiotrobesius, Vilnius, 1910. Ekz – Statybostechnikoteisemsįgytiekzamenųprograma.Sud. A. Maciejauskas, Kaunas, 1923. iv – Ivanauskas J. Plytųgamybakaimoplytinėse, Kaunas, 1932. Januš – Januševičius P. Namai,jųjųsvarba,vieta,padėjimas,stilius,medga,statymas, Vilnius, 1917. JodelTechn – Jodelė Pr. Statybosmedžiagųtechnologija, Kaunas, 1923. JodelNorm – Jodelė Pr. Statybosmedžiagomspriimtinormosirjomsbandytisąlygos, Kaunas, 1929. Kind – Kindurys V. ūkiškųtriobųstatybosvadovas, Kaunas, 1935. Reis – Reisonas J. Moliostatyba, Kaunas, 1928. StatM 1922 I – Statybosmenasirtechnika [1 sąs.]. StatM 1922 II – Statybosmenasirtechnika [2 sąs.]. StatM 1922 III – Statybosmenasirtechnika [3 sąs.]. StatM 1923 I – Statybosmenasirtechnika [1 sąs.]. Šimol – Šimoliūnas J. Statyba. I tomas: Statybosmedžiagos, Kaunas, 1937. Vanag – Vanagaitis R. ūkiostatyba:ūkininkamsirstatybosdarbininkamsvadovėlis, Šiauliai, 1922. Zubausk – Zubauskas K. Statybosirbutųtvarkymoįstatymai,taisyklės, Tilžė, 1922. III ALSTŽ – Anglų–lietuviųkalbųstatybosterminųžodynas. Spec. red. A. Kudzys, Vilnius, 1993. LKŽe – Lietuviųkalbosžodynas (e. leidimas, www.lkz.lt). STŽ – Statybosterminųžodynas. Moksl. red. A. Kudzys, Vilnius, 2002. LITTERACY Gaivenis K. 2002: Lithuanian Terminology: Theory and Structure, Vilnius. Kaulakienė A. 2006: Terminology of the First Lithuanian Higher School Physics Textbook. – Terminology 13, Keinys St. 1980: Terminology 76–96. alphabet, Vilnius. Klimavičius J. 1996: From Folk Terminology to Scientific. – Terminology 3, 4-25. Umbrasas A. 2005: Terminology of Lithuanian Law 1918-1940 (Terms of the Basic Codes), Vilnius. Urbutis V. 1978: Theory of word formation, Vilnius. Гринев С. 1993: Введениевтерминоведение, Москва. КРР 2003: Культурарусскойречи.Энциклопедическийсловарь-справочник, Москва. Прохорова В 1996: Русскаятерминология(лексико-семантическоеобразование), Москва. Татаринов В. 2006: Общеетерминоведение:энциклопедическийсловарь, Москва.