RASUOLĖ VLADARSKIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

THE MEANING OF THE WORD PĀREIGOS AND THE LOCATIVE CASE PROBLEM

KEYWORDS: word meaning, locative, case, standardization, administrative language.

The word pareiga is fairly common in contemporary Lithuanian, while the plural form pareigos is especially characteristic of administrative language. The noun pareigà is defined in DŽ as an action required by law, custom, or morality: A citizen’s rights and duties. A sense of duty. I performed all my duties. He is a conscientious man. We consider duty paramount, while duties (^3b) in the plural means a position held in service: To take over duties. Permanent, salaried positions. Public duties. To perform duties. It might seem that the meaning and use of the word in standard language have already become established; however, a closer examination of the use of this word, especially its plural form, was prompted by a reconsideration of the normative assessment of case usage in the Subcommittee on Grammar, Spelling, and Punctuation of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language.

The aim of the article is, having established the origin and shades of meaning of the word pareigos, to examine the history of standardizing the locative form pareigose, its actual usage, and the validity of the current codification.

ORIGIN AND MEANING OF THE WORD

The noun duty is a verbal abstract noun formed by suffixation. The Lithuanian Etymological Dictionary database, drawing on Carl Darling Buck (1949), indicates that words in Indo-European languages denoting the concept “duty” usually derive from words meaning “need,” “have,” or “be obliged.” Another semantic source for words with this meaning is the concepts of “activity,” “concern,” “what concerns someone,” and so on. Lithuanian „pareiga“ is formed like „eiga“ (“going”) from to befall. The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language also gives the following meaning of the verb to befall, recorded in dialects: “to belong, to be due; How much did he get per day? Gž. The hauling of firewood came to us (for hauling firewood) to five hundred Lkv. So how much money is due to me now for that wheat? Ss. I am still owed five cents Al.” This meaning attests to the semantic relationship between the verb and the noun.

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The noun duty is defined in LKŽ_e as something that is necessary or obligatory to do; work or an action connected with service, a commitment, or a promise; an obligation: Friendship remains friendship, and duty remains duty rš. It is every citizen’s duty to tell the truth to an honest person J. Jabl. Such was his duty (he had to do it) J. Jabl. They were both people devoted to duty T. Tilv. Subscribers... should make sure to fulfil their duty A1884,392. A person assigned to take the place of a dog must also perform a dog’s duties: lap up the slops, lie in the kennel, and guard the master’s house BsPII9. My duty requires me to do that BŽ374. He has been entrusted with many duties BŽ61. Raising children is the most important duty of parents sp.

As the dictionary entry shows, this word is attested in writing, while in living speech it was recorded only in Kurtuvėnai¹. It apparently became widespread in the language through the dictionaries of Friedrich Kurschat and Pilypas Ruigys and through print (it was used in Aušra at the end of the 19th century). It is found in the writings of both Jonas Jablonskis and Jonas Basanavičius. The plural of this word, pareigos, acquired the more specialized meaning “a position held in service.” LKŽ_e notes that J. Jablonskis also used the word in this way: I shall perform the duties of a teacher J. Jabl. The committee also had to perform judicial duties rš.

However, doubts were raised about whether the word pareiga was suitable for standard language. Arnoldas Piročkinas claimed that J. Jablonskis had not publicly corrected the word pareiga in print. However, such a correction is recorded in the “Notes from Lithuanian Language Lectures” by Liudas Gira, held in the Manuscripts Department of the Library of the Academy of Sciences: there, pareiga is replaced by the word priedermė. Later, J. Jablonskis used the word pareiga in the heading “Duty and Truthfulness” in Mūsų žodynėlis (1918) (Piročkinas 1986: 38).

Antanas Salys considered pareiga a somewhat foreign word in everyday speech. In his view, the word’s original meaning is “returning,” and he proposed priedermė as the equivalent of Pflicht and долг, обязанность. He thought that pareiga might perhaps be retained for a position in service, while должность should be distinguished (Salys 1936: 162). It is true that in Kalbos patarėjas the words pareiga, priedermė and prievolė are presented as synonyms (words with similar meanings), with the note that pareiga is more closely associated with service, for example, officials do not all perform their duties as they ought (KP 1936: 90). Thus, by that time the word itself was already in use in standard language, although its meanings were still being debated. Thirty years later, Jonas Palionis (1961: 50), evaluating the terms in the Dictionary of Legal Terms (1954), defended the plural pareigos as the equivalent of the concept должность. Thus, it can be said that by the middle of the 20th century the plural of this word had become established as a distinct meaning in both standard and specialized (legal and administrative) language.

¹ The LKŽ card index also contains a card with a sentence recorded in 1963 in the village of Zervynos: The matchmaker’s duties are such: he knows how to arrange marriages for his own wedding guests.

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In specialized publications, the meaning of the plural of this word is specified somewhat more precisely—as the status held in a workplace or position of service: Serves as head of a department pareigas. Dismissed from the position of judge pareigų KancKP; the position held by a person at work or in service, their status in that position (Kniūkšta 2005); AKSTŽ 2008 describes pareigos as the totality of the functions and responsibilities involved in an activity, defining the ethics and rights of an employee in a particular profession or field of activity.

Thus, despite differing opinions about whether the word pareiga is suitable for standard language, this deverbal noun that emerged in written texts became established in standard language, while its plural form, pareigos, became established for expressing a meaning related to service.

NORMATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE INESSIVE PAREIGOSE

Thus, there is no longer any doubt in the 21st century about whether the words pareiga, pareigos are suitable for standard language. Only their inessive case form is criticized. In general, the inessive is often used incorrectly in Lithuanian; the history of corrections to its use began with J. Jablonskis (Smetonienė, Dambrauskaitė 2011), although this linguist did not write about the inessive pareigose. Jonas Kruopas, discussing the use of the inessive, argued that “the inessive should also be retained in cases where we can justify it with Lithuanian examples, whether it is formed according to Lithuanian patterns or translated, e.g., he is in office, in service,” since this expresses an almost concrete location (he is in service² (Kruopas 1939: 125).

The inessive pareigose later attracted more negative attention from linguists, when in the second half of the 20th century, under the influence of Russian, numerous translated expressions became widespread in writing, especially those containing incorrect inessive forms. Discussing the grounds for correcting the inessive, Rita Miliūnaitė noted that the inessive in būti pareigose (“to be in office”) was criticized because it was used excessively, obtrusively, and imprecisely (Miliūnaitė 2003: 146).

Zigmas Zinkevičius condemned not the word pareigos itself, but its excessive use where the word is unnecessary, and corrected the inessive forms in sentences such as: A. V. began working on October 1, 1964, in the position of educator (=as an educator). He works in the position of librarian at the Šiauliai Public Library (=as a librarian) (Zinkevičius 1968: 27). In Kazio Ulvydas’s view (1974: 10–11), the inessive in the phrases in responsible positions, in the position of a teacher is foreign to Lithuanian, uncharacteristic, unjustified, and unmotivated. Such expressions are unsuitable because of their non-Lithuanian use of the inessive, which makes them unclear and incorrect. Sometimes the context calls not so much for the expression to work as a director as simply to be a director or to serve as director.

² Pranas Kniūkšta criticized this claim; in his view, “to be in office” is an unnecessarily justified calque (Kniūkšta 1992: 78).

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Jonas Šukys (1976: 147) vietininko pareigose taisymą grindžia labiau stilistiniais nei sintaksiniais sumetimais: „Nevartotinas toks vietininkas, kuris sakiniui visai nereikalingas. Tokių vietininkų pavartojama, stengiantis kalbėti įmantriai, pernelyg moksliškai. Dėl to kalba pasidaro išpūsta, kanceliariška. Šio kanceliariško ir parazitiško vietininko vartojimo klaidos ne tiek sintaksinės, kiek stilistinės. Jos kenkia kalbos aiškumui, glaustumui, gyvumui. Deja, mūsų dienomis jos smarkiai plinta.“ Šalia kitų duodamas vienas pavyzdys su vietininku pareigose: Tėvelis dirbo brigadininko pareigose (geriau brigadininku).

Kalbos praktikos patarimų pirmajame leidime (1976: 308) nurodoma, kad vietininkas nevartojamas pareigoms reikšti, ir pateikiami du netinkamos vartosenos pavyzdžiai: Dirba auklėtojos pareigose (=auklėtoja). Dirba atsakingose pareigose (=Eina atsakingas pareigas). Antrajame šio leidinio leidime (1985: 346) pakartojami tie patys taisytini pavyzdžiai, priskirti prie netinkamos veikimo ar būsenos reiškimosi srities, sferos raiškos.

Kazimieras Župerka also corrected the locative pareigose, considering it an overused, inelegant expression; he argued that a more correct and precise formulation uses the instrumental case of a noun denoting a position, e.g.: She temporarily worked in the position of a second-grade teacher (=as a teacher) (Župerka 1988: 33).

At the end of the 20th century, the locative pareigose was often corrected in various publications, usually without giving reasons for the correction (e.g., Piročkinas 1990: 128; Šukys 1991: 10; Malakauskas 1996: 10).

Išsamiau apie netinkamus vietininkus rašyta J. Šukio (1998: 304–305). Jis prie netaisyklingų būdo vietininkų pateikia ir junginius su pareigose, nes „[n]usakyti tarnybinio darbo atlikimo būdui, susijusiam su einamomis pareigomis, vis dažniau be reikalo vartojamas vietininkas pareigose <...> Jis dirba direktoriaus pareigose (=direktoriumi; yra direktorius, eina direktoriaus pareigas/direktoriauja). Ji laikinai dirbo technikės pareigose (=technike,ėjo technikės pareigas). Kartais atsakingose pareigose dirba (=atsakingas pareigas eina, turi) pakankamai nepasirengę žmonės. Tokie darbuotojai neturėtų dirbti keliose pareigose (=eiti kelių pareigų, dirbti kelių darbų/keliose vietose). Balsuota už jo neperrinkimą direktoriaus pareigose (=direktoriumi; Balsuota neperrinkti jo/kad jis būtų neperrinktas direktoriumi) <...> Jis buvo pažemintas pareigose (=paskirtas/perkeltas į žemesnes pareigas; Jam buvo pažemintos pareigos)“. J. Šukys peikė ir buvio vietininką: Nemažą laiko prabuvęs šiose pareigose (=ėjęs šias pareigas) ryžausi kelti savo kandidatūrą. Sveikinam jus naujose pareigose (=pradėjusį eiti/įgijusį naujas pareigas) (Šukys 1998: 315).

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KancKP classifies the expressions dirbti pareigose; paaukštinti, pažeminti pareigose as unacceptable, and recommends correcting them to eina atsakingas pareigas; paaukštinti, pažeminti pareigas; perkelti (skirti) į aukštesnes (žemesnes) pareigas. KP S1 (2003: 109) lists the following locative expressions as unacceptable calques: yra atsakingose pareigose, dirbo auklėtojos pareigose, buvo paaukštinti pareigose.

Thus, the history of the corrections cited shows that only a few expressions with the locative pareigose were generally criticized: namely, the manner locatives dirbti pareigose, pažeminti (paaukštinti) pareigose, and the locative būti pareigose. The reasons given for correcting these expressions varied: first and foremost, they were criticized not because they were systematically unsuitable, but on stylistic grounds, as they were used excessively, obtrusively, and unnecessarily, making the expressions unclear. It was also held that this locative was foreign to Lithuanian, uncharacteristic of it, and without justification or motivation.

ACTUAL CONTEMPORARY USAGE

Although expressions with the locative pareigose have been corrected for more than half a century, actual usage shows that these locatives are absent only from carefully edited texts. Data from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language show that such locatives are used most often in journalistic writing (in December 2016, 799 instances were found, 557 of them in journalistic writing (Kaip tik šiose pareigose V.Grigaravičiui pavyko pasiekti įspūdingiausių pergalių prieš Dzukijos banditus ir išvaikyti "bublių", "plikių", "tamošaičių" gaujas; Mano darbo krūvis šiose pareigose yra šiek tiek mažesnis nei kitų prorektorių; Šiose pareigose tarnavo visa Lietuvos kariuomenės reorganizacijos į 29-ąjį šaulių teritorinį korpusą periodą – iki 1940 metų gruodžio 31 d.), and 131 in administrative texts (gali įsidarbinti tik šio įsakymo priede nustatyta tvarka ir tik tam tikrose pareigose; Darbuotojams, kurių žinios ir trečio patikrinimo metu įvertinamos nepatenkinamai, neleidžiama dirbti užimamose pareigose; Antraeilėse pareigose gautos pajamos buvo apmokestinamos).

In the Register of Legal Acts, from 1990-01-01 to 2016-12-01, the locative pareigose was used in 587 documents (in some more than once), for example: naujose pareigose laikotarpis nuo neteisėto atleidimo iki teismo sprendimo įsiteisėjimo nebūtų įskaičiuojamas į darbo metus, už kuriuos yra suteikiamos kasmetinės atostogos TAR, 2016-11-15, No. 26808; Integravimasis darbo rinkoje ir sėkmingas idėjų pritaikymas užimamose pareigose prisidės prie tvaraus šalies ekonomikos augimo TAR, 2016-05-10, No. 11726; Į tarybą renkami mokytojai, dirbantys pirmaeilėse pareigose TAR, 2016-04-05, No. 7629.

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A review of documents from recent years in which this locative appears shows that they were mostly prepared by courts and municipalities. The Eur-lex database contains 450 documents using the locative pareigose (The term of office of a member appointed for no more than four years may be renewed, subject to an aggregate limit of six years buvimo pareigose bendro termino; Final pensions paid are affected by the average increase in members’ salaries, particularly when a member kylant pareigose and advances in their career; Annul the decision of 23 March 2012 nepatvirtinti the applicant in his skyriaus viršininko pareigose and transfer him to the Directorate-General for Internal Policies).

Thus, the issue of using the locative pareigose remains relevant to this day. As the cited examples of usage from recent years show, this locative is used in various expressions, including ones whose acceptability has not been discussed.

In contemporary administrative language, the locative pareigose, considered unacceptable, is particularly often used to denote an abstract location (a) and a state (b):

a) Pagrindinėse pareigose dirba 15 mokytojų TAR, 2016-07-07, No. 19363; Judges are not permitted dirbti antraeilėse pareigose, except for pedagogical and scientific research work T; The first-degree rank of third-category lawyer is awarded to a prosecutor or investigator who has ištarnavusiam prokuratūroje šiose pareigose for at least six months T; the aim is to give dismissed employees the opportunity to find employment in another sector or in other positions Eur-lex;

b) the latter held the aforementioned pareigose teišbuvo for only one month T; remains in the occupied pareigose T; he held on in those pareigose jisai išsilaikė longer than his predecessors T; The applicant replied that he agreed to remain in the post of head of the Širvintos District Police Commissariat of Vilnius AVPK viršininko pareigose TAR, 2016-06-16, No. 16928; Pursuant to Article 5(2) and Article 5(8) of Decision ESRB/2014/2, the nine appointed NCB representatives išlieka savo pareigose until the end of the initial term specified in Article 5(8) of Decision ESRB/2014/2 Eur-lex; On that day he was replaced in those pareigose jį pakeitė by Captain St. Bagdonas T; Ankstesnėse pareigose he was one of the principal figures involved in the repression of the democratic opposition and civil society from 2004 to 2008 Eur-lex.

In contemporary administrative texts, the locative pareigose is also found in qualifying expressions, where it describes a particular aspect of work or service, a particular nature, part, or area of it, for example:

According to the defendant, the claimant’s aim of obtaining a state pension for darbą pareigose, which she did not perform, is unlawful and unfounded TAR, 2016-03-16, No. 4942; Such provisions would make it possible to appoint highly qualified lawyers to senior public offices while allowing them to continue their judicial careers after completing darbui pareigose to which they were elected or appointed TAR, 2015-05-18, No. 7583; The appellant states that the appellate-instance

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the court incorrectly described in its judgmenther work in the position of an accountant at the companies AB „Š. Š.“, UAB „L“ and UAB „V“ period TAR, 2016-03-14, Nr. 4602; he learned that he was unfit to hold the position of senior officer in the „Vytis“ Public Police Unit under column I because of a postoperative cranial vault bone flap, but working in another position in the statutory servicewas not prohibited for him TAR, 2016-08-26, Nr. 22685;

Naujai priimti pareigūnai atestuojami po pusės metų tarnybos tam tikrose pareigose arba pasibaigus stažavimo terminui T; pareiškėja siekė toliau tęsti tarnybą PD Žmogiškųjų išteklių valdybos karjeros valstybės tarnautojo pareigose TAR, 2016-06-22, Nr. 17386; išdavė pažymą, kad jis tinkamas tarnybai policininko pareigose TAR, 2015-04-17, Nr. 5966.

Adjectival locatives describing verbal nouns can also be found (cf. verbs used with the locative in a position to express a state), for example: It was stated that the applicant understood that serving as an MB director is incompatible with the duties of a civil servant TAR, 2016-04-08, Nr. 8330; Demotion is governed by other procedures, wholly unrelated to rotation procedures TAR, 2016-06-16, Nr. 16928; Procedures for hiring employees and promotion, as well as appointments to senior positions in the security structure, should be based on clearly defined and publicly announced criteria Eur-lex; emphasizes the need to remove barriers to the recruitment, retention and promotion of women researchers Eur-lex; upon expiry of the term of office in an elected position, the former job (position) is restored T.

For the locative in positions, it is not always easy to find a suitable, correct equivalent that is both concise and expresses the intended meaning, for example: For heads of state institutions whose term has ended and who have not taken up other positions as heads of state institutions or who have taken up other civil servant positions, the possibility would be established of returning to a state-institution head position within 4 years TAR, 2015-06-13, Nr. 9237; taking into account the functions established for the position, a civil servant holding a non-managerial position may be transferred to a higher position, retained in their current position or transferred to a lower position without reducing the amount of remuneration TAR, 2015-06-13, Nr. 9237; he learned that he was unfit to hold the position of senior officer in the „Vytis“ Public Police Unit under column I because of a postoperative cranial vault bone flap, but to work in another position in the statutory servicewas not prohibited for him TAR, 2016-08-26, Nr. 22685.

The problem arises when, alongside coordinate locatives, one has to use the word positions, whose locative form is not recommended, for example: Prohibition on working in the education system, law enforcement, radio and television, and other positions, which are related to state secrets and strategy T.

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Doubts about the inadmissibility of the locative in a position arise from its close semantic relationship with the words work and service, since both locatives in service and at work are acceptable.

A comparison of the meanings of the words position, service and work shows that service is defined as a civil servant’s duties DŽ or as work, the performance of duties KancKP; one meaning of the word work is occupation, service, business DŽ, while position is defined as the place and status of one’s work, service or activity. Especially significant is the seme ‘place of service (position held)’ emphasized by various sources; moreover, DŽ indicates that the third meaning of place is service.

Verbs with which the word position combines can also help clarify its meaning more precisely, for example: to hold a position, perform duties, discharge duties properly, hold several positions, appoint to a position, hire into a position, entrust with duties, reinstate in a former position, dismiss from a position.

That the meaning of position is closely connected with place is shown by combinations with verbs used to denote a change in place or status, for example: promote to a higher position (cf. the meaning “advance in service, grant a higher rank” DŽ); demote (cf. the meaning “transfer to a lesser, lower place, status, or service” DŽ); transfer to a position (cf. the meaning “move, transfer to another place” || figurative. Pérkėlė mokinį į aukštesnę klasę DŽ); and also combinations with adjectival words that can describe a place, for example, the adjective vacant – a vacant position (cf. vacant “unoccupied, empty: ~à place” DŽ).

Another argument indicating the close connection between the meaning of position and that of the word place is the use of the term workplace in legislation. In the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania TAR, 2016-09-19 (and, following it, wherever certain employment relationships are discussed), the term workplace is used in two senses: 1) the place where work functions are performed or carried out (e.g., Every employee’s workplace and its environment must be safe and harmless to health, and must be equipped in accordance with the requirements of occupational safety and health legislation); 2) an employee’s position, the work they perform (During the period of leave, the employee retains their workplace (position); The employer must inform employees working under fixed-term employment contracts about vacant positions to be filled under open-ended employment contracts).

There are many examples of such usage in other legal acts as well, for example: Individuals would be guaranteed their workplace (position held) while they perform their duties as office-holders, but employers would not be required to pay wages for this period TAR, 2016-10-13, Nr. 25101; <...> proposes representatives to the commission to fill the vacant director position through an open competition TAR, 2016-06-03, Nr. 14808; If the employee’s occupation, specialty, qualifications and, where applicable, health

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condition, are suitable for the vacant workplace (position), the employer must offer them this work (position) TAR, 2015-04-24, No. 6286; A person responsible for the heat supply system – a person appointed by decision and agreement of the building’s owner or manager, with an education in the field of technology sciences, certified for the position and holding a valid qualification certificate issued by the State Energy Inspectorate under the Ministry of Energy (hereinafter, the Inspectorate) TAR, 2012-09-26, No. 111-5655.

The arguments presented, demonstrating the semantic links between the words pareigos and vieta, suggest that the locative form of the word pareigos might not be considered a serious error. All the more so since it was not considered an error in interwar Lithuania, even though the influence of other languages on its spread was evident.

GENERAL REMARKS

The noun pareiga is a verbal abstract noun formed by prefixation from the verb pareiti. It is a written-language word, apparently having entered dialects from written sources. The suitability of the word pareiga in the sense of “duty” for standard language was once questioned; it was regarded as a word somewhat foreign to Lithuanian and was recommended for use, if at all, only to denote an official position. However, the word pareiga became established in standard language, while the plural form pareigos. became established for the meaning related to employment.

In the early 20th century, the locative pareigose was used as justified by examples from Lithuanian, that is, to denote an almost concrete location. Later, in the mid-20th century, several expressions using the locative began to be corrected: the manner locatives dirbti pareigose, pažeminti (paaukštinti) pareigose and the state locative būti pareigose. Initially, such locatives were criticized on stylistic grounds, because they were used excessively, repetitively, and unnecessarily; they also made expressions unclear. It was also thought that this locative was foreign to Lithuanian, uncharacteristic of it, and had no basis or motivation.

Locatives pareigose, considered unacceptable in contemporary administrative language, occur fairly frequently, especially in unedited texts, where they are used to express manner, state, or a feature. An examination of the definitions of the word pareigos in Lithuanian dictionaries and its actual usage has shown that one of the characteristic semes of this word is a figurative meaning of location, which can be understood as a particular field or nature of service or work, or a status; this is also confirmed by the meanings of the words with which pareigos forms collocations. In addition, one of the meanings of the term darbo vieta is “position.” Therefore, it is worth considering a more lenient normative assessment of the locative pareigose. There are cases in which it is difficult to replace a locative considered unacceptable precisely with other means of expression, because the meaning changes somewhat and the expression becomes longer and more structurally complex.

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ŠALTINIAI

EUR-lex – Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų ir kitų viešų dokumentų bazė „EUR-lex“. Prieiga internete: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/lt/index.htm.

T – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas/.

TAR – Teisės aktų registras. Prieiga internete: https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/index.

LITERATŪRA

AKSTŽ 2008: Aiškinamasis kvalifikacijų sistemos terminų žodynas. Rengėjai R. Gatautis, R. Gudauskas, O. Gurskienė... [ir kt.], Vilnius: Lietuvos darbo rinkos mokymo tarnyba prie Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos.

DŽ₆ 2011: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (internetinis). Vyr. red. Stasys Keinys. 6-as leidimas, Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://dz.lki.lt.

KancKP 2007: Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai (internetinis). Sud. Pranas Kniūkšta, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://lkz.mch.mii.lt/Kanceliarinis.

Kniūkšta P. 1992: Kanceliarinės kalbos reikalai „Gimtosios kalbos“ (1933–1940) žurnale. – Kalbos kultūra 62, 54–9.

Kniūkšta P. 2005: Administracinė kalba ir jos vartosena. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

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Lietuvių kalbos institutas

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BENDRINĖ KALBA 89 (2016)

www.bendrinekalba.lt

ISSN 2351–7204