Современное состояние социолингвистики в СССР и актуальные проблемы развития языковой жизни советского общества

SOCIALINES LINGVISTIKOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIYU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XIX (1979) TOuye Jlewepresuy JTEWIEPHEB COBPEMEHHOE COCTOAHHE COMWMOJIMHTBHCTHKH B CCCP H AKTYAJIbHbIE NPOBJIEMbI PA3BHTHA A3bIKOBOH >KH3HH COBETCKOTO OBIIECTBA 3a nocaeqHHe Ba AecATHAeTHA B CopeTcKom Co103e OTHOCHTebHO WMpOKHit pa3MaX MPHHAJIH COMMOMHrBHCTHYeCKHe HcCAeOBaHHA. Onn cBs3aHbl Mperkze BCero C H3yYeHHeM 3aKOHOMepHOCTel (byHKIHOHMPOBaHHA, PasBHTHA H B3aHMOeHCTBUA s3bIKOB Hapoyop CCCP, c paspa6orKoi npo6sembl pyccKoro sA3biKa KaK A3bIKa M@KHALMOHAIbHOTO OOMLEHHA H KaK OJHOTO 3 MHPOBbIX ASbIKOB, C MCCACMOBAHHEM COWHOHHIBHCTHYECKHX MpoOOJIeM pasBHBalOULHXCA CTpaH H MHpOBOFO JHHIBHCTHYECKOrO (ASHIKOBOrO) Mpowecca, a TaKKE C NOMbITKAMH CO3aHHA o6tiel TeOPHH COWHAabHOH JHHTBHCTHKH. Bnepsbie B HCTOPHH COBETCKOTO A3bIKOSHAHHA CO3aHbl CeKTOPbI COMMasbHOH umurBucTukH B Muctutryte a3pikosHanna AH CCCP, p Huctutyte BoctoKopezeHua AH CCCP, counomwursuctuyeckne ucciegoBanua Bexytca B Mucrutyte pyeckoro sebika AH CCCP, B Mockosckom rocyjapcTBeHHOM yHHBepcHTete, B Muctutyte um. A. C. Iymknua, 8 Jlexuurpaackom orgesenuu Muctutyta a3plKo3HaHua AH CCCP. BaxkHad paOoTa 10 H3y4eHHIO COMMOMHHIBHCTHYeCKHX NpoOemM mpoBouHTCH B pAe cowsHbIx pecityOuK. OcoGeHHO ceAyeT OTMETHTb CONHOMMHTBACTHyeCcKHe HCCefOBaHHA, OCYyillecTBAAeMbIe B YkpanucKoli CCP nox pyKoBoACTBOM akagemuka H. K. Beaogena. 3a nocaeqHHe TOMbI 3HAYHTebHOe BHHMAHHe yeAHeTCA OpraHH3allHH COLHOJIMHIBUCTHYeCKHX HccAesoBaHHit B JIutosckoi CCP. Mo unuiunaTupe AHpeKTopa VMuctityta AMTOBCKOrO AgbIKa H AMTepatypbi AH JIutCCP akagemuka AH JIMtCCP K. Tl. Kopcakaca npososntca 6obliad paboTa MO MOTOTOBKe KapOB MOJO ABIX couvomnursuctos. B Muctutyte s3piKo3Hanun AH CCCP oxonuua acnupantypy HM Mpeactapna Aucceptannio $1. C. Tpudonopac, Hay KaHzHAaTCKUMM AACCepTaUHAMH ycnewHo paboraioT ctaxeppi JI. [pymageue, lO. Kapaneioc, H. Mapxene. B HHCTHTyTe CO3faHa Tpytia MO COMMHOJIMHTBHCTHKe NOX PyKOBOACTBOM Kall. cpu. nayk C. C. Kapanionaca. Sta rpynnia npuusdia HaHnOo/ee akKTHBHOe yuacTHe B HOATOTOBKe H YCHeIHOM MpoBeeHH KoNdepenwan ,,COUMOJIMHTBHCTHKa H JIMTOBcknit aspiKk“ (21—22 espana 1978 r.). Sapexyroulnit cektopom Mucrutyta JuTOBCKOrO A3bIKa H JIMTepaTypbI 4J1.-KOp. AH JIutCCP K.M. Yappujac npHHuMaeT akTHBHOe yyacTHe B Hay4HO-opraHuSaILMOHHBIX M€POMPHATHAX MO COIMHOJIMHTBHCTHKe. VMuctuty? auToBcKoro s3biKa H auTepatypb! AH JIuropcKoit CCP okaspiBaet 3HaYHTebHY!O HOMOMIb KaHA. HI. Hayk yueHomy cekpetapio Hayynoro copera NO KOMMJ€KCHOH MpoOeme ,,3aKOHOMepHOCTH Pa3BHTHA HallMOHAJIbHbIX A3bIKOB B CBS3H C PaSBHTHEM COMMAIMCTHYeCKHX Halluit pu OTAeeHHH AHTepaTyDpbI H a3pika AH CCCP B. 10. Muxaapyenxo. Ona sBanetcn aBtopom pasyesa ,,Pa3BUTHE JIHTOBCKO-pyCcCKOrO JBYA3bINHA“ B KOJIJI€KTHBHOM Tpyze ,,PasBHTHe HaI{HOHAaJIbHO-pycckoro AByaspuHA~ (M., 1976), pas nea HamucaH Ha OCHOBe KOHKpeTHbIX COMHOJIHHTBHCTHYeCKHX HCCeLOBaHHH, NpoBexeHHbIX B JIHTBe. B. 1O. Muxasbyenko MpHHuMaeT akTHBHOe yyacTHe B HSYYeHHH ASbIKOBOH 2#Ku3HH JIHTOBCKOH CCP. CouMOuIHHTBHCTHYeCKHe HCCJeqoBaHHA BeyTCA HB APyrux pecmyOsuKax. Cneqyer oTMeTHTb pa3pa6oTKy comMomMHrBUcTH4ecKHXx nmpo6iem B Kasaxckoii, MouyascKoli, Benopyccxoit, Asep6atizaKanckoli u B HeKOTOPBIX JIPyrHX co103HBIX, ABTOHOMHBIX pecilyO1MKax H OOAacTax. Bonpoce! couMadbHOl AHHTBUCTHKH paspaaTHIBaloTca B pAjle YHHBepCuTeTOB H TeqarorMyecKuX HHCTHTYTOB (HanpuMep, B_CapaTOBCKOM TocyjlapcTBeHHOM yHHBepcHTeTe MOL pyKOBOCTBOM npod. JI. HW. Bapanunxosoit, 8 Tlensenckom neauactutyte nox pyKOBoACTBOM npod. B. J]. Bouyaverosa) u 7.7. YuuTbIBad OrPOMHOe MpakTHYeCKoe H TeopeTH4ecKOe 3Ha¥eHHe COLMOMHUTBHCTHYECKHX HCCeQOBaHUli, HeOOXOJMMO YCHAUTb BAMMaHue K HUM. TakHe ucc.lenoBaHHsl 1O/DKHbI ObITh OpraHH30BaHbl BO BCeX Hay4HO-JIMHTBHCTHYeCKUX y4pexcyeHUAX H By3aX CTpaHbl. YcuJeHve BHAMAHMA K paspaOoTKe npobjleMBI pyccKoro ASbIKa KaK ASbIKA MEXAHANMOHAJIbHOTO OGWLEHHA, KaK OJHOFO 13 MUPOBBIX A3bIKOB, Co3qaHHe CTPYKTYPHBIX C(MHHI B HOOTMYeCKUX yUpekIeHMAX aKa emul HayK COIOSHBIX pecmy6IHK ((puMaIoB) 6yAyT cnocobcTBOBaTb JasbHelitiemy pa3BePTHIBAHHIO COUMOJIMHTBUCTHYeCKHX UCCeqOBaHHit. CouvanbHo oOycioBAeHHad TeH,eHUMA CBOOO_HOTO (PYHKUMOHMpOBanHA M pa3sBUTHA JMTepaTypHEIX A3bIKOB O6uensBectHo, uro Kommynucruyeckaa nlaptua Coperckoro Coiosa pcerga MPOBOAMW1a H MPOBONMT B AKUSHb JICHMHCKY10 HalMOHaIbHYy!O MOJMTHKY, NOAMTHKY OecnpenaATcTBeHHOrO pasBUTHA Haul, Hapoguoctell, ux KyJIbTyp H cBOOo,HOrO byHKUMOHMpoBaHHA UX A3bIKOB. Bonpeku yTBepxKeHHAM CoBeTOMOFOB, cbapeucbukaTOpos BEIalouluxXca JOCcTHMKeHHH CTpanbt CopeToB, 06 aCCHMMJIAIIMH ASbIKOB Ht KYyIbTyp Hapogos CCCP, sumtepatTypHble A3bIKM COBeTCKHX HaposOB paHee HUKOTa He NOCTHTaJIM TaKOrO BbICOKOrO yPOBHA CBOerO Pa3sBUTHA, Ha KAKOM OHH HaxosaTen B HacTosilee BpeMA. ITO NoATBepxKaeTcA HeoMpoBepxKUMEIMA cakTaMn. PaccMOTpuM JHIIb HeKoTopple 43 9THX dakToB, Tak, B 1914/15 yueOHom roAy Ha Ykpauue He Obi/0 HH OHO Jake HayaJbHOl CBeTCKOM WIKOWIBI C o6y¥enHem Ha yKpavHCKoM sspiKe (,,Cotianicriuua YKpaina“, c. 237). Mocae nobexbt BeanKoro OxTa6ps OG y4enHe ykpawHCKHXx JeTel cpasy 2Ke ObIzI0 llepeBeJeHo Ha poqHor asbik. Eme k 50-eruio Coperckoli Bnactu — B 1967/68 yue6uom roxy — B | —4-x Kjlaccax uKou1 YCCP o6yyaaucb Sostee 3420 ThIc. ue10BeK, B TOM Uucue Ha ykKpaHHCKOM sA3bIke — Ootee 2093 thIc., B 5—8-x Knaccax — Gomee 1997 ThIc. H B 9—10-x kaaccax — cppuue 514 TaIc. As 1914/15 yae6uom rogy ua Ykpaune byHKumonnposasto 27 Berciux yueOubIx 3aBeqeHHi, B HUX OOyYarocb 35 204 yenoBeka. Hu B onHOM 43 3aBeleHHi yKpaHucKuli A3bIK B KaveCTBe A3bIKa OOYYeHHA He NpHMeHssics. CopepmieHHo una KapTHHa HaOw0fasacb B YKpauncKol CCP p 1974/75 yue6uom rogy: gelicrsosaso 142 BBICIIHX YYeOHBIX 3aBeeHUA, B KOTOPBIX 3aHUMaHcb 818 TEC. CTYeHTOB; o6yH€HHE OCYIMCCTB.IAIOCh Ha yKPaHHCKOM HM PyCCKOM A3bIKaX, 10 2KeMaHHIO yuaUHXCA. C nepppix xe Aue ycraHopnenua CopercKoit Bnactu B JluTBe Opin mpHHATbI MEpbl JWI MOBbILCHHA PO/IM WHTOBCKOTO ASbIKa B OOIECTBEHHO-NOWMTH4eCKOl H KYyJIbTYpHOH 2KH3HH JMTOBCKOTO Hapoga. CoBeTcKad BaacTb Gbivia poBosruaiiena B JIuTBe 16 AekaGpa 1918 r. Yxe ,13 mapta 1919 roxa pit uagqan AeKpeT O CO3TaHHH YHUBepCuTeTa B MOMeIeHHAX SakppITOrO B 1832 roxy wapcKHM IIpaBATebcTBOM BusbHioccKoro yHuBepcuteta“ (,,Hapoguoe o6pasoBanue“, c. 430). Kak usBecTHo, ,,oueHb LmmMpoKo PasBepHyBIUaACA JeATeIbHOCTb M0 CO3jaHH10 HOBOH, COBeTCKOH CHCTeMbI O6pa30BaHHA Oba TpepBawa Mexy HapoAHOH 8 KOHTppeBosolMek, KoTOpad B 1919 rogy nogaBusia CopercKyio BuacTb B JIuTBe“ (Tam xe, c. 430). B 1939/40 yue6uom rogy, T.e. K KOHUy rocnoycTBa 6ypxya3sHu B JIuTBe, »CTYACHTOB BO BCeX BBICIIHX yYeOHBIX 3aBeJeHHAX ObWIO Bcero 3,5 THIC. wesOBeK*‘ (Tam xe, c. 431). ; Mexny tem B 1974/75 yye6uom rogy B JIutoscko CCP cbyxkuHonuposaso 12 BbIcHIMxX y4eOHBIX 3aBeyeHHi, B HUX HacuHTHIBaoce 60,8 TIC. CTY eCHTOB. B pecnyOauKe JelicTBopa.to 3 THC. OOWeo6pas0BaTeAbHBIX IIKOWI, B HUX 3aHMMawocb 629 ric. y¥auuxca; 78 cpeqHUX CHelMaNbHEIX y4eOHBIX 3aBeJeHHi, B HUX o6yuanoch 67,7 Thc. yuanwxca (,,Exeroguuk...‘‘, c. 102—103). B pysax, yauHUaX MW UIKOWIaX pasHbIX THIIOB O6y4eHHe BeseTCA FaBHBIM O6pa30M Ha JIMTOBCKOM A3bIKe. B Hay4Ho-uccefoBaTeMbcKO paOoTe TakKxKe WHpPOKO MpuMeHsAeTCH JMTOBCKHH A3bIK. Bee 9TO B CoBeTCKyI0 SMOXy cMOco6cTBOBaIO HeOEIBaIOMy @YHKUMOHAIbHOMY HM BHYTPHCTPyKTYPHOMY Pa3BHTHIO AUTOBCKOLO ASbIKa. Tpysua — pecny6auka qpesueli kyibryppt. M tem He Menee, KaK OTMeuaeTca B kuure ,,Hapoquoe o6pasopanue“, nocBatenHoli 50-eruio BezuKoro Oxra6dpa, »0 ycTaHoBeHua CoBeTcKoli BaacTH Go/IbUIMHCTBO HaceleHuA pecnyOauKU ObIO JIMINEHO BO3MOXKHOCTH MOYYHTh Jake HayaJIbHoe cBeTCKOe OOpazoBaHue. CorHM ThIcHY B3pocaBIX He 3HamH rpamorit< (,,HapogHoe oOpasopanne™, c. 401). B 1921 r. 8 [pysuu Opiaa nocraBaena saqaya mepeBoga O6yuennA B HavabHbIX WKONaX Ha POJHbIC A3bIKH — [PYSHHCKHM, APMAHCKHH, a3epOalimKaHcKuil, aOxasckuii, oceTHHCKHi. Dra sayqaua ycnelino peiena. Bypuo pa3puBaaacb o6uleoOpasoBaTe/IbHad HallHOHambHad WKOa B pysuu. K 1965/66 yueOnomy rozy B peciyOuIMKe HacuHTHIBasOCcb Bcero 2959 rpysHHcKux, 287 pycckux, 242 apMaHcKHX, 162 asep6aitmKancKux, 39 adxascKxux, 194 oceTHHcKUx u 372 CMeLIAHHBIe IKOJBI. Takum o6pasom, 8 Ipysuuckoli CCP 8 3596 mxkoaax pycckHii a3bIK He ABAAICH ASbIKOM OOYUCHHA, OH H3yYa/ICA Kak Npeymer. JIuutb B 287 WIKOMaX OH BEINOMHAL @yHKWH s3bIKa OOy4eHHA. Ecam yo pesomouun B Dpysuu He Obii0 Hu OfHOit cpenHelt oOieo6pasoBatebHOH LIKOJIbI C O6yYeHHeM Ha Tpy3HHCKOM ASbIKe, TO K 50-s1eru10 CopercKoit BlacTH 8 [’pysuuckoit CCP dyxkionuposaso 2959 uko1 c O6y4eHHeM Ha rpy3HHCKOM aspike. Tak, B 1967/68 yueOHom rogy jaa 312 794 ysamuxca 5—10-x Kaaccos ASBIKOM OOYYCHHA ABJIAICH Ppy3HHCKHi. Kak BHAHO HS TIPHBeJeHHEIX JaHHBIX, Tlocwe nobexnr BemuKoro Oxta6pa MPOHSOLWIH KOPeHHbIe H3MCHEHHA B COMMAIbHBIX YCIOBMAX (yHKUMOHMpPOBAHHA ABbIKOB, B PasBUTHH HX OOMECTBEHHBIX byHKUMH. Ccpeppr mpHMeHeHHA MTepaTypHBbIX ASbIKOB PaClIMPHJIMCb 20 HeObIBaJIbIX MaCIITAa6OB. CounanbHo OGycaoBeHHad TeH,eHUMA WMpOKOrO npHmMeHeHUs HaUMOHAJAbHO-pyccKkoro ABYA3BI4nA Kak usBectxo, 8 Coperckom Corose (pyHKiHOHHp YI0T pasHble THNBI JByA3bIUHA. BaxkneliiiumMua THMaMH JByA3bIUHA, HanpuMep, B JIuToBcKoii CCP spasiorca JIMTOBCKO-PyCckoe H PYCCKO-/IHTOBCKOe; B AsepOaligzKaHcKoli CCP — asepOalij~KaHCKO-pyccKoe, pyccKO-a3ep6ali/vKaHcKoe, aPMAHCKO-pyCcKoe, apMAHCKOazepOaliMKalckoe, a3sepOaiKaHCKO-apManckoe; B TamKuKcKoii CCP — tamxKuKeKO-PpyccKoe, PYCCKO-TaVKHKCKoe, y36eKCKO-pyccKoe, y36eKCKO-TaKHKCKOe, TaNVKUKCKO-y30eKcKoe H 1.1. TaKHM OOpasoM, BO BCex pecnyOnHKax mpesCTaBieHO HallMOHaJIbHO-pyCcKoe ABYASBIUMe Kak TviaBHbili, OCHOBHOM THN JBYASKIHA, MOCPEACTBOM KOTOPOTO OCYIeCTB/AeTCA OOIMeEHHe MeXxKIy BCeMH HapoZamu CCCP, kyJbTypubtii B3auMo0OMen. Bce ocTasIbHble THIIbI JBYASBIMHA HMeIOT 9 MeCTHOe, J1OKaJIbHOe sHayeHHe. Hanpumep, TaKHKCKO-pyccKoe ABYASbIYHe HeBO3MO?KHO B IWHPOKHX COMMAJIbHbIX WeAX NPHMeHATS B JluTBe, [pysnu uv Apyrux pecny61ukax, B KOTOPBIX OYeHb MaJlO TaJ2KHKOB H BOOOLIe MOJeH, BlaqelomlHx TaJUKHKCKHM ASbIKOM. To 2Ke CaMOe CuIeLyeT CKa3aTb O BO3MOXKHOCTH NpHMeHeHHA B HIMPOKHX COUWMAJIbHBIX WeAX MHTOBCKO-pyccKoro AByA3bIuKA B TypKMmeHHH, Jlarectane H 7.2. (MocKoIbKYy TaM 2KMBeT MaJIO JTHTOBUeB). KoneyHo, Hao yJeATb COOTBeETCTBYIOIIee BHHMAHHe PYCCKO-JIHTOBCKOMY 1 ApyruM THNaM AByxsbuHA. HanpHMep, BaxKHO NOMOYb PyCCKHM H MpescTaBuTeAM JPYTFHX HapOJOB, NOCTOAHHO %KHByLHM B JIMTBe, B OBaeHHH JHTOBCKHM ASbIKOM, JIHTOBCKO-PyCCKHM JBYASbEHeM. YunTHIBAA TO OOCTOATEBCTBO, UTO TaBHBIM H HaHOoJee BaxKHLIM THOM JByaspmuua B CCCP spaseTca HalHOHatbHO-pycckoe JByASbIMHe, OCTaHOBUMCA MpeHMYULeCTBEHHO Ha BONPOCaX, CBA3AHHbIX C ETO pasBHTHEM. CoumaibHo O6ycoBseHHad TeHJeHLHA LWHPOKOTO NpHMeHeHHA HalHOHaJIbHOPYCCKOFO ABYASbINHA B COIOSHBIX, ABTOHOMHBIX peCityOHKaXx, O6aCTAX H OKPyraxX MpHBewa K TOMY, 4TO B HACTOAIIee BPeEMA KaK HHKOFa BOSPOCAa pO pycCKOrO A3bIKa B XKHSHH HapojoB CCCP, B opMHpoBaHHH H PasBHTHH 3pesoro COLHamucTH4eckoro o6ujectBa. TakHM o6pa30M, HalHOHaJbHbIe ASbIKH H PYyCCKHit ASbIK KaK ASbIK ME2KHAUHOHAIHOPO OGIIEHHA JONOAHAIOT Apyr Apyra B COBMecTHOH 2KH3HH H JATeJIBHOCTH COBETCKHX MO Jel B YCAOBHAX Pa3BHTOTO COMHasH3Ma. Bee ato o6yc.10BMBaeT 2KUSHEHHY10 HEOOXOAHMOCTb B PpasBHTHH H MOBCeMeCTHOM PacnpocTpakeHHH HallHOHAJIbHO-PYCCKOTO ABYA3BIMHA BO BCEX COIO3HBIX, ABTOHOMHbIX pecttyO1HKax, OGacTAX H OKpyrax. Kak H3BecTHO, 43 pasHOOOpasHbIX COWMabHBIX (PYHKUMH PyccKOrO A3bIKa BaKHeHIMMMH MPH3HaHbI Caemyroutue: 1) dyHKUHH Hal\HOHaIbHOTO A3bIKa pycckoro Hapojla; 2) PyHKuHH OOuero A3bIKa MexKHAaLHOHATbHOrO OOULEHHA HapoZOB CCCP; 3) byHkKuHH OfHOTO 3 HBbIKOB MeXxKLyHapogHoro OGIeHHA, OHOTO 43 MHPOBBIX ASbIKOB; 4) (YHKUHH ASbIKa, C/y2KallerO OAHHM H3 TaBHbIX HCTOUHHKOB O60FAallleHHA H Pa3BATHA ASbIKOB COBETCKHX HapOJOB. HanGoxree o6ieli sakoHOMepHOCTbIO pasBUTHA ASbIKOBO! XH3HH COBETCKOTO OOUeCTBa, OTParkKalollleH COMMaJIbHbIe HHTepecbl H MOTpeOHOCTH HepBocTeneHHOli BaxKHOCTH BCeX HapOJOB Halle CTPanbl, ABJIACTCA BCE YCHIMBalOMLaACA TeH ACH A BO3paCTaHHA POH M PyAKWHH PyCCKOFO ABbIKa B COBMECTHOM NPOHSBOACTBEHHOL H OOULECTBEHHO-NOJIMTHYeCKOH JeATeMbHOCTH BCeX COBeTCKHX Jose. B xHsHH 6ombuiMHcTBa Hapogos CCCP pyccknit s3bIK NpHMeHAeTCH He TOJIbKO KaK A3bIK Me@2KHaUHOH4IbHOTO OOLeHHA, HO H KaK OCHOBHO/i A3bIK MpOCBeWIeHHA, NOSHAaHHA (T.e. ASbIK CpesHeTO O6UlerO, CHelHaMbHOTO H BbICLIeTO OOpas0BaHHA, ASbIK HayKH H TEXHHKH), OB/IaeHHA OOLIECOBETCKOH H MHPOBOH KyIbTypol. BMecte ¢ TeM BaxHO OTMETHTb H TO, 4TO PYCCKHH ASbIK BbINOJHAeT (PYHKUHH A3bIKa OGULECTBEHHONOJMTHYECKOH, HaYYHOH MH KYJbTYPHOH MKHSHH COBeTCKOTO OGLeCTBa B Le10M, B MacuiTa6ax Bcei cTpanbi. Bce 3To H CAeMa0 pyccKHi ASbIK OOMEMPH3HaHHbIM ASbIKOM, C Ka@KIbIM HOBbIM HEM BC CHJIbHee YKPeMJIAIOULMM €AHHCTBO, MOHOJIHMTHOCTb COBETCKOTO OGUleCTBA, ASbIKOM OpaTCKoro COTpy AHHYeCTBa H B3aH MOMOMOLILH Bcex Hapogos CCCP. B nopcemecTHoM paciipoctpaHeHul pyCcKoro A3bIKa, B BOSpaCTaHHH ero 3Ha4eHHA B NOBCeHEBHOM OOMLEHHH COBETCKHX JOjeli HeMaOBaxKHY!0 POJlb HIpaer H TOT akT, YTO PYCCKHH ABbIK — POAHOM ABbIK PyCCKHX, COCTABAIOMNHX Gosee NOMOBHHbI HaceleHHA Hallie cTpaHbl. Kpome toro, 10 aHHbIM Nepenucu Hacesenua 1970 r., 36,3% yKpannues vu 49% Genopycos cBo6oHO BulajeloT pyccCKHM sI3BIKOM, OCTAJIbHOe Ke YKPaHHcKoe Hu GesOpyccKoe HaceteHHe B TOM HH HHO CTeNeHH 3HaeT PYCCKHHi ASbIK KaK 6JIMSKOPOACTBEHHBI yKpanHcKomy H Gesopycckomy. B To xe BpeMs OH CTaI POAHHIM ASbIKOM Govee 13 MH. mpegcTaBuTeselt BCX HallMOHaJ/IbHOCTeH. 10 Bee W3/10x%KeHHOe He MPHBOLMT K YMaJIeHHIO POJIH H 3HaYeHHA MeCTHbIX A3bIKOB B XKH3HH HX HOCHTeNeH (Benonzen H. K., 1969; Jlemepues IO. JI., 1966). SHaueHHe pyccKOro AsbIKa JWIt pasBuTHA Hapoyop CCCP neabsa orpanuunBaTb eO PYHKUMAMH ASbIKAa MexKHALMOHa/IbHOTO ObujeHHA. TpyAHO mepeoueHHTe BbIAaIOULY!OCA POIb PYCCKOFO ASbIKa B PasBHTHH H OOOTalleHHH KyJIbTYP H A3bIKOB BC€X COBETCKHX Hapogos. Baarogapa pyccKomMy AsbIKy JOCTHKeHHA 11000% HalMOHAJIbHOH KYJIbTYPbl CTAHOBATCA JOCTOAHHEM BCeX COBeTCKUX Jose. Kak H3BECTHO, HapOsbl AOpeBo/OUMOHHOH PoccHH HaxXOAHAMCb Ha pa3HbIX ypOBHAX cBOerO MOJMTHYECKOTO, SKOHOMMYECKOLO H KYJIbTYPHOTO pa3BHTHA: ee HaCceMAJH KaK HapO/Jibl ApeBHel BbICOKO! Ky bTYpbI, TaK H HapOAHOCTH, ITHMYECKHe rpynnbt, OTCTaBlHe B CBOeM pa3BHTHH. BpipaBHHBaHHe yPOBHA HX COLMMa/IbHO-3KOHOMH4¥eCKOrO, NOJHTHYECKOTO H KYAbTYPHOTO PpaSBHTHA Ha COBPeMeHHOH Govee BLICOKOH CTaqHH GbIO WeNOM UpesBEIMaHHO TPy THbIM. Masouncnennbie HapogHoctu CeBpepa JOCTHr.1M OrpoOMHbIX ycnexoB B O61acTH MIpOCBelleHWA, HayKH, KYJIbTYpbl, JHTepaTypbl H HCKYCCTBAa, PlaBHbIM OOpa3om, nmocpeACTBOM pyccKoro ssbika (YBayan B. H., 1971). Jlyaume npeacraputeau MaJIbIX HaPOJOB, HCMOMb3YA PYCCKHH ASbIK, TBOPAT HOBbIC AYXOBHbIe WeHHOCTH. Hanpumep, uykya lOpuit Prrrxey, ray6oko 3Halomuii 2KH3Hb, ObIT H KyABTypy cBoero HapOjla, Ha PYCCKOM A3bIKe CO3MaJI MpeKPacHble XY JOXKECTBEHHBIe MpOHsBeJeHHA, H3OOPasHB CBOMX TrepoeB B YCOBHAX HaUHOHAJbHOI xXHsHH. Ha pycCKOM ASbIKe H3aHbl CTHXH yAarelia Jbkancu Kumenko, Mancu lOrana IlectasoBa, HeHta Hukoaas BoiaKku, Hanaiitja Anzpea Ilaccapa u apyrax noatos Kpaiinero Cesepa, Cu6upu « JlaibHero Boctoka. Ha pycckom s3biKe co3aioT CBO MIPOH3BeeHHA H MHOTHe MpecTaBHTe/IH APyHX HapOfOB Hallleli CTpavbl — mHCaTeJM, YYeHbIe, KYPHAJHCTHI, AMTepaTyPHbIe KPHTHKH. B 3TOM OTHOLIeHHH M0Ka3aTe/IbHbI WIMPOKO H3BeECTHBIC MPOH3BeJeHHA KHPTHSCKOTO COBeTCKOTO MHCateas Unnrusa AfitMatToBa, HamHcaHHbie Ha PyCCKOM ASbIKe. OcoGeHHO 3Ha4HTeTeH BKJal PyCcKOTO A3bIKa B Mpolecc B3aMMOOGorallleHuA H B3aHMOJeCHCTBHA A3bIKOB COBETCKHX HapoyoB. PycckHii ASbIK WeApo TemHaca CBOHM OoraTCTBOM C JPyTHMH A3bIKaMH. B copeTCKOli A3bIKOBEMYECKOH JM TepaType HEOAHOKpaTHO yTBepxK aoc, YTO PYCCKHi A3bIK — OAHH M3 OCHOBHBIX HCTOUHHKOB OOOrallleHHA H PaSBHTHA MJaNOMMCbMeHHBIX H CTaPOMHCbMeHHBIX A3bIKOB Hapogos Copetckoro Corosa. JloctaTouHo yKa3aTb, uTo 70 —80%, o6ulecTBeHHO-110JMTHYECKHX H HaAYYHO-TEXHHYECKHX TEPMHHOB 3aHMCTBOBaHO MJ1aJOMHCbMeHHBIMH ASbIKAMH W3 PYCCKOFO HJM Yepe3s HETO H3 APYTHX ASbIKOB. B tpyaax copeTCKHX y4eHbIX MOAYePKHBaeTCA, YTO BO BCeX JHTepAaTyPHbIX ASbIKaX HallieH CTpaHbi MOA HeNOCpeACTBeEHHBIM BAHAHHeEM PyccKO My61MEHCTHKH, MpousBexennii B. H. Jlennua ccbopmupopaica nyOAMUMCTHYeCKH CTHVIb: STO MpaeT COBETCKOMY CTHJHO B CJIOBECHOM MaTepHasle ASbIKOB BCero Halliero Colo3a TY MOHOJHTHOCTh H XapaKTePHY!O BbIPaSHTEbHOCTb, KOTOPHIe CyewasH ero CTHJI€M 3NOXH, Kak MHCal BbIaloulMiica copeTcKHH dusonor JI. A. ByvtaXOBCKHH. OcHoBHOH BKJIa, B OOpas0BaHHe OOiero eKCMYeCKOrO (POH a HallHOHa/IbHbIX ASbIKOB BHOCHT pyccKHi sspik. [IpeoOnaqaiouiad YacTb C10B, BOIWeAWIHX B STOT (POH, BOCXOJUT K pyCCKOMY ASbIKy HH 3aHMCTBOBaHa Yepes Hero. K TaKHM C.I0BaM Npexke BCero OTHOCATCA HHTePHallHOHaJIbHbIe H OOMLECOBeTCKHeE TepMHHBI: WHHTepHauMOHa/l, HHTepHaliHOHaJIH8M, TYMaHH3M, COBET, MaPKCH3M, JICHHHH3M HT... Ophorpacuyeckne, a HepeXKO H OptposnHyecKHe HOPMbl MHOTHX 3aHMCTBOBaHHBIX CJIOB, NONOHHBUIMX OOULHH MeKcHYeCKHH couz (HaNpHMep, MiayomHcbMEHHBIX ASbIKOB), HEPeAKO CKJabIBAalOTCA MO MOAeJIAM, 3€HMCTBOBAHHBIM H3 pycckOro H Yepes Hero H3 APyTHX ASbIKOB! KOMMYHHCT, KOCMOHABT, CIYTHHK, paKeTa, KyJlaK, peawuaM Hu T.2. li Copetckue yuenbie yOequTeIbHO JoKa3aiH, UTO 8aiMCTBOBaHHe He TOMbKO OTACIbHBIX CJIOB, HO H CJIOBOCOYeTAHHH, C1O0BO0Opas0BaTeMbHbIX Moeeli u MojeJeli Pas MMYHbIX THIOB COBOCOYeTAHUIi, BOSMOKHOCTh AaKTHBHOTO BANANA n1powecca B3aHMOOOOrallleHHA Ha Pa3BUTHE JeKCHKOCeMaHTHYeCKMX CUCTeM, Ha CTHJMCTHYECKY!O AMdepeHwauMio ASbIKOB, Ha CO3JaHHe cOXKHOTO MpeqOKeHUA CilyKaT JHHTBACTHYCCKUM CBHJETEbCTBOM O JaJbHelilliem yryOmenHH mpouecCa COIMKeHUA Halluit, HapoHocrTell H UX RYXOBHBIX KYyJIbTyp. Bee 970, pasyMeetca, He osHayaer, ¥TO HallMOHaJIbHbIe A3bIKH yTpaTu.in cBOIO CHeWMuKy, NOABepratoTrcA accHMuUJAIMH, Kak yTBepxALaloT sapyOexHble cba/ibCHHKAaTOPhI ASBIKOBOM MOMHTHKU, MpoBozHMO B CCCP. TIpoueccst Bsanmoyelictsux u B3aMMooboralienia s3prKoB o6ecmeyHBaloT TONOMHEHHE OCHOBHOTO MCTOUHMKa PasBHTHA JIMTepaTypHOro A3LIKa — ero BHYTPeHHUX pecypcoB, 4TO CMocobcTByeT JaTbHeliIIeMy ycnelIHOMy pewieHuio onHOL M3 BaKHEHLIMX COMMOJIOTMYeCKUX 3ajla4 — OBajeHHIO HepycCKHM HacesleHHeM Hallleli CTpaHbl PYCCKUM ASBIKOM; COs {AHH OOIero TepMHHOMOrHYecKOrO cpouza, CTHMYJIHPYylollero TeHJCHIMH HHTepHaUMOHAaM3alMH HeKOTOPBIX A3bIKOBLIX ABNCHMH B YCJIOBHAX MHOTOHANHOHaJIbHOrO Tocysapcrsa, Hay4HOMy cHHTeSsHPOBaHHiO H MCNOAbSOBaHHIO BCero IeHHOTO H MpOrpeccuBHOTO, 4TO eCTb B MHOFOBeKOBOM HCTOPHH BCEX ASbIKOB COBETCKHX HaposoB. Sto oTBeyaeT HHTepecaM BCeCTOPOHHETO PasBHTHA H COMMKEHHA Halli, HapOAHOCTell MUX KyJIBTYp, WeTA1M H 3aylavaM B3aMMooOOrallleHHA SSbIKOB. Kak vsBecTHO, pycckuli A3bIK 3HadHTeTbHO BMA Ha s3bIKH Hapojos Poccun H No peposttoumu. Ho, kak ormeyam akagemux B. B. Bunorpayos, ,ectb rayOokad MpWHIMMManbHaA pasHHia Mex_y mpexHuM, HOPeBOMIOUMOHHEIM BJIMAHHeM PYCCKOTO ASbIKa Ha ASbIKM COCeMHAX HapOAHOCTel M MEKAy BAMAHMeM pycCKOrO A3bIKa Ha A3bIKM Hapoyos CCCP B namie spema“. Cxoqcrsa M COOTBeTCTBHA B S3bIKax CTpaHbI CopetTos, o6yc.s10BeHHBIe BO3AeHCTBHEM PYCCKOTO ABbIKa, NPOABAAIOTCH: 1) B paciupenuu ccbepsi BAMAHUA pyccKHX, OCcobeHHO HOBbIX, COBETCKHX BbIpaxkenuii, B KaIbKHpoBaHHu ux; 2) B CTpeMHTeBHOM PacnpoctpaHeHunu coBpeTH3MOB, B HX JBWKEHUH M3 OMHOFO ASbIKa B Apyroit; 3) B ocBOeHHH OCHOBHOrO cbouyza HHTepHaUMOHaJIbHOH JIeEKCHKH Yepes PycckKuli A3bIK; 4) BooOIIe B YCHJIMBUIelicaA TCHACHUMM K HHTepHaWHOHasIMsalHH, B OCOOeHHOCTH K ASbIKOBOli HHTepHallHoHaJusaunn (Bunorpagos B. B., 1945). Pycckwii a3bIK H caM oOoralllaeTca MHOFOUHCAeHHEIMH 3auMCTBOBaHHAMH 43 AP YTHX ABbIKOB HaposoB crpaHtt. JLo pesomiounH on OOorallaicA MpeHMyLlecTBeH - HO Tak Ha3bIBaeMbIMH STHOrpad@usMaMu — C/lOBaMH, OTPaxalOllUMH OCOeHHOCTH ObiTa, MaTepHaIbHOl H AYXOBHOM Ky«AbTypbI PasJIM4HbIX HapozoB Poccun. B coBeTCKOe BpeMA HapsALy C TAKMMH CJIOBAMH PYCCKHii ABIK 3aMMCTBYeT Pas/H4HBIe TEPMHHPI, MOABMBIUHECA B CBASH C Pas3BUTHEM HallWOHa/bHOTO HCKyccTBa, .MTepaTYPbl, HayKH, TexHuKn. Hanpumep, yyenbie ApMenuu cosas HOBBIe Hay4uble TepMHHBI: HaMPHT, TaHTVepoH, CeBaHHT HM T..; OHH BOM B COCTaB pyCCKOit H MExAyHapOAHOH TepMHHOJOrHM cooTBeTCTBYIOMNel O6aCTH 3HaHHa. Pyeckuit a3bIK SaHMCTBY€T HOBbIe HeOOXOAMMbIe creuMduyecKHe HayyHBIe HW TeXHMYecKHe TePMHHBI, CO3MaHHble yueHbimn Ykpaunpl, Beropyccun, AsepOalimxaua, [pysuu, JIMTBbI M Apyrax pecny6auK. Bce 970 nokasbiBaer, ¥TO pyCcKHil A3bIK, 10 MeTKoMy ompeyesenuto A. C. Myuikuna (Ilo. co6p. cou. B 16-TH Tomax, 1949) — »@PeHMUMBBI H OOMLEXKUTEVIbbili B CBOHX OTHOIICHHAX K Uy2KUM A3bIKaM“. CrpemsenHe coperckHx J10jei B coBepilenctse oBsajeTb PYCCKHM S3bIKOM OGY COBH 06bCKTHBHEIMU 3aKOHOMepHOCTAMH PasBATHA coBeTCKOrO ObulecTBa H OTBeYaeT MKHSHEHHOH MOTpeOuOCTH BCeX HaposoB Hallie ctpaubl. CBobo,HOe BulajeHue PYCCKHM #3bIKOM TOMOraeT HepyCcKOMY HaCevleHHIO ycmellHo pelllaTs 12 BOMPOChI CpeWHero H BEICIero OOpas0BaKUA, OOULECTBEHHO-NOJHTHYECKOH, IKOHOMHYeCKOH, HAYYHON H KYJIbTYpHOli 2%usHH CTpaHEI. CaM OObEKTHBHBIM XOX pasBUTH# COBETCKOTO OOMIECTBA BHISBas K XAU3HM POCT ABYASBIUHA, Kak mpaBH0, 9TO CBOGOHOE BilaleHe HapARy C POAHBIM A3BIKOM TakKKe PYCCKHM, KaK A3KIKOM M@KHALMOHAaTbHOTO OOmenuAa‘ (,,[ Tpapga“, 1971, 16 ion). OcHosHbiM THnoM AByAsbINA B CCCP aBisetca IBYASbIMHE C PyCCKAM A3bIKOM B (pyHKuMM OOllero A3bIKa HapojoB Haluel crpanb. Poct aByAsEI4HA OTBeYAeT uHTepecam Bcex Hapoyos CCCP, on aBaseTcA OAHMM H3 BHIPaAKenui TeMoKpaTH4eCKOi MPHpOAbI CoBeTCKOH HallMOHadbHOli nowMTAKH (Barpamos 9. A., 1971). B ycaoBuax spesoro coumatucTHyecKoro o6ujecTBa pyccKHit A3BIK urpaeT TaBHY!O POlb HE TOJIBKO BO B3aHMOJelCTBHH MH B3aMMOOOOFALeHHH SA3bIKOB Ht KyJIbTyp, HO H B MOBCeMeCTHOM pacnpoctTpaHeHHH eAMHON CoBeTCKOM comMamHCTHYCCKOH KYJbTYpbI KaK B Mpouecce NOBceTHEBHOTO B3aiMOOOOrAallleHHA HapoOB CCCP, Tak 4 yepe3 meyaTHple n3qanua. PasBuTHe HallMOHaIbHEIX JIMTepaTyp HW UCKYCCTBa Ha MJaJIONMCbMeHHBIX A3bIKax Hapogos CCCP u Ha pyccKoM ssbIKe co3qat0 6aaronpuaTHpie yculoBHsa ANA UCNOAbSOBAHUA MapasHHTBACTHYeCKHX cpexcTB (qHana3soH MoxyasIWMM roJoca, HalMOHaIbHaa CHelMpuKa MposBeHHA CTeMeHH TpOMKOCTH, XapakTepa Nay3, OKpackH peu, BbIparKaloulel Te HJIM HHbIe IKCIPeCCHBHO-3IMOLMOHAAbHbIe cBOHCTBa H T..), PUrYp peyH, NPHAalOWMX BbICKAaSbIBAHHIO B Mporecce oOuIeHUA XapakTep HPOHHH, Mapoyun u T.n. B ycoBuAx pasBuTHA 3penoro colMatucTHYecKOrO OOUleCTBa HHTeHCHBHO PasBepTHIBalOTCA MpOuecchl (OpMHpPOBaHAA HOBOFO THMa OOUeHHA MEXKy coGoli He TOMbKO MpeAcTaBUTe/ei OJHOTO H TOTO 2Ke Haposla, HO M MexKHALMOHaAbHOrO ooujenua. Bonbiioe Hay4Hoe H mpakTwyeckoe 3HaveHHe HMeeT co3jaHHe obuleli CHHXPOHHOH HM MepcieKTHBHOH MogeqH 9TOrO HOBOTO THMa OOuleHHA, a TakKxKe €e MeCTHBIX BapHaHTOB, BIMTABLINX B CeOA 3/IEMeHTHI MECTHOM Hal\HOHaIbHO-kyJIbTypHoH creunduKku. Tlepeq couvozoramu, ¢busococbamn, convoasHHrBucramn, ICHXOJMHTBHCTAMH, Mpe\CTAaBHTe/IAMH MearorMyeckol HAYKU CTOUT aKTYasbHad 3afaia CO3aHHA TaKHX MOJeJeH HOBOTO THMa OOIIEHHA, OTBeYaIOIMX We.AM Aabueliiwero pasBUTHA HOBOH HCTOpHYecKOH OOHOCTH OZeil — copeTcKoro Hapoga. B mpouecce yHKUHOHHpoBaHMA 9THX MojeJeli HallHoHaabHO-pyccKoe ABYASHIMMe MPH3BaHO CbIrpaTh BaXKHYIO POJIb. Kacascbh Bompoca 06 uccileqoBaHMM 3aKOHOMepHoctell dyHKuMOHMpoBaHus, PasBHTHA H B3aHMOJCHCTBHA ASbIKOB B CBA8H C PaSBHTHEM H COWKeHHeM colMaSIMCTHYeCKHX Halli, HaposHocteli H HX KYJbTYP, OFpaHW4YHMcaA MOMBITKO: B CATO (OpMe OXapakTepHSOBaTh MpOOeMATHKY U UCCAeLOBaHHA COBeTCKHX COUHOJHHIBACTOB, CBASAHHbIe C PasBHTHeM UM COJIMKeHHeEM colMadUcTHYeCKHX Halli, HapogHocteli u ux KyJibTyp. IIpH 3ToM uMeloTca B BUY npeumymiecTBeHHO COUMOJIMHTBACTHYECKHE HM KOMIVICKCHbIe HCCIeOBAHHA, OCYIIeCTBAeHHbIe 3a nepuog c 1967 no 1977 rr. Tlo6eze Beanxoro OxTs6ps, ujeo0rMM MapKcH3Ma-leHMH3Ma HayKa OOs3aHa NOABJICHHEM pa HOBbIX OOMacTeH, IPOG/eM AMHTBACTHKH: AS3bIKOBOe CTPOH - TEJIBCTBO, MJaJONMCbMeHHbIe ASbIKH, MOBBIIMeHHE POJIM HallMOHaJbHbIX A3bIKOB B XKHSHH HX HOCHTeJeH, IpakTHYeCKas PeaJlH3allHA He K/laCcHKOB MapKCH3MaJICHHHH3Ma O BOSpaCTaHHH POM CO3HATeABHOTO BOSeHCTBHA OOIeCTBa Ha ASHIK NO Mepe jlaJIbHelillero pa3BUTHA OOUlecTBa, OCOGeHHO colMasucTHYecKOrO 06ujecTBa. B 1967 r. cBasn c’50-netuem Beanxoro Oxra6psa ormeyanuch calenylouue OCHOBHBI€ HaNpaBAeHHA JMHTBUCTHYCCKHX HCCefOBAaHHli H NOCTHTHYTHIC B 9THX HallpaBsleHHAX pesybTaTH: 1) BHYTPHCTPyKTypHoe ucceTOBAaHHe ABbIKOB coBeTCKHX H 3apyOexKHbIX HapofoB (riaBHOe UucceoBaHHe — MATHTOMHBIIi TPYA »A3bIKH Hapotos CCCP, B cosqaHHH KOTOPoTO OCHOBHYI0 po.1b cbirpad 13 nat Hay4npiii copeT 10 KOMNeKCHBIM Mpo6vleMaM ,,3aKOHOMepHocTH pasBHTHA HalMOHaJIbHBIX AS3bIKOB B CBASH C Pa3BHTHeM COUHaJIHCTHYeCKHX HallHit"); 2) oGtiee AabIKOSHaHHe; 3) CpaBHHTeIbHO-HCTOpHyecKoe H THMOOrHYeCKOe HccreOBaHHEe A3bIKOB. B TO BpeMA MOXHO ObIIO TOBOPHTbh TO/IbKO O Ha¥asIbHOM 93Tame BOSPOAKEHHA yXKe Ha HOBOM YPOBHE COMMAJIbHO-JIMHPBHCTHYeCKHX HCCJ1eqOBaHHil. [napus o6pasom Gaarogxaps yeateabHoctu Haysuoro coseta 10 KOMIIIeKcHOH MpoO61eMaTHKe ,,3aKOHOMePHOCTH pa3BHTHA HallMOHa/IbHbIX A3bIKOB B CBsA3H C PasBHTHEM COWMAJIHCTHYeCKHX Halu, B pa6oTe KOTOpOro aKTHBHO yYacTByIOT cbuslocodpl, HCTOpHKH, STHOFPadpbil, AHTepaTypoBelbi, MpexcTaBHTeAM MesaroTHYeCKOH HayKH, B JOBOMbHO TPYAHbIX YCIOBHAX YAaOCcb OpraHH30BaTb HCC.IeNOBAHNA TO HOBOMY HaNpaBeHHiO — COLHaJIbHO-JHHTBUCTHYeCKOMY, HMeIOLIEMy IIpAMoe OTHOIMeHHE K PasBHTHIO HalHOHaJIbHbIX OTHOUIeHHII. Tlo sTomy HanpaBuleHHio HavGouee akKTYaTbHbIMH B MpakTHYeCKOM H TeopeTH4eCKOM OTHOUICHHH 6bIH MpH3HaHb! CAeAyIoulHe Mmpob.1eMbI: 1. Tepsaa mpo61ema — uccaezoBanve 3aKoHoMepHocteli dbyHkuHOHHpoBaHHs, Pa3BHTHA H B3aMMOZeHCTBHA SSbIKOB B COBeTCKOM OOmIecTBe. Ilo sToH npobweme co3qaH cbyHdaMenTambubiii YeTHIPeXTOMHBIii Tpy ,,3aKOHOMepHOCTH pa3BHTHs JMTepaTyPHbIX A3bIKOB Hapoyos CCCP B copetcKyio anoxy“, npeactaBuBunii BHepBbIe B HCTOPHH COBETCKOTO A3bIKOSHAHHA JOBOIBHO ACHYIO KapTHHy 0 sI3BIKOBOii 2KH3HH COBETCKOFO OOIECTBa, NOKAa3aBINIHii €e TOSATUBHYIO H TeHEBYIO CTOpoubl. ITOT TpyA OTHOCHTCH kK YHCAY UccAeZOBAHHH, KOTOPHIe NOMOraloT oNpeseJHTb 3a1a4H B OOMACTH OCYILECTBCHHA HallHOHaJIbHO-A3bIKOBOl NOAHTHKY HB pellleHHH MpakTHYeCKHX BOMPOCOB pasBHTHA ASbIKOBOH 2KH3HH COBeETCKOTO ObIIecrsa. [lo ZaHHOH mpo6.1eme co3qaHbi H Apyrue Tpy Ab, HanpuMep, KHUra K. X. XaHasapoBa ,,PelleHHe HalHOHaJIbHO-A3bIKOBOH mpobembI B CCCP“ (M., 1977), M. H. Hcaesa ,,130 pasxonpasbix“ (0 s3prkax Haponos CCCP) u 7.2. 2. Bropas npo6ema cBasaHa ¢ HaydHbiM OGocHOBaHHeM poH HM 3Ha4eHHA PYCCKOrO A3bIKa KaK CpeCTBa M@KHAMOHAbHOTO OOULeHHA B COBeTCKOM 06ujectBe. B yKa3aHHOM KOJIJIEKTHBHOM Tpye 6biI0 yeneHo 3Ha4uHTeIbHOe BHHMaHHe XapaKTePpHCTHKe (yHKUHOHHPOBaHHA PYCCKOTO A3bIKa B HallHOHAJIbHBIX pecny6aMkax, pasBHTHA HalMoHatbHO-pyccKoro AByssBIMHA. To stoi npobzeme co3qaHbl Tpy7bI ,,PasBUTHe HallHOHaJIbHO-pyccKoro yByssbuHA (M., 1976), +l ]po61emb! 2B ya3bluHA M MHOrossbMHA”, Py CcKHli A3bIK KaK Cpe ACTBO M@xKHALLHOHaJIbHOrO OOujeHHA“, ,,PyccKHii A3bIK: Ero POL B PaSBATHH H YKpenseHHH coBeTCkoro OOllecTBa H MexKLyHapogHOro coTpy AHHYeCTBAa“ H Ap. 3. Tperba npo61ema — B3aHMOOTHOUeHHe PasBUTHA ASKIKOB HW KYIbTYp, ASbIKOBbIE BOMPOCbI B34MMOJelHCTBHA H B3aHMOOOOralleHHA Hani, HapozHOctTelt H HX KYJbTYP, Pa3BHTHA OOLeCOBeTCKOH COMMaTHCTHYeCKO KyAbTypbI. STH BONpOcbl OCBeULeHbI B KHHTaX ,,Pa3BHTHe A3ZLIKOB H KYJIbTYp B HX B3aHMOCBA3H M B3aMMOLeHCTBAH, ,,B3aHMOOTHOLIeHHe PasBHTHA s3bIKa H KYJbTypbI (B neyaTu), ,HatwonaibHBii a3bIK H HallHoHasbHaa KyJbtypa“ (1978) 4 B HeKOTOpbIx Apyrux pa6oTax. 4. Uerseptaa mpo6iema — pa3BuTHe A3bIKOBOM 2KH3HH COLMaTHCTHYeCKHX CTpaH, BOMPOCbI A3bIKa MeEXKTOCyNapcTBeHHOTO COTpyAHMYeCTBa colMamHcTHYeCKHX CTpaH B YCJOBHAX JadbHeHilero yriyOneHHA mpouecca coumasmucTHyecKor uuterpaunn. Ilo anno npoOseme ony61ukoBan pa cTatei u BegeTCH pa6ota NO NOATOTOBKE NOATOCpOYHOH MporpaMMbI COBMECTHBIX HCC/IeqOBaHH MO WeNeBoMy Mpoekty ,,HauvoHadbuble A3bIKH B YCIOBHAX PasBUTOFO COMMaUCTHYeCKOrO o6tlecTBa“. 5. [ataa npo6nema — Muposoii HHTBHCcTHYecKHit Mpouecc H TeHZeHIWHH ero pasBuTHa. MapkcucTcKo-eHHHcKaad Hyeonorus, poab Coserckoro Co1wsa B MMPOBOM PaSBHTHH OOASbIBAIOT HAC YJEMATL CYMeCTBeEHHOe BHHMaHHe H 3TOII 14 npo6ieme. Ony6ankoBaHbi BaxkHbie uccefoBanHA: ,,Hay4Ho-TexHnyeckad peBoJNOUMA H (pyHKUHOHHpOBaHHe s3pIKOB Mupa“, ,,COMMOAMHTBHCTHYeCKHe mpo6J€MbI PasBHBaIOUHXCA CTpaH", ,,PyCCKuii A3bIK B COBpeMeHHOM Mupe“ H Apyrve. B HactTosiilee Bpemsa pasBepTbiBaetca paGoTa Hall TaKMMH BaxKHBIMH npo6.1eMaMH Kak mpo6.1ema ,,S13bIK B pa3BHTOM COLMaHCTHYeCKOM O6mlecTBe~ (HMeeTCH B BHJy COBETCKOe OOtlecTBO), ,,HallHOHabHbIe ASKIKH B YCOBHAX pa3BHTOFO CoWHaJIHCTHYECKOTO OOlllecTBa“, KOTOPbIe CBAZAHbI C OCYUIECTBAeEHHEM TaBHOH 3aau — CTPOHTebCTBa KOMMYHH3Ma. [TpoBegzeHbI H NPOBOAATCA JOBOMbHO 3Ha4HTeNbHaA KOOPAMHANMOHHaA Hay4HO-opranusallMOHHad HM Hay4HO-HCC/e]OBaTedbcKad paGoTbi. K corkasleHuio, NaleKO He BCe BO3MOAKHOCTH UCHOMbsyIOTCH B 9T0H paGote. MbI cTapaeMcs JIMKBHAMpPOBaTb HEOCTATKH, CO¥eTaTh HayYHO-HCCAeOBATebCKYIO H HAYYHO-OpraHHsalHOHHY!O JeATebHOCTA C NMOATOTOBKOIi Hay4HO-MpakTHYeCKHX PeKOMeH JallHit. Xores0ch Obi BbIPASHTb SoMbIyIO GlaroxapHOCTb BCeM TOBapHULaM, KOTOpbIe COTPyAHHYaIOT C HaMH H OKa3bIBalOT NOMOIIb, MPHBJeKaloT Hac K paspa6oTKe KOMIVI€KCHBIX MIPO6MeM, NOAAepxKHBaIOT Halll MCCJeAOBaHHA H Hay4HBIe o02KeHHA B CBOHX Tpyfax. Hoxnag JI. HW. Bpexnesa o 60-aeruu Beankoro Oxrs6pa, MaTepHavibt CopMeCcTHOTO loOuJleiHoro 3aceqaHua L{K KIICC, Bepxosnoro Cosera CCCP u BepxoBpHoro Copeta PC®CP x apyrue Matepuasbl, CBA3aHHBIe C NO_Be_eHHeEM HTOTOB pa3BHTHA COBeTCKOFO OOuIecTBa 3a 60 eT HM ONpeeneHHeM raaBHbIX 3ana4y B OO/1ACTH JaJIbHelilero pa3sBUTHA 3pesoro COuMaUcTHYECKOrO ObulecTBa, M0CilyKaT A HaC HOBbIM CTHMYJIOM H KOMMaCOM B YCMelIHOM pa3BepTbIBaHHi HayYHbIX HCCTeqOBaHHit — HallleM CKPOMHOM BKJaye B Je10 KOMMYHUCTHYECKOrO CTPOHTe/IbCTBa. Ojua W3 BakHbIX 3afa4 COUMOMMHTBHCTOB — pa3pa6orKa o6uleli Teopun counaJbHOM JMHTBHCTHKH. Kak H3BeCTHO, B TpyaX KJlaCCHKOB MapKCH3Ma-JIeHHHHSMa ObIJla HAY4HO NocTaBseHa, OOOCHOBaHa H pellieHa C NOSHULMii AHaeKTHYeCKOTO Hi HCTOPHYecKOrO MaTepHaH3Ma MpoGeMa COMMaIbHOH OOyCOBAeHHOCTH sagbIKa H 3aKOHOMepHOcTeH ero HCTOpHYeckoro pasBuTHA. CopeTckhe A3bIKOBeUbI CTAIH MPOABIATS 3HAYHTEMbHDI HHTeEpec K COUNabHOJIMHTBACTHYCCKHM Mpo6JieMaM euje B 20—30-x rogax (Mapp H. A., Meujananos MY. M., Buxorpajos B. B., )Kupmyxckuii B. M., Monupanos E. JI., lop P. O., Axopnes H. O., AkyOuncknii E. JI. u gp.). B To Bpems 6bNH JOCTHTHYTI CYMECTBEHHBIe PesyJIbTATI B PellleHHU OTIeWbHbIX BOMPOCOB, OCOHEHHO CBASAHHbIX C ASbIKOBbIM CTpouTeEcTBOM. B 40—50-x TOaX B paspa6oTke COMMOJHHTBUCTHYeCKHX MpoOseM yyacTBoBaau O. C. AxManopa, M1. K. Benogea, P. A. Bygaros, B. B. Bunorpazos, B. M. DKupmyxcruit, ®. Tl. Ousun, A. C. Unxo6aBa u 2p. Oquako B TO BpeMs He Obla co3ylaHa HU oylHa WeNbHat TeopeTHyecKand KOHLENUHA COUMaIbHOH AMHTBUCTHKH. Bo Bropoii nowoBnie 50-x rogos 8B CCCP ycuupaetes unTepec kK couMOmHHTBHCTHYECKHM Mpo6/leMaM, K BOMPOCaM IaHMPOBaHHA H MPOTHOSHPOBaHHA A3bIKOBOTO paspuTHa B CopetcKom Cowse (,,PasBuTHe MaajOnHcbMeHHEIX A3bIKOB“, 1958; »MaanonucbMenuble a3biki“, 1959 u zp.). B nayaute 60-x rogos B CILIA npegnpuxumarorcs meppr no wHHHH opraHH3alHn COMMOAMHTBUCTHYECKHX HCCJeJOBaHHi. BHOBb NOBBICHJICA HHTepec K 3THM TIpO61emam Bo Mpanunu, Anranu, Mranuu, Anonnn. PaspepTpiBaloTCa COMMOJHHTBHCTHYECKHE HCCEJOBAHHA B COUMAAHCTHUeCKHX cTpaHax Boctouxoi Esponsi (8 TYP, Yexocaosaknn, Pympimun, Beurpuu, Bowrapun, Toabme, fOrocaapun). Bosuuk untepec K 3THM mpo6.leMaM H B pasBuBa- }OUMXCA CTpaHax. Ojuako o6ulaa Teopus couMaNbHOM AHHTBACTHKH elle He 6blvia cosjjana. 15