MOKSLO
KALBOS
KULTGROS
IR
TERMINOLOGIJOS
PROBLEMOS
LIETUVIY
KALBOTYROS
KLAUSIMAI,
XXIV
(1985)
BUKTOP
®HJIMMMOBMY
KKYPABJIEB
METOJOJIOTHYECKHE
ACHEKTbI
YOPAXOYEHNIHA
NOHATH
HAY4HBIX
OBJIACTEM
3HAHHA
B
nocnequee
Bpema mmpoKoe
pacnpoc panenue
NOJIy4H
TepMHH
ynopsdo-
enue
TEPMUHOAOCeUU,
CHYyKaulu
LA. Ich weiß nich .
O6O3HAYeHHA
HOPMATHBHO
AeaTe D-
HOCTH
B
OOaCTH
TepMHHONO HH
HeKOTOpO
OONacTH
3HaHUa.
Yuopayoue-
HHe
TEPMHHOJIO HH
HMeET
CBOEH
IebIO
ycTpaHeHHe
TaKux
ee
HeEAOCTaTKOB,
Kak
MHOFOSHa¥HOCTh,
CHHOHUMMA
H
Ap.
IIpaxTuyeckuH
ynopszoyenne
TepMu-
HOJIOPHH
OCyillecTBAeTCA
NyTeM
paspaGo KH
cmOBapeli
cucTeMHO o
THHAa,
NOL
KOTOPbIMH
HMCIOTCH
B
BUY
COOPHHKH
PeKOMeHAYeMBIX
TepMHHOB
H
TepMH-
HOJOTH4YeCKHe
CHATaapTHl.
OchoBubiM
mowl0x%KeHHeM
COBeTCKOH
H
3Oeapy>KHEIX
TepMuHOnO H4ecKHx
INKOJ
NpH3sHaeTCA
ONpexemmiollee
3HaYeHHe
POPMHPOBaHUA
CHCTeMbI
MOHA-
THH
HeKOTOpOH
OOTHnac
3HHaHA
TIpH
ynops_oyeHMU
ee
TepMuHOsO HuH.
Jaa
O6OsHa eHHA
AeATeIbHOCTH,
HaNpaBMeHHOl
Ha
paspaOoTky
cucTembI
mOHA-
THH,
Mpesma ae ca
TepMuH
ynopxOo enue
nonaTuii.
Ynopaqoyenue
nOnATUM
npeAnoua aeT
mpoBesen e
TaKHX
UCCMeOBAaHHU,
Kak
BbIABJeHHe
cielHpHy-
HBIX
AIAh
aHOH
O6MaCTH
3HAHHA
NOHATHI,
ux
POpMHpOBaHue
HU
yTOUHeHHe,
OpMyHpOBan e
NOHATHHHDIX
BLIPAaXKeHH,
ycTaHOBJeHHe
OTHOWIeHHH
Mexnowa uam-
Ay
u.
B
pesyp a e
ynopaqouenua
NOHATH
MpoucxOANT
cosqaHue
TOHATHHHOH
KapTHHbI
TOM
MPOeKIHH
OCKTHBHOMOb
PeaJIbHOCTH,
KOTOpad
HCcjle ye-
Tca aHHOH
B
Hay4yHoH
OOmac u.
Tloc poeHue
cucTeMbI
NOHATH
cnoco6cTBy-
eT
yCNeWHOMY
pellleHHIO
BOMpOcoB
y opAqoYeHHA
TepMHHONO HH:
MOTHBUPOBaHHOMY
BbIGOpy
PeKOMeHAyeMbIX
(CTaHLapTHSyeMBIX)
TePMHHOB,
YCTaHOBJeHHIO
HepeKOMeHAYyeMBIX
(HeAOMyCTHMBIX)
TepMHHOB
H
MpHems e-
MBIX
Ha
JaHbIii
MOMCHT
CHHOHHMOB,
IIPHHATHIO
9KBUBAJICHTHBIX
HASBIYHEIX
TEPMHHOB.
Jle ko
3aMeTHTb,
YTO
B
OTMHYHE
OT
TEPMHHA
YnopAGOYeHUe
TePMUHONOZUU
TeEPMHH
YNopAOOLeHUe
NOHATUM
UMeET
He
CTOABKO
JMHIBHCTHYECKYW,
CKOJIbcOlep%KaTeMbHO-Ha-
KO
y4Hy1O
H
AOTHKO-MeTOAONO NYeCKyI0
HallpaBeHHOCTD,
CBHACTEACTBYIOMLYIO
O
KOMMJICKCHOM
XapakTepe
HCCeqOBaHHH,
CBASAHHBIX
c
ynopaouenHeM
TepMHHOJIO HH.
OuepuyqHO,
YTO
HaoHOMee
BaXKHEIM
yCIOBHeM
ynopsO¥eHHA
NOHATH
AB-
JA€TCA
OCKTHBHOOb
3HAYHMOe
PUKCHPOBAHHe
KOHKPeTHO-Hay4HO O
comepxKa-
HHA
MOHATHH,
COOTBETCTBYIOUe O
COBPeMeHHOMY
yPOBHIO
pasBHTHA aHHo
o6lacTH
3Haus.
B inonHeHHe
sTo o
ycnoBua
TpeOyeT
pelieHua
BompocoB
cOlep2KaTebHO-Hay4dHo o
OGecneyeHHA
ynopssoueHHA
NOHATHE.
59
Haysueni xapax ep
ynopaxoienna NOMATHI
MOcTH aeTCA
KpOme
To o uc-
HOJb30BaHHEM
MeTOXOB
pala
Apy ux
Hayk, Hanp.,
JeKCHKOJO HH,
neKCHKO padu-
n, HayKu ssbiKe
o
HayHO-TexHHYeCKO
wHTepa ypHI.
Io
NOSBOAeT
opmy.suposa s
nons uiinne
BbIpaxkKeHHA
C
yueTOM
HOpM
oomeau epa yp-
HOPO
ASbIKa
H
S13bIKa
paccMaTpHBaeMol
O6acTH
SHaHHaA.
O6uleii
Me ogon0 nueckol
OCHOBOH
poBexenua
yuopsz0 eHHA
NOHATHIT
ABIACTCA
HAKTHaeUeCKUI
MaTepHaJu3M,
MapKCHcTCKO-neHHHCKag
TeOpHA
mosHanua.
Hanp., KauecTBe
B
o Ho o cnoco6os
cuc emaTusanuu
u3
nonaTui
HCHOMb3yeTCA
pynnupoBKa
NoHATHi
nO
kaTe opuam.
II s ompu
npumensa-
loTCA
Takue
KaTe opun
AuaneKTHYecKo o
MaTepHaJIu3Ma,
KaK
O6beKT,
cBOIi-
CTBO,
OTHOWeHHe,
Nponecc,
bynkuna,
BemMYHHA
H
Ap.
_
B
To
xe
Bpema
HeoOxozuMo
MPHMMATb
BO
BHUMAHHe
pesybTaTH
HCCAe-
AOBAHHIi
B
Pas
mH4HbIX
O6acTax
COBPeMeHHOM
JO HKH:
Teopun
3Haka
u
3Ha-
4eHHA,
JO H¥ecKoH
cemaHTuKe,
TeOpHAX
Kaccubukanun
uw
onpexenenus.
Han6oapmyio
wexuoc s
ja8
MeTOROMO HYeCKo o
OGecneyeHHuA
paspabo -
KH
CHCTeM
NOHATHIi
HEIHayyx
O6macTeli
SHaHMA
Mpeac aBaaeT
cool coppe-
MeHHad
Teopua
NoOHATHA.
Hwxe
6Oyay
xpa ko
PacCCMOTpeHbI
HeKOTOpbIe
BONpOcEI
Teopuu
NOHATHA: Ich weiß nich .
THOCeOJIO HYeCKan
NpHpoza
nOHATHIHO
opMbl
nosHa ua;
onpeenenne
no-
HATHA
CaMO O
NOHATHA;
yTouHeHHe
mo uyecKol
CTPyKTypbl
NOHATHA
Hu
e o
CoxepKanHA;
a alus
BUZOB nonsTHi,
pasnuyaoulUxcs
ao uueckon
dopmoii,
JOFHYeCKHX
H
OTHOMeHHIi
Mex
AY
NOHATHAMH,
Uccneqopaune
uoceono muecko i
MPHPOAbl
NOHATH
HMeeT
cBOeT
WeBIO
BEIABHTb
OCOOeHHOCTH,
KOTOpHIe
NO3BOMAT
OTAMYHTb
e o
OT
TakHx
cbopM
no-
SHaHHA, Kak
cyKeH e
mpexcTaBnenne,
H
OmpeeIHTS e o
po b mponecce
B
NHaOsHHA,
B
PopMupoBanuu
u
byHkunonuposanun
sana.
Tas
o awyenus
nous aa
o
CyKACHHA
NOesHO
conoc aBHTh
npexc aB-
WeHHA
HEKOTOPOH
HayKH
B
BAe
COBOKyNHOCTH
cyKTeHHH
H
B
Bue
coBOKyn-
HOCTH
MOHATH.
OOmeusBecTHO,
4TO
KaxKaA
O6nacTD
SHaHHA
HMeeT
Jeno
c
ONpeeeHHBIM
(pa MeHTOM
OObeKTHBHOI
PeaJbHOCTH,
xXapaKTepusyembIM
CBOHMH
O6beKTaMH
uccenoBaHusa.
B
Tpolecce
HccieqOBaHHa
STHX
Ob
beK-
TOB
BbIeIAIOTCA
CyllecTBeHHBIe
cBOiCTBa
OTHOUWIeHHA,
C
MOMOMIbio
KO-
TOPHIX
YCTaBIHBaloTcA
3aKOHOMepHOCTH
aHHO o
@pa men a
peasbHo o
Mupa.
3aKoHBI
HayKH
c
no MuecKol
TOUKH
SpeHHA
MpezcTaB sioT
cob6ok cyx-
ACHHA,
OTPaxaloll e
LaHbIi
ypoBeHb
nosHaHua
OEKTHBObHBIX
3aKOHOMep-
HocTei
H
NO3BONmOMINe
OACHObATS
H
MIp€ACKa3blBaTb
NOBeeHHe
OG6bEKTOB
HccleqoBaHua.
Ha
s3bixe
qannol
o6nac u
SHaHHA
STH
CyHKeHA
BbIPaxKaloTca
c
no-
MOIIbIO
IpeAOKeHHH
Onpexe eHHo o
Bua.
Ananu3
NOQOOHEIX
mpeqnoxe-
HHH
TO3BONHeT
BbINeaUTS
B
ux
cocTaBe
J€CKPHIITHBHbIe
H
sO H4yecKHe
KommonenTH.
B
uynene
peckpunTusHbix
KOMMOHEHTOB,
B
CBOIO
OUeped,
BBINeIAIOTCA
TEPMHHEL,
T.
€.
clOBa
HAH
cioOBoco eTaHHa,
npexcTapasiouue
KacChl
OObeKTOB,
OGO6uaemEIX
110
HeKOTOPbIM
mpHsHakam.
Hanp.,
mlepBoe
Ha aJlO
TepMOAMHAaMUKuH
(B
OZHOI e o
H3
opMyauposok)
B ipaxae cs
c e-
60
:
Ayloulum
MpeAnoxwenuem:
Tenzo a,
coobwaemaa
Tepmodunamu eckoi
cuc e-
Me,
PAGHA
CYMMe
NpupaluyenUA
BHYTPeHHe
aHepeuu
u
paboTol,
npouseodu-
MOu aTO
CucTemo
npoTUs
BHeWHUX
cUun'.
STO
npexnomxenne
BbIpaxkaeT
ORHO
W3
HCXOAHBIX
CyKMCHHH
TepMOAMHAMUKK,
OTPaxalollHx
cy
ameu asp-
Hble
SAKOHOMCPHOCTH
MaTepHasbHO O
Mupa.
B
qaHOM
npeqoxennu
BCTpe-
Wa oTCA
CJeAYIOWMe
ChekHpPuAbLe
LA
TepMOHHAMUKU
TEPMHHBI:
TenzOTA,
Tepmodunamu4ecKkan
cuc ema, SHYTPCHHAA
aHepeun, pabo a,
BEIpaxa wllue
OAH
3
OCHOBHBIX
NOHATH
TepMOAMHAaMHKH.
Ecam weabio
cyxenua
aBaae ca
yTBepxAMeHHe
ONpeeneHHO O
OTHOIIe-
HUA
MeXK
Ay
OCKTAMUOb
HAM
HasM4He
cBOlicTBa
y
OOBKTa,
TO
NOHATHE
He
HeceT
B
CeOe
HAKaO O
yTBepxeHMA
H
CAyKUT
MpeAcTaBuTeemM
O6beKTOB
onpe eieHHo o
Kilacca
B
CO3HaHHM
4YenoBeKa.
IIp
3TOM,
B
OTAHUHe
OT
Ta-
KOH
4YBCTBeHHO-KOHKpeTHOH
(MEI
no3HaHHA,
KaKhop
IipeacTaBseHHe,
c
10-
MOILbIO
TOHATHA
OObTHEKI
BLIeIAIOTCA
NO
HaMHYHIO
y
HUX
CYILeCTBeHHBIX
npusHakos.
IIpumensemblii
np
oOpasoBanuu
noHATHA pHem
a6c Tpa upo-
BaHHA
OTM4AeTCA
OT
TO O, MOMOLIbio
C
KOTOPPo O
ycTaHaBJIMBaeTCA
OTHOMEune
COOCTBeHHO O
HMeHH
H
OTZeMbHO O
MpenMe a.
Ecuu
B
ocnezHem
caly-
4ae
HMeeCT
MECTO
OTOAeCTBNCHHe
PasJMYHBIX
cocTOMHMi
Hu
CTamui
oTLeAb-
HOTO
TAMeTape,
TO
NpH
OOpas0BaHHH
NOHATHA
OBEKTHI
OTOKMECTBAAIOTCA
lO HX
CyU€CTBeHHbIM
IIpH3HaKaM,
HO
UX
pa3IHYMA
NO
Apy uM
MpH3Hakam
He
H HOpupyio ca.
Tak,
NOHATHIO
TepmOoOUHAMUUECKaA
CUuCcTemMa
COOTBeTCT-
ByeT
MPOHSBO/IbHaA
CHCTeMa
M3
Kiacca
CHCTeM,
CyIeCTBeHHbIM
IIpH3HaKOM
KOTOPHIX
ABJIAeTCA
cnoco6HOCTh
K
OOMeHY
9Hep ueli
u
(um)
BellecTBOM.
B To xe
BpeMA
110
Apy M
MpHsHakaMm
pasnH4aIOTCA
OTKPHITHIe, 3aKPHITHIe,
H30JIMPpOBaHHble,
aquaGaTHble,
e epo eHHble,
OMO eHHbIle,
MHOTOKOMMOHTHE-
HbI€
TEPMOAHHAMHYecKHe
CHCTeMBI.
OHaKO
B
NOHATH
TePMOOUNAMU4ECKAA
CucTeMa
3TH
IIPH3HaKW
He
aKTYaNM3-
HpyIwTca.
Mcxoqa us
Tako o
KpaTKo o
paccMOTp-
eHua
Hoceoso -
MuecKol
npHpoAL
NOHATHA,
MOKHO
MPHHATh
ce yloulee
e o
onpemenen-
ue:
JlonasTue
9TO Popma
nosnaxun, C
NOMOL4eI0
KOTOPOH
OOSeOL
UCCAIOEDO-
BABAHKUA
OOOOWEH-
OH
OTPAHCAIO-
TCA U BbbE
NOAIOTCA
UX
CYWMeHoC-
TEEH NIM
NITpusHaK-
am.
Oco6eHHo
BaxkHO ANH
ynOpaxo e-
Hua
MOHATH
coBpemeH-
HOe
ucTOMKOB-
aHHe
CTPyKTypbI
MOHATHA.
OHO
LOCTH aeT-
CA C
MOMOM[bIO
IPHMeHCH-
HA A3bIKa
HC4HCIeHHA
NIpequKaT-
oB.
B epBble
MoOOHOe
NPpUMeHE-
HHE ObIIO
npeAOxwK-
eHO E. K.
Bo mpnano-
2,
Llex pabHb-
im
NOHATHeM
HCUMCeH-
UA
IpeAUKaTOB
ABIA-ObTCH
€MOHATHE-
KA,
KOTOPHIi
npexcTaBa-
eT coOol
dopmy
yepxzeHHA
HAIMA
ClCcTBa y
OBOEKTA
HIM
OOMTHIeH-
HA Ay
OObeKTA
HABY YETH.
06UleM Bue
CTPyKTypa
NOHATHA
MOXeT
ObITh
NpeAcTaBe-
Ha B Bue
CMesyI0Uk-
e O
BbIPAKCH-
HA
PACLIMPeH-
HOTO
HCUMCeH-
HA
IpemHKaTO-
B: eD(e), ae
e
TipeiMeTH-
ad HIM
NpequKaTH-
ad
MePeMeHH-
Had, a
MOC(e) NOCcTOAHHBI npequka .
'
Ousnyeckui
sAHKIONeAHYeCKHi
cnoBapb.
M.:
Cos.
sHMnKonegus,
1963,
7.8,
c.
602,
2?
BoBuimbano
E.
K.
Moss aeM. Tep:
Usq-no
MY,
1967.
61
B
kauec se npumepa
nogo6no o aHaJIu3a
CTPYKTYpbI NOMATHA
IpHBeeM NOHATHE
OTKPLITOHMOAHHaM-
uYecKOl cuc emE:
Tepmoduxamuueckan
cucT@Ma, KOTOpaA
moxeT
OOmeHUeaTOECA
seuecT6om
Cc
Opyeumu
cuc emamu.
Poab
mpeame uol
nepemennoii
SHeCb
BHINOJHACT
TepMHH
TepmoduKamude-
3
Ckaa
cucTema,
a
IipenuKaT
BEIpaxen
c
TOMBIO
Onpexe uTeIbHO O
mpusaTOYHOFO
NpeaiOKeHUA
KOTOPAaR mooke
oOmenusa oca
eewec eom
c
Opyeumu
cucTemamu,
Boipaxkenue
cozepxanus
nona ni
nocpeAcTBOM
MpequKaToB
(npocTEIx
HJIM
COXKHBIX)
MO3BOIMET
BEIABHTh
BCe
NOTHYCCKH
BOSMOXHBIe,
T.
e.
pasuH-
aloll ecsd
NO HyeckoH
PopMoli,
BULLI
NOHATHIT.
B
kauec se
Taxux
Bugzos
nonaTu
MOT y
ObITb
IIpuBeseHbI,
Hanp., cue-
Ay ouyne:
—
6e30THOCHTeIbHBIE
NOHSTHA,
OCHOBOH
OOOOMeHHA
NMeTOBpea
B
KOTO-
PbIX
ABAMIOTCA
cBOlicTBa
(KayecTBa,
cocTosHuA)
mpeqme os:
xA(x), ae
mpeime THas
*—
nepemennas;
A(x)
—
Hpeduka ,
B
KOTOpOM
yTBepxaeTcH
Hajlm4ne
cBolic Ba
A
y
mpeqme a
u3
Kmacca
IipeMeTos,
mpexcTaBmenxo o
nepemenHon
x.
Hanp.,
x
we nce
(x), ae
x
HaTypaJIbHoe
4HCN0,
YTO
Ha
OOulenHTepaTypHOM
ssbIKe
OyzeT
BbIPaKaTbea
CeAYIOULHM
O6pasom:
TO
Ha-
TYPANGHOC
4UCAO xX,
KOTOPOe
ABARETCA
eTHOLM;
—
HOHATHA
C
OTHOMICHHAMH,
BbIenAOlMe
KNacc
n-oK
II€PAMeTOB
Ha
Oc-
HObe
OTHOMeHHi
Mey
9THMH
Mpeqme amu:
4...
%nR(%,...,%n),
oe
%4,...,%n
n-Ka
mpezme os;
R
—
oTHoulenne
MeX
Ay
IpeqMe aMy
x4,..., Xn.
Hanp., x1,
Gonowe
x2
(%1,
%2),
T.
€.:
napa
uucea,
nepsoe
U3
KOTOpelx
bonowe
8TOpoeo;
—
OTHOCHTeJIbHbIC
MOHATHA,
OGOOULalOUHe
MpeAMeTEI
Ha
OCHOBe
cBolicT-
Ba,
IPOHS3BOAHOFO
OT
OTHOMICHHA: Ich weiß nich .
NepBEIi
emy4ali
—
xR(x, a),
ae
a
—
onAedeHu-
bli
mpeame .
Hanp.,
x
Oonewme
(x,
3);
BTOpoH
cay4ai
<QyR
(x, y), mle
4—
KBaHTOp
cylecTBOBaHHA,
CBASLIBAIOUIMI
lipe{MeTHy1
MepeMeHHy10
y.
Taxy o
so myeckyio
dopmy uMECT,
Halip., ceqylollee
NOHATHe:
TepmoduHaMUEC-
KAA CUCTeMa,
CnocobHaA
ObOmeHUBATECA
eewecTeom
¢
Opyeumu
cucTema-
mu;
TTHi pe
cayali
xy
yR(x, y),
TAe y
KBaHTop
OGmHOCTH,
cBASbIBalOul-
Mii
MpeAMeTHy!o
epeMeHHylo
y,
a
<—>»—
3HaK
o punanua.
Hanp.,
TepmoOuxamuueckaa
cuc ema, KOTOPaA
mOIeT
He
OOMeHUGATOCA
BeLeCTEOM
c
Opyeumu
cuc emamu;
:
—
HOHATHA
O
cBolicTBax
(OTHOWeHHAX),
MpeAcTaBIAlollue
Kacc
cBolicTB
(oTHomeHnii),
BEITeneHHLIT
Ha
OcHOBe
HaJIMYHA
y
9X cBOlicTB
(OTHOWeHHIi)
onpexeseHTUH-
o o
OOule o
cBolic Ba:
RO(R).
Hanp.,
nona ue
R
peaexcueHo
(R)
0606meHHO
NpeAcTaBAdeT
Kacc
OTHOWMeHHA
R,
OOanawmux
cBo ic -
BOM,
KOTOpPOe
BbIpaxae ca
mpequka om
y
xR(x,x).
B
cay
s omgae
R
apnaeTC-
ca yxKe
He
ONpeNeHHEIM,
(bUKCHPOBaHHBIM
OTHOWeHHeM,
a
IpeqHKaTHOH
NlepeMeHHOH,
npexc aBasiouleli
Knacc
OTHOWeHHE.
*
Tepmunogunamuxa,
Tepmunono us.
Tpoex .
M.:
Hayxa,
1982.
62