Динамика языковых процессов на разноязычной территории

LIETUVIU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXVII (1988) LIETUVIU KALBA IR BILINGVIZMAS SAKOBAC TPH®OHOBAC JLHHAMHKA ASbIKOBbIX MIPOWECCOB HA PA3HOA3SBINHOA TEPPHTOPHH Bsenenne. OObeKTHBHEIC YCNOBHA pa3BUTHA MHOTOHaUHOHAbHOTO TocyMapcTBa BbINBHTAalOT 3aKOHOMepHYy!O ToTpe6HOCTh BO BCeMepHOM yray6neHHn MpoleccoR MHTepHANHOHATH3anHH. Dro ompesensdetcs yBeIMYeHHEM YHCIeHHOCTH KOpeHHBIX HalMOHasbHOcTeli IIpH OMHOBpeMeHHOM YCHJIeHHH MHOrOHAaHOHAIIbHOCTH HaceyleHHa, H3MeHeHHeM 9THOJeMOrpadH4eckHxX CIpyKTyp Ha done MuxTPAalHOHHEIX Mpoueccos, 4TO o6ycnoBmuBaeT MOcTOAHHEI pocT MaciTa6oB HerlocpeycrBeHHoro MaccoBoro oGmeHua rpescraBHTestei pasHEx HaljHoHabHOCTe;, HeBO3MOXHbI 6e3 asbHelimMero pasBuTHA H pacliMpeHHA COMMAJIbHBIX oynxkunii pyccKOrO #3bIKa Kak CpesCTBa MexKHALMOHABHOTO o6uleHHs H HHTepHalHOHaJIbHoro citoveHHs. Pycckuii a3bIK CMOr IIpHHATh Ha ce6a YHKUMIO MexHANHOHAIbHOTO CpeAcrBa OOUIeHHA B HOBbIX COUMAJIbHBIX YCIOBHAX 6naromapa HCTOpHuecKH CJIOxuBUleiica MHHaMHUHOH cTpyKType, KoTOpas B CHIy cBoei OTKPBITOCTH ,,110cTosHHo O6oraulaeTca H MpeoOpasyeTcs B CBASH C BKIHOeHHEM B OpOHTY ee AeiiCTBHA BCe HOBLIX COMMAJIbHEIX H HallHOH@JIbHBIX KOJWIEKTHBOB, B pe3yIbTaTe WerO M3MeHAIOTCA COMHAIbHbIc HW HallHOHAJIbHbIC cdheppi ero yotTpe6seHHs, ero yHKnMOHATbHBIe CBASH C UpyTHMH s3bIKaMH Hi B3AaHMHbIe OTHOWEHHA MexDY pasIMYHbIMH YPOBHAMHM A3bIKa (Jiwamuxa cTpykTypbl COBpeMeHHOrO pyCcKOTO s3pika, 1982, c. 10). OnHHM 13 KOHKpeTHEIX MposBseHHii TAakKOrO U3MeHeHHT sBHIIOCL Mepepacipenenenve ¢yHKYHOHaIbHOH CTPyKTYPbI ASbIKa, TipHBefiee K H3MeHCHHIO yHKwai qManexta, KOTOpsIli, H3MeHAACh TOR aBeHveM JIMHTBHCTHYCCKH o6mmnx H commonormyeckH Gosee IpeCTHKHBIX TeHeHUMH, MOCcTeleHHO mpH6mnxKaerTcsa K pa3roBopHOii peqH. Oco6siii HHTepec B 9TOM Mane MpeACTaBIAIOT aHasexKTHBIe CHCTeMbI, CYIecTBYIOWIHe B YCHOBHAX HHOASEIMHOTO OKpyxKeHH#, KOTOPOe OKAa3biBaeT KOHCepBHpyroulee BOSselicTBHe Ha pasBHTHe WHayiexTHOH CHCTeMbI H TeM caMBIM OnperlesseT ee CTAOHJIHOCTS. Visysenve (byHKUMOHMpOBaHHS TAaKHX CHC- ‘Tem MpesctapsisxeT GonbUIOi MHTepec KAK KOHKPeTHOS TIposBleHHe WMaseKTHYeCKOTO XapaKTepa A3bIKOBBIX TpolleccoB — AHAeKTHKH S3bIKa KaK CHCTEMBI H A3bIKa kak yHKUMH B HX peaybHOM HelicTBHH. --Taxoii xapakTep s3bIKOBOTO pa3BHTHA: OT-MYaCT OCTpOBHbIe TOBOpbI PycCKOFO S3bIKa, B YACTHOCTH PYCCKHe CTAPOXHIbYECKHe TOBOPbI JIutssi, 06pa30BaBmiHecs B pesyJIbTATe NepeceseHHA PYCCKAX cTapoo6psamyes, KOTOpbie ciacaslHcb 107 OT peuHrHO3HBIX TOHeHHH HocHe MpoBeseHua B PoccHH HUKOHHAHCKOM LepKOBHOH petbopmer 1667 r. (HemuenKo, 1963 a, c. 65—67; Karalitinas, 1983, c. 23). O6sexToM HacTosmero HeceyOBaHHA H36paH OAMH H3 TakHx roBopos, O6pa30BaBIIHiicH B peSyIbTaTe TabHeliWlero MpOABHKeHHA PyCCKOTO HaceJIeHHA B Hayaste XX B. c MecT MepBOHayabHOrO 3aceseHHA (coBpeM. 3apacaiicKnit, Vonascxnit, [anesexckHii p-HbI) B CeBepO-3arla THOM HallpaBJIeHHA H CIMAHHA HECKOJIBKAX pycckHx crapoxwmbueckux rosopos JIuTBst (PCTJI) Ha nopoii TeppHtopHa — B WeHTpanbHow yacTH HbHeHero Mlaynsiickoro p-Ha H N09TOMy MMeHYyeMbIit roBOpOM pycckux crapoxu0B Mlaynsiickoro p-Ha (PCI). B pesynbtate HemMHOTOYHCHeEHHOCTH ero HOCHTeyei H ChelMhHKH paccelleHHt Ha HOBOM TeppHTOpHH (mpumepHo 300 yemoBeK NOYTH OTHOBpeMeHHO OGpa30BasIH TpH pyCcKHe epeBHA, pactionoxeHHbIe Ha paccrosHuH S—T7 KM Apyr OT Apyra B OKpyxKeHHH WIM HerocPeMCTBEHHOM cOcezCTBe Cc KOPeHHBIM JIMTOBCKHM HaceneHHem: B 1908 r. — a. Cmusersii, 8 1909 — Amansii, B 1910 r. — Tunaitasii) eure Sonpute ycunuica OcTpoBHOii XapakTep roBopa, BbIPasHBUIMMca BeTO TBOMHOM H30NANMH: He TOKO OT MaTepHKOBBIX TOBOPOB pyCcKOrO #3bIKa, HO HM OT OcHOBHOTO apeana PCTJI (Hentoxynusiii, 1964, c. 7—8, 14—15). Ilo Bpemenu uw XapakTepy 3aceneHHa TaHHbIM TOBOp cileayeT OTHECTH K MO30HHM MepecesleH¥ecKHM TOBOpaM, XapakTepH3y10UIMMcs OJHOBpeMeHHOCTbIO H MaCCOBOCTHIO MepecesleHHa H BbICOKOM CTeIeHbIO w30nMposanHoct# (Bapannnkosa, 1975, c. 22—31). : Iles naHHOl craTbH — W3y4eHHe OTIeENbHEIX OCcObeHHOCTeli tbyHKUHOHMpOBaHHS WaHHOM AWaNeKTHOM CHcTeMbI Ha HHOASEITHOM TeppHTOpHH B yCHOBUAX OHTHHTBH3Ma H JIMTJIOCCHH. B cOUMONMHYBHCTHYeCKOM HccieqoBaHHH mpobseMpl hyHKUMOHMpOBAaHHA # B3aMMOReHCTBHA A3bIKOB HEOOXOZHMO OMpeseNHTb YHCTO A3bIKOBbIe MapaMeTpl PyHKUHOHANBHOTO pa3BHTHA C TOYKH 3peHHA HCHOb30BaHHA PasHBIX POpM CYII€CTBOBaHHA A3bIKa, Pa3HBIX eFO MOJCHCTeM B pa3IHYHBIX chhepax OOulectBeHHOH H KYJbTYPHOW DexTeNbHOCTH JOMel, c TOYKM 3peHHA pesyIbTATOB auiHTebHOTO MpWMeHeHHA s3bIKa B TOM HH Apyrou dyHkuwH (MuxampyexKo, 1984, c. 8). Camo xe byHKUHOHabHOe pa3BHTHe #3bIKa BCerya O6ycOBIeHO COBOKYMHOCTBIO COMMANIbHBIX H AZbIKOBLIX bakTOpos, B HaHGouee OOmIeM Bue MpenCTaBJICHHLIX A3bIKOBOM MONHTHKOH, C OMHOM CTOPOHEI, H A3bIKOBbIM COCTOAHHEM, TIOHHMaeMbIM KaK COBOKYMHOCTb BCeX BHJOB BAapHATHBHOCTH #3bIKa, Kak byHKULMOHaJIbHO HarpyXeHHbIX, Tak MH He HMeIOWIMX ACHO BLIPaxKeHHO! dbyHKUHOHATBHOK Harpy3kH, c Apyroit (Crenanos, 1976, c. 30). B Hacrostuei crate orpaHH4HMcsa aHaIH30M OHeTHYeCKOi BapHaTHBHOCTH H caMoli O6uleli XapakTepHCTHKOH BaPHaTHBHOCTH Ha JIekcH4¥ecKOM yposue. TlocneqHaAt HanGonee OTYeTIMBO O6yci0BJleHa B COMMOMOTHYECKOM acrexkTe. 1, CouHONMHIBHCTHYecKkad xXapakTepHcTHKa dyHKWHOHHpOBaHAS ounetuseckow cuctempr T PCI. Hecmotps na uckmioyntenbuyt ycroii4HBOCTb JaHHOTO YPOBHS AZbIKOBOM CHCTeMBI, POHETHYeCKHH, Kak H [pyre ypOBHA, HCHBITbIBaeT OlpesleeHHbIe H3MeHeHHA, OGycOBIMBaeMBIe Npexye BCerO BHYTPeHHUMH 3aKOHOMepHOCTAMH A3bIKOBOTO pa3BHTHA. Ho 9TO He MCKHOYAeT H BIMAHWA BHEWIHHX cbakTOpOB, KOTOPbIe, KaK H3BECTHO, BbIMONHAIOT OOLIYHO POJIb CBOe108 o6pasHoro KaTanu3aTopa, YCKOpsAIOUlerO HJM 3aMefIAIOUerO BHYTPeHHHe Mpoweccst OHeTH¥ecKOrO pa3BUTHA, MpoTeKaloulMe B TeCHOM \B3aHMOelCTBHH C MposBieHveM TeHeHUMii OOmMero rpaMMaTHYecKoro pa3BuTHa. Matepuan uccmenyemoro ropopa NOosTBepxKAAcT TeopeTH4eckoe MONOKeHHE © TOM, 4TO MIpHMapHBIe Mpu3sHakM AMaseKTa, mpescTaBiAoumMe co6oii ,.HaH6onee 3HAYMTeNbHBIe CTO OTKMOHEHUA OT HOPM JMTepaTypHOTO A3bIKa MIM OT apyrax qMayeKTOB B YCNOBHAX CMeleHHA HM TlOSTOMy CilyxKALIIe ,lipenaTcTBHeM UIA @3piKOBOrO OOUIeHus c uHaKoroBopsINMMH“, He OOpasy!oT kakoii-nu60 HeIOfBWKHOH, CTaTHYeCKH 3AaMKHYTOM TpyMitbl ASLIKOBbIX spneHnit (KupmyxHckuii, 1976, c. 389-390). Tak, Hanp., ecuM Aya Hocutenei [PCI crapmero moxoneHHa B kKavecTBe TaKOrO IipHMapHOrO IIpu3HaKa BBICTyIaeT yCedeHHe TMMHELS okoH4aHHi, ocoGeHHO B CHCTeMe Fularona, TO AJA MONOAOTO NOKONeHHA — CMIbHOE AKAHbE M TBepfocTh adppukat. Pe3sybTaTOM TAaKOrO pa3ssIM4HOTO ropxoga & BbLABIeHHIO HawOomee ,,OCTpEIX“ MHasleKTHEIX OcobeHHOCTeH sABuAeTCH pasiM4Had cTelleHb NpHONMKeHUA WHAaNeKTHO pei K qMTepatTypHol HOpMe. Viccnenopanve cboeTwueckoii BapHaTHBHOCTH AaHHOrTO ToBopa mlocTpoeHo Ha OCHOBe BBIABIeHHA AManas0Ha BapHauHit (Variationsbreite) (Fleischer, 1961) TakUX BaxHelilMMx OcOGeHHOcTeii ero (OHETHKH, Kak CHJIbHOE sakaHbe, W3eKaHbe M ekaube, Merlanatammsauua addpuKat, a Takxe HEKOTOPPIX Upyrux oueTHuecKHX sBNeHHii. C Apyroii cTOpOHBI, H3yyeHHe (boHeTH4ecKOli BapHaTHBHOCTH B YHKNMOHAaSIbHOM Mane Tpe6yeT Kak CHHXPOHHOYO, Tak HM AHaXpOHHOTO mogxona, yTO IpenmosaraeT HEOOXOAMMOCTb yieTa ocoGeHHOcteli CTaHOBIeHHA HM pasBHTHA uecnemyemoro roBopa. Tax kak HicculenyembIii ropop O6pasz0Balica B pesyIbTATe CHMAHHA pala OCTPOBHBIX CTAPOXKUMbYECKHX TOBOPOB JIMTBbI, OCHOBHEIC YepTHI ero dbOHETH4eCKON CHCTeMbl CBHJeTeNBCTBYIOT O ero OOurHOCTH c HHMH. B KayecTBe TaKHX oOumx yepT BBIeMAIOTCH: B CHCTeMe BOKAaJIM3Ma — HeMCCHMMNATHBHOS AKAHbe, CHIbHOe skaHbe, BOKAIM3M MepBoro MpexyAapHoro cuora noche mimnsuHx ut /1/, sBIeHHT BTOporo MOsHOrNacHs, XapakTep MpOHuSHOMIeHHA HavasIbHEIX MH KOHEHBIX GesyHapHbIx TaCHbIX HeBepXHEFO ToAbeMa H Ap.; B cucTeMe KOHCOHAHTH3Ma — W3eKaHbe WM WeKalbe, HeyCTOHYMBOCTb MpOHSHOMIeCHHs cormacuoro /p/, TBepqOCcTb TYOHEIX COPMACHEIX B KOHIe CIOBa, MATKOCTb 3y6xoro /c/ B cydduKce -ck-, ioTaHM HavasbHBIX TACHBIX B MeCTOHMeHHAX, yI{polleHHe cOveTaHHii COracHBix B Ha4yaye HU CepeyHHe CIOBa HM Ap. (nonpoGuee cm.: Tpudoxosac, 19786, c. 90-93). Omnaxo 8 ropope pycckux crapoxusios Ilnynsiickoro p-Ha 3a cpaBHHTeIbHO HeOONbUION MepHo ero OFocobNeHHOFO cyllecTBOBAHMA BbIABHIMCh HCKOTOPbIe ocobeHHOcTH (boHeTH¥eCKOH CHCTeMbI, OTIHdaIoumMe aHHEIi TOBOp OT ApyrHx pycckux ropopos JIMTBBI. Han6onee spKo 9TO OTMHUHE BhIPAxKeHO B TBepAOCTH addpukatsr /4/ m coveranmii /ura/ u jkixx/ B COOTBeTCTBUM C JOJTHMH MATKHMH /ur’|, |>x’/ B aMTepaTypHOM s3bIKe: 4dc, Yopm, yoicma, 4acHbili, cuydc, HUYd6O, yolaeek, NUAAUHII, ude iid, wuyKa, pduuom, uuaNnkd, Waka, uueimay’; 600KC02KbI, daaicdo1eb1, Npuiiancdocaiiym, nputiescdnceltt MT. TL. (sHech M Jaslee WMasIeKTHbIe Ci10Ba UW TEKCTHI MpHBOAATCA B ypOIeHHO!t Tpauckpuman). B TO Ke BpeMs B TOBOpe 109 KOHOMePHOCTAM SA3bIKOBBIX MpOleccoB, MpHBeALIMM K CMATHCHHIO adbdpukat 8 pe3ymbtTate sce Gonee ycumMBatolleroca BO3felicTBUA HOpMasIH30BaHHOTO THA sapika (Opsopa, 1959, c. 64). Mccnemyembili xe ToBOp, o6pa30BaBLMiica B pesysibTate Manbuelimero MpowBHxKeHMA PyccKOTO HaCeeHHA B CeBepO-3allanHy!0 4acTb JInrBpt, B TOM “CIE Ha TeppHTOPHIO COBpeMeHHOTO Isaynsiickoro p-Ha, oka3ascz Ha TepHtepHH A3bIKOBOTO apeasia OCTPOBHBIX TOBOPOB pyccKoro s3bIka. STO a ompesenuno ero ocoGoe pasBHTHe M0 cpaBHeHHIo C 6pIIbIM O4AFOM HIM UeHTPOM apeasia, BEIpa3HBIlleecsd B COXPAHEHHH HepT, YTPAYeHHBIX B Oare WIM WeHTpe A3bIxosoro apeasta (Huxonos, 1977, c. 212-215). Sromy crioco6ctTsoBasla ABOHHAaZ H30NANMA HccHemyeMoro roBOpa, YCHIMBINax H30NMpyrollee BOSfelicTBHe HHOX3bIMHOTO OKPyXKeHHA Ha pa3sBHTHe BHYTPeHHeH CTPyKTypbI roBopa, 4TO H ortpezeM10 KOHCepBalHio ero HaHOOsee apXAHAHbIX YepT. TipwesiexaetT BHUMaHHe TOT baxt, 4TO B OTJeNbHBIX HCTOWHMKAX OMHCHIBACTCH aHaslOrHyHoe pa3BuTHe oHeTHKH OCTPOBHBIX PYCCKHX TOBOPOB B YCIOBHAX HHOAIKIMHOFO okpyxKeHHua — Haltp., coxpaHeHue OTBepseBIIHX CoueTaHHit /ura/, />kopk/ B OHOM 43 IledOpCKHX TroBopos (JIncenxona, 1964, c. 7—9, 15). O6urmme 3aKoHOMepHOCTH MposBneHHsA conHaTbHOl o6ycnoBneHHocTH oHeTHYeCKHX BapHaHTOB MaseKTHOM ped oMmpesemAHOTCA: 1) KOMMYyHHKaTHBHOH uetecoo6pasHOCTbIO, npeqycmatpuBatolel Tako BbIOOP ONTHMAJIBHBIX A3bIKOBBIX CpeACTB, KOTOPbIe MoAXOTMM ObI 11k pasHEIX BAAOB peyenoit MeaTembHOCTH Jleontes, 1974, c. 237); 2) rpanauvel HaceneHut — HOCHTeNA pyccKoroO A3bika — B 3ABHCHMOCTH OT COOTHOMIeHHA B eTO ped WHaseKTHBIX OcobeHHOcTeii (Tapacos, 1974, c. 62); 3) MoKanM3auMeli MONYNMANeKTHBIX A3bIKOBEIX CTPYKTyP H Ap. Tax, Hatip., B ceMeitHO-StiToBOH chepe HaOMIOAaeTCA 3HAMHTEILHO 6oubulast YACTOTHOCTS peamH3alHH OCHOBHEIX YepT BOKASH3Ma H KOHCOHAHTH3MA HccsIeqyeMoro ToBopa, YeM B OHUMAIBHO-TeNOBOM OGIeHHH, a TOKANHIALMA HOCHTeseH TOBOpa B CebcKO MH TOposcKOli MecTHOCTH OMpeneaxeT YCTOHYHBOCTh OTJeNbHBIX POHETH4eCKHX ‘epT. Baxneiimmmu counanbHBIMH JeTepMHHaHTaMH, B epBy!o O4epenb Obycm0B~ NHBAIOIWWMMH POHETHYECKYIO BAPHATHBHOCTh, ABIALOTCH BOSpacTHOH WH MoOOBOK npu3Hakn (BapauHuxosa, 1972, c. 9—11). BetGopounstit aamus wu cTaTHcTH4ecKad o6pa6oTka A3bIKOBOTO MaTepHasa MOKa3bIBaIOT, ITO HaHOombulat YaCTOTHOCTS peamM3anuM TAKHX OCObeHHOCTeli BOKAsIM3Ma HCCHIeMyeMOTO TOBOpA, KaK CHJIbHOe skaHbe, BOKAIM3M MepBoro MpesywapHoro ciora nocie WiMAX H /U/, oxBTeHHe IIpOTeTH4eCKHX 3BYKOB B Hayaye HAH CepeaHHe C1OBa, XApakTepHa WIA HOCHTeseH TPCUI crapmero noxonenms. Tak, ectH YacTOTHOCTS peamH3ayMH caMoli apKoit YepTI BOKAJIH3Ma — CHIBHOTO AKAHbA — Y HHPOPMAHTOB 9TOTO MOKOJCHHA KoyleGueTCa OUCH HE3HAYHTeIBHO, B Mpeenax Bcero sub 5% (cM. Taba. 1), TO y HOcHTeNeii ropopa MONOMOTO NOKONeHHA 3TO KONeOaHMe HMeeT O4CHS OONBwylo ammnutyay — oT 20 no 95%. UacroTHocts peasm3anMH TBepAOCTH adbopukaT Y MYXYHH cTapUlero NOKONeHHA Takxe KOeOMeTCA OT 94 Bo 100 % u BoBC OTCyTCTByIOT KoseGaHHa Y %KeHUIHH, B TO BPeMs KaK Y HHOPpMaHTOB MOsTOZ0rO noxonenua — oT 20 no 83 % y MyKanH HoT 10 00 97 % y 2keHUIHH, lil Hapamy c Bpileyka3aHHEIMH (bakTOpaMu boneTHYecKast BAPHATHBHOCTb B HeMano cTeneHH 3aBHcHT uw OT dakTopa MOOMsbHOCTH HocutTeeli ropopa. Tak, ecnw y HeMOOHILHLIX MpesicTaBuTenelt cTaputero noxowenus KOue6aHua YaCTOTHOCTH peasIN3auMM BCeX TpeX OCHOBHBIX (pOHETHHECKHX YepT TOBOPa HI BOBCE orcytcrsyroT (B rpynite MajIOrpaMOTHEIX), WIM ABIIAIOTCA He3HaYHTeIbHBIMH (cocrapustoT 2—3 %), TO y MOOHIBHEIX mpefctapuTesel OHM OCTHTawT 6-12%, TipH4eM MOGHMbHOCTh XapakTepH3yeT B OCHOBHOM MYX'HH, 4TO ABULACTCH CHeACTBHeM HX Gombuei;conmambHOli AKTHBHOCTH. 3uauenue sToro cbaxTopa eile Gombue nposBastetcs y mpeyctaBuTeseli MonOAOTO M cpesHErO MOKOTCHHA, rie koneOanua yacTOTHOCTH peamH3anMM TBepwOocTH adppuKaT, W3eKAHbA M MeKaHbst cOCTaBJIAIOT Gostee 40 % y myxunn u 7—10 % y %KeHUIHH IIpH OAMHAKOBOM YPOBHE o6pa30BaHHA. B To >ke BpeMa pa3HHla B BaPHATHBHOCTH CHIbHOTO AKAHbsA MCHCE 3Ha4HTeJIbHa B 3aBHCHMOCTH H OT 10a, H OT MOOMBHOCTH MHOpManTOB, YTO oOObaAcHAeTCH, Ha Hall B3ra, 6dmbWeH 61H30CTHIO AaHHOK boueTH4eckoli YepTbI TOBOpa K HOPMHPOBaHHOMY IIPOH3HOMIeHHIO 10 CpaBHeHHIO C ABYMA APYTHMH. Boxee BbICOKHii ypOBEHb YACTOTHOCTH peaH3allHH OT/CJIbHBIX (boHeTHYecKuX yepT ropopa y mpesctaputeneli Mouoyoro HM cpemHero TMOKONeHMA, MMerOUIAX cpegqHee uM BuIcIee OOpa30BaHHe, OMpeveuAeTCA B 6onbuleli cTeneHH MpHuHHaMH. cyOsekTHBHOrO WIM YaCTHOrO xapakTepa, HO B OCHOBHOM H B 9TOu rpynne mposxBJideTcs Ta Ke OOpaTHad 3AaBHCHMOCTD: YeM BbIllie yYPOBCHb o6pa3s0BaHus H MOOWIbHOCTh, TPM HNKe YACTOTHOCTh PeaJHsaljMH OCHOBHBIX oco6enHocteli cboHeETHKH ropopa. A ypoBeHb OOpa30BaHua y MHOPMAHTOB MOJOMOTO MOKOCHHA, HECOMHEHHO, 3HaYHTebHO MpeBbilliaeT yPOBCHb o6paz0BaHua MHOpMaHTOB CTapilieTO WoKoneHus: 67 % HepBbIX HMeIOT He3aKOHYeHHOe CpeaHce, 25 — cpequee H 8 % — Bsicmee o6pa3z0BanHe, B TO Bpemsa Kak 73 % wHOpMaHTOB cTapulero 0KONe€HHt HMeIOT JIMIIb HayasbHOe OGpasoBaHHe, OKoN0 20 % YMcloT YHTATh H MHcaTb HW OkONO 7 % HerpaMOTHBI — 3TO TiaBHEIM 06pa30M 2KeHIMHbI IpeKJIOHHoro Bo3pacta (10 aHHbIM TlepcreKTHBHOTO MlaHa comManbHOrO pa3BHuTHa KONIXO30B, B COCTaB KOTOPbIX BXOJAT o6creqoBaHHBIe aepepuu, Ha 1975—1980 rr.). Visonmpyroutee BOsielicrBHe MHOASbIMHOTO OxpyxKeHHA Ha MOHETHYECKyIO BaPHATHBHOCTR uccmemyemoro TOBOpa OCObEeHHO HaTJAAHO MpOsABUIAeTCA IpH coTOcTaBNeHHH aHanH3a OOpaslOB WMaseKTHBIX TEKCTOB PYCCKHUX FOBOPOB WeHTPaibHow YacTH JIMTBEI, B YaCTHOCTH Vouapcxoro p-Ha, C Bbiilleyka3aHHbIMH XapakTepHcTHkamM uccueyyemoro ropopa. Bo Bcex AHaJIeKTHbIX TekcTax pycckoro cTapoxHsIbuecKoro TroBopa VYouascxoro paiiona He 3adHKcHpoBaHO HM OHOrO cnyyad TBepgocTH adpppuKaTb /4/ HI coueranuit /u4/, /aKypx/, B TO Ke BpeMa Apyrue apxaw4eckMe 4epTbi POHeTHKH Ha6sIOMaIoTcA UpHMepHO Ha TaKOM xe YpOBHe 4aCTOTHOCTH, Kak HB HccueyeMOM roBope (Hemuenxo, 19636, c. 97—110). B o6pa3yjax Texcros pycckoro ropopa Virnanuucxoro p-na (Cupunkene, 1963, c. 111-113), B 30He mHTOBCKO-OeopyccKOrO MlOrpaHHbs, YAaCTOTHOCTh peaslHalu TRepsAOcTH adpbpukaT UpHOMMKAeTCA K ypOBHIO, XapakTepH3yIOUleMy wceyieayeMbili ropop, Kone6sach B Mpenenax 70—80 %. B o6oux clyyasx OOpasiibl TeKcTroB mpescrapasior co6oli samucu JMasleKTHOM pew HOcHTeNeli roBopa cTapuleTO MOKONeHHA, MasOrpaMOTHBIX WIM HeTpaMOTHBIX, 0 YeM MOXHO CYAMTb 0 112 cojlep»KaHHIO TeKCTa WIM yKa3aHMsM COCTAaBHTeNel, MOITOMY YaCTOTHOCTh PealTH3anuu WByX Mpyrux YepT oHeTHKH TOBOPOB MpefebHO BbICOKAa (cm. Ta6x. 2). Anasiw3 KOHKpeTHOTO A3bIKOBOrO MaTepHasia B CHHXPOHHOM ILlaHe B PATE cnyyaes BbIABHNI pe3skHe pasMGNA B OHeTHYeCKOH BAapHaTHBHOCTH, XapaKkTepH3ylolleli OTMeNbHEIX HOCHTeeli TOBOpa, MpwHatexalux K onHOom Hw TOM %*e Bo3pacTHoli rpynie. V3ysenme MHIMBHAyaNbHEIX COUMAJIbHO-MHTBHCTHICCKUX Ovorpabuit WaHHBIX KHAMBHAYyMOB CNOCOGCTBOBANO BHIABJICHHIO CIOXKHOTO H pasHooOpa3Horo B3aMMOJelicTBHA BHEIIHHX H BHYTPeHHUX cbaxTopos B Mmpouecce dyHKuMOHMpOBaHHA BCeli AHaNeKTHOH CHCTeMbI TOROpa H B pasBuTHM doueTuYeckOii BapHaTHBHOCTH, B YaCTHOCTH (nompo6uee 06 9ToM cm.: Tputoxosac, 1978 a, c. 89-90). Visyyenve mpoueccos (oneTH4ecKoii BapHaTHBHOCTH B peyeBol mMpakTHKe HOCHTeuel HecneAyeMoro TOBOpa NO3BONKET CieaTb BLIBOA 0 TOM, ¥TO COBpeMeHHOe COCTOSHHe BHYTpeHHeli CTpyKTypbI AaHHOTO OCTpoBHOTO pycckoro cTAapo2xubYecKOrO roBopa JIuTBEI MpepcTaBasxeT Cobol pesynbTaT auddy3Horo xapakTepa B3aMMOelicTBHA COCyIIeCTBYIOWIMX B rpaHHMax MccIeAyeMoro rOBOpa A3bIKOBBIX CHCTeM H MOACKCTeM, O6ycHOBeHHOTO Kak BHYTpeHAMMH OcoGeHHOCTAMH J@HHBIX CHCTeM, Tak M BHeMIHHMH cbakTOpaMH. 2. CouwomuurBucTHYeckad xapakTepwCTHKa COUMaIbHO-akTya~ HH3MpOBaHHOM MManeKTHOH meKcuKH. ComvONMHTBHCTHYECKOe HCCIeHOBaNHe AHONeKTHON WekcHkKK MpeqnMonaraeT RBITRTPHHE *PYHKIHOHAMBHOH 3akpenJICHHOCTH Tex HIM HHBIX ee IIACTOB, BbIJeAeMbIX Ha OCHOBe BHYTPHCTpyKTypHOrO HIM MeXBA3BIKOBOTO aHasIM3a, 3a OltpeeeHHbIMM BOSPaCTHBIMH, COMMA@JIbHBIMH, mpodeccHOHaIbHEIMM WIM HHbIMM rpynnaMi HOCHTeeH WaHHOTO A3bIKa HJIM roBopa, 4TO ABIeTCH YACTHBIM TIpOmBJeHHeM CONMAIbHO! TubhepenwHalAn A3bIKa, Hepa3pbIBHO CBA3aHHOH C COLHabHON auddbepenumanne obulecTBa (Useiinep, 1983, c. 6). Heo6xogumoii npezMocsINKOK ycrlenmHoro aHasiH3a mpo6siembi commasbHOW pMbbepenuMalMH A3bIKa B WeOM M OTJeNbHOFO eFO YPOBHA — J1CKCHKH — BiAeTCH MCCHeqOBAaHHeE COMMaNbHOH BapHaTHBHOCTH A3bikKa HM ped, KOTOpat TipeyctaeT B ABYX BHaXx: B CTpaTHuKalMOHHOH M CHTYaTHBHOIi BapHaTHBHOCTH (Ieeiinep, 1976, c. 73—79). Packppituto cyliHocTH colmambHol nHddbepenuuaHM ManeKTHOM neKcHKH B Gombulelt Mepe croco6crayeT crpaTHdukalmoHHaAt BapHaTHBHOCTb, HeMOcpeACTBeHHO CBxASaHHAaA C couHanbHoli cTpyKtypoi o6mecTBa. , TipHMeHutTembHO K WeutM MccHeqOBaHHA JWaneKTHOH NeKcHkH cTpaTHuKaWHOHHad: BapHATHBHOCTh MOXeT ObITb MipeAcTaBseHa B 6onee y3KOM NOHATHH CONMAIBHOH akTyaM3alWH WMaseKTHO JeKCHKH, mpeactassomel coboli yactHEI caryyaii cTpaTHpHKaNHOHHOM BapHaTHBHOCTH. Ona o6ycnoBamBaetcs BIIMAHHeM OfHOTO cOmMaMbHOTO dakTOpa — powa SaHATHH HM BHAA AesxtTebHOCTH cy6bexTOB, 4TO, Kak H3BECTHO, BCera HaXOWHTCH B TecHOH B3aHMOCBS3H C BO3nelictBHeM Wenoro psaya APyrHx couMabHbIX dakTOpos. Ha ocHone oOmenpH3HaHHOli H WIMpOKOHCHOsb3yeMoi TeMaTHYecKOli KNaccH- (PHKANHH AHAeKTHOH JeKcHKH MpeACTAaBIACTCA BOSMOXKHBIM BbIICIHTb B JCKCHKE 8, 1880 113 HCHONB3YIOTCH BCEMH HOCHTeIAMH MCCHeMyeMoro TOBOpa, He34BHCHMO OT poHa WX JeATeNbHOCTH HM Apyrvx cCOMMasIbHEIX JeTepMMHaHTOB. Bo BIOpH4HOM ' WIM epeHOCHOM 3Ha4eHHM 9TH %e cnoBa, byny4H BCeryja OrpaHH4eHHbIMH B BO3MOXKHOCTAX HX yOTpeONeHA, B TAHHOH peteBol OGUIHOCTH HCHOMb3YIOTCA JIMUIb B Y3KOCHeWHaNbHOM 3HaYeHHM, XapakTepH3yscb CTpOrO OrpaHHYeHHbIM CeMaHTHYeCKHM pa3rpaHHeHHeM, T. €. ABNIAIOTCA COMHANbHO aKTyaJIM3HPOBAaHHBIMH, Hamp.: 2amb, cmagumb, Kpymumb KM MX MpucTaBOYHbIe POpMEI sbi2zHame, npoeHamb, nocmasumb, ébiKpymumb, npoKpymumb B HccHeyeMOM TrOBOpe MOryT HcMONb30BAaTECA a) B TOM Xe 3HAYeHHH, KaK H B JMTepaTyPHOM A3biKe, — B 9TOM 3HaYeHHH OHH ynOTpeOMAIOTCA BCeEMH HOCHTeJIAMH roBopa; 6) B CielHaJIbHOM 3Ha4eHHM Kak Ha3BaHHA OMpeseseHHbIX CTPOHTeJbHBIX MPOLWeCCOB — TOJIbKO B ASBIKE CeNBCKHX cTpouTeneli, MpH4eM B OCHOBHOM cTapliero moKoeHHA (mo”pobHee om.: TpxHdouosac, 19786, c. 152—154). 3. BHyTpHcTpyKTypHOe B3aMMOeCTBHE KOHTAKTHPYWILAX A3bIKOBBIX CHCTeM H NOACHCTeM. Hecmorps Ha BBICOKy10 CTelleHb YCTOM4HBOCTH OHETHKH, HMeIOUIMiica A3bIKOBOH MaTepHasl CBUeTeIbCTByeT O HasIM4HM ONpereJeHHBIX (bakTOB BHYTPHCTpyKTYPHOTO B3aHMOJeHCTBHA KOHTAKTUPY!OUlHX AZbIKOBBIX CHCTeM Ha 3TOM YPOBHe. Vi B poguoii, 4 B HTOBCKOM ped PyCCKHX CTapOxXHIOB CTapillerO NOKOeHHA WHOra HaGsmOgaetcH DAPTOHTH3aUHA OTMENbHBIX yapHBIX PaCHBIX, Halip., MpoW3HOMeHHe AHpTOHTOH OB “0, “e Ha MecTe yapHbIX raCHbIx HeBepXHero MOAbeMa Jo], je/ x B pomHolt pes (H020, 3epab%omona, Cmaavencka, 2y6“epHuily — “MHOro’, “sapa6otano’, ‘CMomencka’, ‘rySepHuto’), HB MHTOBCKO:i (t“oki, sen“ovéj, kal'éjimas — “taxwe’, “B crapuny’, ‘TioppMa’). Hanwune nogo6upx gubrourouzos B JMTOBCKOM ped pycCKHX CTapOxH0B axe Ha Mecte Ge3yqapHoro JHTOBCKOrO KOHe4HOrO /é/ HH B Apyrux Ge3syZapHbIX MOSHIMAX CBHJeTeIBCTBYeT O BIMAHHH ocoGeHHOCTei (POHETHKH MeCTHBIX FOBOPOB JIMTOBCKOFO A3bIKA, B KOTOPbIX MpOH3HoWeHHe fonrux rnacupx /o/, /é/ KoneOmeTcx oT wmpoKHx /a:/, /e-/ no Y3KHX HanpsxeHHBIX /o-/, /e-/ HIM QupTOHTOB wu AMpTOHTOHDOB /uo, “o/, Jie, ‘e/ (Zinkevigius 1966, p. 68, 74) (cp.: Papura, 1983, c. 159). B TO xe BpeMs B JaHHOM Ciy4ae MOXHO FOBOPHT O cOXpaHeHuH cyOcrpata MaTePpHHCKHX TOBOPOB, Tak KaK JIJIt HEKOTOPbIX MATeEPHKOBBIX FOBOPOB pyccKoro s3bIka, TpaBda, B HaACTOAMee BpeMst He YacTO, XapakTepHO UucTOHTH4ecKOe MpOH3HOWeHHe 3BYKOB B COOTBeTCTBHH C (boHeMamH /0/, /e/, BEICTyMarOIee OOEITHO Hapsay c HeaMToHruueckum (Pycckat AuanexTonorus, 1964, c. 33). TlogyepxusatollMM BIMAHHeM 3By4aHHA THTOBCKOTO rmacHoro /e/ B TepBOM Mpexy4apHOM core MOxHO OObACHHTh OTHOCHTeJIBHO BbICOKY!O CTefleHb COxpaHeHMA CHJILHOTO AKaHbA B PCY PYCCKHX CTAPOXMIOB CpeqHerO H MOIOMOTO MOKOJleHHa, KOTOpbIe C JHTOBCKHM MpOH3HOWIeHHeM aHHOTO 3ByKa CTaJIKMBaKOTCH Topa3qO Yale, 4eM C HOPMHpOBaHHLIM PyYCCKHM MpOM3HOUIeHHeM (cp. pyccKoe WasleKTHOe H JMTOBCKOe JHTepatypHoOe MpoHsHOWeHHe: 6’a2y “Gery’ — degu, eddy “Beny’ — vedu, ¢’a3y’ “Besy’ — vezu, n’acy “Hecy’ — neSu, c’acmpd “cecrpa’ — sesuo), Re 115