LIETUVIU
KALBOT-
YROS
KLAUSIM-
AI, XXVIII (1989) De P äsiden . - Die Aussp ache is geschlossen.
KALBU
RYSIAI IR
SAVEIK-
OS
EJIEHA
MBAHOB-
HA
YAPHMKO-
BA
A3bIKOBb-
IE
B
KOHTAKTbI UWIOBAP CJb ycnoBusx
2KH3HH
Halle o
MHO OHalMOHabHO O
ocyape Ba,
e
paBHompaBHO
cyulecTBy oT
Gosee
c a
HauMii
uM
HapomHoOcTeli,
B ane oulHx
Gomee
4em cTa
TpHAUaTbIO
A3bIKaMH
HapowoOB
CCCP,
s3bIKOBble
KOHTAKTbI
HMeCIOT
CBOH
OCo-
GeHocTH.
B
COBpeMeHHOM
COBeTCKOM
A3bIKO3HAHHH
9TH
BONPOCKI
MpososKAIOT
HaXOJIMTbCA
B
WeHTpe
BHUMAaHUA,
TeM
He
MeHee
IIPHXOAMTCA
OTMEYaTh,
4TO
H3bICKa-
HHA
B
9TOH
OONaCTH
MOKa
HOCAT
4aCTHBIii
xapak Tep.
OGs 4Ho
OHH
He
BEIXOAAT
13
PaMOK
OTJ€JIbHBIX
HalHMOHAJIbHBIX
pecnyONHK,
HCCieqoBaHHA
He
OXBaTBIBAIOT
pa3JIM4Hble
JIMHBACTHYeCKHe
apeasbI
H
BCIO
CTpaHy
B
UeJIOM,
e
MOXKHO
HabsK0-
HaTb
HEKOTOPbIe
ASbIKOBbIe
3AKOHOMEPHOCTH
H
Pe
TAK
OCA3ACMO
KOHTAKTHPOBAaHHe
A3bIKOB
H
HX
HOCHTeJeli
B
CBA3H
C
MU pallHOHHBIMH
Mpo eccamu
Hacesenus
CCCP, TakKe
@
pa3/IH4HBIM
HalMOHAIbHbIM
COCTaBOM
HaceseHHA
pecny6sHK.
ABHO
ou y-
WTlaeca
HexBaTKa
OOOOMaIOWIMX
Hay4YHBIX
Tpy{OB
B
STON
akTyanBHOM
ObTHsac
UcciHeqOBaHH,
HET
U
AZbIKOBOTO
MpO HO3HPOBaHHA
B
WeOM
NO
Halllel
c paHe.
TU1a
MonyyeHMA
peawbHEIX
HAYHBIX
Pe3yNbTATOB
CeTOAHA
BOMPOCI
AIKIKOBLIX
KOHTAKTOB
He
MOT y
3KTHBHO
pelliaTbca
6€3
KOMMIeKCHOTO
MO_XOa
K
HUM.
HeoOxoauMbl
COBMeCTHBIe
YCHJIMA
AZbIKOBeAOB,
ICHXOOFOB,
ComMONO oB,
FOpHc-
TOB, 9KOHOMHCTOB,
HCTOPHKOB,
ITHO pados,
HeMOCpeACTBeHHO
3aHMAaIOUIHXcA
MMeHHO
9TOH
CTOpoHoi
mpoOsemsbI.
CoppeMeHHoe
w3y4eHHe
BOMpOCOB
KOHTAaKTH-
POBaHHA
A3bIKOB
TpeOyeT
UccsIeqOBaHHA
MHOFHX
CTOPOH
Halleli
JeiicTBATeNbHOCTH,
HeTIOCPEACTBEHHO
CSAHHBIX
C
MCTOPH4ECKHM
MpPOMLIbIM
COIO3HBIX
pecnyOsHK
1
Pa3IH4HBIMH
BPeMeHHBIMM
CpOKaMM
BXOX*KeHUA
HX
B
coc as
CCCP,
ux
KYyJIBTypHO-9KOHO-
MH4ECKMM
pa3BHTHeM
B
MIpUIsIOM
M
HaCTOAIeM,
ux
eo padH4eckHM
Pac lOMO%xKeHHeM
OTHOCHTeIbHO
JIpy ux
pecny60HK,
MMOTHOCTHIO
HaceyIeHHA
B
kaxkAOM
OTMbJeHOK
pecnyOnHKe,
NpOUeHTHOTO
COOTHOLIeHHA
FOPOACKO O
Hi
Cesb-
CKO O
HaCHHAcese,
a
TAaKKE
MPOWCHTHOTO
COOTHOMICHHA
pa3HbIX
HallMOHaJIbHOCTeHi,
TIpOx*KuBaIOWINX
B
Heli
(cp. :
B
Bau kupun
Npoxupa oT
Gosee
c a
HalMOHaNbHOCTEii).
B
jaHoi
mpoOneme
9TH
cTOpoOHbI
AelicTBUTeBHOCTH
ABIAIOTCA
BeCbMa
BaxK-
HBIMH,
Tak
KaK
KOHTAKTBI
pa3Hbix
Hapowos
CCCP
xe
mpoxogza
GeccnemHo
Asa
HX
ABbIKOB.
TIpo6.1ema
KoHTaKTHpOBaHMA
s3bIKOB
MHOToacneKTHa,
MO3TOMY
B
A3bIKO-
BOM
[J1aHe
Hay4Hy!O
M
MTHYecky!0pak
WeHHOCTb
JIA
AabHeli e o
ee
u3y4eHHA
6yieT
UMeTb
4eTKOe
pa3 paHHueHHe
OCHOBHBIX
(aMH BucTHY4ecKHXx)
Mpo6seM
sA3BI-
KOBBIX
KOHTAKTOB
H
NO paHH4HbIX
(9KCTPasMHBACTHYeCKHX)
MpoGsIeM
B
ITOH
O6-
Jiac u.
Tlo paHw4nsie
mpoOsemMbi
Mo yT
BKIOYATb
B
CeOA
B
OCHOBHOM
BOTIPOCEI,
158
cnoco6cTByIOlHe
ASBIKOBLIM
KOHTAKTaM:
MONMTHKO-9KOHOMM4eCKOTO
MH
COMMAJIb-
HO-kyJIbTYpHO O
COTpyAHMYeCTBA
MexKAY
HapojlaMu
B
Iipesesax
CCCP.
6o osee
o6mMx
Mo
xapakTepy
HccHe OBaHHi
M
BbIBOAOB
B
ITOM
ACTIeKTe
Heo6xo MMo
TepeXOJ-
HTb
K
KOHKpeTHbIM
KYJIbTYPHO-HCTOpH4ecKMM
Hi
so HKo-us0codckHM
BO-
TIMpoca
HCCHeMOBAHHA,
3HAMMTEMbHAA
POb
3HCCb
ToukKHa
NpHHasiexaTb
AeMo pa-
(bu ecKUM
HM
COMMOO HYECKUM
BbIBOAaM
OTHOCHTeIBHO
ITHUYECKOH
OOUIHOCTH
HW
A3bIKa.
K
ocHosHsiM
mMH BHcTHYecKHM
mpoGmeMaM
MOxHO
OTHECTH
cnesy oulne:
W3Y4CHHE
AZEIKOBbIX
KOHTAKTOB
B
o6nac H
MUTepaTypHBIX
H
pas OBOPHBIX
A3bIKOB
WX
pas paHHieH e;
BHYTPHCTpyKTYpHEIe
H3MCHeHHA
S3bIKOB
B
CBA3H
C
B3aMMO-
HelicTBHeM
9JIEMeHTOB
TIpH
KOHTAKTHPOBAaHHMH;
3aMMCTBOBaHAA
Kak
pe3yJibTaT
KOHTAKTHPOBAHHS
S3bIKOB;
BOTIPOCEL
YCBOCHHA
M
OCBOCHHA
jleKceM
pH
KOHTaKTH-
PoBaHHM;
AIbIKOBbIe
KOHTAKTHI
Ha
CTPYKTYPHOM
YPOBHe
A3bIKOB:
Ha
YPOBHe
CeMaH-
THCYeKHX
OOLETHHEHHI,
Ha
ypoBHe
sIeKCeMBI,
Ha
yPOBHe
CeMeMBI,
Ha
ypoOBHe
OTenbHo-
o
asemeHTa
coBa
HT.
2.
TIpo6sems
WHH BHCTHYeCKO O
acnekTa
H3Y4eHHA
S3bIKOBBIX
KOHTAKTOB
JIOJDKHBI
paCCMaTpHBaTbCA
Ha
bone no paHM4Hbix
npobs1e,
HO
He
CIMBaTbCaAMel
C
HAMM,
YTO
YaCTO
BeACT
K
HHBEIHPOBKe
S3bIKOBO O
M1aHa
WM
BbIIBHTaeT
Ha
MepeHHii
Mian
9KTPasIMATBUCTHYECKHM
YPOBEHb
HCCIeAOBAHHS
Tipu e o
mMH BHcTHYecKHX
Hes aAx.
TIpenc ouT
AanbHelimad
paSoTa
M
Haw
COBEep-
IeHCTBOBaHHeM
NOHATHMHO O
a mapaTa
B
CBASH
Cc
OTCYTCTBHEM
eAMHCTBa
B3IJIAql-
oB
Ha
TIpHposy
AIbIKOBBIX
KOHTAKTOB.
Hesmb3a
OCTABHTD
6e3
BHUMaHHA
TOT
(akT, yTo
B
OHUMKONeAHH
,,PyccKHi
13bIK~
(M.,
1979)
o cy cTBy oT
TePMHHBL
,,A3bIKO-
BbIe
KOHTAKTBI,,,I-
BYA3bIUHe,
COBAPHBBIe
CTATbH
O
B3aHMOJeHCTBHM
H
B3aHMO-
BIMAHHM
A3KIKOB
Hapoyos
CCCP
#
Ap.
CnenmanbHo o
Hay4Ho o
pelleHusa
%xAyT
M
BOMPOCbl
BXOX%KEHHA
COB
3aHM-
CTByeMO o
s3bIKa
B
3aMMCTBYIOIWNMM
A3bIK
TIpH
KOHTaKTHPOBaHHH,
a
BepHee
Kak
pesybTaT
HX
KOHTAKTHPOBaHHA.
B
9TOM
OTHOWeHHH
AaHbLe
caopapeli
A3bIKa-
TpeeMHMKa
MpescTaBsAKOT
AA
HAC
3naun TesbuBIi
uHTepec.
[1px
6xainwiuem
X
3AHMCTBOBAHMA
H
BXOXKACHHA
MHOIEKCEM
B
y o
9TOT acieKT
ucceqOBaHAA
paccmMoTpeHMH
Bo poca
0
TIpH4HHal
cucTemy
3aHMcTByIOUle o
ASbIKA
BBIACHHJIOCb,
CaMbIM
TeCHbIM
OOpa30M
CBA3aH
H
C
BOMMHpoca
KOHTAaKTHpOBaHHa
6n0n3KOpoa-
CTBEHHEIX
H
HeOJIH3KOPOACTBEHHBIX
A3bIKOB
HM
HX
HocHTesIel.
V3pec Ho,
uTo
HaHOouee
ynoTpeOuTembHa
4acTb
3auMCTByeMOH
JIeKCHKH
BBOAHTCA
COCTABHTeNAMH
CIOBApel
B
TOAKOBBIC
CHoBapH
3aHMCTBYIOLUETO
ASBIKA,
M
HHOSSBI4HOe
CNOBO
B
CHOBape
AZbIKAa-penenTOpa
KBasIMHUMpyIOT
Kak
3aHMCT-
BoBaHHOe
H
OcBoEHHOe.
B
WHHTBHCTHMeCKOl
sIHTepaType
TO
BOMpocy
3aHMCTBO-
BaHHA
CYLeCTBYIOT
cyley oume
TepMHHOO HYeCKHe
pas panHyeHHa:
o6mine
3aHMCTBOBaHHBIe
CJIOyecneqoB-
“
aTeln
TpoOs1eMbI
3aMMCTBOBAHHA
TPH
KOHTAKTHPOBaHHH
ASBIKOB, Ba,
3AMMCTBOBAHBIC
IJICMeHTHL
CJIOB.
TepMul_
,aHMCTBOBAHHe
onpesemm0T.3
Kak
,,CIO/%HbIM
s3bIKOBOM
Mpoliecc,
3aBeplleHHeM
KOTOPO O
ABIACTCA
co3aHHe
HOBOTO
JIA
ASbIKA
CIIOBA;
a
CYLHOCTBIO,
o6ycHOBIMBAaIOUIHi
Bech
IpOmecc
penym eli
H
e o
kK
3aBeplilieHH ,
(poneTH4eckoe
W3MeHeHHe
3aHMMCTBYCMMo TO
159
MHOASEIMHO O
MaTepHasla
M
MpHAaHHe eMy
paMMaTHYecKol
ocbopmAeHHocTH?.
3aMMcTBOBAHMe
KBasIMHUMpYIOT
Hi
,,Ka.K
Mpouecc
MlepeMeLUCHHA
COB
H3
OLHOTO
a3bika
B
Apy oii*.
Jlanupii mpouecc
paMKax
B
npoGsembi
3aMMcTBOBAHHA
moypa3yMeBaeT:
MYTH
MPOHHKHOBCHHA
HHOSHKMHO
JeKCHKH
(MHMCbMeHHBI
1
ycTHBIii)
B
ASBIK-pellelTOp,
YCBOeHHe
H
OCBOCHHe
3aMMCTBYeMOli
JIeKCHKH,
BXOxKJeHHe
ee
B
CHOBapb
38MMCTBYIOUIe O
A3bIKa
HT.
J.
cBuyeTenbc Tsy o
sleKcuko paduueckne
Kak aHHbie®,
3aMMCTBOBAHHBIe
copa
M3
A3BIKOB
HANMOHAMBHBIX
pecnyOnuk
CCCP
B
TomKOBBIX
ciOBapax
COBpeMeH-
HOO
PYCCKO O
A3bIKa
B
OCHOBHOM
MIpeycTaBJeHbI
TeKCHKO,
XxapaKTepH3y ouleli
MpeAMeTsI
HOMa iHe o
OOuxoga
H
ceMeiiHo o
yKuaya,
Ha3BaHHAMM
mMmpesCTaBHTe-
Je
*XHBOTHOFO
H
pacTHTe/bHO O
Mupa, Take
a
pasTM4HEIMH
ABIICHUAMH,
CBA-
3aHBIMH
C
KYJIbTypPoli,
KyIbTOBLIMM
OsaOpMH
HM
Apy ol
AeaTeMbHOCTHIO
YeOBeKA
(e o
TpyOM,
OTAEIXOM,
Npa3AHHKaMh)
HT.
1.
3aHMCTBOBaHHAas
eKCHKa
9THMONOTH-
4eCKH
pa3HOpoOTHa,
NPHYHHBI
H
MYTH
€€
NPOHUKHOBEHHA
B
PYCCKHii
A3BIK
pa31H4HBI.
Tlo
BbyjeseHHBIM
HaMM
H3aHWAM
BHAHO,
4TO
JMB
HeMHO Me
HHOA3BIUHBIe
TeK-
CMB
H3
A3bIKOB
Hapoyos
CCCP
3aHaM
Mpo¥Hoe
MecTO
B
TOAKOBBIX
cCHOBapsaAxX
pyccko o
s3bIka.
Ho
kak
OACHObHTS
ABNEHMe,
HeNOCpeACTBeHHO
CBA3AHHOE
C
TeM, ‘TO
HEKOTOpBI€
3€MMCTBOBAHHEIC
A3KIKOBbIe
CNMHUUI
OTCYTCTBYIOT
B
TaKOM
Tsepy
AH
CCCP, kakum
spase ca,,CnoB-
app
COBPeMeHHOTO
pyccko o s3bIka
(B
17-TH
TOMAX),
a
€CTb
B
Apy ux,
opa3q0
MeHBLIEX
10
oObemy,
Hamp.,,,C-
B
oBape
pyccKoa3-
o
b1ka
C.
M.
Oxe osa?
Bepos Ho,
npHumHy
9To o
HayO
UcKaTb
B
ene
HezOcTaT-
OYHOH
Hay4Holi
paspabo Ke
BaxKHEIX
Npo6sIeM
TeOpHH
HM
UpakTHKH
COBpeMeHHOK
JiekcHKo paguu,
H,
B
YACTHOCTH,
B
Tol
ee
OGmacTH,
KOTOpas
cBa3aHa
C
BompocaMu
B3aMMOOOO alleHHA
H
B3AKMONeMCTBHA
A3bIKOB
Hapogos
CCCP
u
o paxenua
3@HMCTBOBAHHOM
JIeKCHKH
B
PYCCKHX
TOJIKOBbIX
CIOBapAX./
B
ume ommxca
HaydHEIX
CBeqeHHAX,
OTHOCHIIMXCA
K
cOopy, oT6opy
cuc ema-
u
TH3AUMM
JI@KCHYECKOTO
MaTepHasia
[Id
CHOBapeli,
MBI
He
Haiiyjem
IpHUENOB
OT-
Sopa cioB
no
BompocaM
BHYTpeHHe o
3ammc BoBanua,
M3pec uo:
cbopmuposbanue
CHOBHUKA
3ABHCHT
OT
cioBaps,
Lee Tuna
H
3a7a4
H31aHHA,
e o
OObeMa,
4TO
Ha-
XOHMT
OTPaxKeHMe
BO
BCTYNMTEIbHBIX
CTATbAX
CHOBApeli,
a
TaKKe
B
pa3H4HOTO
PoHa
OTACHbHBIX
HAyHBIX
CTATbAX,
HHCTPYKUMAX
H
CHOBAPHEIX
pa3pa6oTKax.
Ho
OTHOcHTeIbHO
3aMMCTBOBAHHOM
JeKCHKH
H3
A36IKOB
HalMOHANBHEIX
pecny6mmk
CCCP pycckom
B
s3zIke
paccMaTpHBaeMBIX
B
H3JaHHAX
MbI
HUKAKHX
CBeNeHHii
110
HHTepecylouleMy
Hac
BOIpocy
He
OGHapyxXHM
—
TaKOii
BaxHOH
mpobsemMe
noKa
HE
YACICHO
ZOJDKHOTO
BHMAHHA,
HMeHHO
NOSTOMY
B
JaHHOM
MslaHe
BCTYMMTesb-
HBIC
COBAPHBI€
CTATbH
He
MpesCTaBAIOTCA
CTONb
cylllecTBeHHEIMH.
AHaH3
©
TOMKH
3PCHHA
JEKCHHECKHX
3AMMCTBOBAHHM
M3
13bIKOB
HapogzoB
CCCP
xypHan-
*
Edpemos
JI.
I.
Cymmoc s
nexcnuecko o
3aMMCTBOBAHHA
HM
OCHOBHBIC
NIpH3HAaKH
3aHMCT-
BOBAaHHBIX
culOB:
ABToped.
WHC.
...
Kan.
(buon.
Hay.
Anma-A a,
1959,
C.
9.
?
Kpsican
JI.
1.
Msp ossansie
cnona
COBPEMCHHOM
pyccKOM
a3bIke.
M.,
1968.
C,
32—33.
*
Cnopaps
coppemenxo o
pyccxo o
aaTepa ypHo o
#3bika:
B
17-TH
Tomax.
M..;
JI.,
1948—
1965;
C osapb
pyccxo o
s3p Ka:
B
4-x
Tomax.
M.,
1981—1984;
Tomkosp i
COBapb
PYCCKOTO
A3BI-
xa
Tlog pen.
/ Tlog pen.
J].
H.
Yu axopa.
M.,
1935—
1940;
Cnopaps
pyccko o
s3b1Ka
/
Coc .
C.
HM.
Oxe os
/
Tloa peg.
H.
FO.
Wsenosoii.
13-e m3.
M.,
1981,
160
HBIX
CTaii,
IpMypO4eHHLIX
K
O4epeHOMY
BbIIlycKy
KaKO o-sIH60
cOBAapA
M
Yale
BCe O
OCBELMaIOWIMX
OBIT
ETO
COCTAaBHTeJei,
IPHBOUT
K
BLIBOJY,
1TO
9TH
BOMPOCbl
B
HUX
Takxe
He
OTpaxKeHbI
H
He
HocTaBseHbI.
CocTaBieHHe
HANMOHAJIbHOTO
CJIOB-
Huka
—
TpyqHas,
cepbe3Ha
U
OTBeTCTBeHHas
paboTa,
TpeOy oulad
mpodeccuoHaJI-
bHBIX HaBBIKOB
aBTOPOB
coBapeii
H
MX
paxkaHcKoli
nosunuu.
JIekcuka,
MpuWweymi-
as pYCCKHii
B
A3bIK
H3
A3BIKOB
KOpeHHOTFO
HaceJIeHHA,
MpoxuBaIOUe o
Ha
TepPHTOPHAX
COIO3HLIX
pecnyOHK,
HowKHA
OBIT
MpescTaBseHa
OTTeMbHON
Kap-
ToTeKO,
bOPpMMpOBATECA
B
MIpOLecce
ciiel[MabHO
BbIPAOOTAHBIX
JIA
Hee
CIOBAP-
HBIX
IPHMMMOB
HM
YCHABOK
M
BXOAMTb
cocTaBHOli
YacTbIO
B
OOMLy!O
KapTOTeKy
cuopaps
(cBoeoOpa3Hbiii
CoBapb
B
ClOBape),
OMHOBPeMeHHO
MOJYMHAICh
o6myuM
mpapasaM
c1OBaps
(HOCHTEJIBHOOT
e o
Lesel
M
3aa4)
H
He
BCTyNas
C
HUMH
B
IIpo-
TuBopewme.
[pu
Hasm4nn
c elManbHO
BbIpaboTaHHBIX
MpaBHs
H
MeTOAOB
cbopmupo-
BaHUsA
KApTOTeYHO O
MaTepHasia,
IPMHUMMOB
CHOBAapHOTO
TOMKOBaHUA
3aMMCTBO-
BaHii
MX
KOJIMYeCTBEHHBIe
HM
KaYeCTBeHHbIe
MOKA3ATEJIM
B
TOJIKOBbIX
CJIOBapAX
COBPeMeHHOTO
PYCCKOTO
A3bIKa
HECOMHEHHO
ObI
BOSPOCIH.
TombKo
Takum
o6pa-
30M
MOXHO
6Tye
HOCTHYE
OMpemeeHHBIX
pe3yIbTATOB
B
eKcCHKO padu4eckoi
IpakTHKe
OTHOCHTesIbHO
3AHMMCTBOBAHHBIX
JICKCEM
Ha
COBPeMEHHOM
9Talle
pasBuTHA
SSKIKOBLIX
KOHTAKTOB.
11.
678