LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXXI (1994)

KALBOS NORMALIZACIJOS KLAUSIMAI

ELENA GRINAVECKIENĖ

LEXICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE ŠALTINIAI DIALECT

The Šaltiniai dialect, located in the Dieveniškės district of Šalčininkai region and transitional between the Eastern and Western Dzūkian dialects (Lipsk., Vidug., 187), is the most peripheral one (the eastern edge of the village is crossed by the Lithuania–Belarus state border; it forms part of the marginal zone of the Lithuanian dialects of Dieveniškės, which in the past was fairly contiguous and extended relatively far beyond the present-day boundaries of the republic into Belarus (Gauč., Vidug., 38—39 tt., 48—49 tt.; Kviklys, 264—270). It is surrounded by a local Belarusian dialect and territorially isolated from other Lithuanian dialects, as well as from the Lithuanian dialects of the Dieveniškės marginal zone (according to our research, of the 21 villages in the Dieveniškės area, Lithuanian-speaking old local residents can be found in only 9 — Šaltiniai, Mačiūčiai, Kaziūlai, Žižmošė, Versekė, Senmošiai, Miežionys, Skraičiūnai, Dvariškės, and Dieveniškės). Thus, alternating use of Lithuanian and Belarusian dialects is characteristic of speakers of the Šaltiniai dialect. On the one hand, the dialect under study is a conservation area for Lithuanian linguistic archaisms; on the other, it is a zone of secondary lexical and semantic innovations and adstratal elements, as well as a typical area of contact phenomena. Owing to its distinctive position, this area has in recent years attracted particularly great interest not only from language specialists and researchers of spiritual and material culture — folklorists, ethnographers, architects — but also from cultural scholars, sociologists, and others, who are continually investigating this unique region of one and the same ethnic culture in a variety of ways.

In noting the complex linguistic situation in this region, it is important first of all to point out that the local Lithuanian dialect, being used within a closed linguistic community (7 of the 13 families in Šaltiniai village speak Lithuanian among themselves), is an unofficial, non-bureaucratic and non-administrative (there are no Lithuanian-language schools here, since there are no children of school age), everyday language used in people’s homes and daily lives. Recently, the coexistence of two semiotic systems has become clearly apparent in it: in their everyday lives, local Lithuanian speakers use the Belarusian dialect alongside Lithuanian. In this way, both linguistic systems — Lithuanian and Belarusian — have been heard side by side and learned well by people from early childhood. Continuously influencing one another (generally more spontaneously, although the tsarist nationalities policy also contributed considerably to the decline of Lithuanian here), they have fostered complete Lithuanian–Belarusian bilingualism, which has recently begun to become one-sided: the Lithuanian system is gradually approaching the Belarusian system. Thus, the local Lithuanian dialect, which in the past was mainly a donor (cf. old Lithuanianisms received from it and still actively used in the village Belarusian dialect:

8. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, XXXI

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Lithuanianisms: berlóukal ‘fodder’, brandúl ‘kernel’, brúńkta ‘a brankas [part of a plough]’, dúlka ‘dust, chaff’, gil ‘acorn’, grabiázdzie ‘to rake’, gúlta ‘bed’, gúšta ‘nest’, gungli ‘dried manure on a cow’s sides’, kerša ‘a piebald cow’, krumpli ‘knuckles’, krušnia ‘a pile’, paliáuki ‘a piglet disease’, mencia ‘shoulder blade, whetstone’, pliúsnia ‘dandruff’, pundák ‘tadpole’, slásty ‘traps’, scimbúr ‘a stemborer’, vińkšny ‘runner boards, part of a sledge runner’, žágary ‘brushwood, brushwood for weaving’, is now becoming exclusively a recipient, and its assimilation process is nearing its peak. The Lithuanian dialect of this village has almost lost its defensive barrier, and structural elements of Belarusian that undermine its system are flooding into it, such as žvirblis mažàsnis várno:s ‘a sparrow is smaller than a crow’, dżi.rba pasvójéти ‘does it their own way’, kas mán’ dachódzic’ ‘what concerns me’, rúki:mas man pri-víčka ‘I am used to smoking’, etc.; in other words, a distinctive peripheral variant is taking shape in the dialect.

The parallel use of the dialects mentioned here in the same linguistic domain and situation is so common and established that, as far as we have observed, it requires no intellectual or psychological effort from speakers. In our view, this is chiefly because the local linguistic community, both in this village and in the neighboring areas, remains more or less homogeneous: it shares one and the same spiritual and material culture (notably, house construction, textile patterns, and food preparation are the same as elsewhere in Southern and Eastern Lithuania), lives what may be called a similarly closed life, follows the same customs, and is quite conservative; moreover, the Belarusian dialect used here, like Lithuanian, is merely a home language, without prestige. According to local people, gudai (the local Belarusians are called this here) are just the same Lithuanian common folk, except that they have forgotten their ancestors’ language and can no longer speak Lithuanian². Nevertheless, it must be acknowledged that the Belarusian dialect is used more often in everyday life here, because local Belarusian residents say that they do not know Lithuanian, while

¹ The acute accent indicates the stress position in Belarusian examples. Lithuanian dialect examples in the article are presented in simplified phonetic transcription. The transcription does not indicate: a) the o-quality of the first component of the circumflex diphthong au; b) the incomplete monophthongization of diphthongs ie and uo (when the second component is weakened and pronounced indistinctly. In that case they are marked with long i: and u:); c) the duration of individual components of stressed long vowels, diphthongs, and mixed diphthongs. Their pitch accent normally indicates this. An exception is the notation of the first component of rising-accent mixed diphthongs i, u+ l, m, n, r and ui, which to our ear seems lengthened to half-long (cf. LKT, 256, 258), by a dot at the lower right of the letter. The length of unstressed long vowels is marked by a colon at the lower right of the letter; half-length vowels are marked there with a dot below; d) the regular velar pronunciation of consonant n before g, k; e) the hardness of consonants before ė (corresponding to standard-language e), e (corresponding to standard-language ė), a (corresponding to standard-language short e), and also their slight hardness before i. Consonant palatalization (also in Belarusian examples) is marked by a softening sign (comma) at the upper right of the letter. The palatalization of consonant clusters, when it could not be determined precisely, is not indicated (except for palatal l and pj). Other matters of transcription are as in LKT, 10–14.

² Bearing in mind this truly living meaning of the Lithuanian word gūdas on the lips of the people of this region (in our view, there is reason to recognize it as the authentic meaning; cf. Lithuanian gudėti ‘to begin speaking in another dialect’ — LKŽ 3 693), it is hardly possible to justify the tendency to call all Belarusians gudai and their republic Gudija.

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It is not unfamiliar to Lithuanians either. Thus, having gradually become a minority, Lithuanians continue to adapt to the situation; they have easily grown accustomed to speaking Belarusian well and no longer shun the language, but make it their own. As noted, even when speaking Lithuanian, they readily made use of structural features of the Belarusian dialect, themselves gradually accelerating their process of assimilation. This process is also sustained and intensified, among other things, by the quite evident fading of a sense of national identity among some younger Lithuanians.

Besides the Belarusian dialect, the local Lithuanians are also familiar with the church language of this region—Polish. Prayers are recited in it (it has been observed that even older, more educated Lithuanians say their prayers in Polish), confessions are made, and the sign of the cross is made. However, it is not customary in everyday use. When a Lithuanian or Belarusian is asked to speak Polish, after saying a couple of phrases in that language, they immediately start telling the story in Belarusian.

The lingua franca of this region is Russian. Local people are addressed in it by various government officials, most of whom have come from elsewhere, but it has been observed that a person addressed in Russian almost always replies in Belarusian. The influence of distant-contact languages (Polish and Russian) on the dialect is slight.

Despite the complex linguistic situation in this region and the fairly active assimilatory influence of other languages, the Lithuanian dialect of Šaltiniai remains Lithuanian to this day—expressive, vibrant, and distinctive. Of the more than 2,000 words in this dialect that we recorded during the 1990 expedition, 74% are purely Lithuanian, 18.5% are borrowings (mostly from Belarusian), and 7.5% are semantic calques (most of them verbs, which are also usually of Belarusian origin). We believe that the percentages given approximately reflect the overall state of the Šaltiniai dialect lexicon. The many Lithuanian minor place names in this village—bažnič’avietė: ‘Bažnyčiavietė’, dzirvėlės: ‘Dirvelės’, gėrviškis: ‘Gerviškis’, kraš-čimis laukas ‘Kraštinis laukas’, kūdra: ‘Kūdra’, lapėlų: kalnas „Lapelių kalnas’, margelūkai ‘Margelukai’, pul’kino: kalnas „Pulkino kalnas’, sėdzimo:s ‘Sėdimosios’, sūntakis ‘Santakis’, and many others clearly show that Šaltiniai and its surroundings, with all their roots, are Lithuanian. It is also important that local Belarusians often know and actively use the Lithuanian forms of these place names, even when they have not been Slavicized.

Of particular interest is the old lexical stratum of the dialect, especially that which has not been recorded in our other dialects or in written sources to date, or which is distinctly unique to this area. This stratum consists mainly of lexical archaisms, words that add new meanings to the vocabulary system of our language, expand the range of word usage, bring one or another lexeme from old written sources into living usage, and innovations.

a. Among the Lithuanian words (or words with Lithuanian roots) found in the dialect but unrecorded elsewhere in Lithuanian dialects or written sources, the following are noteworthy:

ápin astrė (1) ‘hop trellis’: árk’l’o: naują apinastrė: ažmáuta ‖

bikšderti, -na, -ėjo ‘to click’: bitė bigzderna ir nuveina ‖

brazdžiánka (1) hybrid ‘potato kugel made from grated potatoes’: brazdžánku: kėpam púodi ar blėkoj ‖

čiurštumà (3ᵇ) ‘dregs, sediment’: g’urós (= giros) cik č’ūrštumà liki. ‖ The word undoubtedly derives from čiurštas←čirštas←tįrštas. Its root iu after č- is the same

8°

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of origin, like those of our other dialects šil'ma ‘warmth’, ž’uburis ‘light’ and so on; cf. also Zink., 67—68.

gelčius (2) ‘waning moon’: gel’č’um skēisc’ gerēi; jau gel’č’us — kap pjautuvas ligdo:si mēnas|| Phonetically, the word arose from delčius ‘waning moon’ (through d-→g-). We have not been able to document a regular d→g change in the Šaltiniai dialect at present, although researchers mention it in neighboring dialects (Lipsk., Vidug., 190).

geltonkà (4) hybrid ‘jaundice’: mà jí.nkstai nesveiki nōg geltonkõs||

gėmdyti, -o, -ė ‘to give birth’: atėį laikas gėmdži:c’ ir gėmdo: vaikùs|| The root variant -em- (gėmdyti) is probably older than the -im- (gimdyti) found in other dialects. This may perhaps also be corroborated by the form found here, gėmstančiai (→gėmsta) ‘being born’ (Lipsk., Vidug., 210).

giurà (4) ‘kvass; fermented rye drink’: ažgēr’au šaltõs g’urõs ir dùr’a kr’u:cinēn; rugìnė: g’urà būvo: pì.rmas gė:rimas, vāl’gėm g’urõs, ažgėrc’ dãvė:|| The presence of fronted root u instead of i is probably of the same origin as in the dialect word čiurštumà.

kepsnė △ kraujų kepsnė ‘a dish made from freshly fried blood’: kùšni: kviečinù: mi.l-tu: taukù, kraujò: ir kepi in skarvadõs — ir kraujų kepsnė — gardù sbl³ diònu||

kokiaĵdien ‘when’: ko:k’ūojdzien ānas būvo: atēji.|| This is an adverbialized form of the singular instrumental of a compound interrogative and relative pronoun. The formation of these pronominal adverbs, which is also unknown elsewhere in Lithuania, should be noted (the dialect has further examples; see below), as should their use and meaning. In this case, as the sentence shows, the pronominal form has no pronominal meaning. In our opinion, this is a fossilized adverb, which, among other things, also attests to the consequences of the decline of pronominal forms in this dialect.

krimšliùkas (kremsliùkas?) (2) ‘cartilaginous tip of the tail’: kãrvė: gerà, kap vuodegõs krimsl’ùkas temp’a žam’au kėl’u:|| cf. krimslỹs, kremslė ‘cartilage’.

kušlėtyna (1) ‘feather-legged (usually of chickens)’: akùš tu kušlėtina|| The word is related to kušlas ‘overgrown’, and has the pejorative suffix -yna (cf. LKG 1 403). The shortening of the unstressed suffixal -y- is irregular. Similar cases also occur elsewhere in the dialect, e.g. ricikšči:s→rytykštis ‘morning’, ausisa ‘in the ears’, s’tužblkėlė:→sožilkėlė (also cf. čiurštumà) ‘small pond’, etc. The local Belarusians have also borrowed Kušlėtynę.

lalautojas (1) ‘Easter caroler’: lalàuto:jai gieda per vėlkas giesmì: vėsõlinu: links-mà dżienà|| the derivative (at least its suffix) is probably more recent; cf. another derivative with this suffix, still entirely new here, dainuotojas (1) ‘singer’: ragi — čiej vyrai dainùoto:ju. jieško:ja||

lańktytis, -osi, -ėsi ‘to sway’: reik’a kad lańki:tu:si ir šo:kinė:tu: lo:pšys||

mažùl’ka (1) 1. ‘little one’: kab bū.l’bo:s nùder’a, būna ir dzidel’ũ, o: t’ėp mažù.l’-ko:s; 2. ‘the smaller one’: bū.l’bo:s mažù.l’ko:s ir dzidelė:s; 3. ‘the thin one’: mažùl’kas žarnas ackiri. verč’am|| Besides this derivative, there are two more: didžiùl’ka (1) ‘the thick one’: nõg žarnų dziaž’ùl’ku: reik’a taukai aprińke’;storùl’ka (1) ‘fat woman’: iš puš’ų sto:rù.l’ku: dãro: pirci palo:tàs, kad galėt sto:vēc’; ùtė:lė:s sto:rù.l’ko:s kap ãrkė:s; odzina (= gy-

³The vowel u in the dialect’s prepositions (and prefixes) až(u-), su(-) has probably regularly changed to ъ under Slavic influence.

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vatė) sto:rù.l’ka pažadaro:, pašpùc’a, kap inlaidži ariėlkoni|| These are rare derivatives with two diminutive-affectionate suffixes, bearing two morphological meanings—emphatic-distinguishing and pronominal (cf. LKG 1 582—583). The adjectives are valuable because they denote substitutes for pronominal adjectives, now disappearing or already lost in East Lithuanian dialects, which are not mentioned elsewhere. Their second suffix is probably borrowed from the Slavic languages.

padabarýkščia hybrid ‘as now’: I don’t know how to say it as now’; the women say: as now, he doesn’t understand||

pagėmdyti, -o, -ė ‘to give birth’: the time came and she gave birth to the second|| cf. gėmdyti.

pasauji ‘by the handful’: she distributes the flax by the handful||

pietùmiškis, -ė (1) ‘southern’: southern milk in the well|| In the neighboring Lithuanian dialect around Armoniškės, the very rare adjective pietùmis ‘southern’ is attested (LKŽ 9 933). pietùmiškis was undoubtedly formed from it.

panešdinėlti, -ja, -jo ‘to carry closer, carry around’: she carries the flax closer, taking it from beside the bundle||

pérpažinti, -žista, -žino ‘to recognize, understand’: she has already recognized it: my cow||

plaskáinia (pleskáinia?) (1) ‘dandruff’: large flakes grow and then dry up|| The word is also used by local Belarusians.

pliusnia (2) ‘dandruff’: from the head fall flakes|| one flake|| the whole head is full of flakes|| Cf. its relatives plùškė ‘dandruff; something flattened, flat’, plùškata ‘scale’, plùškatuotas ‘scaly’, plùškotis ‘to scale off’ (LKŽ 10 283, 364, 366). Pliusnią is also used by local Belarusians.

popusiáu ‘by halves’: I cut it in half and threw it away—it rots.||

póviršu (póviršiu?) ‘over the surface, from above’: I’m pouring a lot of that stone= (blue vitriol), over the top||

priešė (1) ‘front’: the turtle’s tail is at the front||the turtle’s eyes are at the front||go to the front||

priešžiem ‘before winter’: little birds fly out before winter because they fear the cold||

pumpliùkas (pampliùkas?) (2) ‘kitten, willow catkin’: the catkins burst into tufts and blossom yellow, like flax|| cf. pumpis ‘swollen one’, pumplỳs ‘fat person’, pumpolė ‘potato’; pámpa ‘puffiness, lump’, pámpė ‘a fat, puffy person’, pamp-liùkas ‘yeast pancake’, pámp’ti ‘to swell’ (LKŽ 9 306, 308, 311, 312; 10 908, 909).

pundỳla (2) ‘a plump, stout one (of a toad or frog)’: a stout toad, a plump one|| The derivative suffix -yla has a pejorative meaning (LKG 1 333, 359); cf. the related words pundagálvis, pundòkas, pundžiùs ‘tadpole’, pùndza ‘a plump, stout one’, pùndzinti ‘to walk (of a fat person), to waddle’ (LKŽ 10 913, 914, 915, 917). The word is used by local Belarusians.

purkštimai (2) ‘sprayed dichlorvos or other poison’: the little dogs don’t die from that spraying|| This is a new derivative of a verbal root with a concrete meaning.

rušutys^3b ‘nut’: ãuga rušucis|| rušut’ù kėkė:| brundulis| lùkštas|| cf. rušù-tynas ‘hazel grove’ (LKŽ 11 1032).

sáulagrėžtė (1) ‘sunflower’: sáulagrì:štė:s padzigo: visos|| gražai ãuga|| sáula-gri:št’ù: gãvo:s dzidžùle:s||

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slidick|as, -à (3ᵇ) ‘slidus’: kap išverdzi kazlėku:| slidžickas paždaro:|| Šios prie-sagos vedinių šnektoje vartojama ir daugiau: báltick|as, -à (3ᵇ) ‘baltas’: kazlėkas báltickas kap àplupi|| mažick|as, -à (3ᵇ) ‘mažas’: jū mažbcku: mo.mà paliko:|| siaūrick|as, -à (3ᵇ) ‘siauras’: kar̀klu: lăpai jilgi, s’auricki|| stiprick|as, -à (3ᵇ) ‘kietas, standus’: jăunas makavýkas scìprickas|| tỹkick|as, -à (3ᵇ) ‘tylus, ramus’: cìkickas to:kis bernáicis|| Tai nemažybinės (plg. LKG 1 580), o išskiriamosios-pabrėžiamosios reikšmės grynai lietuviški (báltickas laikomas hibridu — LKŽ 1 614?) vediniai. Iš vieno kito jų daromi formanto -ai prieveiksmiai: tykičkai ‘tyliai, ramiai, iš lėto’: ci:kickai sbžar’a pautùs lizdai ir so:dzina vištu:|| žemickai ‘žemai’: skragždùtė:s in li:taūs žamickai iżbe:gdzinėja||

sparnà (4) ‘wing’: spainò:s i:rā pre būc’o:||

sulaš|ti, -o, -ė ‘to drip in’: kõl’ sulašō: vâistus| soíš:li||

šùstis (1) 1. ‘juice’: ko:pūstu: daũk sù.l’scies; 2. ‘brine’: bro: lienė: sù.lsci: nõg me:sõs pìl’a mà daržàn||

susigamž|dyti, -o, -ė ‘not to have spread out’: sblzgamždziji. linai laikò:si dar reik’a láukc’||

svirsnià (2): ‘lever’: svirsn’à — ku: laidz’asi šul’nin||

tãjdien ‘then’: ko:k’uojdzien iżgirsi varlàs krāk’anc’, tuojdzien reik’a cibul’as so:dži.nc’|| Regarding the dialectal ending of the first component of this compound instrumental adverb, cf. the dialect form sbl tuój mergu; regarding the meaning of the adverb, cf. kokiájdien.

tẽną, tẽnuo ‘there’: ti:nà kvìetku: daũk priso:dzini. anà|| su:nùs dar tìnuo turėj kétvertu: vaikū||

tesimas (2) ‘boil, abscess’: ti:simas sbssuka vidūj ir prašmuša pūl’ai

túojkart ‘then’: kap bitẽ inkù.nda| túojkart sópal túojkart žárno:s tvirtėsnė:s| kap nedùodam vakarì ėsc’||

užvalka (1) ‘collar (of a mushroom)’: in grìbo: ko:tùko: užvalka|| ir višč’ùkė:s| ir mus’òmer’ai turi užvalku:||

viralai (3ᵇ) ‘vegetables’: ìto:s žòle:s daržusà pre viralū augù| viralai šie mėtai prasci| li:tūs nelijo: iš pavásar’o:||

vók|is, -ė (1) ‘German’: mar’còs mo:mà vóké: iš rùsnė:s| o: tėvas ar vókis| ne-žnaũ||These two words are probably the greatest lexical archaisms so far recorded in the dialect and in the Lithuanian language as a whole. Until now, only their relative Vokia, Vokė ‘Germany’ was known. It is mentioned in the old writings of J. Bretkūnas, M. Daukša, and others, as well as in the earlier dictionaries of P. Ruigys, Chr. G. Milkes, G. H. F. Neselmanas, Fr. Kuršaitis, and others. K. Būga studied Vokią in somewhat greater detail (RR 1 228, 515; 2 226—228).

žuž|yti, -ija, -ijo 1. ‘to hum’: anas cik’ai tu: giesmãiti: žùžlija; 2. ‘to heap up’: reik’a grūdus miežùn’us žùžl: c’| vi.rsim|| The word is known with the same meanings among local Belarusians, and in the sense ‘to groan’ it is also used as a borrowing from Lithuanian (ЭСБМ 3 349) in the neighboring Belarusian dialect around Ashmyany (СБГ 2 330).

žilàinė (2) ‘land beside a slope’: žbllainė: tam lauki| o: kitam — kùmpas žbllainė:s|| Although this is certainly a resonant Lithuanian word, formed according to regular derivational patterns, it is most likely a calque of the Belarusian word sivák, which has the same meaning.

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b. A number of words recorded in the dialect are also known from older texts, where they were unstressed. Their stress placement and pitch accent are now clear. These words include:

išrūgęs (1) ‘whey’: išru:ges milėdavom |o: kat šviež’o:s |tai ir pageri||

krąk|ti, -ia, -ė ‘to croak’: varlė:s o: krãk’a o: krãk’al pradėj varlė:s krãkc’l dar išgirsi varlàs krãkanc||

smilginė (3ᵇ) ‘temple’: kaktōn smilginė |o: kab dzvi — smilginė:s||

raižiūkas (2) ‘scar’: raižūkai in ragū ró:dž’a |kiek kárve: mėtu: |pirmas raižūkas tris metai |o: paskū |kiek raižūku: |ciek mėtu:|| Raižas is known with this meaning until now only from old texts (LKŽ 11 92).

(su)|stipti, -stimpa, -stipo ‘to (become) stiff/frozen’: jau taukai scimpa || pradėj taukai scipc’ àpil’a šaltu vanden’u |kat taukai sūscipt || jau taukai sūscipi. (cf. LKŽ 13 812).

c. Dialect evidence shows that it contains quite a few words used with meanings different from those elsewhere in Lithuania, for example:

(ap)|svilti, -svela, -svilė ‘to singe (partly/all over)’: k’aūlbl: svėlam iš kūl’o:|| svildamì |ražo:-dzinam |kad išėidžitu: garai iš vidaus|| ir blãškaz gerėi àpsvela| kap kūl’o: nèrà|| kap k’aūlbl: nūsvęlam | plãunam|| The basic verb svilti is used in the dialect here with a causative meaning unusual in Lithuanian (cf. LKŽ 14 353—354, 358—359).

ažačia (3ᵇ) ‘the other end’: kasōs ažac’à sto:rā |kitā pusīs žiemōs būš šaltà|| cf. LKŽ 1 533.

ažuveik|ti, -ia, -ė ‘to earn, gain’: pardavė: árkli: ir ažbiveikė: piñkezdešimt rubl’u:|| see the LKŽ card index.

drėplō|tis, -jasi, -josi ‘to wriggle, squirm’: atāšijo:s — kad nezdrē:pl’ōt jieno:s šōnuosna|| cf. LKŽ 2 689—690.

bakanėlis hybrid (2) ‘a kind of lard’: bakanėli: sūkam iš taukū|| ko:pū:stuosna bakanėl’o: andedzi |ko:kis kvãpas| cf. LKŽ 1 573.

geluonė (3ᵇ) ‘sting’: bitēz geluonē ir odžino:s geluonē|| bitē geluoni: pãmeta (= leaves it in, does not pull it out) and dies|| cf. LKŽ 3 228.

gūdas (4) ‘a local Belarusian commoner of non-noble origin who does not speak Lithuanian’: gudai itai mū:si žmonės pras’čōkai | lietuviškai nemōka koc’ ir gi:rēna lietuvōi|| cf. LKŽ 3 692.

guld|ytis, -osi, -ėsi ‘to be spread out’: stōvu: juosto:sna (= on the crossbars) ažvari-nėjam kli:nukūs |kat s’ūlai lig’ai gul’dzitu:si|| cf. LKŽ 3 707—708.

gunglỹs (4) ‘a clump of manure dried together with straw’: gungl’ai tru:šu pridž’ūvi. kárvei in šōnu:|| nulupinėjam vienus gungl’ūs |kici priskranta|| cf. LKŽ 3 732.

ilguma (3ᵃ) ‘length’: kiek ilgumōs klīno: | ciek reik’a stojōku: (=stulpų)|| cf. LKŽ 4 54.

iñgi kėtvėria ‘into four parts’: iñgi kėtvėra kėrtam lāšbn’us||

iškart ‘first’: iškart kn’ūpsc’u: svėlam |o: paskū apverc’am|| cf. LKŽ 4 194.

jaunikis (2) ‘new moon’: jaunikin gerėi sėc’ so:dzi.nc’ | cik k’aūlė.s skersč nės-seka|| kap jauniki: ažvisi | reik’a pasvėikinc’ || cf. LKŽ 4 308.

jaunikl|is, -ė (2) ‘young one’: ito:j jaunikle: mažblckà ščupłē || ragī — jauniklis kap jauniklb: sūka|| cf. LKŽ 4 309.

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juosta (1) ‘loom crossbeam’: stōvuosna juosto:s iš apač’ų dvi ir iš viršaus | kat laikītu:si sto:civo:s | sto:vėt lig’ai || to:są juosto:sa kli:nukai ažusvāro: || cf. LKŽ 4 424—426; LKA 1 110, 130—131, 140, map N=48, 64.

ledin|is, -ė (2) ‘shining (of an iron snake)’: ladzinė: odzina plo:nutė: | bližga || cf. LKŽ 7 224.

lėti, lėja, lėjo ‘pour into a milk can’: iš dviejų kárv’ų: ãnes ciek pieno: lája, kiek mės iš vi:nõs || cf. LKŽ 7 438—439.

lyti, lija, lijo ‘melt’: audzimu: in li:taũs tiša | kat lėt || The verb lyti is used here in the causative sense, an unusual usage in our language in this instance.

lim|o|ūs, -ų (4) ‘sticky’: jũs labai lim’p’o:s | reik’a rasakinėtė || cf. LKŽ 7 518.

pakartuvai (1) ‘poles for hanging tubs, crossbars’: pakartuvai svirnų maišāmu || cf. LKŽ 9 157.

paliaukė (3ᵇ) ‘tonsillitis’: kãt pakila pal’auka: | dėda kũm šaltu || cf. LKŽ 9 255—256.

pãliaukės (3ᵇ) ‘a neck disease in piglets’: pas mũs’us paršėl’us pãlaukė:s | gužai vež-dzinėjasi po: kaklų || cf. LKŽ 9 256.

pavieni ‘one at a time’: po: du spirguč’us ar pavieni mo:mã mūma dúodavo: || cf. LKŽ 9 691.

per|ėtis, -isi, -ėjosi ‘roll’: jau greit vištėl’ai perėsis | jau gi:rdzis tik tūk || cf. LKŽ 9 821—822.

pikt|as, -à (4) ‘inside out’: piktà audzimo: šalis gražesnė: kãb gerà || cf. LKŽ 9 255—260.

pirštas (2) ‘a branch of thread’: dviėį pirštu: s’ulas plónickas || cf. LKŽ 10 28—29.

prasčiokas (2) ‘a local Belarusian of non-noble origin’: prasc’õki: pàė:mė: ir pàts pazdãre: prasc’õkas | lietuviškai nekalba ir ãnas | ir vaikai || prasc’õkai-mu:si žmónes | cik kũ lietuviškai nekalba || cf. LKŽ 10 543—544.

puliūkas (2) ‘a little bird, the young of any bird’: kad in sunkesn’ų: mėtų: | bacėnas išmeta pul’ūku: | o kat in gerãsn’ų: — paũtų: || ir kãcko:s | ir vãrno:s | vãngo: ir pelė:dõs kap mažūkai | pul’ūkai || cf. LKŽ 10 879—880.

pumputỹs (pamputỹs?) (4) ‘bud’: visūs bijūnų: pumputc’ūs nuskinė: vag’ai | cik vienas pumputc’is pasiliko: | daug’aũ ne:rã || pumputc’uosã bijūnai || cf. pampu-tys ‘swelling, puffiness’ LKŽ 9 316, pumputis ‘some soft, fluffy thing’ LKŽ 10 912—913.

skrynelė (2) ‘nest box (starling box)’: šo: kám darom skrinelãs ir rišam pre medz’ago:s || skri:nėlen jau šo:kų pul’ūkai girdzis || cf. LKŽ 12 1075.

supykla (2) ‘a bog crossing’: gãnėm po: itas supi:klãs | bijojom | kat neingrūt kárvė: || cf. LKŽ 14 194.

suvai|kyti, -o, -ė ‘to hold back, restrain’: negalau ašaru: suvaikė || cf. LKŽ card file.

šnyp|ti, -ia, -ė 1. ‘to roar’: lietus šnիպ’a | tęp lija || 2. ‘to growl’: neik | šuva jau šnիպ’a | gali pũ:l’č || cf. LKŽ card file.

võž|tis, -iasi, -ėsi ‘to separate, divide’: kap riebi k’aũle: | taukai nõg žarnų vóžasi pãci:s | o: kap ku:dã ir peilūko: reik’a || cf. LKŽ card file.

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Žagaras (3ᵇ) 1. ‘crop’: from the threshing floor: they make a crop from the straw: and there is a kind of little hook in it || with straw, the crop cleans little piglets’ intestines || 2. ‘branch of a tree that sways’: the wind lays the branches down to the ground || 3. ‘shoot’: the pear tree has frozen; it puts out branches from below || 4. ‘willow for weaving’: the thinner the branch, the more completely it weaves the baskets | and so it splits || when weaving, each branch needs to be taken shorter || cf. the LKŽ card file.

d. The abundant recorded material contains quite a few old words that extend the areas of distribution known to date for these words or their meanings, e.g.:

apriēsti, -čia, -tė ‘to warp’: I warped the pink thread for weaving || cf. LKŽ 11 563.

aslà (2) ‘oven floor’: they put bread into the oven on the shovel, onto the oven floor || cf. LKŽ 1 327.

bližgėti, -a, -ėjo ‘to shine’: the leaves shine and rustle || the oats shine like tin || cf. LKŽ 1 938.

branktėlis (2) ‘wooden button’: everything with wooden buttons || cf. LKŽ 1 1003.

galin|iuotis, -iuojasi, -iāvosi ‘to wrestle’: the children wrestle at school || from morning, as soon as they started wrestling, they wrestled all day || cf. LKŽ 3 69.

ingiryḱštis (1) ‘rainbow’: the rainbow is like a sign that rain is coming || cf. LKŽ 4 111.

juostelėt|as, -a (1) ‘striped’: I didn’t know how to weave well, but I had already woven those striped ones || cf. LKŽ 4 426.

kultuvė (3ᵇ) ‘flax-head beater’: flax is beaten with beaters || cf. LKŽ 6 859—860.

kušļas, -ā (4) ‘with legs covered in feathers’: the bird’s legs are feathered, its feet covered in down || cf. LKŽ 6 994.

laṅkena (1) ‘curved bark of a scraper’: they scraped the bark from the tree with a curved scraper || cf. LKŽ 7 128, 342.

menčia (4) ‘whetstone with a wooden handle’: the whetstones are all of gravel, but the sharpening stone is made of wood; it is rubbed with that gravel, the kind used to make whetstones || cf. LKŽ 8 7.

mergystė (2) ‘granddaughter’: my granddaughter helps me; she has already turned fourteen || cf. LKŽ 8 31.

milin|is, -ė (2) ‘woollen’: my daughters don’t need woollen coats, and they don’t have any better ones || cf. LKŽ 8 192.

pākuralas (3ᵃᵇ) ‘kindling’: sticks for kindling || cf. LKŽ 9 218.

pasidraibst|yti, -o, -ė ‘to fret, toss and turn’: pōru: ōdzinu mat’au | pazdraipsti. gulēj || ōdzina pazdraipsto: pazdraipsto: ir nusramina || cf. LKŽ 2 626.

pupojys (3ᵇ) ‘bogbean’: pupo:jai nōg apecito: || cf. LKŽ 10 941.

rūklš (4) ‘rotten wood’: ru:klis kap pre’ bit’ū eini || ānas iš puvės’o: verbōs mēdz’ago:s || cf. LKŽ 11 928.

spjāudulas (3ᵃ) ‘spittle; saliva resembling foam on grass’: spjaudulai in žo:lēs būna | gal ti gēguže:s prisipjaudo: || cf. LKŽ 13 460.

stov|ėti, -i, -ėjo ‘to live’: ti sto:vėjom | o: c’a pastātēm pir’k’u: || cf. LKŽ 13 903.

straublė (4) ‘rainbow’: straublė vōndeni: trauk’a | būs li:taūs || straublė gelto-na mē:lina žal’ā || cf. LKŽ 13 940; LKA 1 182, map 105.

šekai (4) ‘sedges (most likely)’: še:kai — būna žo:lēs | arkļ’am pjōvēm | laidz’a stōras kasās | bāloj kupsc’ukais āuga || cf. LKŽ 14 615.

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šėrkšnas (2) ‘hard crust of snow’: šárkšnas in sniego: | možna eic’ | šárkšnas lai-ko: || cf. LKŽ 14 655.

vyzdėti, vėima, vyzdėjo ‘to look for’: kap paduódzi válgi:c’ | ánas vis mė:šos kur pre kaulúko: vėima || ánas netúri kantrībė:s vėima | pavėima ir mėta || pavi:zďėk mán’ šáukštu: aš nerandu || pasvi:zďėk sà skri:nėlej ir atrasi || cf. LKŽ card file.

e. Although the local Lithuanians are poorly literate and hardly read newspapers, through television and their children, who come to help them on weekends, they hear our standard language and are exposed to its influence to some extent. This influence is, of course, slight and affects mainly the most receptive level—lexicon. Thus, alongside the customary giesminýkas, balnyčia, cierply-vastis, grabeniai, paūtas, kavõlis, lopinýs, mẽdžias, nedėlia, pilvas (vėdarūkas), pristupas, ãlyčia, altõjus and others, one now quite often hears here dainúotojas (: dainúoto:jus vėžė: vi.l’n’au), ligóninė (: ligóninèn vo:l’ójau dẽšimt dzienų), kantrýbė (: reik’a daug kantrībė:s káp jūma rasakinej), šepetėčiai (: šápecais linùs šukúojam), kiaũšis (: vãmo:s cig gẽr’a k’úušus || vištu: k’aušai balci | bit’ú raũkon priso:dzìnta k’aušų), kalvýs (: kal’vīs neko:kis | pajūodi. | piktas), skarėlė (: san’au lo:pin’ai | o: dar skarėlė:s), miškas (: preg dzievėniškiem miškelis), savaitė (: saváiti: prasvol’ójau namušà), skranãdžius (san’au pilvas | vė:darūkas | o: dar skranãdž’um vadzinam), priepuolýs (: mán’ nøg išgu:sc’ú: pre:pu:l’ai paždãrė:), kãimas (: šal’čin’ai — mažas kãimas), tinginýs (: visa anà daro: | ánas cinginýs) and others.

These and many other words of the Šaltiniai dialect, newly entering the storehouse of our language, are but a small drop in the sea of Lithuanian words; nevertheless, brought back to life, they are a precious and important part of its wealth. They show how relevant it remains in our day to study carefully the uncultivated ground of peripheral dialects still in use, where Lithuanian words—among the finest witnesses to the vitality of the nation, not yet recorded by language researchers and liable to disappear into oblivion very soon—still lie hidden.

LITERATŪRA

Būga RR — Būga K. Rinktiniai raštai. V., 1958. T. 1; V., 1959. T. 2.

Gauč., Vidug. — Г а у ч а с П., В и д у г и р и с А. Этнолингвистическая ситуация литовско-белорусского пограничья с конца XVIII по начало XX в. // Geografija. V., 1983. T. 19.

Kviklys — Kviklys B.ūsų Lietuva. V., 1989. T. 1.

Lipsk., Vidug. — Lipskienė J., Vidugiris A. Dieveniškių tarmė // Lietuvių kalbos gramatinė sandara. V., 1967.

LKA — Lietuvių kalbos atlasas. V., 1977. T. 1.

LKG — Lietuvių kalbos gramatika. V., 1965. T. 1.

LKŽ — Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. V., 1968. T. 1; V., 1969. T. 2; V., 1956. T. 3; V., 1957. T. 4; V., 1959. T. 5; V., 1962. T. 6; V., 1966. T. 7; V., 1970. T. 8; V., 1973. T. 9; V., 1976. T. 10; V., 1978. T. 11; V., 1981. T. 12; V., 1984. T. 13; V., 1986. T. 14 ir jo kartoteka.

Zink. — Zinkevičius Z. Lietuvių dialektologija. V., 1966.

СБГ — Слоўнік беларускіх гаворак паўночна-заходняй Беларусі і яе пагранічча. Мінск, 1980. Т. 2.

ЭСБМ — Этымалагічны слоўнік беларускай мовы. Мінск, 1985. Т. 3.

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ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛИТОВСКОГО ГОВОРА ДЕРЕВНИ ШАЛЬТЯНЯЙ

Резюме

Периферийный литовский говор деревни Шальтяняй Девянишкского языкового ареала (Шальчинский р-н) является не официально-административным языком, а языком домашнего общения. В зависимости от языка собеседника носитель данного говора свободно переходит с литовского говора на белорусский, и наоборот. Таким образом, в деревне наблюдаем полный односторонний литовско-белорусский билингвизм.

При обращении местных литовцев в официальные учреждения они воспринимают русскую речь, но отвечают по-белорусски. Языком костела для них является польский. Тем не менее, влияние русского и польского языков на структуру литовского говора незначительно.

Исследуемый литовский говор является малоизученным богатым резерватом литовской архаичной лексики и зоной вторичных лексических и семантических явлений, возникших вследствие адстрата.

В самом начале совместного сосуществования литовского и белорусского говоров литовский говор по существу являлся ощутимо дающим, о чем свидетельствует обилие литуанизмов, употребляемых носителями местного белорусского говора, напр., брунду́ль ‘зерно ореха’, гунглі ‘куски гною, присохшие к бокам коровы’, крумлі ‘суставы пальца’, палёукі ‘горловое заболевание поросят’, менці ‘брусок для косы с деревянной ручкой’, пунду́к ‘головастик’, сласны ‘мышеловка’, сімоўр ‘ресница хвоста’, вінкины ‘поперечины саней’ и др. С течением времени при постоянном ассимилятивном влиянии местного белорусского говора литовский говор стал по существу берущим, почти лишился своего оборонительного барьера, вследствие чего в его систему свободно стали проникать элементы белорусского говора, непосредственно разрушающие самобытность языковой структуры последнего. К числу таких элементов следует отнести конструкции: dārom to:li ne tēp (ср. белор. робім далёка не так), so:pēj gālvū: gerei (ср. белор. добра балела галава), dzī:rba pa-svōjemu (ср. белор. па-сваёму робім), kas man’ dachōdzic’ (ср. белор. што мне даходзіць) и др.

Несмотря на сложную ситуацию данного языкового ареала, исследуемый литовский говор в своей основе является чисто литовским, образным, живым, богатым. Из 2000 слов и словоформ, записанных нами во время экспедиции 1990 г., 74% составляют чисто литовские слова, 18,5% – относятся к заимствованиям (в основном из белорусского), 7,5% являются кальками (также белорусского происхождения). В связи с этим мы предполагаем, что приведенные проценты иллюстрируют приблизительное состояние всей лексики исследуемого литовского говора.

Богатые микротопонимы говора – стержневой элемент древней литовской территории и речи – все литовские, напр., bažiūc’avietē: | dzivūlēs: | gērvīškis | kraščinis | laikas | kūdra | lapēl’u: kalnas | margelkai | pulkinō: kalnas | sēdzimo:s | sintakis | varučiskis и др. Важно также отметить, что данные микротопонимы местное белорусское население употребляет в почти литовской форме (лишь у некоторых из них славянизированы окончания).

Обращает на себя внимание пласт архаичной лексики говора, до сих пор не зафиксированного как в других литовских говорах, так и в древних письменных памятниках литовского языка, напр., vōkis ‘немец’, vōkē: ‘немка’, kušlēcina ‘кто мохноногий’, pietūniškis ‘обеденный’, priešē: ‘передняя часть’, pundzi:là ‘головастик’, rūšcis ‘орех’, sū.lscic ‘сок; рассол’, ti:simas ‘нарыв’ и мн. др.

Впервые в литовском языке зафиксированы и аблативные сложные наречия, первым компонентом которых служит местоименное местоимение, лишенное своего местоименного значения, напр., ko:k’iojdzien~kokiojdzien ‘когда’, tūojdzien~tōjdien ‘тогда’, tūojkart~tōkart ‘тогда’. Данные формы безусловно являются исключительно редкими рудиментными остатками – своеобразными заменителями исчезнувших местоименных форм говора.

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В лексике говора наличествуют также редкие слова — узкие регионализмы, до сих пор известные лишь по древним письменным памятникам, напр., krāke ‘квакать’, raižikas ‘рубец (на рогах коровы)’, smilginė ‘висок’ и др. Некоторые имеющиеся в говоре лексемы здесь употребляются в новых, до сих пор неизвестных значениях, напр., bakanelis ‘сальник’, gūdas ‘обелорусевший местный литовец, не умеющий разговаривать по-литовски’, jauniklis ‘новолуние’, jauniklis ‘жених’, ladzinis ‘блестящий’, lieč ‘отдавать (молоко) в приемный пункт’, limpūš ‘приветливый, ласковый’, palaukė ‘ангина’, pakartuvai ‘жердяной потолок клети’, perečis ‘вылупляться’, pirštas ‘ветвь нитки’, pul’ūkas ‘птенчик’, supi:klà ‘зыбун’, šnipc ‘рокотать; урчать’, vōžčis ‘отделаться’, žagaras ‘пруток для вдеваия нитки в бедро; пруток для чистки кишек; ветвь чернотала; побег; корневой отросток’ и др. Некоторые имеющиеся в говоре древние лексемы уточняют и расширяют ареалы своего употребления, напр., aslà ‘под (дно) печи’, brunktelis ‘деревянная пуговица’, ingiri:kščis ‘лабазник’, kūšlas ‘мохноногий’, milinis ‘шерстяной’, pazdraipseic ‘покидаться (о змее)’, šė:kai ‘осока’, šarkšnas ‘наст’, vizdėc ‘искать’ и др.

Приведенные и другие обнаруженные и исследуемые нами в статье слова, влившись в фонд литовского языка, и тем самым воскреснув для дальнейшей жизни, представляют собой неисчерпаемое богатство разговорного языка. Они являются вызовом времени, и доказывают необходимость постоянного фиксирования и сбора сокровищ периферийных говоров и тщательного их исследования. При отсутствии должного внимания к подобным своевременным исследованиям можно безвозвратно потерять многое, еще никем не зафиксированные, ценные устные богатства родного языка.